What is the mechanism of the starting reaction of combat readiness. Prelaunch states and their forms

Any competition is a very exciting event, and orienteering is no exception.

The state in which the athlete is before the start is called the pre-start state. Each athlete reacts in his own way to the upcoming competition, therefore pre-start conditions can be of several types: combat readiness; pre-start fever; prelaunch apathy.

Combat readiness is the most optimal state of an orienteer, it is characterized by a calm, balanced state, all organ systems are prepared for work and calmly await the start

Pre-start fever is a state of intense excitement: an athlete fusses, does everything very quickly, gets nervous. An athlete in a state of pre-start fever is often irritated by everything around him, sometimes there is a tremor that the athlete is unable to cope with. Starting excitement begins at the start and can reach its climax during the athlete's passage of the distance. An athlete who starts in this state is unlikely to be able to optimally perform the assigned tasks and count on a high result.

The early pre-start state begins from the moment the athlete is notified of his participation in the competition. The degree of excitement depends on the importance of the start. Often, even the thought of competition leads to an increase in heart rate, insomnia, loss of appetite may appear, and a sharp reaction to the jokes of friends may appear. The athlete should not constantly think about the competition. Training in recent days should be interesting, aimed at making the athlete believe in himself. Distraction means (fascinating literature, favorite business) are of great importance.

Warm-up contributes to the regulation of the pre-start state. Athletes with severe pre-start fever should warm up calmly, with particular attention paid to stretching exercises, and should be performed without jerking or jerking. Breathing exercises (very slow deep breathing or special breathing exercises) can be of good help.

Pre-start apathy is a state of complete indifference, inhibition of all body functions. An athlete in this state is seized by a reluctance to move, and even more so to warm up. The state of pre-start apathy may disappear in the first meters of the distance, but it does not allow the athlete to properly prepare for the start. With apathy, a warm-up is required at a fast pace. Short accelerations, swings will be appropriate.

The pre-start state arises in connection with the direct preparation for the competition, on the way and upon arrival at the venue. The coach, as a rule, seeks to have a positive influence on the formation of the pre-start reaction, resorting to various measures in the last days and immediately before the competition. The time required to bring the psyche into an optimal state to achieve maximum results is different for all athletes. Someone needs to start training in 12 hours, while someone needs one hour.

The athlete himself must know what to do if pre-competition fever or apathy seizes him. Sports psychologists recommend studying your pre-start states and give recommendations on how to regulate them. First of all, you need to know that the type of nervous system affects the forms of manifestation of pre-start states. There are four types of the nervous system: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. Athletes with strong balanced nervous processes - sanguine and phlegmatic people - more often have combat readiness, choleric people have a pre-start fever; melancholic people are prone to pre-start apathy.

Currently, a large amount of literature on general psychology has been released, which will help any athlete and coach to understand this issue. Every athlete who comprehends the art of mastering his emotions should know his own type of nervous system. This will help him choose the most optimal path to self-improvement.

For the regulation of emotions, a psychologically justified choice of training means before a responsible competition is of great importance. So to reduce emotional arousal, it is useful to run a slow run the day before the competition and in the warm-up before the start, and in case of apathy - a special warm-up with acceleration.

It is useful to include in the warm-up before the competition the so-called ideomotor exercises - a mental representation of your actions at a distance. One should strive for the most detailed representation possible. To prevent prelaunch excitement from “blurring” the mental picture, it is worth practicing ideomotor exercises in training.

Another way of regulating emotional states is self-regulation. Every athlete should train in this, and in modern life saturated with nervous tensions, self-regulation skills are useful to everyone. However, it should be noted that their use should be individual, since the level of emotional arousal will be optimal for each athlete.

The athlete can pull himself together and achieve better results through self-hypnosis: "I am well trained, the results of the last competition are good, my susceptibility will increase due to a little arousal." For a deeper mastery of the basics of self-hypnosis, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the basics of psycho-regulatory training, developed by specialists.

The final stage of all mental preparation for the competition is the direct preparation for the performance of the competitive exercise. At this time, the main task is to maximize concentration of attention, which becomes the main factor. Everything that is not related to actions in competition should disappear from consciousness. The athlete must learn not to respond to external stimuli and achieve a state called C.S. Stanislavsky "public detachment".

Here are some techniques described by O.A. Cherepanova in the book "Rivalry, risk, self-control in sports":

1. Deliberate delay in the manifestation or change of expressive movements. Restraining a laugh or a smile can suppress a rush of fun, and smiling can cheer you up. Having learned to arbitrarily control the tone of facial expression muscles, a person acquires to some extent the ability to control his emotions.

2. Special motor exercises. With increased arousal, exercises are used to relax various muscle groups, movements with a wide amplitude, rhythmic movements in a slow pace. Vigorous, quick exercises are exciting.

3. Breathing exercises. Exercises with a slow gradual exhalation are calming. Focusing on the movement being performed is essential.

4. Special types of self-massage. The nature of the effect of self-massage depends on the vigor of the movements.

5. Development of voluntary attention. It is necessary to consciously switch your thoughts, directing them from experiences to a business channel, to activate a sense of confidence.

6. Exercises for relaxation and tension of various muscle groups affect the emotional state.

7. Self-orders and self-hypnosis. With the help of inner speech, you can create a feeling of confidence or those emotions that will contribute to the struggle.

A special place in psychological preparation should be given to the tuning formula. The tuning formula is the words that the athlete utters before the start in order to enter the optimal state. In highly qualified athletes, the tuning formula can take the form of a tuning state, which cannot always be described in words. The tuning formula is a very individual matter and is developed by each athlete and coach, taking into account the characteristics of this orienteer. Example: “Full concentration of attention on the map and terrain. I am focused on the elements of orientation. " There is a generally accepted psychological rule: the tuning formula should not contain negatives ("not", "without"). With the growth of skill, the tuning formula is also being processed and improved.

A special influence on the pre-start state of the orienteer is exerted by the performance of the “pre-start ritual”, which each athlete develops for himself independently.

Particular attention should be paid to the behavior of athletes in the starting area and in the starting corridor. Active communication with comrades most often entails a change in the created optimal prelaunch state and negatively affects the result.

The pre-start change in functions occurs in a certain period - a few minutes, hours or even days (if we are talking about a responsible competition) before the start of muscle work. Sometimes a separate starting state is distinguished, characteristic of the last minutes before the start (beginning of work), during which functional changes are especially significant. They go directly to the phase of rapid function change at the beginning of work (activation period).

In the prelaunch state, a variety of rearrangements take place in various functional systems of the body. Most of these rearrangements are similar to those that occur during work itself: breathing becomes more frequent and deeper, that is, LH increases, gas exchange (O2 consumption) increases, heart contractions become more frequent and stronger (cardiac output increases), blood pressure rises (BP ), the concentration of lactic acid in muscles and blood increases, increase; body temperature, etc. Thus, the body, as it were, moves to a certain "working level" even before the beginning; activity, and this usually contributes to the successful performance of the work (K.M. Smirnov).

By their nature, pre-start changes in functions are conditioned reflex nervous and hormonal reactions. The conditioned reflex stimuli in this case are the place, the time of the upcoming activity, as well as the second signal, speech stimuli. Emotional reactions play the most important role in this. Therefore, the most dramatic changes in the functional state of the body are observed before sports competitions. Moreover, the degree and nature of pre-start changes are often directly related to the importance of this competition for athletes

O2 consumption, basal metabolism, and LP before the start can be 2-2.5 times higher than the usual rest level. For sprinters (see Fig. 7), skiers, heart rate at the start can reach 160 beats / min. This is due to an increase in the activity of the sympathoadrenal system, activated by the limbic system of the brain (hypothalamus, limbic lobe of the cortex). The activity of these systems increases even before the start of work, as evidenced, in particular, by an increase in the concentration of norepinephrine and adrenaline. Under the influence of catecholamines and other hormones, the processes of splitting glycogen in the liver and fats in the fat depot are accelerated, so that even before the start of work, the content of energy substrates in the blood rises - glucose, free fatty acids. Strengthening sympathetic activity through cholinergic fibers, intensifying glycolysis in skeletal muscles, causes the expansion of their blood vessels (cholinergic vasodilation).

The level and nature of pre-start shifts often correspond to the characteristics of those functional changes that occur during the exercise itself. For example, the heart rate before the start is on average the higher, the "shorter the distance of the upcoming run, that is, the higher the heart rate during the exercise. In anticipation of running at medium distances, the systolic volume increases relatively more than before a sprint run (K. M Smirnov) Thus, the pre-start changes in physiological functions are quite specific, although quantitatively expressed, of course, much weaker than those occurring during work.

The features of the pre-start state can largely determine sports performance. Not in all cases pre-start changes have a positive effect on athletic performance. In this regard, three forms of the pre-start state are distinguished: the state of readiness - the manifestation of moderate emotional excitement, which contributes to an increase in sports results; the state of the so-called starting fever is a pronounced agitation, under the influence of which both an increase and a decrease in sports performance are possible; too strong and prolonged pre-start excitement, which in some cases is replaced by oppression and depression - starting apathy, leading to a decrease in sports results (A. Ts. Puni).

Warm up

Warm-up refers to the performance of exercises that precedes performance in a competition or the main part of a training session. Warm-up contributes to the optimization of the pre-start state, accelerates the activation processes, and increases efficiency. The mechanisms of the positive influence of the warm-up on the subsequent competitive or training activity are diverse.

1. Warm up increases the excitability of sensory and motor nerve centers the cerebral cortex, autonomic nerve centers, enhances the activity of the endocrine glands, thereby creating conditions for accelerating the processes of optimal regulation of functions during subsequent exercises.
2. Warm up enhances the activity of all links of the oxygen - transport system (respiration and circulation): PV, the rate of diffusion of O2 from the alveoli into the blood, heart rate and cardiac output, blood pressure, venous return increase, capillary networks in the lungs, heart, skeletal muscles expand. All this leads to an increase in the supply of oxygen to the tissues and, accordingly, to a decrease in oxygen deficiency during the period of injection, prevents the onset of the "dead center" state or accelerates the onset of "second wind".
3. The warm-up increases cutaneous blood flow and lowers the threshold for the onset of sweating, so it has a positive effect on thermoregulationfacilitating heat dissipation and preventing excessive overheating of the body during subsequent exercise.
4. Many of the positive effects of a warm-up are related with an increase in body temperature, and especially working muscles... Therefore, a warm-up is often called a warm-up. It helps to reduce muscle viscosity, increase the rate of muscle contraction and relaxation. According to A. Hill, as a result of warm-up, the rate of muscle contraction in mammals increases by about 20% with an increase in body temperature by 2 °. At the same time, the speed of conduction of impulses along the nerve fibers increases, and the viscosity of the blood decreases. In addition, the rate of metabolic processes increases (primarily in muscles) due to an increase in the activity of enzymes that determine the rate of biochemical reactions (with an increase in temperature by 1 °, the rate of cell metabolism increases by about 13%). An increase in blood temperature causes a shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right (Bohr effect), which facilitates the supply of oxygen to the muscles.

At the same time, the effects of warm-up cannot be explained only by an increase in body temperature, since passive warming up (with the help of massage, infrared irradiation, ultrasound, diathermy, sauna, hot compresses) does not give the same increase in efficiency as an active warm-up.

The most important result of active warm-up is the regulation and coordination of the functions of respiration, blood circulation and the motor apparatus in conditions of maximum muscle activity. In this regard, a distinction should be made between general and special warm-up.

A general warm-up can consist of a variety of exercises, the purpose of which is to increase body temperature, CNS excitability, enhance the functions of the oxygen transport system, metabolism in muscles and other organs and tissues of the body.

The special warm-up in nature should be as close to the upcoming activity as possible. The work should involve the same systems and organs of the body as when performing the main (competitive) exercise. This part of the warm-up should be included. complex coordination exercises, providing the necessary "tuning" of the central nervous system.

The duration and intensity of the warm-up and the interval between the warm-up and the main activity are determined by a number of circumstances: the nature of the upcoming exercise, external conditions (temperature and humidity, etc.), individual characteristics and the emotional state of the athlete. The optimal break should be no more than 15 minutes, during which trace processes from the warm-up are still preserved. It has been shown, for example, that after a 45-minute break, the prolonged warm-up effect is lost, the muscle temperature returns to the initial, pre-warm-up level. The role of warm-up is different in different sports and under different outdoor conditions. The positive effect of warm-up before speed-strength exercises of relatively short duration is especially noticeable (Fig. 10). Warm-up does not have any reliable positive effect on muscle strength, but it does improve the results in such speed-strength complex coordination exercises as athletics throwing. The positive effect of warm-up before running long distances is much less pronounced than before running on medium and short distances. Moreover, at high air temperatures, a negative effect of warm-up on thermoregulation during long-distance running was found.

Actuation, "blind spot", "second wind"

Operation is the first phase of functional changes that occur during work. The phenomena of "dead center" and "second wind" are closely related to the process of working.

Operation occurs in the initial period of work, during which the activity of functional systems that ensure the implementation of this work is rapidly intensified. In the process of deployment, the following occurs:

1. adjustment of nervous and neurohormonal mechanisms of movement control and autonomic processes;
2. gradual formation of the necessary stereotype of movements (in character, shape, amplitude, speed, strength and rhythm), i.e., improvement of coordination of movements;
3. achievement of the required level of vegetative functions, providing this muscle activity.

The first feature of training is the relative slowness in the intensification of vegetative processes, inertia in the deployment of vegetative functions, which is largely due to the nature of the nervous and humoral regulation of these processes during this period.

The second feature of training is heterochronism, that is, non-simultaneity, in the strengthening of individual functions of the body. The activation of the motor apparatus proceeds faster than the autonomic systems. Different indicators, the activity of the vegetative systems, the concentration of metabolic substances in the muscles and blood change with an unequal rate (Fig. 11). For example, heart rate increases faster than cardiac output and blood pressure, PV increases faster than consumption of O2 (M. Ya. Gorkin).

The third feature of training is the presence of a direct relationship between the intensity (power) of the work performed and the speedy change in physiological functions: the more intensively the work performed, the faster the initial strengthening of the body functions directly related to its implementation occurs. Therefore, the duration of the training period is in inversely depending on the intensity (power) of the exercise.For example, in exercises with low aerobic power, the period of work-in to achieve the required level of oxygen consumption lasts about 7-10 minutes, average aerobic power - 5-7 minutes, submaximal aerobic power - 3-5 minutes, near-maximum aerobic power - up to 2-3 minutes, maximum aerobic power - 1.5-2 minutes.

The fourth feature of training is that it proceeds when performing the same exercise, the faster the higher the level of training of the athlete.

Since the activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, ensuring the delivery of O2 to the working muscles, increases gradually, at the beginning of almost any work, muscle contraction is carried out mainly due to the energy of anaerobic mechanisms, i.e., due to the breakdown of ATP, CrP, anaerobic glycolysis with the formation lactic acid (only when performing very light exercises (less than 50% of the BMD), their energy supply from the very beginning can occur aerobically due to the oxygen stored in the muscles in conjunction with myoglobin, and the oxygen contained in the blood, which perfuses the working muscles). At the beginning of work, the discrepancy between the needs of the body (working muscles) for oxygen and their real satisfaction during the period of work leads to the formation of oxygen deficiency, or O2-deficiency (Fig. 12).

When performing light aerobic exercises (up to the work of submaximal aerobic power), oxygen deficiency is covered ("paid") even during the exercise itself due to a certain excess in consumption of O2 in the initial period of the "steady" state. When performing exercises of near-maximal aerobic power, oxygen deficiency can only partially be covered during the work itself; to a greater extent, it is covered after the termination of work, making up a significant part of the oxygen debt during the recovery period. When performing exercises of maximum aerobic power, oxygen deficiency is completely covered during the recovery period, making up a very significant part of the oxygen debt.

The slowed-down increase in O2 consumption at the beginning of work, leading to the formation of O2-deficiency, is primarily explained by the inert increase in the activity of the respiratory and circulatory systems, i.e., by the slow adaptation of the oxygen-transport system to muscular activity. However, there are other reasons for the occurrence of oxygen deficiency, associated with the peculiarities of the kinetics of the energy metabolism itself in working muscles.

The faster (shorter) the insertion process, the less O2-deficiency. Therefore, when performing the same aerobic exercises, the O2 deficiency in trained athletes is less than in untrained people.

"Dead center" and "second wind"

A few minutes after the start of strenuous and prolonged work, an untrained person often develops a special condition called "dead point" (sometimes it is also noted in trained athletes). Overly intense start-ups increase the likelihood of this condition occurring. It. characterized by severe subjective sensations, among which the main thing is a feeling of shortness of breath. In addition, a person experiences a feeling of tightness in the chest, dizziness, a sensation of pulsation of the vessels of the brain, sometimes muscle pain, a desire to stop working. Objective signs of a "dead center" state are frequent and relatively shallow breathing, increased consumption of O2 and increased release of CO2 with exhaled air, a large ventilation equivalent of oxygen, high heart rate, increased content of CO2 in blood and alveolar air, decreased blood pH, significant sweating.

The general reason for the onset of the "dead point" is, probably, in the inconsistency arising in the process of working out between the high requirements of working muscles for oxygen and the insufficient level of functioning of the oxygen transport system designed to provide the body with oxygen. As a result, the products of anaerobic metabolism and, above all, lactic acid, accumulate in the muscles and blood. This also applies to the respiratory muscles, which may experience a state of relative hypoxia due to the slow redistribution of cardiac output at the beginning of work between active and inactive organs and tissues of the body.

Overcoming the temporary state of "dead center" requires "great volitional efforts. If the work continues, then it is replaced by a feeling of sudden relief, which first and most often manifests itself in the appearance of normal (" comfortable ") breathing. Therefore, the state that replaces the" dead center "is called" second breath. "With the onset of this state, PV usually decreases, respiration rate slows down, and depth increases, heart rate may also decrease slightly. O2 consumption and CO2 release with exhaled air decrease, blood pH rises. Sweating becomes very noticeable. The state of" second breath " shows that the body is sufficiently mobilized to meet work demands The more intensive the work, the earlier the "second wind" begins.

Before the start of muscular activity in the athlete's body, there are noticeable shifts in the functions of individual organs and systems.

The pre-start state is a complex of changes in physiological and mental functions that occur before the start of an athlete's performance in competitions.

Distinguish:

An early pre-start condition that occurs a few days before the competition.

The pre-start state arises from the moment it enters the atmosphere of sports.

A start state that occurs a few minutes or seconds before the start.

Pre-start changes in the functional state of an athlete should be considered as a biologically expedient adaptive reaction of the body, during which the mobilization of motor and autonomic functions occurs to perform the forthcoming work. These changes are characterized by an increase in the excitability of the central nervous system, respiratory and vasomotor centers, which lead to an increase in pulmonary ventilation, increased cardiac activity and changes in blood composition. The mobilization of the functions of the endocrine glands, in particular the adrenal glands, is accompanied by an increase in the adrenaline content in the blood. Also, in the pre-start state, there is an increase in parasympathetic influences on the internal organs, expressed in an increase in intestinal peristalsis and a decrease in the tone of the sphincter of the bladder. Pre-starting changes in the blood are expressed in an increase in the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils, in an increase in the concentration of lactic acid.

Physiological mechanisms of pre-start changes are conditioned reflex. Various environmental factors associated with the environment of sports competitions, being supported by muscular work, become conditioned signals of the forthcoming motor activity. The irradiation of excitation from the motor zones of the cortex of diseased hemispheres to the centers of autonomic functions is of essential importance. Emotions in the prelaunch state cause great emotional intensity. Emotional reactions and motivations in this case can be considered as important regulators of the functional state of the body. Also emotions

smooth out the specificity of reactions from the internal organs.

Characteristics of the athlete's functional state. Assessment of the functional state of the leading adaptive systems of the athlete's body - nervous, sensory, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory.

The functional state of an athlete's body is studied in the process of an in-depth medical process. Information about the functional state is necessary to diagnose the fitness of an athlete. The characteristic of the functional state of the athlete's body systems will be considered complete enough if, along with the data registered in the dorms, the results of the functional tests will be considered. Evaluation of the neuromuscular and neuromuscular system . This assessment allows solving the issues of fitness diagnostics, admission to classes and competition. The questions are related to the planning of sports training and recreation, and sports regimen. The functional state of the nervous system largely determines the athlete's ability to master motor skills, speed and coordination of movements. Regular sports activities contribute to the development of automatic movement while motor skills become strong. Unfavorable changes in the state of the nervous system are the first signs of overwork, overtraining of an athlete ... For the study of the central nervous system are used questioning, research the state of cranial nerves, motor sphere, sensitive sphere, biocurrents of the cerebral cortex.

Inquiry - is aimed at identifying information about diseases of the nervous system carried by neuroinfection, trauma to the skull and spine, the duration of their treatment.

When examining the state of the cranial nerves special attention is paid to the optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, facial and auditory nerves. Studies of biocurrents of the cerebral cortex - is aimed at identifying the functional state of the central nervous system, which is carried out mainly by the method of electroencephalography (EEG). Also, to characterize the functional state of the nervous system, studies of the latent period of the motor reaction (latent) are used, simple and complex, i.e. the time elapsed between the actions of the stimulus and the implementation of the response motor act.

Assessment of the cardiovascular system. A wide range of medical research methods is used to study the functional state of the CVS of an athlete's body. First of all, medical and sports analysis is collected.

In the process of systematic sports training, adaptive changes develop in the work of the cardiovascular and other visceral systems of the body. As a result of long-term adaptation, functional changes are found, which are accompanied by morphological rearrangement of organs. Such restructuring allows an athlete to perform intense and long-term loads associated with sports activities. CVS occupies a special place in the entire system of oxygen transport from the environment to the working muscles, therefore the heart is the main limiting link of the entire cardiorespiratory system in athletes. The limiting role of the heart in ensuring sports activity explains why this organ is more often than others exposed to overvoltage. The sports heart is characterized by a complex of structural and functional features that provide it with high adaptability and performance during muscular work. There are also structural features of the athletic heart. One of the most frequently found and important structural features is its dilation.Dilation or expansion of the cavities of the organ concerns both the ventricles and the atria, but the dilation of the ventricles of the sports heart is of greatest importance. Dilation provides one of the most important properties of a sports heart - its high performance. The diastolic capacity of the ventricles is divided into 2 fractions.

1 faction - systolic blood volume, characterizes the amount of blood that is emitted by the heart during systole. It used to be thought that during systole, almost all blood leaves the ventricles of the heart. However, in reality, after the systole of the ventricles, a certain amount of blood remains in them.

2 faction - makes up the volume of blood that remains after systole and can indicate the reserve volume.

During exercise, an increase in systolic volume occurs due to the use of a reserve blood volume. In a dilated heart, there is an increase in reserve blood volume, therefore, with physical exertion, it ejects more blood. The size of the heart is judged by the data of telerengenometric studies (2 x-rays of the heart are made - in the frontal and sagittal projections. The obtained radiographs are processed by a doctor, calculations of various parameters of the shadows of the heart are substituted into a special formula, with the help of which the volume of a sports heart is calculated in cm 3. The dimensions of the heart in to a large extent are determined by the nature of sports activity. The maximum size of the heart is noted in athletes training for endurance. The size of the heart in athletes engaged in the development of speed-strength qualities is somewhat smaller, the volume of the heart is slightly increased. In order to resolve the issue of the permissible heart size in one or another athlete, it is advisable to compare these parameters with the value of the maximum oxygen consumption, then dilation is oxygen pulse. If during training there is an increase in the size of the heart, which is accompanied by an increase in maximum oxygen consumption, dilation is of an adaptive physiological nature. If oxygen transport rates do not increase or even begin to decline, heart dilation may be considered excessive. The performance of such a heart is relatively reduced. An individual assessment of the volume of the heart is associated with anthropometric characteristics, the relative volume of the heart is determined. The increase in heart volume also depends to some extent on the thickening of the heart walls. Such a change in this organ is denoted by the term - hypertrophy. Physiological myocardial hypertrophy is another important feature of an athletic heart. Myocardial hypertrophy, like hypertrophy in general, is an important adaptive mechanism that increases the efficiency of organs. A hypertrophied muscle, including the heart muscle, is capable of developing great efforts. Working myocardial hypertrophy is accompanied by the growth of the capillary network. Due to this, with working myocardial hypertrophy, the blood supply to the muscle elements does not suffer. The diagnosis of myocardial hypertrophy in athletes is usually made by electrocardiography. With a hypertrophic process, the electrical activity of the heart changes somewhat, an increase in the teeth of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram is noted on the ECG, more informative in determining myocardial hypertrophy is a new technique - ultrasound echocardiography. If hypertrophy becomes excessive, then the ratio of the number of capillaries per unit of contractile elements deteriorates, as a result of which oxygen starvation can lead to death. Such forms of hypertrophy are not characteristic of the normal athletic heart. These can occur with irrational training, or with a particular disease.

Assessment of sensory systems.

Sensor systems - analyzers.A complex functional system consisting of receptors of the efferent pathway and the area of \u200b\u200bthe cerebral cortex, where this type of sensitivity is projected, is designated as an analyzer. In the cortex zone, the analysis and synthesis of the information received is carried out, in all types of physical activity with the orientation of the body in space, with the coordination of movements, with overcoming the force of gravity, an important role belongs to analyzers (visual, vestibular, skin, motor). In the process of regular sports training, the functions of the analyzers and their coordinated interactions are improved. To determine the functional state of vision, one examines: visual acuity, visual field, color perception, muscle balance, accommodation, oculomotor and pupillary reflexes. In a number of sports with regular training, especially where the visual analyzer plays a leading role (s / i, boxing, figure skating), the field of vision expands, the oculomotor apparatus is improved, here it is necessary to periodically monitor the field of vision. Studies of the functional state of the visual analyzer is carried out by determining the perception of specific (light0 and nonspecific (electric current) stimuli. The electrical sensitivity of the eye characterizes the state of excitability of the central and peripheral elements of the visual analyzers. For research, a pulsed electronic stimulator is used (a direct current is passed through the eyeball), with intense, but short-term physical stress, after high-speed dynamic work, classes with great emotional stress, the electrical sensitivity of the eye increases, and with prolonged loads of static exercises it decreases. When examining auditory analyzers the usefulness of hearing is determined, its impairment can adversely affect sports performance. Research is carried out using colloquial speech and speech in a whisper, as well as by audiometry. The distance of 5 m is the normal boundary for the listener to whisper speech, if lower, then some sports are prohibited.

When studying the functional state of the vestibular apparatus , use simple coordination tests, as well as tests with rotation. The state of the vestibular analyzer (orientation relative to the position and movement of the body in space, balance stability) plays an important role in some technical sports. If the function of the vestibular apparatus is impaired, nystagmus (involuntary convulsive shaking movements of the eyeball), this is waving during a finger test. With regular sports training, the function of the vestibular apparatus improves, its stability increases. The stability of the vestibular apparatus is investigated by rotating in the "ram chair" (1o sec. 5 rotations of the chair are performed, the head is tilted at an angle of 90 0, the eyes are closed, then after 5 seconds of rest, he opens his eyes and raises his head, the pulse and blood pressure are measured. steps:

1. Weak - the body of the tegatei in the direction in which the chair was turned.

2. Medium - the body is clearly tilted.

3. Strong - sharp movements close to falling.

Autonomic symptoms are also noted:

Increased heart rate.

Change in blood pressure.

Blanching of the face.

Cold sweat, nausea, vomiting.

Motor analyzer ... proprioceptive, articular - muscular are associated with the activity of various parts of the locomotor system. Incoming impulses from motor analyzers are necessary to maintain muscle tone; when the sensory pathways of the motor analyzer are turned off, tone disappears in the corresponding muscles. Improving the performance of a sports exercise is associated with the continuous receipt from the organs of movements through the motor analyzer of information about the activity of muscles and the state of the tendons, ligaments and joints. To assess the functional state of the motor analyzer, the pro-preoceptive part is investigated using the kinometramet apparatus. the accuracy in reproducing the given movements in space is determined.

The functional state of the skin analyzer It is detected by determining pain, temperature, tactile sensitivity in symmetric areas of the body.

For the study of the neuromuscular apparatus in an athlete, the method of electromyography is used (EMG is the registration of biocurrents arising in skeletal muscles, the state of fitness of an athlete, as well as the degree of fatigue is manifested in amplitude frequency changes in EMG). The latent time of relaxation and muscle tension makes it possible to fairly objectively assess the state of the neuromuscular apparatus and the central nervous system when an athlete performs physical activity with an improvement in the fitness state of an athlete LWR and LWM, the shortest period of muscle contraction is shortened and there is a short time of muscle contraction.

Respiratory system assessment. In the conditions of sports activity, high requirements are imposed on the external respiration apparatus, the implementation of which ensures the effective functioning of the entire cardiorespiratory system. The functional state of the external respiration system is assessed both according to the data of a general clinical examination and by using instrumental medical techniques. Under the influence of systematic sports activity, athletes increase the strength of the muscles that carry out respiratory movements. Respiratory muscle strength is measured using pneumotonometry, pneumotachometry and other techniques. Pneumotonometry measures the pressure that develops in the lungs when straining or when breathing hard. The pneumotachometer measures the volumetric flow rate of air in the airways during forced inhalation and exhalation. The relative increase in inspiratory power is important for athletes, since deep breathing is mainly due to the use of the inspiratory reserve volume. Important functional characteristics of the external respiration system are obtained by measuring pulmonary volumes. Such information is necessary to decide on the effectiveness of ventilation. Pulmonary ventilation (PV) is the most important indicator of the functional state of the external respiration system. ... It characterizes the volume of air exhaled from the lungs within 1 minute. Pulmonary ventilation is equal to the product of the tidal volume by the respiratory rate in 1 min. Both magnifications can be calculated from the spirogram. Respiratory volume in athletes it is very often increased. Respiration rate in athletes in resting conditions it fluctuates within fairly wide limits, exceeding both in one and the other side of the normal range. The functional state of the external respiration system can also be judged on the basis of some simple functional tests. In the practice of studying the functional state of the external respiration apparatus, the test of maximum ventilation of the lungs (MVL), gas exchange between the lungs and blood, the diffuse capacity of the lungs and maximum aerobic power are widely used.

Similar information.

Even before the start of muscle work, in the process of waiting for it, there are a number of changes in various functions of the body. The significance of these changes is to prepare the body for the successful implementation of the forthcoming activity.

The prelaunch change in function occurs minutes, hours, or even days before muscle work begins. Sometimes, a separate starting state is distinguished, characteristic of the last minutes before the start (beginning of work), during which functional changes are especially significant. They go directly to the phase of rapid function change at the beginning of work (activation period).

In the pre-start state, as well as during the work itself, the following changes occur: breathing becomes more frequent and deeper, that is, pulmonary ventilation (PV) increases, gas exchange increases (O 2 consumption), heart contractions become more frequent and stronger (cardiac output increases), arterial pressure (BP) rises, the concentration of lactic acid in muscles and blood rises, body temperature rises, etc. Thus, the body, as it were, goes to a certain "working level" even before the start of activity, and this usually contributes to the successful performance of work.

By their nature, prelaunch feature changes are conditioned reflex and hormonal reactions... Conditioned-reflex stimuli in this case are: place, time of upcoming activity, presence of rivals, sports form, as well as second-signal (speech) stimuli - coach's instructions, etc. Emotional reactions play the most important role in this. Therefore, the most dramatic changes in the functional state of the body are observed before sports competitions. Moreover, the degree and nature of the pre-start changes are often in direct connection with the importance of this competition for the athlete.

Oxygen consumption, basal metabolism, pulmonary ventilation before the start can be 2-2.5 times higher than the normal level of rest. For sprinters, skiers, heart rate at the start can reach 160 beats / min. This is due to an increase in the activity of the sympathoadrenal system, activated by the limbic system of the brain (hypothalamus, limbic lobe of the cortex). The activity of these systems increases even before the start of work, as evidenced by an increase in the concentration of norepinephrine and adrenaline. Under the influence of catecholamines and other hormones, the processes of splitting glycogen in the liver and fats in the fat depot are accelerated, so that even before the start of work, the content of energy substrates in the blood rises - glucose, free fatty acids. Strengthening sympathetic activity increases glycolysis in skeletal muscles, causing the expansion of their blood vessels.

The level and nature of pre-start shifts often correspond to the characteristics of those functional changes that occur during the exercise itself. For example, the heart rate before the start is on average the higher, the shorter the distance of the upcoming run, i.e. the higher the heart rate during the exercise. In anticipation of a mid-distance run, systolic blood volume increases relatively more than before a sprint run. Thus, the pre-start changes in physiological functions are quite specific, although quantitatively they are much weaker than those occurring during work.

The features of the pre-start state can largely determine sports performance. Not in all cases pre-start changes have a positive effect on athletic performance. In this regard, there are three forms of the prelaunch state:

1. Combat readiness provides the best psychological mood and functional preparation of athletes for work. An optimal level of physiological changes is observed - increased excitability of nerve centers and muscle fibers, an adequate amount of glucose entering the blood from the liver, a favorable excess of the concentration of norepinephrine over adrenaline, an optimal increase in the frequency and depth of breathing and heart rate, shortening the time of motor reactions.

2. Pre-Start Fever in the event of its occurrence, the excitability of the brain is excessively increased, which causes a violation of the fine mechanisms of intermuscular coordination, excessive energy consumption and premature consumption of carbohydrates before working, excessive cardiorespiratory reactions. At the same time, athletes have increased nervousness, false starts occur, and movements begin at an unreasonably fast pace and soon lead to depletion of the body's resources.

3. Pre-launch apathy it is characterized by an insufficient level of CNS excitability, an increase in the time of the motor reaction, low changes in the state of skeletal muscles and autonomic functions, depression and lack of confidence in an athlete's abilities.

Excessive pre-start reactions decrease in athletes as they get used to competitive conditions.

On the forms of manifestation of pre-launch reactions influences:

a) type of the nervous system: athletes with strong balanced nervous processes - sanguine and phlegmatic people more often have combat readiness, choleric people have a pre-start fever; melancholic people in difficult situations are prone to pre-start apathy;

b) pre-start settings - the coach's ability to conduct the necessary conversation, switch the athlete to another type of activity contributes to the optimization of pre-start states;

c) massage;

d) a properly carried out warm-up - in the case of pre-start fever, it is necessary to warm up at a low pace, connect deep rhythmic breathing (hyperventilation), since the respiratory center has a powerful normalizing effect on the cerebral cortex. With apathy, on the contrary, a warm-up is required at a fast pace to increase excitability in the nervous and muscular systems.

Any athlete knows that competition is not only a test of physical qualities. The level of mental load of competitive activity is incomparably higher than training, which, probably, is the special attraction of sport.

Which of the athletes did not have to experience a strange state before the competition, when there is a trembling in the whole body, numbness in the legs, obsessive thoughts about the horse's disobedience, falls restlessly creep into his head, doubts creep in about the outcome of his performance. This is the so-called "prelaunch state" ...
The effect of the prelaunch state on the body is ambiguous. It either significantly excites the nervous system, and under the influence of it, the athlete loses self-control, or, on the contrary, a strong inhibition of the nervous system occurs, leading to stiffness and interfering with freedom of action. The optimal state is just somewhere in between, when a person keeps his psychological state under control.
Today we will look at three types of pre-start conditions and try to learn how to deal with stress.

Prelaunch states

When the nervous system is excited, the athlete is literally hit by PRESENT FEVER (excessively high level of emotional arousal). This condition manifests itself in strong excitement, anxiety, increased nervousness (irritability), mood instability (a sharp transition from violent fun to tears), unreasonable fussiness, absent-mindedness, weakening of memory, decreased visual acuity, increased distraction of attention, decreased flexibility and logical thinking, inadequate reactions to ordinary stimuli, moodiness, overestimation of one's strength (excessive self-confidence), inability to fully control one's thoughts, feelings, mood and behavior, unjustified haste. High neuropsychic stress lowers the performance of muscles and dulls the musculoskeletal feeling, impairs the ability to relax, and disrupts movement coordination.
The direct opposite of the state described above is STARTING APATHIA (a relatively low level of emotional arousal due to the occurrence of protective inhibition and weakening of arousal). It corresponds to lethargy, drowsiness, lack of desire to compete, depressed mood, lack of confidence in their abilities, lack of interest in competitions, weakening of attention, dullness of perception, decreased productivity of memory and thinking, deterioration in the coordination of habitual actions, inability to get together at the start, a sharp decrease in volitional activity.
The best state of an athlete before the start is called COMBAT READINESS and is characterized by the optimal level of emotional arousal. This state corresponds to pronounced, but moderate vegetative shifts. Psychological syndrome: tense expectation of the start, increasing impatience, light and sometimes significant emotional excitement, sober self-confidence (real assessment of one's strength), high motivation for activity, the ability to consciously regulate one's thoughts, feelings, behavior and control them, personal interest of the athlete participation in these competitions, good concentration of attention on the forthcoming activity, exacerbation of perception and thinking, high noise immunity in relation to unfavorable factors.

From training to starts

The transition from training to competitive activity puts a kind of psychophysiological block in front of the athlete - not to allow going to the transcendental regime. This is due to the fact that during training an athlete constantly reinforces the stereotype of actions at a deliberately underestimated level of mental load.
If you do not conduct training in a competitive mode, where does the ability to mobilize come from? There is an elementary physiological law: 5-7 repetitions - and a dynamic stereotype is developed in training - to perform motor activity without significant mental stress.
But then it turns out that the psychological preparation for the competition should be carried out at the competition itself. Indeed, the success of our outstanding athletes, especially the mid-twentieth century, is based on endless starts, among which the so-called "get-togethers" took not the last place. It is clear that in modern sports, physical activity is different. But without inventing something new, we can use the well-forgotten old.
I will tell you one case that shows how important it is to correctly guide an athlete to competitive activity. Once an excellent technically trained young athlete was put on a fairly big start right away. Everything was great: the horse was experienced, and the riding pattern was skated almost to perfection. However, after spending a sleepless night before the first start in her life, the rider rode out to greet, and ... fell off the horse from excessive excitement. After that, many said that she had nothing to do in sports. However, the coach acted extremely competently by organizing competitions at home, where the surroundings fully corresponded to the present. Subsequently, this athlete became a master of sports, for which she thanks first of all her wise coach.
By the way, the psychological preparation of an athlete is largely dependent on the coach, so coaching should be discussed separately.

One of the means of regulating pre-start states is a conversation between a coach and an athlete. Before the competition, the coach should calmly remind the athlete of the details of the tactical plan of the performance, provide facts proving that the athlete is able to complete the competition with a positive result. However, one cannot be limited only to conversation. It is necessary that the athlete learns himself to reduce or even completely remove negative pre-start tension.
We saw once at the start, as an excited coach in a trembling voice called on an athlete: "Just don't worry!" , and the athlete answered with Olympic calmness: “I’m just not worried” ...

Overcompensation

Hypercompensation is a special form of a person's desire to eliminate an inferiority complex from consciousness. Moreover, at this moment, there is not just getting rid of the feeling of inferiority, but some result is achieved that allows you to take a dominant position in relation to others. In the case of overcompensation, the body seems to use some hidden reserves.
Sometimes coaches can see this technique, when direct humiliation of an athlete is used, up to dirty cursing, to instill in the athlete his worthlessness and stupidity. There are many people in whom this causes a powerful hypercompensation reaction. In such a state, a person is capable of anything to prove that this is not so. However, in many cases, the use of this method causes severe stress, moreover, the person appears as if in a state of passion.

Coach to your liking

In addition to the extremely drastic impact, there are two main ways of influencing the psyche of an athlete: "to avoid failures" and "to strive for achievements." To understand which way is best to influence, you have to experiment. In most cases, positive reinforcement is more effective. Experience shows that an athlete who expects a coach to chastise and criticize every wrong action is more constrained and constrained.
Usually, a coach chooses a strategy that is closer to him, not focusing on a specific athlete, and the athletes are already choosing a coach to their liking. It is perfectly normal that a person who likes to keep himself tight-lipped will go to a coach with obvious dictatorial inclinations. Most often, such people do not like to engage in self-discipline and feel comfortable when someone does it for them. For more independent people, a coach-partner is suitable.

Trainer Tips

In any case, no matter what method of influencing the psychological state the trainer uses, there are several proven methods:
1. When discussing poor performance or practice mistakes, one should talk about the rider's actions and not the personality. That is, not “you are armless”, but “here you have a failure ...”, and then the recommendation of the correct actions must be followed.
2. It is always better to first talk about what was done well (a general positive background is created), even the most elementary one: "Well done, that I went to the start at all (jumped the first hurdle, got on a horse)! .."
3. It is necessary to talk about what needs to be changed and how to change, without focusing on what is bad. That is, not "this is bad", but "it can be done better."
4. Remember that the "not" particle is often missed by our consciousness when we perceive commands. Therefore, the phrases "do not pull", "do not quit" is better to replace with "take smoother", "a little slower", etc. Otherwise, the person will need to "translate" and logically supplement the commands.

Workshop for an athlete

But we must not forget that the psychological state of an athlete depends not only on the coach. First of all, an athlete must know that nervous tension in sports is the norm and one must be prepared for this. But to avoid additional unnecessary stress, you need to have basic self-discipline.
You can't be late for the start, so you need to get ready for the competition in advance. Moreover, you need to approach the collection of ammunition very seriously, so as not to come to the competition without a saddle ...
Before starting, you should analyze the experience of successfully solved problems. Mental repetition of details leads to the conclusion: "I solved difficult problems, I will solve this one too." However, this technique can let down the overconfident, interfering with how to prepare for work.
Then it is worth analyzing not the losing situations, but your own mistakes that gave rise to them, and, taking into account the changes that have occurred since then, try to assess the chances of success. It is also not superfluous to mentally relive the most exciting moments and reach the end of the competition.

Signs

A separate issue of psychological preparation is the belief in omens. Most horsemen are quite superstitious. This is quite understandable, because much does not depend on the athlete himself. For example, the mood of a horse. Subconsciously, any horseman is afraid that on the day of the start his horse will get up on the wrong foot. Therefore, I am ready to observe not only all precautions, but also to be afraid of all kinds of bad omens. The most common omen is that using new things at the start leads to failure in the performance. It applies to everything: both the horse harness and the rider's equipment.
Therefore, is it worth chasing fashion? If the old jacket is not only closer to your body, but also adds confidence, then perform in it.

WHAT IS NLP?

The practical direction of the psychological training of an athlete is the use of neurolinguistic programming (NLP). Its advantage over other methods is the one-time work with an athlete and an athlete with his psyche on any problem.
Man is a bioprogram. And it is not surprising that our brain can be "programmed" at a certain level. And the fact that, unlike animals, we think in words, makes it possible with the help of linguistics to purposefully affect the neurons of the brain.
NLP has many techniques in its programs, but we will consider only a few in more detail.
One of the techniques is PURPOSE SETTING, when an athlete needs to be "pumped up" before the start by realizing the importance and necessity of the upcoming competition. As a result, the brain will determine the information as meaningful and give the command to mobilize the body's forces, as if it were for survival.
Another one of the most effective is the Anchors Method. The anchor literally has some stabilizing function. He is able to keep the ship in place where it is simply needed. In psychology, an "anchor" is a stimulus that evokes certain associations, positive or negative. It can be music, photography, smell, clothes - whatever.
The overwhelming majority of Mendelssohn's march evokes associations with a wedding, doesn't it? And from the point of view of NLP, there was a simple connection between music and state. An anchor was set: I hear that music - I immerse myself in the memory of the wedding. The smell of tangerines - New Year. And so on ... Anyone can create a positive "anchor" for himself by imposing positive events on a certain music or even a smell.
By the way, if you try to pull a competitive set of equipment out of the closet on a normal weekday, you will almost certainly have an irresistible desire to compete. And what emotions are caused by the contemplation of well-deserved medals!