Diabetes treatment prognosis. Diabetes

Modern diagnostics, therapy and pharmacology allow a person with diabetes to work normally and live a normal life. All this is possible only if the patient himself wishes. He must follow a diet, lead a healthy lifestyle, follow all medications and monitor his health, periodically doing the necessary tests. Doctors divide diabetes into two types based on the subsequent process of the disease itself - insulin-dependent (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2). In insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes, symptoms appear in seemingly healthy people who monitor their health and lead a healthy lifestyle. Diabetes mellitus seems to appear out of nowhere. Symptoms common to all types of diabetes: frequent urination with the smell of acetone, constant thirst, crazy hunger and serious weight loss.

IMPORTANT: Modern medicine believes that diabetes is not a death sentence. Those patients with diabetes who want to live to old age and make every effort to do so can very well taste the “sweet” taste of caring for their grandchildren - after all, even diabetics are allowed to do so.

Secondary symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Both types of diabetes have identical early symptoms. But patients with an insulin-dependent disease can always remember at what period the disease began, when changes began in the body. The signs of the disease are expressed quite clearly against the background of a general deterioration in health without the necessary treatment. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms may also be secondary:

Who is at risk for type 1 diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus usually occurs in childhood or young adulthood. Therefore, it is called juvenile - juvenile diabetes mellitus, age varies from childhood to 35 years. Type 1 diabetes mellitus due to the disease is divided into two types: 1a - childhood diabetes of a viral nature, 1b - common diabetes mellitus, in which the pancreas either reduces or even stops producing insulin. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a hereditary predisposition.

The whole problem is that the “treacherous” symptoms of type 1 diabetes will manage to destroy up to 80% of beta cells before a person can recognize the signs of his disease. These pancreatic cells, due to the virus entering the body of a person with a hereditary predisposition to diabetes, can die during the formation of antibodies. The period of destruction of beta cells can be from several months to several years. As a result of this “silent” action, the patient immediately becomes insulin dependent.

Scenario for the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Every person who exhibits symptoms of type 1 diabetes should undergo a medical examination. The sooner the patient begins to receive insulin, the faster the irreversible process of diabetes mellitus affecting the entire human body can be prevented. From a medical point of view, the process of insulin-dependent diabetes begins in people who are genetically predisposed to this disease. Next, the death of beta cells occurs either as a result of an autoimmune attack or viral infection. Viruses can be different: measles, chicken pox or rubella. Severe psychological stress, which has become a provocateur of diabetes mellitus, is considered by doctors to be a serious cause of the disease. In the part of the pancreas responsible for producing insulin, an inflammatory process begins. Next, the beta cells begin to be perceived by the immune system as foreign, antibodies appear and the beta cells are finally destroyed.

IMPORTANT: Diabetes mellitus is terrible for its destructive effect on human blood vessels, both small and large. Doctors give a disappointing prognosis to patients who do not treat type 1 diabetes: the development of all heart diseases, damage to the kidneys and eyes, gangrene of the extremities. Therefore, all doctors advocate that at the first symptoms you need to go to a medical facility and have sugar tests done.

In modern medicine, diabetes mellitus is considered an incurable disease, but timely receipt of insulin will help normalize metabolism and stop the destructive destruction of the body by this disease. Diet and insulin are the main methods of treatment. Unfortunately, beta cells of the pancreas cannot be restored. While attempts at pancreas transplantation have been unsuccessful, scientists have not lost hope of transforming diabetes from an incurable disease into a treatable disease.

Pharmacological companies are constantly trying to invent the most convenient means at hand for administering insulin. Nowadays, injection pens are popular, which are convenient for transportation and injections. The endocrinologist selects the necessary dosage for the patient to achieve normal glucose concentrations. These can be drugs of varying duration: intermediate, fast- or long-acting.

IMPORTANT: A balanced diet for insulin-dependent diabetes consists of a strict balance of sugar and fat, essential vegetables, wholemeal bread - the number of meals should be at least 5-6 times in small portions. A diabetic will have to forget about sugar, sweets and all kinds of preserves, as well as alcohol.

Every diabetic should know that having been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, the prognosis can change for the better only through his own efforts. If you add physical activity to insulin and diet, which improves blood circulation, a patient with diabetes will be able to carry on as usual.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. In high concentrations, this substance turns out to be dangerous for all cells of the body. With diabetes, acute complications are possible - comas, which without proper treatment threaten the patient's life. In addition, late complications gradually develop, destroying vital organ systems.

What complications of diabetes affect life expectancy?

Currently, diabetic comas are becoming an increasingly rare cause of death. Effective medications and early detection of the disease play a key role in this. The greatest danger to life comes from late complications, namely damage to large arteries. Cardiovascular diseases occupy the first place in the structure of mortality in patients with diabetes. Damage to the kidneys and nerve tissue also affects.

Statistics on the life expectancy of patients

Diabetes mellitus is divided into several types, each of which is actually an independent disease. The life expectancy of patients varies greatly among different types of disease. According to the federal target program, in Russia the average life expectancy of patients with type 1 is 55.3 and 59.1 years. For type 2 diabetes, it is much more optimistic: 71.5 years and 73.5 years for women.

Average life expectancy in Russia is 59.1 years for men and 73.0 years for women.

Thus, type 1 diabetes reduces life expectancy by 5-15 years. As for type 2, this is a disease of long-livers. People with this disease live statistically even longer than others. Of course, such a paradox does not at all indicate the positive impact of type 2 diabetes on health. The data obtained reflect the high prevalence of the disease in old age.

What affects life expectancy in diabetes mellitus

Many factors influence life expectancy with diabetes. It is known that the earlier the disease debuted, the worse the prognosis. Diabetes especially dramatically reduces years of life from childhood. Unfortunately, this is one of those factors that cannot be influenced. But there are others that can be changed.

It is known that life expectancy in diabetes is affected by smoking, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In addition, the concentration of glucose in the blood also matters a lot.

Normalization of blood sugar is achieved through diet, exercise, pills and insulin injections.

If a patient with diabetes adheres to treatment recommendations and leads a healthy lifestyle, then he has every chance of living to a ripe old age.

Diabetes mellitus type 1

The life expectancy of type 1 diabetics has increased significantly recently with the introduction of modern insulins and self-monitoring products. The life expectancy of those who fell ill after 1965 is 15 years longer than those who fell ill between 1950 and 1965.

The 30-year mortality rate for type 1 diabetics diagnosed from 1965 to 1980 is 11%, and for those diagnosed with diabetes from 1950 to 1965, it is 35%.

The main cause of death in children 0-4 years old is ketoacidotic coma at the onset of the disease. Teenagers are also a risk group. The cause of death may be neglect of treatment, ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia. In adults, alcohol consumption is a common cause of death, as is the presence of late microvascular complications of diabetes.

Maintaining tight blood sugar control has been shown to prevent and slow the progression of, and even improve, the complications of type 1 diabetes that have already occurred.

American Bob Krause has had type 1 diabetes for 85 years; he was diagnosed at the age of 5. He recently celebrated his 90th birthday. He still tests his blood sugar many times every day, maintains a healthy lifestyle, eats well, and is physically active. He was diagnosed in 1926, a short time after insulin was synthesized. His younger brother, who had become ill the year before, died because insulin was not yet available for use.

Diabetes mellitus type 2

The prognosis for life in people suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus strictly correlates with the degree of control of the disease, and also depends on gender, age and the presence of complications. You can calculate life expectancy using a table. If you smoke, then use the right half of the table (smoker), if you do not smoke, then use the left half (non-smoker). Men and women are in the top and bottom half of the table, respectively. Then select a column according to your age and glycated hemoglobin level. All that remains is to compare your blood pressure and cholesterol levels. At the intersection you will see a number - this is life expectancy.

For example, the life expectancy for a 55-year-old smoker with 5 years of diabetes, blood pressure 180 mmHg, cholesterol level 8, and HbA1c 10% will be 13 years, for the same non-smoker, blood pressure 120 mmHg , cholesterol4, and glycated hemoglobin 6% will be 22 years.

Using the table, you can calculate life expectancy, as well as find out how lifestyle changes and treatment of concomitant diseases will affect the prognosis. For example, let's take a 65-year-old man who smokes, with blood pressure 180, HBA1c 8%, total cholesterol level 7. Reducing glycated hemoglobin from 8 to 6% will increase life expectancy by a year, reducing cholesterol from 7 to 4 will increase life expectancy life by 1.5 years, reducing systolic blood pressure from 180 to 120 adds 2.2 years of life, and quitting smoking will add 1.6 years of life.

Is type 2 diabetes less serious than type 1?

Typically, type 2 diabetes develops more slowly than type 1. As a result, late diagnosis is possible, after complications have developed. Because type 2 diabetes occurs at older ages, its impact on life expectancy is usually less.

– a chronic metabolic disorder, which is based on a deficiency in the formation of its own insulin and an increase in blood glucose levels. It manifests itself as a feeling of thirst, an increase in the amount of urine excreted, increased appetite, weakness, dizziness, slow healing of wounds, etc. The disease is chronic, often with a progressive course. There is a high risk of stroke, kidney failure, myocardial infarction, gangrene of the limbs, and blindness. Sharp fluctuations in blood sugar cause life-threatening conditions: hypo- and hyperglycemic coma.

ICD-10

E10-E14

General information

Among the common metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus ranks second after obesity. About 10% of the world's population suffers from diabetes, however, if we take into account the hidden forms of the disease, this figure can be 3-4 times higher. Diabetes mellitus develops as a result of chronic insulin deficiency and is accompanied by disorders of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans.

By participating in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin increases the supply of glucose into cells, promotes the synthesis and accumulation of glycogen in the liver, and inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrate compounds. In the process of protein metabolism, insulin enhances the synthesis of nucleic acids and protein and suppresses its breakdown. The effect of insulin on fat metabolism is to activate the entry of glucose into fat cells, energy processes in cells, the synthesis of fatty acids and slow down the breakdown of fats. With the participation of insulin, the process of sodium entering the cell is enhanced. Disorders of metabolic processes controlled by insulin can develop with insufficient insulin synthesis (type I diabetes mellitus) or with tissue resistance to insulin (type II diabetes mellitus).

Causes and mechanism of development

Type I diabetes mellitus is more often detected in young patients under 30 years of age. Impaired insulin synthesis develops as a result of autoimmune damage to the pancreas and destruction of insulin-producing ß-cells. In most patients, diabetes mellitus develops after a viral infection (mumps, rubella, viral hepatitis) or toxic exposure (nitrosamines, pesticides, drugs, etc.), the immune response to which causes the death of pancreatic cells. Diabetes mellitus develops when more than 80% of insulin-producing cells are affected. Being an autoimmune disease, type I diabetes mellitus is often combined with other processes of autoimmune genesis: thyrotoxicosis, diffuse toxic goiter, etc.

There are three degrees of severity of diabetes mellitus: mild (I), moderate (II) and severe (III) and three states of compensation for carbohydrate metabolism disorders: compensated, subcompensated and decompensated.

Symptoms

The development of type I diabetes mellitus occurs rapidly, while type II diabetes mellitus develops gradually. A latent, asymptomatic course of diabetes mellitus is often observed, and its detection occurs accidentally during fundus examination or laboratory determination of sugar in the blood and urine. Clinically, diabetes mellitus types I and II manifest themselves differently, but the following symptoms are common to them:

• thirst and dry mouth, accompanied by polydipsia (increased fluid intake) up to 8-10 liters per day;
• polyuria (copious and frequent urination);
• polyphagia (increased appetite);
• dry skin and mucous membranes, accompanied by itching (including the perineum), pustular skin infections;
• sleep disturbance, weakness, decreased performance;
• cramps in the calf muscles;
• visual impairment.

Manifestations of type I diabetes mellitus are characterized by severe thirst, frequent urination, nausea, weakness, vomiting, increased fatigue, constant hunger, weight loss (with normal or increased nutrition), and irritability. A sign of diabetes in children is the occurrence of bedwetting, especially if the child has not wet the bed before. In type I diabetes, hyperglycemic (with critically high blood sugar) and hypoglycemic (with critically low blood sugar) conditions that require emergency measures often develop.

In type II diabetes mellitus, skin itching, thirst, blurred vision, severe drowsiness and fatigue, skin infections, slow wound healing, paresthesia and numbness of the legs predominate. Patients with type II diabetes mellitus are often obese.

The course of diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by hair loss on the lower extremities and increased hair growth on the face, the appearance of xanthomas (small yellowish growths on the body), balanoposthitis in men and vulvovaginitis in women. As diabetes progresses, disruption of all types of metabolism leads to decreased immunity and resistance to infections. Long-term diabetes causes damage to the skeletal system, manifested by osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue). Pain appears in the lower back, bones, joints, dislocations and subluxations of the vertebrae and joints, fractures and bone deformation, leading to disability.

Complications

The course of diabetes mellitus can be complicated by the development of multiple organ disorders:

• diabetic angiopathy - increased vascular permeability, fragility, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, leading to the development of coronary heart disease, intermittent claudication, diabetic encephalopathy;
• diabetic polyneuropathy – damage to peripheral nerves in 75% of patients, resulting in impaired sensitivity, swelling and chilliness of the limbs, a burning sensation and “crawling” goosebumps. Diabetic neuropathy develops years after diabetes mellitus and is more common in the non-insulin-dependent type;
• diabetic retinopathy – destruction of the retina, arteries, veins and capillaries of the eye, decreased vision, fraught with retinal detachment and complete blindness. In type I diabetes, it manifests itself after 10-15 years, in type II – earlier, detected in 80-95% of patients;
• diabetic nephropathy - damage to the renal vessels with impaired renal function and the development of renal failure. It is observed in 40-45% of patients with diabetes mellitus 15-20 years after the onset of the disease;
• diabetic foot - poor circulation of the lower extremities, pain in the calf muscles, trophic ulcers, destruction of bones and joints of the feet.

Critical, acute conditions in diabetes mellitus are diabetic (hyperglycemic) and hypoglycemic coma.

A hyperglycemic state and coma develop as a result of a sharp and significant increase in blood glucose levels. Harbingers of hyperglycemia are increasing general malaise, weakness, headache, depression, and loss of appetite. Then abdominal pain, noisy Kussmaul breathing, vomiting with the smell of acetone from the mouth, progressive apathy and drowsiness, and decreased blood pressure appear. This condition is caused by ketoacidosis (accumulation of ketone bodies) in the blood and can lead to loss of consciousness - diabetic coma and death of the patient.

The opposite critical condition in diabetes mellitus is hypoglycemic coma, which develops when there is a sharp drop in blood glucose levels, often due to an overdose of insulin. The increase in hypoglycemia is sudden and rapid. There is a sudden feeling of hunger, weakness, tremors in the limbs, shallow breathing, arterial hypertension, the patient’s skin is cold, damp, and sometimes convulsions develop.

Prevention of complications in diabetes mellitus is possible with constant treatment and careful monitoring of blood glucose levels.

Diagnostics

The presence of diabetes mellitus is indicated by a fasting capillary blood glucose level exceeding 6.5 mmol/l. Normally, there is no glucose in the urine, since it is retained in the body by the kidney filter. When the blood glucose level increases more than 8.8-9.9 mmol/l (160-180 mg%), the renal barrier cannot cope and allows glucose to pass into the urine. The presence of sugar in the urine is determined by special test strips. The minimum level of glucose in the blood at which it begins to be detected in the urine is called the “renal threshold”.

An examination for suspected diabetes mellitus includes determining the level of:

• fasting glucose in capillary blood (from a finger);
• glucose and ketone bodies in the urine - their presence indicates diabetes mellitus;
• glycosylated hemoglobin - increases significantly in diabetes mellitus;
• C-peptide and insulin in the blood - in type I diabetes, both indicators are significantly reduced, in type II - practically unchanged;
• conducting a stress test (glucose tolerance test): determination of glucose on an empty stomach and 1 and 2 hours after taking 75 g of sugar dissolved in 1.5 glasses of boiled water. The test result is considered negative (not confirming diabetes mellitus) when tested: on an empty stomach< 6,5 ммоль/л, через 2 часа - < 7,7ммоль/л. Подтверждают наличие сахарного диабета показатели >6.6 mmol/L at first measurement and >11.1 mmol/L 2 hours after glucose load.

To diagnose complications of diabetes mellitus, additional examinations are carried out: ultrasound of the kidneys, rheovasography of the lower extremities, rheoencephalography, EEG of the brain.

Treatment

Following the recommendations of a diabetologist, self-monitoring and treatment for diabetes mellitus are carried out for life and can significantly slow down or avoid complicated variants of the course of the disease. Treatment of any form of diabetes is aimed at lowering blood glucose levels, normalizing metabolic milestones and preventing complications.

The basis of treatment for all forms of diabetes is diet therapy, taking into account the patient’s gender, age, body weight, and physical activity. Training is provided in the principles of calculating the calorie content of a diet, taking into account the content of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and microelements. In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, it is recommended to consume carbohydrates at the same hours to facilitate control and correction of glucose levels with insulin. In type I IDDM, the intake of fatty foods that contribute to ketoacidosis is limited. In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, all types of sugars are excluded and the total calorie content of food is reduced.

Meals should be small (at least 4-5 times a day), with an even distribution of carbohydrates, promoting stable glucose levels and maintaining basal metabolism. Special diabetic products based on sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin, xylitol, sorbitol, fructose, etc.) are recommended. Correction of diabetic disorders with diet alone is used in mild cases of the disease.

The choice of drug treatment for diabetes depends on the type of disease. Insulin therapy is indicated for patients with type I diabetes mellitus, for type II - diet and hypoglycemic agents (insulin is prescribed in case of ineffectiveness of taking tablet forms, the development of ketoazidosis and precomatosis, tuberculosis, chronic pyelonephritis, liver and kidney failure).

Insulin is administered under systematic monitoring of glucose levels in the blood and urine. There are three main types of insulin based on their mechanism and duration of action: long-acting (long-acting), intermediate-acting and short-acting. Long-acting insulin is administered once a day, regardless of food intake. More often, injections of long-acting insulin are prescribed together with intermediate and short-acting drugs, making it possible to achieve compensation for diabetes mellitus.

The use of insulin is dangerous due to overdose, leading to a sharp decrease in sugar, the development of hypoglycemia and coma. The selection of drugs and insulin doses is carried out taking into account changes in the patient’s physical activity during the day, the stability of blood sugar levels, calorie intake, fractional meals, insulin tolerance, etc. With insulin therapy, local development is possible (pain, redness, swelling at the injection site) and general (including anaphylaxis) allergic reactions. Also, insulin therapy can be complicated by lipodystrophy - “dips” in adipose tissue at the site of insulin administration.

Antihyperglycemic tablets are prescribed for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in addition to diet. According to the mechanism of lowering blood sugar, the following groups of hypoglycemic agents are distinguished:

• sulfonylurea drugs (gliquidone, glibenclamide, chlorpropamide, carbutamide) - stimulate the production of insulin by pancreatic β-cells and promote the penetration of glucose into tissues. The optimally selected dosage of drugs in this group maintains glucose levels not > 8 mmol/l. In case of overdose, hypoglycemia and coma may develop.
• biguanides (metformin, buformin, etc.) – reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestine and contribute to the saturation of peripheral tissues with it. Biguanides can increase the level of uric acid in the blood and cause the development of a serious condition - lactic acidosis in patients over 60 years of age, as well as in people suffering from liver and kidney failure, chronic infections. Biguanides are more often prescribed for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in young obese patients.
• meglitinides (nateglinide, repaglinide) - cause a decrease in sugar levels by stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin. The effect of these drugs depends on blood sugar levels and does not cause hypoglycemia.
• alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (miglitol, acarbose) - slow down the rise in blood sugar by blocking enzymes involved in the absorption of starch. Side effects are flatulence and diarrhea.
• thiazolidinediones - reduce the amount of sugar released from the liver and increase the sensitivity of fat cells to insulin. Contraindicated in heart failure.

In case of diabetes mellitus, it is important to teach the patient and his family members the skills to monitor the patient’s well-being and condition, and first aid measures for the development of precomatose and comatose states. Losing excess weight and individual moderate physical activity have a beneficial therapeutic effect on diabetes. Due to muscle efforts, glucose oxidation increases and its content in the blood decreases. However, exercise should not be started if the glucose level is > 15 mmol/l; first, it is necessary to wait until it decreases under the influence of drugs. In case of diabetes mellitus, physical activity should be evenly distributed across all muscle groups.

Prognosis and prevention

Patients with diagnosed diabetes mellitus are registered with an endocrinologist. By organizing the right lifestyle, nutrition, and treatment, the patient can feel satisfactory for many years. Acutely and chronically developing complications aggravate the prognosis of diabetes mellitus and shorten the life expectancy of patients.

Prevention of type I diabetes mellitus comes down to increasing the body's resistance to infections and eliminating the toxic effects of various agents on the pancreas. Preventive measures for type II diabetes mellitus include preventing the development of obesity and correcting nutrition, especially in people with a family history. Prevention of decompensation and complicated course of diabetes mellitus consists in its correct, systematic treatment.

A disease associated with pancreatic pathology. Diabetes mellitus is a deficiency of insulin production.

It is known that insulin is secreted by the pancreas. In this regard, the disease is associated with this gland.

Therefore, various metabolic disorders arise. Metabolism in the body is mainly associated with carbohydrate metabolism.

This interferes with the absorption of sugar. Its level increases significantly. Sugar begins to release from.

What is the etiology of the disease? The cause of the disease is associated with the following factors:

• mental trauma;
• overstrain of the nervous system;
• skull injuries;
• infections.

In the latter case, infections can also be divided into the following types:

• flu;
• angina;
• hepatitis.

A person’s diet plays a major role in the occurrence of diabetes. Provided that a person abuses food containing large amounts of carbohydrates.

Foods with a large amount of carbohydrates are found in sweets and baked goods. Risk factors also include lack of muscle activity and obesity.

It is known that a passive lifestyle leads to obesity. Obesity, in turn, contributes to the development of diabetes.

Heredity may also be a risk factor. Most often, people in whose family this pathology has developed are the most sensitive to the development of diabetes.

Additional reasons contributing to the development of diabetes include:

• increased pituitary function;
• increased adrenal function;
• pathology of the thyroid gland.

You can read more about the disease on the website: website

Consult a specialist immediately!

Symptoms

Depending on the severity of the disease, diabetes mellitus is divided into the following stages:

• light;
• average;
• heavy.

With a mild course of the disease, sugar is not higher than 150-180 mg%. In this case, the disease can be easily cured. You just need to adjust your diet. That is, reduce the amount of sugar consumed.

A mild course of diabetes mellitus presupposes the preservation of working capacity. That is, a person lives a normal life and does not lose his ability to work.

With the average course of the disease, the situation does not improve with dietary measures alone. It is necessary to administer a moderate dose of insulin.

In severe cases of the disease, the sugar level is quite high. Reaches 250 mg%.

There is a fairly large amount of sugar in the urine. There is a smell of acetone. At the same time, performance is reduced. The person feels bad. Large amounts of insulin are required.

However, it should be borne in mind that a latent form of the disease occurs. It assumes a moderate level of sugar in the blood, or even a normal amount.

The following diseases occur in latent forms of diabetes:

• furunculosis;
• eczema;
• dental caries;
• cataract;
• candidiasis.

Common symptoms of diabetes include:

• weakness;
• increased fatigue;
• frequent urination;
• dizziness;
• pallor;
• sweating

Other symptoms of diabetes include thirst, weight loss, etc. Dry skin is a very common symptom of diabetes.

If one of these symptoms occurs, consultation with a specialist is required. Do not self-medicate under any circumstances!

Diagnostics

In diagnosing diabetes mellitus, collecting the necessary information is of great importance. Or in other words, taking an anamnesis.

When collecting the necessary information, hereditary predisposition is taken into account. As well as possible causes of the disease and human diet.

Laboratory tests are also used in the diagnosis of diabetes. Let's say you donate blood for sugar. At the same time, the blood sugar level is elevated.

Blood glucose is diagnosed as follows:

• the analysis is given in the morning;
• on an empty stomach;
• from a finger.

Diagnosis of diabetes also includes determination of sugar in the urine. Since the kidneys cannot cope with the effects of large amounts of glucose.

There is a special test. This test has a specific name. It's called a strip test. Glucose in the urine is the most indicative of the disease.

The use of a load test is also very important. It allows you to determine diabetes mellitus with the greatest accuracy.

An additional method for diagnosing diabetes mellitus is ultrasound examination of a specific organ. In this case, such a body is.

Prevention

In order to prevent the development of diabetes, it is important to adhere to a healthy lifestyle.

A healthy lifestyle does not only involve giving up bad habits. But also nutritional correction.

Nutrition must be correct and balanced. High sugar content in food negatively affects human health.

It is also necessary to strengthen the body's protective properties. Namely immunity. This will help prevent the development of various infectious diseases.

Nonspecific prevention will consist of preventing the effects of toxic effects on the pancreas.

For people prone to diabetes, namely those with a hereditary predisposition, it is important to adhere to the following measures:

• healthy eating;
• weight correction (for obesity).

That is, it is important for people with a hereditary predisposition to adhere to a diet.

It will be aimed not only at preventing the development of diabetes, but also at weight correction.

Diabetes can also cause severe emotional stress, so it is important to avoid stress and depression.

Remember, all metabolic disorders in the body are directly related to a person’s mental state. Try to stay calm!

Treatment

Complex therapy is used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, diabetes therapy includes:

• limiting carbohydrates;
• insulin treatment.

Insulin treatment is carried out as follows. The dose of insulin is calculated for a certain amount of sugar in the urine. Typically, one unit of insulin is administered for every 5 grams of sugar in the urine.

Injection of insulin is also very important. In this case, insulin is administered fifteen or thirty minutes before meals.

After three hours have passed, you need to take a carbohydrate. This is done to prevent the development of hypoglycemia.

In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, insulin is administered more often. There may be three or two injections per day. But usually at regular intervals.

It is important for insulin-dependent people to remember that injections are given in the morning or afternoon. Injection at night is not allowed.

Why such a warning? This is due to the fact that the risk of hypoglycemia is high at night.

What drugs are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus? These drugs include:

• protamine-zinc-insulin;
• insulin - zinc suspension.

The effect of these drugs is long-lasting. Up to one day after injection. Four or five hours after administration.

The drugs are administered once a day. Sulfonamides are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

When diabetic coma develops, insulin is administered immediately. By intravenous and subcutaneous route. Additionally, saline solution is used.

For hypoglycemia, glucose is administered. Usually by intravenous route. If hypoglycemia is mild, then it is enough to eat sugar.

In adults

Diabetes mellitus is a fairly common disease. At the same time, people of different ages get sick. If there is a concomitant pathology, then the disease becomes chronic.

Diabetic coma is often a complication of the disease in adults. It develops as a result of untimely and improper treatment.

Risk factors in this case include infection, surgery, childbirth and mental trauma.

Coma is characterized by an unconscious state. During a coma, the following symptoms develop:

• muscle tone decreases;
• dry tongue;
• vomit;
• decrease in body temperature.

Neutrophilic is also observed. A large amount of acetone is found in the urine. Collapse may even develop. Which greatly worsens the prognosis of the disease.

In children

Diabetes mellitus in children is a very serious disease. According to statistics, it ranks second among chronic diseases.

For children, diabetes is an insidious disease. Since metabolic disorders affect the development of the child.

Symptoms increase quickly in children. What are the main signs of diabetes mellitus? The main signs of diabetes include:

• urge to urinate;
• weight loss;
• hunger;
• fungal infections.

If you ignore these signs of the disease, complications may develop.

The etiology of diabetes mellitus in children is associated with hereditary predisposition. Factors that provoke the development of the disease are infections.

Parents must remember that the development of diabetes mellitus in children can be prevented. However, this is often not enough.

However, there are ways to prevent the development of the disease. The child must eat properly.

Drink purified water. In the newborn period, it is better to use breast milk rather than cow's milk.

These activities will help prevent diabetes. It will be appropriate to strengthen the immune system to prevent the introduction of infections and viruses.

Forecast

Diabetes mellitus most often has a disappointing prognosis. This is associated with the development of various kinds of complications. Up to diabetic coma.

The prognosis can be favorable with timely treatment. Treatment must be comprehensive and correct.

If you follow a diet and administer insulin, the prognosis improves. However, diabetes is a chronic disease. You can only prevent possible complications.

Exodus

As mentioned above, diabetes is often caused by the development of infections or the introduction of viruses. Therefore, by strengthening the immune system, the development can be prevented.

However, the outcome of the disease will also depend on hereditary predisposition. In turn, diabetes leads to the development of diabetic coma.

But coma may not develop with intensive medical therapy. You can come out of a coma if the course of the disease is mild.

Otherwise, in severe cases, collapse develops. In this case, the outcome of diabetes mellitus can be death.

Lifespan

As complications develop, life expectancy decreases sharply. If treated promptly, diabetes may not affect your life expectancy.

However, in severe cases, the picture of the disease worsens. It is aggravated by the fact that the quality of life decreases.

People with diabetes can lead a normal, active lifestyle. But only if you follow the treatment regimen.

If a person is not treated correctly, diabetes can reduce life expectancy. Remember not to self-medicate. It is important to see a doctor in time!