Lesions of the scalp in children. Sebaceous nevus of Yadasson: symptoms and danger Sebaceous nevus of Yadasson

1628

The sebaceous nevus (sebaceous, seborrheic nevus) is a benign tumor that has a high risk of cancerous degeneration. Only a comprehensive treatment of pathology using traditional methods and folk remedies can prevent the occurrence of undesirable consequences.

Causes of the disease

In 7 out of 10 people who get sick, the sebaceous nevus is congenital. In other cases, the disease develops before the age of 4 years. Boys and girls suffer from the manifestations of pathology equally often.

The main cause of seborrheic nevus is the pathological proliferation of the sebaceous glands on the face, scalp, or along the hairline. The factors contributing to the development of pathology have not yet been established.

Symptoms of a sebaceous gland nevus

Seborrheic nevus is an elastic and soft knot of pink, sandy, or pale yellow color. The neoplasm can have a rounded or elongated shape, a smooth or bumpy surface.

The appearance of the sebaceous gland nevus changes as the sick person grows older. In infancy, the surface of the tumor is smooth or papillary. During puberty, the neoplasm becomes covered with yellow or brown papules tightly adjacent to each other. In the future, the clinical picture of the disease is complemented by bleeding, peeling, tenderness of the tumor or keratinization of its surface.

In adulthood, such a nevus can transform into a malignant tumor.... With malignancy, new nodules form in the tissues of the neoplasm, and areas of erosion appear on its surface.

Traditional disease treatment

Seborrheic nevus is treated with surgery. In this case, traditional surgery is most often performed, involving excision of the tumor within a narrow strip of healthy tissue. More gentle methods of treatment (electro-excision, cryodestruction, etc.) are not used due to the high risk of recurrence of the disease.

Surgical intervention is performed in health care institutions specializing in the fight against cancer. The operation takes place under local anesthesia or general anesthesia. When choosing an anesthesia method, the doctor is guided by the age and general condition of the patient, the size and location of the tumor.

After removing the nevus, sutures and a sterile bandage are applied to the edges of the postoperative wound. The doctor recommends a person who has undergone surgery to appear for dressings for a week and treat the damaged area with antiseptic drugs. If necessary, the patient is referred for plastic surgery (skin grafting), designed to eliminate postoperative cosmetic defects.

Alternative treatment of sebaceous nevus

Unfortunately, it is impossible to cure seborrheic nevus with folk remedies.... However, medicines that can be prepared according to recipes of alternative medicine significantly speed up the healing process, weaken the unpleasant symptoms of the disease and reduce the risk of complications.

Nevus of the sebaceous glands of Jadasson is a very unpleasant and repulsive disease. The ideas about him were formed in the 80s of the last century. The cause of its appearance is excessive growth and deviations from the normal development of the sebaceous glands. It manifests itself as a formation on the surface of the body, which consists of skin cells, transformed sweat and sebaceous glands, as well as an undeveloped hair follicle.

The likelihood of diagnosing it for people of different races, nationalities and genders is the same. In infants, it occurs on average in 3 out of 1,000 people.

Symptoms of the disease

The tubercles above the skin surface are round or oval (rarely elongated), yellow, orange, pink, sandy, or a combination of these. Most often they appear on the head or face in the hair growth zone, extremely rarely in other places (behind the ear, on the neck, on the temples). In most cases, the disease occurs in newborns or young children and is caused by genes.

Certain symptoms of the disease develop only by adolescence.

It initially appears as an elastic growth with a soft surface. Over time, it grows with frequent papillomas, cracks. They can bleed and get an infection. At the site of the nevus, there is no hairline, the appearance is disturbed.

Stages of development of Nevus Jadasson

Depending on the stage of the course, the disease manifests itself in different ways:

1. At the first stage, spots-spots with papillae are formed, there is no hair on the formation. This manifestation is typical for newborn children.
2. At the second stage, rounded formations appear, similar to warts. Usually there are several of them in contact with each other. They develop during puberty.
3. At the third stage, the disease becomes chronic, develops by the youthful age of a person. At this stage, the nevus can develop into an adenoma of the sebaceous glands, other diseases. It is dangerous because, if untreated, a malignant tumor may appear on the skin. The nevus grows as the body grows, in 5-30 cases out of 100 it turns into a benign or malignant tumor. Such a disease develops slowly and gives metastases in very rare cases.

At first glance, a harmless linear skin defect can provoke not only oncology, but also deviations in the work of the central nervous system, blood vessels, organs of vision, as well as epilepsy and mental retardation. The sebaceous gland nevus can degenerate into various types of skin cancer:

• hydradenoma - a tumor of the sweat glands. Rarely, usually appears on the face, less often on the lips, arms, legs, abdomen (in the navel);
• apocrine cystadenoma - a tumor that forms on various parts of the limbs, is more often diagnosed in males;
• carcinoma of the apocrine glands - a rare tumor of the sweat glands, observed in the axillary region, groin and other places;
• keratoacanthoma is a rapidly developing benign tumor;
• squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive formation that forms from epithelial cells and mucous tissues.

Causes of the nevus of the sebaceous glands of Jadasson

The sources of the appearance of the considered form of the disease have not yet been identified. It is known that it can be inherited. Disorders in the work of the gastrointestinal tract, overgrowth of glandular tissue, imbalance of hormones, pink acne, damage to the build-up, the action of chemicals and heat contribute to the development of formations. Studies show that nevus develops into a malignant tumor in 20% of patients.

Diagnostics

When the first signs of a nevus appear, you should consult a dermatologist. First of all, he conducts a visual examination of the patient's tissues and finds out the factors that could accompany the ailment (for example, the presence of a similar problem in the parents). With visual diagnosis, you can get a preliminary diagnosis.

If necessary, it takes cells for research in the laboratory. Histological analysis allows you to determine the nature of the disease, the depth of its spread. In some cases, a smear is taken to determine the possibility of the cells changing their nature. In this case, the lesion itself is damaged, but information is obtained that makes it possible to measure the risk of transition to the oncological stage.

Modern clinics often turn to video dermatoscopy. When using this diagnostic method, the neoplasm is increased many times and the changes in the cell structure are analyzed. Differential diagnosis of the disease in question is carried out with the following pathologies:

1. solitary mastocytoma - characterized by a different histological structure;
2. aplasia of the dermis - has a smooth surface of formation, similar to moles;
3. juvenile xanthogranuloma - active growth and clear boundaries of the neoplasm are inherent in it;
4. papillary syringocystadenomatous nevus - looks like a nodule of a saturated pink hue.

Treatment

The most effective solution in the fight against a sebaceous gland nevus is its removal. You should not wait for its development and distribution, it is best to carry out the manipulation before puberty, but not earlier than two years. In addition to medical indications, such a solution will avoid aesthetic problems - scars and the like.

Such an operation is performed by surgical intervention, acting with liquid nitrogen or an electric knife, laser removal, exposure to low temperature, and more. Getting rid of the disease occurs in oncology centers with the participation of dermatologists. Following the removal, the patient is sent for repeated histological examination. If the presence of atypical cells is diagnosed, then an examination is carried out for the spread of metastases in different organs.

The most effective operation is to surgically remove the neoplasm, in this case the minimum risk of revival of the disease in the same place.

Manipulations are carried out under local or general anesthesia, if the affected epidermal layer of cells remains, they are repeated. Any actions of doctors in the head area is a serious and complex matter. The healthcare professional takes into account not only the area and area of \u200b\u200bthe lesion, but also the age of the patient. There are cases when, according to the results of the operation under consideration, plastic is needed to restore the aesthetic component.

The resulting wound is treated with antiseptics, dressings are performed. It is important to maintain cleanliness and sterility of dressings to prevent pathogenic bacteria and other substances from entering the epidermis. After healing, the stitches are removed.

Due to the fact that the specific reasons for the appearance of a nevus have not been found so far and the period of the first signs of the disease falls on the first years of a person's life, it is almost impossible to prevent it. Therefore, parents should be attentive to changes in the skin of their baby. In order to avoid serious consequences, it is important to observe skin hygiene, diagnose and treat the disease in time.

A colleague sent a patient for a consultation, and I had the opportunity to take a rather rare photo - the growth of basal cell carcinoma against the background of Jadasson's nevus.

In principle, such a photograph and such a case would probably be interesting only to specialists, if not for one "but".

Jadasson's nevus is most often a congenital pathology. Benign, but prone to malignancy - in 5-30% of cases (which is a lot), various tumors, including malignant ones, develop in these nevi. Most often - basal cell carcinoma, which is not particularly dangerous, but sometimes more malignant variants.

The patient sent for consultation has lived with this nevus all his life, and the nodular formation appeared ... about 15 years ago. I will not comment on this and, moreover, look for the reason in someone else (the patient did not contact specialists-dermatologists / oncologists, and doctors of other specialties rarely encounter this type of nevi, and the patients themselves are used to living with it and do not show these nevi to doctors when they turn to them for other reasons), but rather I will describe the nevus itself.

This nevus is a malformation of the sebaceous glands, therefore it is also called a sebaceous nevus. In two thirds of cases it is congenital, in one third of cases it manifests itself in early childhood. Very rarely, this nevus can manifest itself at a later age, in adolescents, but it happens. Sometimes there are familial cases of these nevi.
It arises from the cells of the ectoderm (from which, among other things, our integumentary tissues are formed) due to definitively unexplored mutations, and is hypertrophied sebaceous glands, coupled with other glands and deformed hair follicles. Refers to hamartomas - benign tumors resulting from a violation of the embryonic development of organs and tissues, consisting of the same components as the organ where they are located, but differing in their incorrect location and degree of differentiation.

Outwardly, this nevus is a flat plaque, sometimes oval, sometimes asymmetric, with a granular, warty surface and with a yellowish tinge. Sizes can be different - from half a centimeter to large, 10-centimeter formations. It is located more often on the scalp, but it can also be in other places. The nevus itself is not covered with hair, and its not very aesthetic appearance determines that its owners begin to cover it with hair and not show it to anyone. Including doctors. What a waste.

By itself, a nevus does not cause any unpleasant sensations. With age, this nevus changes - so, in childhood, a nevus is usually represented by a uniform fine-grained plaque of yellow-pink, pink, orange color, and in adolescence, the elements of the nevus become larger, it becomes more heterogeneous, sometimes sometimes with large warty elements.

Most often, this nevus does not cause any health problems, but, as mentioned above, in 5-30% of cases, various tumors, including malignant ones, can form in it.

This behavior of Jadasson's nevus is the reason that many experts recommend removing it before adolescence. However, this question is not straightforward.
So, researchers from the Miami Children's Clinic from 1996 to 2002 analyzed 757 cases of removal of Jadasson's nevus in children under 16 years old, and in this group there were no cases of basal cell carcinoma, in connection with which the expediency of operations in childhood was questioned. A similar study, with fewer patients, was previously conducted in France.

The feasibility of prophylactic removal in adults is still an open topic. In any case, both children and adults with the presence of Yadasson's nevus are shown periodic preventive examinations by an oncologist or dermatologist so that it does not work out like our patient's.

Let's get back to it, however.
When viewed on the patient's scalp, a formation of about 7 cm is determined, clinically interpreted as Jadasson's nevus. On the surface of the nevus, nodular formations with areas of pigmentation are noted. With dermatoscopy in the nodular formations, tree-like vessels are determined, based on a set of signs, the clinical diagnosis: basal cell carcinoma, which arose against the background of Jadasson's nevus.

The patient underwent a biopsy of the formation, histological verification:

The prognosis for life and health is favorable. Local relapses of basal cell carcinoma are possible, but with adequate supervision of the oncologist, which, I hope, will now be performed, the patient is not in danger. The nevus, of course, will be removed completely, but this is quite an easily experienced procedure.

Nevus Jadasson is an anomaly in the development of a skin area. The disease was first described in 1985. In 70% of cases, it is congenital. With timely diagnosis, it can be successfully removed without further consequences.

What is a sebaceous gland nevus

Sebaceous gland nevus is a benign tumor disease that develops as a result of pathological changes in the formation of the sebaceous glands and other skin components. Pathological manifestations are noticeable immediately after birth or appear in the first years of a child's life. In newborns, it is diagnosed in the hospital.

External manifestations

The disease is localized mainly on the head of the newborn and along the edges of the hairline. It can form on the eyelids, temples, behind the ears.

The plaque is oval, round, less often linear. It is initially pinkish or light orange in color. The surface is velvety with an elastic texture.

Over time, the surface becomes uneven, it can become covered with cracks and papillomas. Bacteria and infections can penetrate the lesions, complicating the treatment situation.

By itself, the nevus does not cause discomfort. The exception is aesthetic problems caused by unhealthy plaque pigmentation and bald patches on the scalp.

In rare cases, Jadasson's nevus consists of multiple widespread plaques located both in the head and other areas of the skin, some of which have a linear configuration.

Disease stages

The development of the disease is determined by three stages.

Initial

There is a pathological proliferation of the sebaceous glands under the influence of certain factors. Apocrine glands and hair follicles are involved in the pathological process. At the initial stage, the disease is not dangerous.

Mature

The manifestations of pigmented-papillary dystrophy of the skin begin. The progression of the disease is accompanied by an increase in the sebaceous and apocrine glands, atrophy of hair follicles. Changes associated with the appearance of papillary formations begin to occur.

Tumor

A tumor process is started, which is a danger to the patient.

Age-related differentiation of sweat and sebaceous glands determines the three-stage course of the disease. In young children, the nevus is hairless and becomes less noticeable immediately after birth, acquiring a smooth or delicate papillary surface.

During puberty, the plaque enlarges and becomes covered with closely adjacent oval or warty papules, which range in color from yellow to brown.

In adulthood, benign and malignant tumors of the skin appendages can develop.

The reasons

In most, Jadasson's nevus manifests itself in newborns, therefore it belongs to the category of congenital. The exact causes of the disease are still unclear. The influence of diseases of the mother, transferred during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, as well as a hereditary factor, is possible.

Skin abnormalities in older children can be caused by:

• diseases gastrointestinal path;
• chronic dermatosis;
• impact chemical substances;
• thermal influence.

These factors only trigger the pathological process to which there is a predisposition.

Can it develop into cancer

The sebaceous gland nevus is a dangerous disease. Its structure can be susceptible to malignant cell degeneration. In this case, immediate surgery is required.

The risk of nevus becoming cancer increases significantly with age.

Diagnostics

Diagnostics is carried out by visual examination and taking samples for histological studies. Newborns are examined immediately in the hospital. When collecting anamnesis, the presence of such manifestations in the child's closest relatives is investigated.

Laboratory research allows you to determine the nature of the formation and identify the presence of signs of malignant formation. Differentiation of the disease from:

• cutaneous aplasia;
• solitary mastocytomas;
• juvenile xanthogranulomas;
• papillary syringocystadenomatous nevus.

Accurate differentiation will avoid misdiagnosis and inaccurate treatment routes.

Treatment

Treatment is carried out only after complete clinical studies. Attempts to self-remove the formation can adversely affect the further course of the disease. The likelihood of degeneration of the formation into a malignant one is an indication for prompt removal of the plaque. It is advisable to do this before puberty.

The most effective removal method is surgical. Other types of removal (laser, cryodestruction, electrocautery) can lead to re-growth of nevi.

Excision of the formation is carried out on a thin strip with healthy skin. If the operation cannot be performed at once, the damaged tissue is removed step by step. In this case, gaps between operations should be minimized.

Often, the location (head, face) of the plaque complicates the surgery. All operations are performed in clinics specializing in the treatment of cancer. After each removal, the excised tissue is sent for histological analysis.

After removing the plaque, a suture is applied to the edge of the wound. If it is large and located on the face or other visible location, skin grafting is used. The sutures are closed with a sterile bandage.

For 7 days, dressings are made daily, the wound is treated with antiseptics. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed. After the wound has completely healed, the sutures are removed. If you are using absorbent sutures, you do not need to remove the stitches.

The operation is performed under general or local anesthesia. The type of anesthesia is chosen by the doctor depending on the patient's age and the characteristics of the tumor: size and location.

Complications

The course of the disease can be haphazard, but due to possible complications requires constant monitoring by a dermatologist and oncologist.

Discomfort can be caused by formations that are in constant contact with hats or clothing. If the nevus is damaged, there may be a risk of infection or degeneration of the tumor.

Diffuse forms of the disease are rare. They are more severe and are characterized not only by skin lesions, but also by the involvement of the central nervous, genitourinary and cardiovascular systems, and the musculoskeletal system. With similar forms of the disease, there is a characteristic triad of symptoms: the presence of a linear nevus on the skin, mental retardation of varying severity, and epilepsy.

Forecast

In the normal course of the disease, the prognosis is favorable. Nevus transformation into basal cell skin cancer or other malignant disease is possible in 10% of cases.

With the malignant nature of the neoplasm, the prognosis is poor. The risk of intense growth of cancer cells makes surgery difficult. Prescribed drugs that reduce the activity of pathological cells and maintain the patient's condition.

Prevention

Prevention factors for Jadasson's nevus are unknown. Experts recommend removing lesions before puberty. Timely removal gives a 100% positive result without relapse.

Nevus Jadasson is a serious disease, despite its asymptomatic nature. Mandatory clinical examination and surgical removal are required. Self-medication is excluded and dangerous.

The sebaceous nevus, or Jadasson's nevus, is a benign nodular tumor on the head (hamartoma) caused by a congenital dysfunction of the sebaceous glands. Skin growth is classified as seborrheic type (translated as "seborrhea" - fat flow). It looks like a relief crowding of waxy plaques from yellow to light brown color. According to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), benign neoplasms of the scalp and neck skin are assigned the code D 23.4.

Reasons for the appearance

A sebaceous nevus appears immediately after the birth of a child or in the first years of life. What reasons affect the change in the structure of the dermis is not known for certain. There are only suggestions that the process of intracellular mutation is triggered due to unnatural growth, blockage of the sebaceous and sweat glands, impaired development of skin cells, hair follicles (follicles).

Risk factors

Based on analytical material about sebaceous formations, medical science has identified several factors that negatively affect a pregnant woman and fetus:

• hormonal abnormalities;
• frequent and chronic diseases;
• reduced immunity;
• inheritance of an altered gene;
• acne;
• violation of psycho-emotional balance;
• unfavorable environment;
• exposure to UV rays, chemicals.

The course of the disease, stages of development

Seborrheic nevi on the scalp occur with equal frequency in both sexes. They exist asymptomatically for a long time, but they themselves do not go away. In accordance with age-related changes in the sebaceous glands, the development of a benign formation is divided into 3 stages:

• in infants, it has smooth papillae without hair;
• in adolescents, it resembles round, closely spaced warts of a yellow, light brown hue;
• in adolescence, the tendency to oncological changes increases, more often in the form of basilioma (skin cancer), less often in the form of cancer of the apocrine (sweat) glands, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Complications of neoplasm

Like any benign tumor, the sebaceous nevus is unpredictable. It can spread to adjacent areas of the skin, causing mutations in the form:

• benign adenoma on the face, on the scalp in the hair area;
• rhinophyma - ugly growth of the tissues of the nose;
• blepharitis - 2-sided inflammation of the eyelids with blurred vision.

Jadasson's nevi tend to grow into nerve endings, bone structures, genitourinary, vascular systems. If the central nervous department is affected, epilepsy develops, inhibition of mental development.

With age, under the influence of negative internal and external factors, seborrheic neoplasm can malignantly degenerate in about 15 cases out of 100.

A sebaceous nevus can turn into a basilioma or a particularly dangerous adenocarcinoma of the glands. The latter quickly spreads over the skin, destroying the natural structure of cells. Adenocarcinoma can recur after surgical removal.

Harbingers of dangerous changes can be:

• fusion of closely located nevi of Jadasson into a tuberous aggregation with a diameter of up to 10 cm;
• intensive growth of a congenital skin defect in 1-2 months;
• bleeding;
• the appearance of crusts, ulcers, additional relief;
• change from an even color to a multi-colored, very dark, with the formation of contrasting rims;
• manifestation of itching, burning, pain and other kind of sensitivity.

These signs do not always indicate instability of seborrheic moles. An asymmetric, dark, bumpy formation can behave calmly for many years. At the same time, a histological examination, prescribed by a doctor only because the patient began to inexplicably “feel” a skin growth, can reveal cancer cells.

Treatment

Given the complexity of identifying dangerous transformations, each dubious growth must be studied in a clinic.

Traditional disease treatment

The only way to get rid of seborrheic nevus and cancer risks is surgical removal. Dermatologists and oncologists recommend surgical treatment in early childhood or at least before puberty.

It is possible to reliably and painlessly remove the build-up only in the conditions of an oncological dispensary with a traditional surgical scalpel. Doctors do not trust delicate operations on the head with electric and laser knives, liquid nitrogen. After them, there is a large percentage of relapses.

A confident hand, an experienced surgeon's eye allow you to more accurately clean the pathological focus to the borders of healthy tissues. Although in difficult cases 2-4 stage-by-stage operations are not excluded within a short time.

Depending on the area and location of the lesion, the age category of the patient, operations are performed under local or general anesthesia. At the end, a small wound is sutured. A large wound surface, the face area require skin grafting.

During the postoperative week, regular medications and dressings are done. The removed biomaterial is sent for histological examination to detect cancer cells. If the answer is positive, an additional examination for metastases is performed.

Alternative treatment

At home, it is impossible to radically get rid of seborrheic neoplasms. Even for a qualified surgical intervention, medicine does not give a 100% guarantee of success, since the mechanism of cellular mutations has not yet been thoroughly studied.

The people live in recipes that have come down from the days when effective medical care was not yet available. Unfortunately, there are no statistics showing the benefits and harms of home remedies from congenital nevus.

Hemlock application

Recipe for adults only! Hemlock is considered an effective means for strengthening immunity, preventing malignant transformations. But this poisonous plant must be used with extreme caution, with homeopathic doses. Fresh crushed hemlock inflorescences are loosely placed in a glass jar with a capacity of 0.5 liters. Pour vodka to the top. In winter, 30 g of dry grass is taken for 0.5 liters of vodka. In both cases, having tightly sealed the container, the drug is sent to a dark place to infuse for 14 days. If urgent use is necessary, you can limit yourself to 3 days.

Hemlock tincture is taken on an empty stomach with water. Breakfast is planned in an hour. Begin treatment with 1 drop per half glass of water. Further, the daily dose is increased strictly by 1 drop. From the 14th day to the 25th, the drop is diluted with 150 ml of pure water. If 25 drops have caused nausea and other signs of poisoning, you need to reduce the dosage or interrupt the intake until normal health is restored. If the process goes smoothly, then from the 26th to the 40th day, the medicine is dissolved in 200 ml of water.

On the 41st day, the number of drops is reduced to 39 and then moves in the opposite direction - up to 1 drop. The repeated course begins without interruption, followed by another one. It is believed that an 8-month course of herbal medicine is capable of treating oncological processes.

You can use folk remedies only after consulting a doctor.

Prevention and prognosis

Due to the lack of knowledge of cellular mutations, it is not possible to formulate preventive advice. There are only reinsurance measures - a timely visit to a doctor and surgical removal of Jadasson's nevus. In this case, the forecast will be most favorable.