Dictionary of rare words. Clever words Words that often occur
Openwork- grace, beauty.
Aquamarine- transparent, greenish-blue (the color of sea water), as well as dark blue crystals of beryl.
Alexandrite- a mineral, a type of chrysoberyl.
Amethyst- a mineral, a kind of quartz, violet or bluish-violet in color; some amethysts are considered precious stones.
Lasso- rope with a loop for catching horses.
Arshin- an old Russian measure of length equal to 0.711 meters.
Chieftain vatazhny- here: the leader of the artel, senior over the others,
Babay- old man, grandfather, grandfather.
Bai(old) - in the East, a large landowner, a wealthy cattle-breeder, a usurer.
Baiga- a national game among some eastern peoples, including equestrian competitions, wrestling, target shooting, etc.
Booth(Tatar) - barrack, shed, shed.
Baskak- under the Tatar-Mongol yoke - a representative of the khan's authority to collect taxes and oversee the execution of the khan's orders.
Darling- batog, that is, a cane, a staff.
Batyr(batyr) - among the eastern peoples, a fellow, a clever strongman, a brave man, a winner, a daring rider.
Beryl- a mineral from the silicate class. The color of beryl is very diverse. Depending on the color, transparency and impurities, beryl itself is distinguished - green, yellowish-white turbid crystals; aquamarine - transparent, greenish-blue (the color of sea water), as well as dark blue crystals; emerald (smaragd) - transparent crystals of a thick grass-green color, etc. Transparent, beautifully colored or colorless crystals are cut as precious stones of high value.
Beshmet- outerwear for men, common among a number of eastern peoples; is a semi-caftan that reaches to the knees, sometimes quilted. At the waist, it is gathered into folds and belted. It is worn over a shirt under other outer clothing.
Bodyl(old) - the trunk of a large herbaceous plant, a cut, beveled stem sticking out of the ground.
In dumka- in thoughts.
In redistribution- into processing (meaning the last stage of processing, at which products of specified shapes and sizes are obtained from steel).
In submission- to cultivate obedience, obedience, obedience.
In full- captured.
Varnak- here: doing lawlessness.
Vershnik- horseback riding on a horse.
Vershnim- on horseback, on horseback.
Evenings- youth gatherings and gatherings for work and entertainment. Depending on the season, games and songs in the hut were replaced by round dances, songs and games in the wild.
Volgota(from the words "easy" and "at ease") - freedom, the ability to do what you want.
Head- a thickened or protruding end of something, a rounded end of a thin rod, in this case, the handle of a saber.
Gon- here: pursuit, pursuit.
Rhinestone- transparent colorless quartz.
Housekeeper- here, probably, a hunter of precious stones and metals in the highlands.
Mane- ridge (often low, narrow and long), ridge, ridge.
Wench- here in the meaning: a girl.
Wood- pl. number from "tree", "tree".
Friend- friend, brother, assistant.
Dudka- in mines a mine, sometimes a pit; well for the extraction of ores.
Yeget- a young man.
Emitting- caustic.
Elan- a clearing, a vast clearing, a bald patch.
Greedy- greedy, greedy for wealth.
Lived- a crack in a rock filled with a mineral body; stratum, a layer of one rock, lying in another rock.
Factory- this is how not only factory buildings and workshops were called before (as now), but also the entire territory adjacent to them, in which, in particular, factory workers, foremen, etc. lived.
Splash- shores washed by a wave; wave traces.
Flush- flush with anything, with the rest of the surface.
Vow- here: ban on pain of damnation; spell, conspiracy.
Zaugolya- nooks and crannies.
Healthier- healthier; here is also better in meaning.
Witch doctor- healer-sorcerer.
Gold- Russian gold coin of ten and five rubles.
Zryashny- useless, empty.
Shaky- cradle, cradle.
Tattered- emaciated.
Ichigi- men's and women's shoes, high boots, made of soft leather or colored morocco, sometimes with soft soles (then they are worn with leather galoshes). Distributed among part of the Russian population of Siberia, Tatars, Bashkirs, most of the peoples of Central Asia and some peoples of the Caucasus.
Defined for distillation- kicked out.
Kazovy- ostentatious, on display, such as to present from the advantageous side.
Kalym- ransom, payment paid for the bride initially to the family, later - to the parents or relatives of the bride.
Chamber- from Greek kamara, i.e. vault. Here: hall, living room.
Kamcha(Tatar) - whip, whip or whip.
Gimp- here: delay, delay, delay.
Kvashnya- wooden tub for dough.
Visor- here: a kind of kokoshnik, a female headdress.
Cocora- the lower part of a coniferous tree, dug out of the ground together with a large root perpendicular to the trunk, going to the construction of barges.
Tuners- small groves in the forest-steppe, formed by birch or aspen, occasionally willow; usually gravitate towards humid places.
Pounded- here: they worked, mined ore.
Condo forest- strong, dense and healthy, not rotten. From conda - upland (not marsh) pine, strong, fine-grained and resinous, growing in a dry place; also a clean, dense and densely graded part of a coniferous tree, from the core to the bloni (outer, young layers of the tree).
Office- here: an institution with administrative and clerical functions at the plant, plant management.
Copyist- clerk, scribe, scribe, clerk.
Boon- small woody parts discarded when flax and hemp fibers are scuffed and cut.
Backbone- the bone base of the animal body.
Nomad- nomad camp; the area in which they roam.
Kosh- hut, house.
Nightmare- felt carpet made of sheep or camel wool.
Kradche- stealthily, secretly.
Redwood- coniferous, mainly pine forest.
Procession- a solemn church procession with crosses, banners and icons.
Critical- a fresh lump of iron boiled out of cast iron weighing 12 pounds or more.
A circle- here: a gathering, a meeting of the inhabitants of the village, settlement, factory.
Kryzh- the hilt, the hilt of a saber and other edged weapons, usually forming a kind of cross.
Tow- a combed and tied bunch of flax.
Koumiss(from Turkic, kymyz) - fermented milk drink made from mare's (less often cow's and camel's) milk. Favorite drink of nomadic tribes. Known to nomadic peoples since ancient times. It is prepared by fermenting raw mare's milk with lactic acid bacteria and lactic yeast.
Burial birch- growing on bulk mounds.
Kuren- here: a village around the plant.
Chicken- swampy backwaters on the outskirts of the lake.
Listvyanka- larch.
Lithuanian- Russian big braid. They were not touched by the cast iron - that is, they were not mowed with a scythe.
Lopotina- outerwear, most often simple, working.
Luchina- a thin long sliver of dry wood, which in the old days was used to illuminate the hut.
Masterko- an apprentice, an ordinary craftsman.
Millionaire(old) - a very rich man, a millionaire.
Mighty- mighty, powerful, strong.
Prayer- a short church service with a prayer appeal to God, the Mother of God or the saints. Distinguish between supplicatory and thanksgiving prayers.
Monisto- a necklace made of beads, coins or some colored stones.
Mochazhina- wet, swampy, swampy place between hummocks in a swamp, low-lying meadow, etc.
On Nyazi- probably referring to the Nyazya river, a tributary of the Ufa.
Honors- special, different from others.
Spoiled- spoiled by excessive indulgence, indulgence, spoiled.
Came in- got into the habit.
Hex- witchcraft spells designed to attract supernatural power to something.
Naddapa- here: increase, increase, increase in speed, acceleration.
On rare occasions- henceforth, in the future.
Straight- straight out.
Dressing gown- the one who distributes the work, the intermediary between the management of the plant and the workers.
Earphone- secret slanderer, gossip, informer.
Bad weather- bad weather, bad weather.
Unclean- one of the names of the devil: an unclean spirit.
Nikola the pleaser- Saint Nicholas, Christian saint, miracle worker, glorified as a great saint of God (hence one of his names).
Make a living- get used to a new place, get comfortable, adapt.
Look around- to become passionately attached, to fall in love.
Outline- to tell, to convey.
Footwear- the same as shoes, shoes.
Get healthier- become healthy, get well.
Window- here: the remainder of the reservoir, an open depression in a swamp, bog.
Band- the rim of the headdress, that part of it that fits the head.
County- around.
Gibberish- miss, failure, oversight.
Horde- a resident of the Golden Horde or a person in her service.
Orlets- an old Russian name for the mineral rhodonite.
Osered- in the middle, in the middle.
Dropped out- here: finished sowing.
Hunting- here: not averse to any work, loving work, hard-working.
Boy- turnips or carrots steamed in the oven.
Overwhelm- rewrite cleanly, clean draft paper
Translate- here: think it over, figure it out.
Reproach- exchange mutual reproaches, reproaches, swear words.
Pearl black- black Pearl.
The songtrain- singer.
Platchishka- handkerchief, handkerchief.
According to Uraim- the Uraim river in the same places.
Tempted- dreamed, dreamed, dreamed.
Enchanted- conjured.
Gift- a gift, a gift.
Subyuzhee- healthier, stronger.
Gilder- a gilding master, the one who gilds.
Posument- braid embroidered with gold or tinsel, used for trimming clothes, upholstered furniture, etc.
Forging- a piece of metal processed by forging, a finished product.
Mowing- treeless plain; meadow; the field that is mowed.
Strip- a long, flat and relatively narrow part of an object that stands out in something on it; often the saber itself was called a stripe.
Midday- here: southern.
Midnight(midnight) - here: north.
To please- here: take care, help.
Spoilage- a disease caused by witchcraft.
Poskotina - pasture, pasture.
Secretly- secretly, secretly.
Reign- go, go.
The underworld- a mythological underworld, an underworld opposite to the heavenly one, hell.
Hey- here: friendliness, affectionate, friendly treatment.
Hanger- an obsequious person and a sycophant who loves to live at someone else's expense.
Provinka- guilt, offense, offense, sin.
Accommodation- streaks, tendons.
Spinning- here: part of the fence from pillar to pillar.
Pood- an old Russian measure of weight equal to 16.38 kg (used before the introduction of the metric system).
Hermit - a hermit, a person who settled in the desert, in solitude and for religious reasons, refused to communicate with people.
Pushcha- it is better here.
To puff- here: get angry, get angry.
Pyatialtynny(five altyns) - a coin in the monetary system of medieval Russia or a sum of coins equal to 15 kopecks. One altyn (from Tatar. altyn- gold), originally equal to six Moscow or three Novgorod money. The latter later received the name of a penny. Hence the name "pyatialtynny", which has survived to this day, for 15 kopecks.
Working people- workers in trades and industrial enterprises in the XVII-XIX centuries.
The difference- difference, dissimilarity.
Painter- artisan draftsman.
Horn- a vessel with a narrow neck for putting on the nipple, which serves for feeding babies.
Rudyanoy- here, probably in the meaning black or bloody(obsolete).
Fathom- an old Russian measure of length.
Adobe- made of adobe bricks (made of clay with an admixture of manure, as well as straw, horsehair or other fibrous substances).
The most precious thing bequeathed- here in the meaning: with whom they have tied their deepest aspirations, on whom they have placed the most cherished hopes.
Sapphire- a gemstone, a kind of corundum mineral, distinguished by its blue or blue color.
From afar- from afar, from afar.
Seyunchi- good news ("Fire hidden in the stone").
Be scanty(old) - here: to experience mental pain, to yearn.
Mica- a group of minerals characterized by extremely perfect cleavage; easily divided into very thin leaves, represent an important component of many rocks (granite, gneiss, shale) and the products of their weathering (sand, clay).
Stink- to emit a bad, fetid odor.
Funny- mix, mixing.
Solovenky- from salty: yellowish, with a light tail and mane.
Camp- camp site, temporary (and not only) location of nomadic people, camp.
Old lady- a section of its former channel that is completely or partially separated from the river, as a rule, is dried up; or a closed body of water, which for some time remains as a lake, and then turns into a swamp or damp meadow.
Stepochka- probably a diminutive for steppe.
Watch out- beware, proceed with caution.
Strument- tool.
Wort- a sweetish broth based on flour and malt, intended for fermentation.
Herd- here: gather in a crowd.
Willow- thickets of shrub willows.
Tamga- brand, sign.
Tenet- here: cobweb.
I endure- patience.
That- among the peoples of Central Asia, a festival accompanied by singing, dancing and a feast.
Tolmach- translator, interpreter from language to language, mediator in a conversation between a Russian person and a foreigner.
To grind- to inspire, explain, explain.
Topaz- a mineral from the class of island silicates; can be yellow, green, blue, pink, even colorless; transparent colorless and beautifully colored crystals of topaz are precious stones.
Body- torso, body, torso.
Tutotka - here.
Dump- an elongated hill with a flat, slightly convex or wavy top and gentle slopes.
Eel- a hillock, a steep climb.
Think up- to think, to conceive, to decide on something.
Set up- choose, improve.
Flatter- persuade, persuade to do something with caresses, flattery.
Ulus- a nomadic settlement, camp.
Uma make up my mind- lose your mind, cease to control yourself.
Mind in the father was published- here: she went to her father, she was born into a father.
Urman- wild, uninhabited, dense forests, mostly conifers.
Usareka- most likely, I mean the Usa river in the Kemerovo region. It is the right tributary of the Tom River, which in turn flows into the Ob.
Lucky- lucky.
Flux- a substance or composition that facilitates the smelting of ores and metals.
Lb- Russian unit of weight, equal to 409.5 g.
Bragging- boastful speeches, bragging.
Gypsy- a rolled paper tube with tobacco, usually makhorka, used instead of a cigarette.
Blackotal - kind of willow.
Chutoshny(light) - very small, barely noticeable.
Shaitan(Tatar) - devil, devil, demon, satan.
Pitch- vertical shallow mine workings for exploration of minerals, etc.
Yasak- tribute, tax, which was most often paid with furs.
This dictionary contains a list of rare words, sometimes completely forgotten and not found in the modern language. The collection contains words and their meanings selected on the basis of the study of the culture of the peoples living and living in the territory from the Polar to the South Urals and the nearest neighbors.
When studying a foreign language, the main emphasis is placed not only on grammar, but also on vocabulary, phraseology of the English language, which contributes to the development of oral and written speaking skills.
No one can say what quantitative and qualitative set is needed for this or that person. It all depends on the profession, type of activity, goals of language learning.
Vocabulary
First, let's figure out what it is. According to the definition, these are the words that this or that person knows and uses in his life.
Each of us has his own - someone has it more, someone has less, someone is more familiar with one thematic group of words, for example, professional terms, someone with a completely different one. But in general, the vocabulary of most people is similar to each other, since it includes the basic words and concepts used in communication and in everyday life.
Allocate:
- Active vocabulary... Refers to words that we use on a daily basis. We know the exact meaning of these words and use them at least several times a day. It should be noted that it is significantly less than passive.
- Passive vocabulary. Refers to words that we know but do not use. We also know their meaning or translation, we repeatedly hear them in the oral speech of other people, or we see them in books and magazines, but at the same time we use them very rarely in our speech.
The composition of the active and passive vocabulary may change over time. Some words go into the passive vocabulary, while others - on the contrary, into the active one. This is due to the fact that a person never stands still, he grows and develops, his interests and preferences, his way of life change.
The active vocabulary of the same person at different stages of his life (schoolchild, student and working person) will differ.
When learning a language, it is important to replenish not only an active vocabulary, but also a passive one, which will significantly expand your capabilities and increase your knowledge of the language.
Oxford Dictionary
The Oxford Dictionary is one of the most famous dictionaries in the English language.
It contains:
- about 500 thousand words and catchphrases of the English language;
- not only a translation dictionary, but partly also an explanatory one;
- translation of words;
- explanations for use;
- description of terms;
- articles on grammar of the English language.
The dictionary is recommended for everyone who seriously decided to devote their time to learning English. With its help, you can not only replenish vocabulary, but also learn new meanings of already familiar words, plunge into the etymology of a particular concept.
The required minimum of words for communication
How many words do you need to know to? There is no right answer to this most frequently asked question.
It all depends on your goals:
- To travel abroad, it is enough to know only 2000 words.
- To move to an English-speaking country, you will need to learn 5000 words already.
- For a free explanation of thoughts, you need to have 1000-1500 words in the active vocabulary (according to some, this number is reduced to 850, or even to 500).
- Thatby was complete not only on everyday, but also on cultural topics, you will need a vocabulary of 4000 words.
- For free communication, you need about 5-6 thousand words, which corresponds to the level of knowledge of the English language Advanced.
Classification of the volumes of the required vocabulary for various purposes:
- Interested - have 400-500 words in the dictionary.
- If you want to talk about everyday topics and read, learn about 800-1000 words.
- If you wish to communicate freely and - learn 1500-2000 words.
- Want to read magazines and newspapers? Expand your stock to 3000-4000.
As you can see, there is no unambiguous answer to the question of how many words you need to know for full-fledged communication. Of course, in some situations even a stock of 4,000 words may not be enough to explain a particular problem to the interlocutor, while in others 2,000 will be enough.
Top word lists
Today, composing, that is, those words that are most often found in English and should be included in the vocabulary of any person.
To compile this list, text arrays are analyzed and the frequency of the use of a particular word is established.
Based on these data, lists of the top 1000, top 2000 most popular English words are compiled.
The use of top lists in the study of a foreign language gives very noticeable results, since the most used, and, therefore, the most popular words are studied, without the knowledge of which it is very problematic to communicate with a native speaker.
We work with the list of top words correctly
You have decided to master the list of top words and as soon as possible. But how to do it right, while getting the most benefit?
- Print a list of top words... Work it through carefully, noting which words are familiar to you and which are not.
- Cross out words you already know, but only if you know exactly the translation of the word.
- Divide unknown words into mini-lists from 10-15 words. This is the number of words you must learn every day. You should not make the list of words larger, it is better to spend a month studying the list and really learn the words than to spend a week on it and forget them after 2 days.
- Choose the way in which you will... It can be, on which on one side the word is written, and on the second translation; with the help of special computer simulators or applications for a mobile phone, tablet. using regular cramming is not recommended.
- Create a training schedule thus - for three or four days you learn new words, and then take a break for one or two days, during which you work through the cards you have already learned, check if you remember the words you learned earlier or if some of them are worth learning.
- After you have studied all the words from the list, repeat them and move on to a new list. words, gradually expanding your vocabulary.
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- Download the dictionary in PDF and MP3 formats, learning tables and audio recording of all phrases
200 most popular English words
We bring to your attention a list of the top 200 most popular and necessary words to start with.
| 1 | the | definite | 101 | night | night; evening |
| 2 | and | and but | 102 | well | Good |
| 3 | a | 103 | thing | thing, thing | |
| 4 | to | particle before the infinitive of a verb | 104 | open | open |
| 5 | I | I | 105 | away | long away; away |
| 6 | is | to be for 3rd person unit h. Present. time. | 106 | give (gave; given) | to give |
| 7 | of | from, from, oh, oh | 107 | only | only |
| 8 | have (had; had) | have; get; be to | 108 | something | something, something; about, about |
| 9 | you | you you | 109 | ask | to ask |
| 10 | he | he | 110 | move | move |
| 11 | it | This | 111 | stand (stood; stood) | stand; to put |
| 12 | in | in | 112 | good | good; good |
| 13 | not | not no; nor | 113 | find (found; found) | find, discover |
| 14 | was | The form of the verb in the sp. Tense. units h | 114 | again | again, again |
| 15 | that | that, that, that | 115 | little | small |
| 16 | his | his | 116 | try | try, try |
| 17 | do (did; done) | do | 117 | too | same; too much |
| 18 | on | on the | 118 | still | quiet; still |
| 19 | with | with, together with | 119 | hear (heard; heard) | hear; listen |
| 20 | she | she | 120 | walk | walking; walk |
| 21 | at | about, y; in, on | 121 | before | front; before |
| 22 | say (said; said) | speak | 122 | leave (left; left) | leave |
| 23 | her | her | 123 | sit (sat; sat) | sit |
| 24 | for | for, for, for | 124 | let (let; let) | let |
| 25 | as | how; when | 125 | long | long; for a long time |
| 26 | are | Plural verb to be h. present time. | 126 | call | call for |
| 27 | we | we | 127 | feel (felt; felt) | feel |
| 28 | but | only; except; but, but | 128 | close | close; close |
| 29 | can (last time could) | be able; be able to | 129 | very | very |
| 30 | him | his | 130 | why | why |
| 31 | they | they | 131 | which | which the; what |
| 32 | up | up, up | 132 | car | automobile |
| 33 | what | what | 133 | any | any |
| 34 | out | outside, outside; out, behind | 134 | hold (held; held) | Keep; own; accommodate |
| 35 | me | me, me | 135 | work | Job; work |
| 36 | go (went; gone) | go, go; leave | 136 | run (ran; run) | run away |
| 37 | get (got; got) | get; take; to acquire | 137 | never | never |
| 38 | this | this, this, this | 138 | start | Start; start off |
| 39 | from | from, from, from | 139 | even | even; smooth |
| 40 | be (was / were; been) | to be, to exist; be. | 140 | Light (lit, lighted) | light; illuminate |
| 41 | look | sight; watch | 141 | than | than than |
| 42 | my | my | 142 | after | after, through; Then |
| 43 | there | there, there; here | 143 | put (put; put) | put |
| 44 | know (knew; known) | know | 144 | yes | Yes |
| 45 | all | everything, everything, everything | 145 | stop | stop; stop |
| 46 | one | one; one | 146 | old | old |
| 47 | no | No; not | 147 | watch | watch, follow; observation; |
| 48 | see (saw; seen) | see | 148 | first | first; at first |
| 49 | will | 1) auxiliary ch. in bud. time .; 2) How modal can | 149 | may (last time might) | be able; May |
| 50 | back | back; rear | 150 | talk | talk; speak |
| 51 | into | in | 151 | another | another |
| 52 | like | similar; like, like; love, please | 152 | cut (cut; cut) | cut |
| 53 | if | if | 153 | mean | middle; |
| 54 | were | The verb to be in about past. time. pl. h. (were) | 154 | pull | pull, drag |
| 55 | then | then; then | 155 | behind | per; behind, behind |
| 56 | an | Indefinite article | 156 | smile | smile; smile |
| 57 | come (came; come) | come, come; happen | 157 | our | our |
| 58 | think (thought; thought) | think; consider, believe | 158 | toward (s) | To |
| 59 | so | So; too, also | 159 | much | a lot of |
| 60 | down | down, down | 160 | its | his her |
| 61 | your | yours, yours | 161 | house | House |
| 62 | them | them, them | 162 | keep (kept; kept) | Keep |
| 63 | would | 1) auxiliary ch .; 2) modal verb | 163 | place | a place; put |
| 64 | about | around, around; oh oh | 164 | begin (began; begun) | start off; proceed (to) |
| 65 | man (pl. men) | man, man | 165 | nothing | nothing |
| 66 | take (took; taken) | take; deliver; accept | 166 | year | year |
| 67 | just | just | 167 | woman (pl. women) | woman |
| 68 | by | y, about | 168 | side | side |
| 69 | am | The verb to be in 1 person singular. h. present time. | 169 | because | because |
| 70 | now | now, now | 170 | three | three |
| 71 | over | over; over | 171 | seem | seem |
| 72 | make (made; made) | do, produce; commit | 172 | wait | wait |
| 73 | been | Verb to be, last participle time. | 173 | need | to need |
| 74 | or | or | 174 | moment | moment, moment |
| 75 | time | time; once | 175 | himself | myself; myself |
| 76 | when | when | 176 | stare | stare (at) |
| 77 | hand | arm | 177 | arm | arm |
| 78 | who | who; which the | 178 | use | application, benefit; apply |
| 79 | want | to want | 179 | voice | voice |
| 80 | here | here | 180 | last | last |
| 81 | Tell (told; told) | speak | 181 | late | late; late |
| 82 | off | with, from | 182 | across | through, through |
| 83 | right | right; right | 183 | sure | confident; Certainly |
| 84 | their | them | 184 | front | front |
| 85 | turn | turn) | 185 | sound | sound; sound |
| 86 | two | two | 186 | big | large |
| 87 | through | through, through | 187 | really | really |
| 88 | eye | eye; sight | 188 | name | name |
| 89 | head | head | 189 | should | 1) auxiliary ch. 2) as modal: should, should |
| 90 | other | another, another, yet; | 190 | new | new |
| 91 | how | how | 191 | anything | something; anything |
| 92 | some | some | 192 | against | against |
| 93 | more | more, more | 193 | guy | boy |
| 94 | around | around, around; nearby; around, by | 194 | kill | kill |
| 95 | door | Door | 195 | point | tip; dot; paragraph; |
| 96 | room | room | 196 | small | small |
| 97 | face | face | 197 | happen | happen |
| 98 | day | day; day | 198 | wall | wall |
| 99 | where | where; where | 199 | black | black |
| 100 | way | way, road | 200 | step | step; step |
Checking vocabulary
First of all, before learning new words, it is worth checking your vocabulary, so that at the end of the training you can still see how much the volume of your personal vocabulary has increased.
Today there are a lot of services that will help you quickly check vocabulary and give it a more or less objective assessment. We bring to your attention two of the most useful and convenient tests, with the help of which you can find out in just a few minutes how rich your vocabulary is.
The vocabulary check is the simplest test based on a list of the 250 most used words in the English language. For beginners, their acquaintance with the vocabulary of the English language. Consists of 30 questions. A word is given in Russian and 8 variants of its translation into English.
You need to choose the right option. At the end of the test, the results are summed up - how many correct answers were given and the level of vocabulary knowledge is indicated.
For the advanced - a similar test based on a list of 3,000 words - More difficult level.
Vocabulary - vocabulary test from Puzzle English. You are prompted to check the boxes for words whose translation you know. At the first stage, it is proposed to choose from 36 words, at the second - from 60.
Periodically, when you note that you know a particular word, a window with translation options pops up. You need to choose the correct one from the four presented. Thanks to this, not only the user's vocabulary, which is expressed in the number of words, is counted, but also the honesty index as a percentage.
At the end of the test, a result is given, which indicates the quantitative volume of your vocabulary, as well as an index of honesty. The higher the index, the more objective the result is.
Expanding vocabulary
After checking your vocabulary, you came to the conclusion that you need to replenish it as quickly as possible.
How to do it?
Work with texts:
- reading books, thematic texts in English;
- translation of text, extract of unfamiliar words.
Create topical lists of words that you use all the time.
- List of surrounding things and their translation.
- Learning these words gradually.
- In doing so, do not forget to gradually replenish your list with new words.
Explore Top Word Lists.
- Using a list of top words, that is, the most common words.
- Working with such lists, you can significantly increase your vocabulary.
Play language games.
- Erudite, crossword puzzle, gallows.
- the method is more suitable for those who have a voluminous vocabulary and seeks to consolidate the learned words rather than learn new ones.
When studying the vocabulary of the English language, try not to pay attention to the erroneous opinion that a minimum vocabulary is enough for communication. Try as much as possible to replenish and expand your vocabulary. Don't stop learning the top 2,000 or top 4,000 words, try to learn as many new words as possible and you will see how many new opportunities you have.
I think many have been waiting for this super collection to appear on the site. And so I thought about creating this huge creation. Such collections should exist, despite their primitive vocabulary. Agree, not everyone learns English at school, and starting to learn a language from scratch is not an easy task. This collection of words for Lingvo Tutor was created for those who do not know the vocabulary well, or for those who want to test their knowledge. The name speaks for itself: “ 2000 most used words in English " and all this you can get in the doc word. I want to immediately answer a few questions that may arise:
1. Why do we need 2000 words if there are 1000 most used English words?
Firstly, it is not 2000 (sorry for such a play of numbers), and secondly, there is no thematic classification. All words are collected in one place, and one dictionary for our program contains about 500 words. Since many words are repeated, I decided to delete them, so some selections may not have 500 words. For example, in some dictionaries there are mostly 300-400 words. In fact, the dictionaries for Lingvo Tutor will not have all 2000 words (since I did not want similar words to be repeated), but you will first learn the ones that are))). If you still insist on 2000, you can download all the words in the document and add it yourself, although I doubt it.
2. Why dictionaries are split into 4, and not in one file?
The question is clear, and the answer, I think, will also be logical. Can you imagine a dictionary with 2000 English words? It will be a megabyte like a big encyclopedia. It will be almost impossible to learn such a card, and it is inconvenient to put it on a phone, PDA, etc. 500 words in one dictionary is already a lot, but you can put up with it. The main task has already been completed - the dictionaries are ready, and you can already do whatever you want with them. You can make one file with all words.
3. What is it for at all?
The answer to this question may take me a few sheets of paper))). I will try to explain, and I hope you will agree with me. The fact is that when learning a language, very often the question arises about lexical minimum... The most common question when studying a foreign language is how many words do you need to know in order to at least feel comfortable in another country?
Comfortable does not mean that the question howtogettothecitycenter, the answer will follow mynameisVova. You need to know and understand the most basic concepts, and then your stay in a foreign environment will be more favorable. Why am I focusing on vocabulary on my website?(oops, it turned out to be another unplanned question) - yes, because with the help of your own knowledge of the vocabulary, you will be able to understand what is being said and try to say at least something. Of course, there are also supporters of the theory that, they say, without the grammar of the language neither here nor there but it seems to me that this is not entirely correct.
For example, a guy wants to find a store, meets the first passer-by and says “ shop ”, a native of any English-speaking country will point you in the right direction. Everything is simple and elementary, but that's when you start bend the bar and use grammatical constructions that, in principle, cannot exist, then you may not be understood correctly. I write all this from my own experience (although I have not been to England), but in a country where they speak a different language, I managed to visit. I think my life would become much easier if I knew some essential words, and going to a restaurant would not be hard labor.
Lexical minimum- these are the words without which it is impossible to move on in learning the language, and without which you will not know what to do in another English-speaking country. If you still remember at least a little of the school grammar of the English language, then after learning these words you can freely go on vacation to other countries (where they understand English, of course))) and not worry about your future.
- To the person who came up with the script (sign off, otherwise I just can't find you).
- The person who made the selection in the document.
Wrote a funny php script. I drove through him all the texts on the "Spectator" for the subject of language. In total, 39110 different word forms are used in the texts. How many different words- it is rather difficult to define. In order to somehow get closer to this figure, I took only the first 5 letters of the word and compared them. There were 14373 such combinations. At a stretch it can be called the vocabulary of the "Spectator".
Then I took the words and examined them for the frequency of letter repetition. Ideally, you need to take some kind of dictionary to complete the picture. You cannot banish texts, you only need unique words. In the text, some words are repeated more often than others. So, we got the following results:
o - 9.28%
a - 8.66%
e - 8.10%
and - 7.45%
n - 6.35%
t - 6.30%
p - 5.53%
s - 5.45%
l - 4.32%
c - 4.19%
k - 3.47%
n - 3.35%
m - 3.29%
y - 2.90%
d - 2.56%
i - 2.22%
s - 2.11%
b - 1.90%
h - 1.81%
b - 1.51%
g - 1.41%
st - 1.31%
h - 1.27%
s - 1.03%
x - 0.92%
w - 0.78%
w - 0.77%
c - 0.52%
y - 0.49%
f - 0.40%
e - 0.17%
b - 0.04%
For those who go to the "Field of Miracles", I advise you to memorize this table. And name the words in that order. So, for example, it would seem that such a "familiar" letter "b" is used less often than the "rare" letter "s". It is also necessary to remember that there are not only vowels in the word. And that if you guessed one vowel, then you need to start following the consonants. And besides, the word is guessed precisely by the consonants. Compare: "** a ** and * e" and "cf * vn * t *". And in both cases - this is the word "compare".
And one more consideration. How did you learn English? Remember? E pen, e penned, e table. I sing about what I see. What's the point? .. How often do you say the word "pencil" in normal life? If the task is to teach you to speak as quickly and efficiently as possible, then you need to teach accordingly. We analyze the language, highlight the most used words. And we start teaching with them. To more or less speak English, only 1,500 words are enough.
Another mischief: randomly composing words from letters, but taking into account the frequency of occurrence, so that it looks like normal words. In the top ten "random" four-letter words, "donkey" popped up. In the next fifty - the words "mchim" and "NATO". But, alas, there are a lot of dissonant combinations, such as "bltt" or "nrro".
Therefore, the next step. I split all the words into two-letter combinations and started randomly (but taking into account the repetition rate) to combine them. Steel in large quantities will produce words that look like "normal". For example: "koivdiot", "voabma", "apy", "depoid", "debyako", "orfa", "posnavy", "ozza", "chenya", "ritoria", "urdeed", "utoichi", Stykh, sapot, gravda, ababap, obarto, eeluet, lyarezy, myni, bromomer and even todebyst.
Where to apply ... there are options. For example, write a generator of beautiful branded playful names. For yoghurts. Like, "memoliso" or "utororerto". Or - a generator of futuristic poems "Burliuk-php": "opeldium miaton, linoaz okmiya ... deesopen odeson."
And there is another option. Need to try...
Some statistics on the use of Russian words:
- The average word length is 5.28 characters.
- Average sentence length is 10.38 words.
- The 1000 most frequent lemmas cover 64.0708% of the text.
- The 2000 most frequent lemmas cover 71.9521% of the text.
- The 3000 most frequent lemmas cover 76.5104% of the text.
- 5000 most frequent lemmas cover 82.0604% of the text.
After the note, I received the following letter:
Hello Dmitry!After analyzing the article "Language will bring you to Kiev" and the part of it where you describe your program, an idea arose.
The script written by you seems to me absolutely not intended for the "Field of Miracles" to a greater extent, but for another.
The first most sensible application of your script's output is to define the order of letters when programming buttons for mobile devices. Yes, yes - it is in mobile phones that all this is needed.I distributed it across waves ()
Further distribution by buttons:
1. All letters from the first wave go to 4 buttons in the first row
2. All letters from the second wave are also on the other 4 buttons in the same first row
3. All letters from the third wave to the same place on the remaining two buttons
4.4.5 and 6 waves go to the second row
5.7,8,9 waves go to the third row, and the 9th wave leaves the whole completely (despite the seemingly large number of letters) to the third row of the 9th button, so that the 10th button is left under all sorts of punctuation marks ( period, comma, etc.).I think everything is clear and so, without detailed explanations. But still, could you process with your script (including punctuation marks) the texts of the following content:
And then post the statistics? It seemed to me? that the texts reflect our modern speech as much as possible, and after all, we both speak and write sms.
Thank you very much in advance.
So, there are two ways to analyze the frequency of letter repetition. Method 1. Take the text, find unique (not repeating) word forms in it and analyze them. The method is good for building statistics on the words of the Russian language, and not on the texts. Method 2. Do not search for unique words in the text, but go straight to calculating the frequency of letter repetition. We get the frequency of letters in Russian text, and not in Russian words. To create keyboards and other things, you need to use this method: texts are typed on the keyboard.
Keyboards should take into account not only the frequency of letters, but also the most perfected words (word forms). It is not so difficult to guess which words are the most used: firstly, service parts of speech, because their role is to serve always and everywhere, and pronouns, whose role is no less important: to replace any thing / person in speech (this, he, she). Well, the basic verbs (be, say). Based on the results of the analysis of the above texts, I got the most "popular" words: was, so, same, then, said, for, you, oh, at, for, for, me, only, for, me, would, yes, you, from, was, when, from, for, still, now, they, said, already, him, no, she was, to her, to be, well, not, if, very, nothing, behold, herself, so that, for herself, this, maybe, that, before, we, them, whether, were, are, than, or, her ”and so on.
Returning to keyboards, it is obvious that in the keyboard the letter combinations "not", "what", "he", "on" and others should be as close to each other as possible, or if not close, then in some optimal way. It is necessary to conduct research into how exactly the fingers move on the keyboard, find the most "convenient" positions and place the most used letters in them, not forgetting, however, about letter combinations.
The problem, as always, is the same: even if you manage to create a Unique Keyboard, where do the millions of people who are already used to qwerty / ytsuken?
As for mobile devices ... Probably, it makes sense. At least the letters "o", "a", "e" and "and" must be exactly on the same key. Punctuation marks in order of frequency of use:,. -? ! "; :) (
List of "rare" words in Russian ON THE SITE VERSION http://language.mypage.ru
The list is strange in places, but still interesting.
1.Multifor- this is the most common file for documents
2.Gapovat- threaten
3.Trash shit(or halam-balam) - "This is not for you halam-balam!"
4.Kichkinka- baby, an appeal to a little girl - not an Uzbek, but not a Slav either. From uzb. "Kichkintoy" is a kid.
5.Yeh-ay-yay- Nizhny Novgorod exclamation of surprise
6.Kefirka- a girl trying to whiten her face with sour milk (it can be seen by the spots of unevenly lightened skin, and they even smear her face and neck, sometimes her hands. The ears look awesome at the same time)
7.Dubai- a lady who came from work, engaged in prostitution. Or dressing "like Dubai" - bright, tasteless, with an abundance of crystals, gold and trinkets.
8.Oud- part of the body (shameful oud - what is usually called an indecent word).
9.Straight- rag, straps - dense lace
10.Chuni- type of footwear. This is often the name of the general footwear, which is used in order to go out at night on a small need.
11.Get lost- drink alcohol.
12.Confusion- a tangle of everyday activities or events.
13.Galimy(or golimy) - bad, low-quality, uninteresting
14.Yokarny Babay- exclamation (eprst, ezhkin cat, yo-mine, etc.), resentment at the current situation.
15.Scuboot- shave, cut.
16.ShuffleYadka(shuflYada) - a small drawer (in a desk, wardrobe, chest of drawers, etc.)
17.Fly- last summer.
18.Ticket- receipt, invoice, ticket, small piece of paper.
19.ZanAdto- too much, too much.
20.MlJavast, mlYavy - relaxation, unwillingness to do anything, fatigue.
21.Poke around- crack, make holes.
22.Kotsat- to spoil.
23.Coward- run in small steps.
24.Scabrous- vulgar
25.Puff, trail - walk slowly, not keep up with anyone.
26.Buchich- alcoholic party.
27.Overdressed- very brightly dressed.
28.Habalka- a rude, uneducated woman.
29.Broody- chicken woman (insulted.)
30.Zhahnut- hit.
31.Jamb- mistake.
32.Backbite- harmful child.
33.Hag- crow, old woman.
34.Locker- porch.
35.Podlovka- attic.
36.Blue- eggplant.
37.Fisherman, the catcher is a fisherman.
38.COLLECT- lose.
39.Pantyhose- jostle in the crowd.
40.Sardonic laugh- uncontrollable, convulsive, bilious, angry, stinging.
41.Lapidarity- brevity, conciseness, expressiveness of syllable, style.
42.Algolagnia- sexual satisfaction experienced: - when inflicting pain on a sexual partner (sadism); or - due to pain caused by a sexual partner (masochism).
43.Sublimation Is a process in which the attraction (LIBIDO) moves to a different goal, far from sexual satisfaction, and the energy of instincts is transformed into a socially acceptable, morally approved one.
44.Lyalichny, lalichnaya - something very childish.
45.Buy up- make purchases.
46.Transcendental- incomprehensible to human understanding
47.Eschatology- ideas about the end of the world.
48.Apologist- Christian writer who defends Christianity from criticism.
49.Flute- vertical groove on the column.
50.Anagoga- allegorical explanation of biblical texts.
51.Lucullus- a feast.
52.Aiguillettes- these are such plastic things at the end of the laces.
53.Bonhomie- unceremonious, inappropriate, familiar treatment under the guise of friendly.
54.Honeymoon(honeymoon in English) - we believe that this is the first month of the newlyweds, but in English the word is split into "honey" and "Moon". Most likely, the English word "honeymoon" implies that an ordinary moon, which Americans think of as cheese, becomes honey.
55.THE ACCOUNTANT- a greedy person striving for profit. How many of them are around us ...
56.Kobe("He is kobenitsya", "hesitates", "don’t freak out") - bully, "push himself out", show off.
57.MorosYaka, pAmorha (accent on the first syllable) - drizzling rain in warm weather and sun.
58.Witch(do not sway) - excite something, expose to swaying.
59.Vehotka, wiggle - a sponge (rag, washcloth) for washing dishes, body, etc.
60.Bawdy(noun "obscenity") - vulgar, shameless.
61.Moody- silly.
62.Crust, he is a scoop - a small saucepan with a long handle.
64.Hand over to the ball- the same as for free.
65.To the top with a drykom- upside down.
66.KagalOm- all together.
67.Shit- messing around, not finding a place before falling asleep in bed.
68.Kiss, kiss - kiss.
69.Trandychikha(tryndet) - a woman-talker (to speak nonsense).
70.Nonsense- verbal delirium.
71.Trichomudia- junk, husband. genitals.
72.Fuck- to defecate.
73.Bundel(bundul) - a large bottle, a bottle
74.Gamanok- wallet.
75.Buza- mud, thick.
76.Shkandybat- trail, go.
77.Break through- walk, run.
78.Fat- an invoice for payment.
79.Ayda- let's go, come on (let's go to the store).
80.Exercise- an exercise.
81.Exercise- do exercises, faire ses exercices
82.Buffoon- jester, antics.
83.Phat- talker, bouncer.
84.Skvaliga- stingy.
85.Yoksel-moxel- used with feeling in moments of complete chaos.
86.Mess- mess.
87.Pustomel- Chatterbox.
88.Mandibles- clumsy hands.
89.Rinda- turn.
90.Polsh- the volume of a certain container.
91.Maza- small (from the Latvian Mazais).
92.Nonche- today.
93.Apotheosis- deification, glorification, exaltation of a person, event or phenomenon.
94.Unclench- scold someone.
95.Planter, Wet - a small artificial reservoir near the vegetable garden.
96.Sand- scold.
97.Epideria- accident, surprise.
98.Perdimonocles- an illogical unexpected conclusion.
99.Set up- set up against.
100.Skim- miss something.
101.Insinuation- (from Lat. insinuatio, literally - ingenuity) - slander.
102.Scopid- greed.
103.Saban- a ladder with a platform (used during wall painting or other construction work).
104.Adobe- a dwelling made of reed bundles coated with clay.
105.Kryzhit- mark each checked item of the list with check marks.
106.Mikhryutka- a nondescript, puny person.
107.Dradadamovy- woolen cloth (for grandfathers - a type of cloth) (the word is found in classical Russian literature).
108.Expansion- expansion of boundaries, limits.
109.De facto- in fact, in fact.
110.De jure- legally, formally.
111.Cutting- a cut piece of a product (from life).
112.Loose- different books in one box at the store reception.
113.Perzhnya- nonsense, trifle.
114.Chekirit- the same as jackal.
115.Herashka(vulg.) - something small and unpleasant, inorg. origin.
116.Navel- something small, pleasant (Nabokov).
117.Poured(Chekist.) - Assistant for tel.
118.Triticale(bot.) - a hybrid of wheat with rye.
119.Ramp- butterfly net (Nabokov).
120.Shpak- any civilian (Kuprin).
121.Bilbock- toy (to catch a ball on a string with a stick) (L. Tolstoy).
122.Bibabo- a doll on hand, like Obraztsov's.
123.Nadys- the other day, recently, to spray, to brag, to boast.
124.Nache- better.
125.To publish- to get dirty.
126.Mandibles- clumsy hands.