The meaning of Telugu (language) in the great Soviet encyclopedia, bse. Telugu Telugu language family
Telugu(తెలుగు) is one of the Dravidian languages. Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it has the status of an official, as well as in Sri Lanka, the countries of Southeast Asia, in some states of Africa and the Middle East, on the islands of Fiji and in Mauritius.
History
Telugu is an old-written language, its oldest monuments date back to the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century A.D. NS. Telugu literature developed later than other Dravidian languages. The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition (earlier monuments of Jain literature of the 9th-11th centuries were destroyed after the establishment of Hinduism in Andhra) was laid by the poets who worked in the 11th (Nannaya Bhatta) and 13th centuries (Tikkanga, Erapragada); they transferred the classical ancient Indian epic Mahabharata into Telugu. (The result of this arrangement was called Andhra Mahabharata. Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; occasionally this term is also used as another name for the Telugu language itself.) Original works appeared in the 14th century, and the norms of literary languages formed in the XVI-XVI centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Middle Indian literary languages that inherited Sanskrit.
As with other older Dravidian languages, the classical literary and spoken versions of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement (in the XII-XIII centuries, and then in the XV century), the spoken language was used, and in the XIX century. a movement arose, the leader of which was the writer G. Apparao, whose goal was to create a new literary language close to the spoken language. In the 20th century, the new literary language took dominant positions in fiction and the media. The Telugu Academy has been functioning since 1968, developing the normative grammar of the new literary language (Vyavaharika); the old bookish language (grantkhika) is preserved only in limited spheres, in particular in poetry.
The first Telugu grammar Shabdachintamani (Talisman of Words) was compiled by Nannaya Bhatta in the 11th century; the modern stage in the study of Telugu began in the 19th century (grammar by C. P. Brown and other works). In addition to European specialists, Telugu is actively studied by Indian scientists at the universities of Hyderabad, Tirupati, Visakhapattanam.
Linguistic information
Classification
- Dravidian family
- Southeast group
- Telugu
- Southeast group
Language structure
Structurally, Telugu is close to the “common Dravidian standard”. Phonetically, it is similar to the Kannada language (in ancient times their similarity was even greater). In morphology, Telugu is characterized by the absence of feminine forms of nouns (in the singular, the masculine and non-masculine gender differ, in the plural - “epicene” for the names of persons and the middle one for all other nouns); in this Telugu is similar to the northern Dravidian languages Kuruh and Malto. Already in ancient Telugu, in comparison with other Dravidian languages, the case system was simplified (four cases against an average of six). In the pronoun subsystem, as in most Dravidian languages, the inclusive ("we are with you") and exclusive ("we are without you") forms of the 1st person pl. numbers. In the indicative mood of positive conjugation, only two species-temporal forms are opposed - present-future and simple past; the number of moods (indicative, imperative, potential and conditional), on the contrary, is somewhat higher than in most Dravidian languages. The syntax is typically Dravidian.
Writing
The Telugu syllabic alphabetical writing is used.
Common expressions
Greetings
1. Hello Namas-kaaram 2. Goodbye Velli-vastaanu 3. How are you? Meeru ela-gunnaru? 4. You are beautiful Meeru chala andam-ga unnaru 5. I'm fine Nenu ba-gunnanu
Acquaintance
1. My name is… Naa peru …… 2. I am from (country name) Nenu… (country name) deshapu vaanni 3. Glad to meet you Mimmalni kalisi-nanduku chala santosham-ga unnadi 4. Sorry I'm late Kshamin- chandi, alasyam ayyin-di
Questions
1. What is your name? Mee peru enti? 2. How do I get there? Akkadiki nenu ela vella-li? 3. How much does it cost? Idi enta? 4. Where can I make a phone call? Phone call ekkada cheyya-vacchu? 5. Can you help me? Naaku sahayam chestara? 6. How do I get to the airport? Nenu airportu-ku ela vellali? 7. Where can I shop? Nenu shopping-ki ekkadiki vellali? 8. Has anyone called me? Naa-kosam eva-raina phone chesara? 9. Could you please take me to the nearest temple / church? Daya-chesi nannu deggara- unna gudiki / churchki tee-suku vellandi? 10. Could you tell me where is a good hotel here? Ikkada unna manchi hotel edo, cheputhara?
Road
1. I need to go to (place name) Nenu ... (place name) ki vellali 2. I am lost Nenu daari tappi-nanu 3. Go left Yedam -vaipuki vellandi 4. Go right Kudi-vaipuki vellandi 5. Opposite Yeduruga 6. Straight Chakkaga munduku
Different situations
1. Sorry Kshaminchandi 2. I want this Idi naaku kaavali 3. I don't want this Naaku idi vaddu 4. Come tomorrow Repu randi 5. Give me a glass of water Naaku oka glass manchi neelu ivvandi 6. I'm hungry Naaku akali vestundi 7. This is good place Ee chotu bagundi 8. Drive slowly Bandi melliga nada-pandi 9. We need Maaku oka tourist guide kaavali 10. This check needs to be cashed Ee chequeni encash chesi dabbulu ivvandi
see also
Links
- Telugu-English online dictionary (english)
| Official languages of India | |
|---|---|
| At the federal level | english hindi |
| State level | Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Nepali Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu hindi urdu |
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See what "Telugu (language)" is in other dictionaries:
TELUGU (Andhra), the language of the Telugu people. Official language pcs. Andhra Pradesh in India. Refers to Dravidian languages (see DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES). Telugu script derived from Brahmi ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Telugu, Telungu, Tenugu, Tenungu, the language of the Andhra people (Telugu). Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (official language), in the contiguous regions of Tamil Nadu and Mysore, as well as in some countries of Southeast Asia. On T. speaks about 50 ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Telugu (disambiguation). Telugu Modern area of settlement and number ... Wikipedia
The name Telugu means common in India: Telugu (people) Telugu (language) Telugu (writing) The list means ... Wikipedia
Telugu- Uses a script that goes back to the Grantha script, which is one of the varieties of the ancient Indian Brahmi alphabet. Telugu writing is similar to Kannara writing. The difference between them is shown in the table “Alphabets of the Kannar and Telugu languages”. Telugu ... ... Identifier of the world's languages by scripts
Telugu, Telingana, Andhra - the people of the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, live in the basin of the Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra rivers. They also live compactly in the adjacent areas of the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The population is about 74.5 million people.
Anthropological type - Mesoindian, varies within different caste groups. They speak the Telugu language, or Gentu of the Dravidian language family. Most Telugu are Hindus, Vishnuis and Shaivites, local traditional beliefs are preserved; there are also Sunni Muslims and Christians. The ancestors of the Telugu are the Dravidian peoples, Andhra, Kalinga, and the Telugu proper (tenugu) at the beginning - the middle of the 1st millennium BC. migrated south from northern India and merged into one people in the 2nd century BC. - 3rd century Telugu AD
In the 3rd century. BC. here Buddhism spread. By the beginning of n. NS. a significant part of the territory of Andhra was part of the state ruled by the Satavahan dynasty. In the 7th - 10th centuries. here the Hindu Chalukyan dynasty strengthened, in which significant temple construction was associated.
In the 11th century. On the basis of the lands of the Chalukyas and Chola, the state of the Kakatiev dynasty took shape, which existed until the 13th century, later part of its lands entered the Vijayanagar empire. In the 15th - 16th centuries. most of the Telugu territory became part of the Brahmanid sultanate, from which the state of Golconda emerged, with the Kutab Shahov dynasty, which united a large territory of Andhra. In 1682-87.
Golconda was captured by Aurangzeb. In 1725, on the ruins of the Andhra empire and part of modern Maharashtra and Karnataka, the patrimony of Nizam-ul-mulk Kilich Khan, the principality of Hyderabad was formed, which existed until 1947, then became part of the Republic of India. In 1956 it was renamed the state of Andhra Pradesh, which united most of the Telugu ethnic region. Telugu are engaged in arable farming, they cultivate jovar, bajra, rice, legumes, red peppers, groundnuts, sugar cane, cotton, jute, tobacco.
There is an ethnocultural group of Telugu sheep breeders. Crafts are developed - pottery, weaving, ornamentation of fabrics, jewelry and lacquer art. New information technologies are currently being developed (in Hyderabad). The Telugu still maintains caste division. Castes are divided into exogamous clan groups, some traditions of matrilineality are preserved (marriage with the daughter of a mother's brother, among low castes - matrilineal inheritance). There are no divorces and second marriage of widows. Telugu Muslims also have caste divisions.
Villages are divided into quarters, inhabited by caste principle. Representatives of the higher castes live in large families in brick houses with courtyards. In the southern part of the house there are bedrooms, in the east - a prayer room, in the west - a guest room; there are pantries between them. The families of middle-caste peasants and artisans live in adobe one-room houses, sometimes with wicker walls, usually with a veranda. Members of the lowest status groups live in round bamboo or adobe huts. Men's clothing - dhoti with shirt and scarf; headdress - a turban. Muslims wear lungi with a shirt and hat.
Sheep shepherds have blankets. Women wear saris with a petticoat and a choli blouse. Peasant women are draped in saris as in dhoti. They wear jewelry made of gold. The main food is rice, dishes from beans, beans, vegetables (pumpkin). Season food with sour milk, pickled mango fruits, lemons, spices. North Indian cuisine is widespread among Muslims.
Baklavans (wrestlers), patangbazi (launching kites), cockfighting, and the art of decorative floor decorations (kolam) are widespread. Particularly important holidays are Sankranti in January (harvest), Shivaratri (February-March), Ugadi - Telugu New Year in March, Mahankali Jatra (June-July).
Folklore and literature, visual and performing arts are well developed. On the basis of a pantomime associated with the Vaishnava cult, in the 20th century. the classical dance style of Kuchipudi developed.
Telugu, or Telinga, Telungu, Tenugu, Tenungu is the language of the Andhra people living in one of the largest states of India - Andhra Pradesh, in the areas adjacent to the states of Tamil Nadu (Tamil Nadu), Mysore, Karnataka, Orissa , Maharashtra, Chattisgarh in South India. It is also spoken in Sri Lanka, parts of Southeast Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Fiji and Mauritius. There are Telugu diasporas in the USA, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Bahrain, Canada, Ireland, and the United Arab Emirates.
Telugu is included in one of the 22 official languages of India. In 1953, with the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh, it became its official language. Telugu is spoken in the cities of Bengaluru and Chennai, but the dialects used there differ significantly from the standard Telugu.
Telugu is the third most native speaker in India after Hindi and Bengali. According to various sources, Telugu is spoken by 70 million to 88 million people (according to the 2001 census - 74 million). Judging by these numbers, Telugu is the most widely spoken language from the Dravidian language family of Eurasia. It is included in the list of the 14 most spoken languages in the world.
Similarities with many of the southern and central languages of the Dravidian language family have led to the fact that Telugu researchers place it differently in their variants of genealogical classification. According to M. S. Andronov, for example, Telugu forms an independent southeastern branch of the Dravidian languages. In other systematizations, it is included in the South Dravidian branch, in which it forms a special group together with Gonda, Kuvi, Kui, Manda, Pengo and a number of other languages.
Telugu dialects and forms
Two forms of Telugu are known: archaic - "grantkhika" (literally book), and commonly used - "vyavaharika" (literally common), which has been used in literature since the 15th century. There are many dialects in Telugu, the generally accepted classification of which has not been compiled. Dialects such as Vaddar, Chenchu, Savara, Manna-Dora are closely related to the Telugu language.
The main dialect of the common form "vyavaharika" is the dialect of the eastern districts (East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Gunturu). In addition, the dialects of Rayalasim, Telengan and northeastern (districts of Sri Kakulam and Vishakhapatnam) are distinguished. There are also social Telugu dialects that have hardly been studied. However, it should be added that the differences between the dialects are insignificant.
Surprisingly, despite so many people speaking this language, standard Telugu is often called Shuddha Bhaasha (literally "poor language") along with languages such as Tamil, Kannada, Hindi, Bangla, Guyarati, etc.
origin of name
The etymology of the word Telugu is not completely clear. According to one of the versions, the name telugu comes from the word trilinga (in part it can be found in the name Trilinga Desa - literally the country of three reeds). According to one of the Hindi legends, the country of Trilinga Desa (Desam) is located between the three temples of Shiva (Kaleshwaram, Srisailam and Draksharamam) and creates the traditional boundaries of the Telugu region. The people who inhabited this country were also called telaga. The tradition of caste originates precisely from the country of Triling Desam.
In addition to Telugu, names are used: Telunga, Telinga, Telangana, Tenunga. According to K. L. Ranyanam, the word "Telugu" comes from talaing, which is derived from the names of the leaders who conquered the Andhra region. M.R.Shastri believes that the name comes from the word telunga - a combination of the Gondi word telu (lit. white) and the plural ending -unga. According to GJ Somayadzhi, ten means “south” in Proto-Dravidian, and the word itself comes from tenungu meaning “people from the south”. There are other versions of the origin of the name, but they are all controversial.
From the history of the language
Telugu is one of the most ancient languages of India. The oldest Telugu words were found on coins at Kotilingala, in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The first Telugu inscriptions are epitaphs found at Bhattiprolu, in the Guntur district, dating from around 400 BC. NS. In addition, a Telugu inscription of Thambhaya Dhaanam was found on a tomb tablet dating from the 2nd century BC. NS. Some of the oldest Telugu written monuments date back to the late 5th - early 6th century AD. NS. in the inscriptions of the kingdom of Kadamba.
Telugu fiction and poetry began to appear in the 11th century. In the Middle Ages, there was a stylization and complication of the literary Telugu language. So, in the XIII century, Ketana banned the use of colloquial words in poetic language. In the same period, the separation of the Telugu and Kannada scripts began. Telugu, like many other languages of India, underwent great changes from the Middle Ages to the modern era. So, under the influence of Muslim rule, this language began to be more and more divided into dialects, in particular in the Telangana region.
In the 17th and 18th centuries Telugu was influenced by the Persian and, as the Muslim rule advanced further south with the formation of the state of Hiberabad. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Telugu was influenced to some extent by British colonization, especially with regard to everyday communication and printing. So, until the 20th century, works were recorded in Telugu of an archaic form, which is significantly different from the modern spelling of the spoken language.
Since 1930, the so-called elite form of Telugu began to spread among the common population through the media. In the second half of the 20th century, a new writing standard was introduced, based precisely on the features of colloquial speech. From that moment on, Telugu of modern standard began to be taught in schools.
Today we can talk about the impact of the globalization process on Telugu, as well as on other languages of India. Many native speakers live outside of India. In modern films, Telugu differs from the language of films filmed during the proclaimed independence of India. Currently, the Indian government has given Telugu the status of the classical language of India, based on its antiquity.
Telugu Literature
Telugu is one of the most ancient languages of India. Telugu literature was formed later than other Dravidian languages, and its development was significantly influenced by Indian Sanskrit literature, since in antiquity many translations of the text from Sanskrit were performed.
The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition is associated with the work of the poets Nannaya Bhatta (XI century), as well as Tikkang, Erapragada (XIII century). These authors translated into Telugu the classical ancient Indian epic Mahabharata, which was called "Andhra Mahabharata". Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; sometimes the term is used as another name for the Telugu language.
Independent works appeared in the XIV century. The norms of the literary language were formed in the 15th-16th centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Middle Indian literary languages that inherited Sanskrit. One of the most famous works of this period is the poem "Manu-charitra" by the poet Allasani Peddanna (circa 1550).
There are quite a few translations from English into Telugu. Thus, the Holy Scriptures were translated several times: the New Testament was published in 1818 in Serampore and Madras, the Book of Genesis - in 1841 in Madras.
As with other older Dravidian languages, the classical literary and spoken versions of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement in the 12th-13th centuries, and then in the 15th century, the spoken language was used, and in the 19th century a movement arose (led by the writer G. Apparao), which aimed to create a new, close to the spoken version of the literary language ... In the 20th century, the new literary language took dominant positions in fiction and the media.
In 1968, the Telugu Academy was opened, developing the normative grammar of the new literary language ("vyavaharika"); the old bookish language (grantkhika) is preserved only in limited spheres, in particular in poetry.
History [ | ]
Telugu is an old-written language; its oldest monuments date back to the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century A.D. NS. Telugu literature developed later than other Dravidian languages. The beginning of the Telugu literary tradition (earlier monuments of Jain literature of the 9th-11th centuries were destroyed after the establishment of Hinduism in Andhra) was laid by the poets who worked in the 11th (Nannaya Bhatta) and 13th centuries (,); They translated the classic ancient Indian epic Mahabharata into Telugu (the result of this arrangement was called Andhra Mahabharata, where Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; occasionally this term is also used as another name for the Telugu language itself). Original works appeared in the XIV century, and the norms of the literary language were formed in the XV-XVI centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Middle Indian literary languages that inherited Sanskrit.
As with other older Dravidian languages, the classical literary and spoken versions of Telugu differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement (in the XII-XIII centuries, and then in the XV century), the spoken language was used, and in the XIX century a movement arose, the leader of which was the writer G. Apparao, whose goal was to create a new literary language close to the spoken language. ... In the 20th century, the new literary language took dominant positions in fiction and the media. The Telugu Academy has been functioning since 1968, developing the normative grammar of the new literary language (Vyavaharika); the old bookish language (“grantkhika”) is preserved only in limited spheres - in particular, in poetry.
The first Telugu grammar Shabdachintamani (Talisman of Words) was compiled by Nannaya Bhatta in the 11th century; the modern stage in the study of Telugu began in the 19th century (grammar by C. P. Brown and other works). In 1832, the encyclopedia Pedda balashiksha was compiled for children, containing basic information about Telugu writing and phonology. In addition to European scholars, Telugu is studied by Indian scholars at the universities of the cities of Hyderabad, Tirupati and Visakhapattanam.
Linguistic information[ | ]
Classification [ | ]
Language structure [ | ]
Structurally, Telugu is close to the “common Dravidian standard”. Phonetically, it is similar to the Kannada language (in ancient times their similarity was even greater). In morphology, Telugu is characterized by the absence of forms of the feminine gender of nouns (in the singular, masculine and non-masculine gender are distinguished; in the plural, “epicene” for the names of persons and the middle one for all other nouns); in this Telugu is similar to the northern Dravidian languages - Kuruh and Malto. Already in ancient Telugu, in comparison with other Dravidian languages, the case system was simplified (four cases against, on average, six). In the pronoun subsystem, as in most Dravidian languages, the inclusive ("we are with you") and exclusive ("we are without you") forms of the 1st person plural are distinguished. numbers. In the indicative mood of positive conjugation, only two species-temporal forms are opposed - present-future and simple past; the number of moods (indicative, imperative, potential and conditional), on the contrary, is somewhat higher than in most Dravidian languages. The syntax is typically Dravidian.