What literary techniques are used by the color homeland. Analysis of Marina Tsvetaeva's poem "Homeland

Linguistic analysis of the poem by M.I. Tsvetaeva

"Oh, stubborn tongue!"

The poem was written by Marina Tsvetaeva in 1931, during the period of emigration from Russia during the October Revolution. During this time, from 1922 to 1939, Tsvetaeva wrote several more works about her homeland, the main theme of which is longing for her native land and a feeling of loneliness.

The fact that the poem is saturated with homesickness is directly said contextual synonyms which the author used to characterize it. Tsvetaeva's homeland is: Russia, a distant land, a foreign land, pride, “my land's strife,” rock, as well as distance. But not just a distance, but such a distance that M. Tsvetaeva describes the following applications : “Born like pain”, “moving away from me”, “saying: come back home”, “taking pictures from all places”, with which she “poured her foreheads”.

What is the distance in the poem of M.I. Tsvetaeva?

In order to more deeply represent the author's position, to feel more strongly the author's experiences, it is necessary to examine in more detail each of the characteristics of the homeland, in particular its definition as given.

a) Inborn as pain.

Pain is an integral property of the human body, which is inherent in a person from the moment of his birth. That is, pain is a detail of a living being; it cannot be changed, corrected, or subordinated to one's will. And the homeland, as Tsvetaeva compares, is also as much a part of a person as breathing, heartbeat, or a feeling of pain. But, it is worth noting that the author does not use in his comparison such ordinary properties and functions of the body as heartbeat or breathing. The author chose precisely pain - something that makes a person feel bad and even, perhaps, torments him and haunts him.

As V.A. Maslova in her book about Tsvetaeva's work: “Parting with the territory does not mean for her a break with the Motherland. She often said that the homeland is always with her, within her.

In response to the questionnaire of the magazine "Svoemi Ways" (Prague, 1925, No. 8-9) Marina Ivanovna wrote: “Russia is not a convention of territory, but the immutability of memory and blood. Not to be in Russia, to forget Russia - only those who think of Russia outside of themselves can be afraid. In whom she is inside - he will lose her only along with life "

b) Close to me.

The motherland removed from Marina Ivanovna the reality in which the poetess lived. Tsvetaeva lost interest in abroad and could no longer exist outside of Russia. Because of the thoughts of her homeland, it was difficult for her to perceive the reality around her.

c) Dahl saying: Come home!

Tsvetaeva has always been drawn to her homeland, which can be said not only by this poem, but also by several others, also written by the author during the period of emigration. “... She specially dedicated three poems to Russia:“ Dawn on the Rails ”(1922),“ Motherland ”(1932),“ Search with a lantern ”(1932) ... , rushed to die in Russia "

e) Dal, ...

From everyone - to the mountain stars -
Taking pictures of me places!

In the poetic world of M. Tsvetaeva, the land is more hostile than close to the lyrical heroine. In a letter to Ariadne Berg, she admitted that her true state is “between heaven and earth” (Tsvetaeva M. Letters to Ariadne Berg, Paris, 1990-p. 171)

Even when Tsvetaeva thought about something unearthly (after all, the stars are part of the cosmos), she went deep (or, better to say, high) into reflections, all the same, thoughts about Russia did not allow her to think calmly. They found her everywhere, no matter how far the poet's mind was from everyday thoughts.

f) No wonder, water pigeons,
I doused my foreheads far.

This is perhaps one of the most difficult lines in a poem to analyze. Let's pay attention to the used form of the comparative degree of the adjective "pigeons". Doves of water - i.e. better than water. Perhaps cleaner, colder, more transparent - one cannot say for sure what exactly Marina Tsvetaeva had in mind. To do it, according to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova means:

« 1. Drench, pour at once from all sides. O. spray. O. water from a bucket. 2. transfer. Embrace, permeate. Doused (bezl.) Cold. * Douse someone with contempt " ... In this context, it becomes clear that we are talking about the first meaning - "pour water".

Thus, we can "translate" this line as follows: No wonder, better than water, I doused my foreheads with my homeland. Perhaps the author wanted to say exactly what she, thanks to some speeches about Russia, brought other people to consciousness no worse than water when they poured their foreheads on her.

The word "homeland" and its contextual synonyms

As mentioned above, to determine the homeland, Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva uses a wide palette of contextual synonyms, namely:

a) Russia

Undoubtedly, the motherland for Tsvetaeva is Russia. Here she was born and spent most of her difficult and difficult life. It is connected with Russia by its language and history.

b) Far-away land

Far away meansvery distant, distant. In the old nines, twenty-seventh.This definition is used precisely in Russian fairy tales:"In the distant kingdom ..."

It is no coincidence that the poetess makes a reference to Russian folk art (in this case, fairy tales). “M.I. Tsvetaeva is a poet, first of all, of Russian culture with its Russian song element, emotionality and spiritual openness, in particular, at the level of mythological ideas. "

This is reflected in the first line of the poem:

Oh, stubborn tongue!
What would be simply a man,
Understand, he sang before me:
"Russia, my homeland!"

The peasant is the personification of the Russian people and reflects its collective popular consciousness.

Tsvetaeva's idea of ​​the "folk" goes hand in hand with the "personal." In this poem, there is an amazing interweaving of folk poetry and personal fulfillment. Along with references to folklore and fairy tales, there is a reference to the Kaluga hill, that is, the Kaluga region, where part of the poetess's childhood passed: "... In the city of Tarusa, Kaluga province, where we all childhood lived through the years" (from a letter to Rozanov;.

c) Foreign

By dictionary Efremova T.F. foreign land - foreign side of the earth. Thus, we can say that Tsvetaeva's homeland combines the opposition of her own - that of a stranger, being at the same time what Marina Ivanovna yearns for and what she cannot accept.

d) Pride

Pride, according to the dictionary of D.N. Ushakova , it is excessive pride, even arrogance. ( http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/781390 ). In the dictionary of synonyms, we can find the following words: importance, arrogance, arrogance. And in the dictionary of antonyms - humility. To compare the homeland with pride, it means to ascribe to it the same meaning. Homeland as something very proud and maybe even unapproachable and rebellious.

f) The strife of my land

Strife-quarrel, strife. Most often, this noun is used in combination with the adjective internecine: internecine feud. Strife means a confrontation between the parties. For the life of Marina Ivanovna herself, this is an external conflict with a revolution and an internal conflict with herself, taking place on the territory of Russia.

g) Rock

First of all, rock is fate. ... Homeland as something inevitable, homeland as fate. What cannot be changed and what cannot be avoided. In my opinion, this is precisely what explains why the homeland (distance) is “born like pain” and “taking pictures from all places”.

Syntactic and punctuation features

As the researchers of Marina Tsvetaeva wrote, “punctuation is a powerful means of expression for her, a feature of the individual author's idiostyle, an important means of translating semantics. "Punctuation marks began to play a more significant role in her, unusual for them before."

In the poem, as we can see, a large number of dashes are used. This helps to keep pause at the right moments, keep the rhythm and highlight semantic accents. Reading the poem, we understand that it is not just a monotonous and uniform monologue, but speech flows, in which energy and life are felt. We feel that it is precisely such pauses and just such a rhythm that create punctuation marks that help us see Tsvetaeva's inner reflections and disputes, her deep experiences. And experiences cannot be expressed in everyday speech or in a monotonous rhythm, they are always expressed through sobs, sighs, contradictions, agitation, and they break the rhythm, knock it down and make it close to real speech. This feeling is reinforced by the abundance of exclamation sentences.

Also, such a liveliness of the poem is expressed through the combination of words in it related to different styles. For example, the word gorny [ 9]; [ To sing ; http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/922782 ].

In the poetic world of Tsvetaeva, the physical and spiritual world, the material world and the intellectual, emotional world, the world of abstract concepts and moral values ​​are organically intertwined. The combination of colloquial forms of words and words of high style, on the one hand, allows you to create an opposition between earth and heaven, but, at the same time, connects all these opposites into one harmonious whole.

So we can do conclusion: When Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva talks about the Motherland, we see both the distant land - familiar to every person who has read Russian fairy tales, and the Kaluga hill, which already symbolizes the life of Marina Tsvetaeva herself. Just as in Russia the religious and the common people are combined, so the poem combines the book-church and colloquial vocabulary. This combination expands the space of perception, adds solemnity to the poem and at the same time the purest sincerity, which is expressed in the restless, intermittent, exciting monologue of Tsvetaeva.

The poem was written after the October Revolution, in exile, where the poetess left Russia, following her husband. But the forced emigration did not bring the desired relief to Tsvetaeva: the longing for Russia forever linked her with her homeland, which is why, after living for many years abroad, she subsequently decided to return to Russia. The poetess's relationship with her own country did not just evolve, but the theme of the homeland is one of the main themes in Tsvetaeva's poetry. The lyrical heroine is lonely. Separation from Russia, the tragedy of the emigre

Existence pours out in poetry into the opposition of the lyrical Russian "I" of the heroine to everything non-Russian, alien.

The loss of her homeland for M. Tsvetaeva had a tragic meaning: she becomes an outcast, a lonely, rejected person. It is in emigration that the theme of the homeland begins to sound in a new way: there is a feeling of the loss of one's father's home, the motive of orphanhood. In the poem "Motherland", the lyric heroine dreams of returning home and the central idea is the opposition of foreign land, distance and home: Dal, which has moved me close, Dal, saying: "Come back Home!" From everyone - to the stars of the mountains - Me filming places! The whole poem

It is built on the antithesis, the contrast between "Russia, my homeland" and the distance - "the distant land."

Marina Tsvetaeva has a personal perception of the world, the poetic "I" is inseparable from the image of the lyrical hero. This is confirmed by the numerous personal pronouns used in the text of the poem: "before me", "my homeland", "I gave my foreheads a long way," "my strife."

The personal perception of the poetess is highlighted, so here the artistic images are intertwined: Dal is a distant land! Foreign country, my homeland! On this page searched: Marina Tsvetaeva Rodina analysis Brief analysis of Tsvetaeva's poem Rodina Marina Tsvetaeva Analysis of the poem Rodina Analysis of the poem Tsvetaeva Rodina according to the plan Rodina

Essays on topics:

1. The poem "Motherland" was written by K. Simonov in 1941, during the Great Patriotic War. Its main theme is the theme of the Motherland ...
2. The poem "Dawn on the Rails" was written in 1922. Tsvetaeva did not accept and did not understand the October Revolution, and in May ...
3. Many poets dealt with patriotic themes in their work. Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov in this sense was no exception. His poem "Homeland" ...
4. "Machine" (1931). In this poem Tsvetaeva reflects on the relationship between mystery and poetic creativity. The indisputable, divine authority is A.S. Pushkin ...

"Motherland" Marina Tsvetaeva

Oh, stubborn tongue!
What would be simply a man,
Understand, he sang before me:
"Russia, my homeland!"

But also from the Kaluga hill
She opened up to me -
Dal, distant land!
Foreign country, my homeland!

Dahl, born like pain,
So homeland and so -
Rock that is everywhere, through the whole
Dal - I carry it all with me!

The distance that made me close
Dahl saying "Come back
Home!" From everyone - to the mountain stars -
Taking pictures of me places!

No wonder, doves of water,
I doused my foreheads far.

You! I will lose my hand, -
At least two! I will sign with my lips
On the block: the strife of my land -
Pride, my homeland!

Analysis of Tsvetaeva's poem "Motherland"

The fate of Marina Tsvetaeva developed in such a way that she spent about a third of her life abroad. First she studied in France, comprehending the wisdom of literature, and after the revolution she emigrated first to Prague, and later to her beloved Paris, where she settled with her children and husband Sergei Efront, in the past a White Guard officer. The poetess, whose childhood and youth were spent in an intelligent family, where high spiritual values ​​were instilled in children literally from the first years of life, was horrified by the revolution with its utopian ideas, which later turned into a bloody tragedy for the whole country. Russia in the old and customary sense ceased to exist for Marina Tsvetaeva, so in 1922, having miraculously obtained permission to emigrate, the poetess was sure that she could forever get rid of nightmares, hunger, unsettled life and fear for her own life.

However, along with relative prosperity and tranquility came an intolerable longing for the Motherland, which was so exhausting that the poetess literally dreamed of returning to Moscow. Contrary to common sense and reports coming from Russia about the Red Terror, arrests and mass executions of those who were once the flower of the Russian intelligentsia. In 1932 Tsvetaeva wrote a surprisingly poignant and very personal poem "Motherland", which later played an important role in her life. When the family of the poetess nevertheless decided to return to Moscow and submitted the relevant documents to the Soviet embassy, ​​it was the poem "Motherland" that was considered as one of the arguments in favor of making a positive decision by the officials. They saw in him not only loyalty to the new government, but also sincere patriotism, which at that time was actively cultivated among all strata of the population without exception. It was thanks to patriotic verses that the Soviet government turned a blind eye to Yesenin's drunken antics, Blok's unequivocal hints and Mayakovsky's criticism, believing that at a given stage of state formation it is much more important for the people to maintain the opinion that the Soviet Union is the best and just country in the world.

However, in Tsvetaeva's poem "Homeland" there was not a single hint of loyalty to the new government, as well as not a single reproach in her direction. This is a work-memory, permeated with sadness and nostalgia for the past.... Nevertheless, the poetess was ready to forget everything that she had experienced in the post-revolutionary years, since she needed this “distant, distant land”, which, being her homeland, nevertheless became a foreign land for her.

This work has a rather complex form and does not lend itself to understanding from the first reading. The patriotism of the poem lies not in praising Russia as such, but in the fact that Tsvetaeva accepts it in any guise, and is ready to share the fate of her country, saying: "I will sign with my lips on the chopping block." But for what? Not at all for the Soviet power, but for pride, which, in spite of everything, Russia still has not lost, remaining, in spite of everything and everyone, a great and powerful power. It was this quality that was consonant with Tsvetaeva's character, but even she was able to humble her pride in order to be able to return home. There, where indifference, poverty, ignorance, as well as the arrest and death of her family members, recognized as enemies of the people, awaited her. But even such a development of events could not affect the choice of Tsvetaeva, who wanted to see Russia again, not at all out of idle curiosity, but out of a desire to once again feel like a part of a huge country, which the poetess could not exchange for personal happiness and well-being contrary to common sense.

"Longing for the Homeland" is a sad poem written by the famous poetess in exile, almost in exile, at a time when she was forced to leave Russia and go with her husband to Prague. A brief analysis of "Longing for the Motherland for a long time" according to the plan will help schoolchildren to better understand the mood of the poetess during this period of her life and work. It can be used in 11th grade literature lessons as the main or additional material.

Brief analysis

The history of creation - because of the difficult relationship with the Soviet regime, Tsvetaeva, whose poetry was considered bourgeois and harmful, was forced to emigrate to the Czech Republic. There, in 1934, "Longing for the Motherland" was written.

Poem theme- nostalgia for the Motherland, sadness from separation from her.

Composition- the work is distinguished by a special rhythm, characteristic of Tsvetaeva's poems. She creates a linear composition with gradually increasing tension.

genre- a lyric poem.

Poetic size- iambic tetrameter.

Epithets – “Exposed hassle”, “bazaar purse”, “captive lion”, “human environment”, “Kamchatka bear”, “keen-sighted detective”.

Comparisons – “Like a hospital or barracks”, “like a log”.

History of creation

The revolution became a difficult period in the life of the Russian nobility and intelligentsia. We can assume that Marina Tsvetaeva was lucky - she was not shot, branded as an enemy of the people and was not sent to the camp. But the fate of the silent poetess, who is not published anywhere and who does not appear anywhere, seemed to her even more bitter than such punishments. She supported her husband's decision to leave for Prague in 1922, but life in a foreign land also did not make her happy. The Czech Republic never became her home, she constantly yearned for Russia. A poetic expression of her nostalgia was the poem "Longing for the Homeland", written in 1934.

The idea expressed in it that at the sight of a reminder of Russia the poetess really wants to return, after five years it will become reality - in 1939 Tsvetaeva will indeed come to the USSR, but two years later she will commit suicide. And it seems that a premonition of this begins to haunt the poetess even when writing "Longing for the Motherland".

Topic

The main theme of the poem is expressed in the first line - it is nostalgia for Russia. The poetess clearly makes it clear that she does not believe in the happy end of her story, that she cannot give up her convictions and become a supporter of the new government. But this does not mean that she does not miss home - the home that no longer exists and where she, nevertheless, would like to return.

Composition

She develops linearly - from the first stanza, where Tsvetaeva expresses the idea that she does not care where to be alone, to the last, in which she admits that she still greatly yearns for her homeland. From quatrain to quatrain, she reveals the idea of ​​hopelessness and despair - if once she really felt sad for the left places, then over time this sadness began to resemble more and more indifference. The poem comes to the conclusion that the poetess lives with memories. And at the same time, although she understands that there is no and cannot be a return to the past, and the gloomy reality has erased all joy from her life, Tsvetaeva cannot but feel sad at the sight of the reminder of the places she left. The emotional and accusatory tone from which it all starts gradually turns into a really sad one.

genre

It is easy to identify a lyric poem in the work. Tsvetaeva, on behalf of his heroine, expresses her own feelings: she is really strongly attached to the Motherland, missed the Russian speech, familiar landscapes. And, it seems, she already understands that this will destroy her.

The iambic tetrameter, which is common in her work, allows the best way to convey the emotional impulses of Tsvetaeva due to its simplicity. The reader immediately feels all the emotions that are embedded in the poem.

Expression tools

In comparison with other works of Marina Tsvetaeva, quite a few artistic means were used in this. Mainly epithets- "exposed hassle", "bazaar wallet", "captive lion", "human environment", "Kamchatka bear", "keen detective" - ​​and comparisons- “like a hospital or barracks”, “like a log”.

The poet expresses the emotional mood with the help of rhymes that are out of order, uneven, almost nervous presentation and due to exclamation marks used in large numbers.

The vivid narration is very intense, and this tension is growing and growing - the poem almost screams until at some point it sinks to quiet sadness when the poetess talks about her beloved mountain ash, which she sees as a symbol of Russia.

The poetess has never been a cosmopolitan, and she expresses this idea very clearly - if not at home, then she does not care where to be lonely and "where to humiliate herself."

Poem test

Analysis rating

Average rating: 4.4. Total ratings received: 21.

To whom, to what does the poet dedicate his creations? Beloved or beloved, friends, parents, childhood and adolescence, events from the past, teachers, the universe ... And it is difficult to find a poet who would have completely bypassed the Motherland in his work. Love and hatred for her, feelings, thoughts, observations are reflected in poems. The theme of the Motherland is developed and in Let's look at its originality in the poems of the poetess of the Silver Age.

Leitmotif

Marina Tsvetaeva, who spent a considerable part of her life in exile, is rightfully considered a Russian poetess. And this is no accident. Many researchers confirm that the work of this witness of terrible turning points in Russian history is a chronicle of not only love, but also the Motherland of the early 20th century.

We can definitely say that Marina Tsvetaeva loves Russia. She passes through herself all the disturbing, ambiguous events, analyzes them in her work, tries to develop a clear attitude towards them. Including delving into a long history ("Stenka Razin").

The theme of the White Guard is also alive in her work. Marina Ivanovna did not accept the revolution, she was horrified by the Civil War.

Russia

Speaking about the theme of the Motherland in Tsvetaeva's work, we note that the feminine principle is strong in her works. For her, Russia is a woman, proud and strong. But always a victim. Tsvetaeva herself, even in emigration, always herself a part of a great country, was its singer.

Biographers admire Marina Tsvetaeva's independence, strong and proud spirit. And her steadfastness and courage drew precisely from the ardent and enduring love for the Motherland. Therefore, the theme of the Motherland in Tsvetaeva's poetry is rightfully considered one of the leading ones.

It's amazing what emotionally strong works about the Motherland the poetess has! Nostalgic, tragic, hopeless and painfully dreary. But, for example, "Poems about the Czech Republic" is her declaration of love for Russia, her people.

Childhood

The brightest, joyful notes in Tsvetaeva's poems about the Motherland emerge when she writes about her childhood spent in Tarusa on the Oka. The poetess with tender sadness returns there in her work - to Russia of the past century, which can no longer be returned.

Here Tsvetaevskaya Russia is boundless open spaces, amazing beauty of nature, a sense of security, freedom, flight. A holy land with a courageous and strong people.

Emigration

It must be said that the reason for Tsvetaeva's emigration was not her ideological considerations. Circumstances served as the departure - she followed her husband, a white officer. It is known from the biography of the poetess that she lived in Paris for 14 years. But the sparkling city of dreams did not captivate her heart - and in the emigration, the theme of the Motherland in Tsvetaeva's work is alive: "I am here alone ... And in my heart the verse of Rostand is crying, like there, in abandoned Moscow."

At 17, she wrote her first poem about Paris. Bright and joyful, he seemed to her dreary, large and depraved. "In great and joyful Paris, I dream of herbs, clouds ..."

Keeping the image of the dear Motherland in her heart, she always secretly hoped for a return. Tsvetaeva never harbored resentment against Russia, where her work, a truly Russian poetess, was not accepted, unknown. If we analyze all of her works in emigration, we will see that the Motherland is Tsvetaeva's fatal and inevitable pain, but one that she has come to terms with.

Return. Moscow

In 1939 Tsvetaeva returned to Stalinist Moscow. As she herself writes, she was motivated by a desire to give her son a homeland. I must say that from birth she tried to instill in George a love for Russia, to convey to him a piece of this strong, bright feeling of hers. Marina Ivanovna was sure that a Russian person would not be able to be happy away from the Motherland, so she wanted her son to fall in love and accept such an ambiguous Motherland. But is she happy to be back?

The theme of the Motherland in Tsvetaeva's works of this period is the most acute. Returning to Moscow, she did not return to Russia. In the courtyard, someone else's Stalinist era with denunciations, boarded up shutters, universal fear and suspicion. Marina Tsvetaeva is stifling and stuffy in Moscow. In her work, she seeks to escape from here to a bright past. But at the same time, the poetess also extols the spirit of her people, which went through terrible trials and did not break. And she feels herself a part of him.

Tsvetaeva loves the capital of the past: "Moscow! What a huge hospitable house!" Here she sees the city as the heart of a great power, the repository of its spiritual values. She believes that Moscow will spiritually cleanse any wanderer and sinner. “Where even the dead will be joyful for me,” Tsvetaeva says of the capital. Moscow evokes a sacred thrill in her heart, for the poetess it is an eternally young city, which she loves as a sister, a faithful friend.

But we can say that it was the return to Moscow that ruined Marina Tsvetaeva. She could not accept reality, disappointments plunged her into severe depression. And then - deep loneliness, incomprehensibility. After living for two years in her homeland after a long-awaited return, she voluntarily passed away. "I couldn't stand it" - as the poetess herself wrote in her suicide note.

Tsvetaeva's poems about the Motherland

Let's see what glorious works M. Tsvetaeva dedicated to Russia:

• "Homeland".
• "Stenka Razin".
• "People".
• "Wires".
• "Homesickness".
• "The country".
• "Swan Camp".
• "Don".
• "Poems about the Czech Republic".
• Cycle "Poems about Moscow" and so on.

Analysis of the poem

Let's take a look at the development of the theme of Russia in one of Marina Tsvetaeva's significant poems "Longing for the Motherland". After reading the work, we will immediately determine that this is the reasoning of a person who found himself far from his beloved country. Indeed, the poem was written by Marina Ivanovna in exile.

The lyrical heroine of the work copies the poetess herself with amazing accuracy. She tries to convince herself that when a person feels bad, it makes no difference where he lives. An unhappy person will not find happiness anywhere.

After rereading the poem once again, we notice Hamlet's question in the paraphrase "To be or not to be?" Tsvetaeva has her own interpretation. When a person lives, there is a difference where he is, and when he exists, suffering, - no.

"... it doesn't matter at all -

Where completely lonely

She bitterly claims that all the feelings in her soul have burned out, all that remains is to humbly carry her cross. After all, wherever a person is far from his homeland, he will find himself in a cold and endless desert. The key phrases are scary: "I don't care", "I don't care".

The heroine tries to assure herself that she is indifferent to the place where her soul was born. But at the same time, she says that her real home is the barracks. Tsvetaeva also touches on the topic of loneliness: she cannot find herself either among people or in the bosom of nature.

At the end of her story, she bitterly claims that she has nothing left. In emigration, everything is alien to her. But still:

"... if there is a bush on the way

Rises, especially the mountain ash ... "

The poem ends with an ellipsis. After all, the most severe longing for the Fatherland cannot be fully expressed.

The theme of the Motherland in Tsvetaeva's work is tragic. She is suffocating far from her, but also hard in her contemporary Russia. Light sadness, touching notes can be traced in her poems only when the poetess recalls her childhood, about the past Russia, Moscow, which can no longer be returned.