Declination of surnames. Declination of surnames in Russian - features, rules and examples Declension of masculine surnames ending in a consonant
From the questions received by the "Information Bureau" of "Gramota.ru":
- Hello, my surname is Ossa, the accent is on O, they wrote Ossa in my diploma, and now I have to do an examination, which costs a lot of money, to prove that the surname is not inclined.
- My name is Pogrebnyak. This is a Ukrainian surname, and they do not seem to be inclined. Some people decline my name, write Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak. Is it possible?
- My surname is Eroshevich, she is of Polish origin (this is known for sure). I am interested in this question: is my surname declining? My relative (male) was given a certificate in which the surname was declined. And with this certificate he was not taken anywhere. They said that the surname is not inclined. Teachers also say they do not bend, but your website says they do. I'm confused!
Such questions are not uncommon in the Information Bureau of our portal. Most often they are asked in May – June and at the very beginning of September. This is connected, of course, with the fact that at the end of the school year, school and university graduates receive certificates and diplomas, and in September children go to school and start signing notebooks. In the certificate and diploma, it will certainly be written to whom it was issued (that is, the surname in the dative case), and on the cover of the notebook - whose it is (that is, the surname in the genitive case). And in cases where the student's last name does not end in -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) or - sky (-tsky)(that is, it does not belong to the so-called standard), the question almost always arises: should the surname be declined, and if so, how exactly should it be declined? It is with him that native speakers turn to linguists for help. And this question is often followed by another: "How to prove that the surname is declining?" or "How to defend the right to refuse a surname?" The question "To decline or not to decline a surname?" often goes beyond the language, causing fierce controversy and leading to serious conflicts.
Of course, such questions come not only from students, their parents and teachers, they are asked throughout the year, but the peak of requests to linguists is in May – June and September, due to the aggravation of this problem in schools and universities. This is no coincidence: after all, it is in an educational institution that many native speakers have their first meeting with a specialist - a teacher of the Russian language, and the teacher's demand to change the case by case of the surname, which in the family has always been considered unchangeable, surprises, annoys and provokes resistance. Similar difficulties are experienced by office workers (secretaries, clerks), who are faced with the categorical demands of the management not to declare declined names.
The experience of our "Information Bureau" shows that the laws of declension of surnames are indeed unknown to a large number of native speakers (and even to some philologists), although they are given in many reference manuals on the Russian language, including widely available ones. Among these manuals - "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D. E. Rosenthal, stylistic dictionary of options by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya "Grammatical correctness of Russian speech" (3rd edition - under the heading "Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language"), "Dictionary of Russian personal names" by A. V. Superanskaya, research by L. P. Kalakutskaya "Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and their declension ”and many other sources. The study of Internet users' requests and monitoring of the blogosphere allow us to conclude that among native speakers there are many misconceptions about the rules for declining surnames. Here are the main ones: the decisive factor is the linguistic origin of the surname ("Georgian, Armenian, Polish, etc. surnames are not inclined"); in all cases, the declension of the surname depends on the gender of the carrier; surnames that match common nouns (Thunderstorm, Beetle, Stick) are not inclined. A considerable number of native speakers are convinced that there are so many rules for declining surnames that it is not possible to remember them.
To show that all these ideas do not correspond to reality, we present the basic rules for declining surnames. They are taken from the sources listed above and formulated by us in the form of step-by-step instructions, a kind of algorithm, with the help of which you can quickly find the answer to the question: "Is the surname declining?"
This is the algorithm.
1. As stated above, declension of surnames ending in -ov (-ev,), -in (-yn), -skiy (-tsky),that is, the so-called standard surnames does not cause difficulties for native speakers. You just need to remember two important rules.
A. Borrowed surnames on -ov, -inthat belong foreigners, in the instrumental form, have the ending th (as nouns of the second school declension, for example table, table): theory proposed by Darwin, film directed by Chaplin, book written by Cronin.(Interestingly, the pseudonym is also inclined Greenowned by a Russian writer: the book is written Green.) Homonymous Russian surnames have the ending - th in the form of the instrumental case: with Chaplin (from the dialect word chapla "heron"), with Cronin(from crown).
B. Female surnames on - ina type Currant, Pearl incline in two ways, depending on the declension of the male surname ( Irina Zhemchuzhiny and Irina Zhemchuzhina, Zoe Currant and Zoya Currant). If the male surname is Pearlsthen it is correct: arrival Irina Zhemchuzhina... If the male surname is Pearlthen it is correct: arrival Irina Zhemchuzhiny(the surname is declined as a common noun pearl).
2. Now we turn directly to the so-called non-standard surnames. The first thing to remember: contrary to common misconception, the gender of the bearer of the surname does not always affect the inclination / non-inclination. Even less often, this is influenced by the origin of the surname. First of all, it matters which sound the surname ends in - a consonant or a vowel.
3. Let's immediately describe several groups of non-declining surnames. In modern Russian literary language do not lean Russian surnames, ending in -s, -th (like Chernykh, Dolgikh), as well as all surnames, ending in the vowels e, and, o, y, s, e, u .
Examples: notebooks of Irina Chernykh, Lydia Meie, Roman Grymau; the diploma was given to Viktor Dolgikh, Andrei Gretri, Nikolai Shtanenko, Maya Lee; meeting with Nikolai Kruchenykh and Alexander Minadze.
Note. In colloquial speech and in the language of fiction, reflecting oral speech, it is considered acceptable to declare male surnames into - oh, their (in Chernykh's script, meeting with Red), as well as the declension of surnames of Ukrainian origin into -ko, -enko by declension of feminine nouns to -a: go to Semashka, visiting Ustimenka.Note that Ukrainian surnames of this type were consistently inclined in 19th century fiction ( at Shevchenko's; confession of Nalivaika; poem dedicated to Rodzianka).
4. If the surname ends in consonant(except for surnames on -th, -th, which was mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are inclined - this is the law of Russian grammar... All female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Male surnames, which coincide with common nouns, are also declined.
Examples: mikhail Bok's notebook, diplomas issued to Alexander Krug and Konstantin Korol, meeting with Igor Shiplevich, visiting Andrey Martynyuk, daughter of Ilya Skalozub, work of Isaak Akopyan; Anna Bok's notebook, diplomas issued to Natalia Krug and Lydia Korol, meeting with Yulia Shipelevich, visiting Ekaterina Martynyuk, daughter of Svetlana Skalozub, work by Marina Akopyan.
Note 1. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel in declension can be declined in two ways - with and without loss of a vowel: Mikhail Zayatsand Mikhail Zaitsa, with Alexander Zhuraveland Alexander Zhuravl, Igor Gritsevetsand Igor Gritsevets.In a number of sources, declension without a vowel loss (i.e. Hare, Zhuravel, Gritsevets), because surnames perform, among other things, a legal function. But the final choice is up to the bearer of the surname. At the same time, it is important to adhere to the selected type of declension in all documents.
Note 2. Separately, it is necessary to say about surnames ending in a consonant th.If it is preceded by a vowel and(less often - about), the surname can be inclined in two ways. Surnames such as Topchy, Pobozhiy, Bokiy, Ore, can be perceived as having endings -th, -th and inflect like adjectives ( Topchemu, Topchemu, feminine Trampling, Topcha), but you can - as having a zero ending with declension similar to nouns ( Topchy, Topchy, feminine unchangeable form Topchy). If the consonant thany other vowel precedes the end of the surname, the surname obeys the general rules (Igor Shakhrai, Nikolay Adjubei, but Inna Shakhrai, Alexandre Adjubey).
5. If the surname ends in a vowel -i preceded by another vowel
(ex: Shengelaya, Breaking, Rhea, Beria, Danelia), she leans.
Examples: notebook of Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolai Lomae, meeting with Anna Reya; crimes of Lawrence Beria, meeting with George Danelia.
6. If the surname ends in the vowel -a preceded by another vowel
(e.g .: Galois, Maurois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), she does not incline.
Examples: notebook Nikolay Galois, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.
7. And the last group of surnames - ending in -а, -я, preceded by a consonant ... Here - and only here! - the origin of the surname and the place of stress in it matter. There are only two exceptions to remember:
A. Do not leanfrench surnames with an accent on the last syllable: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavald, the aphorisms of Jacques Derrida, goals by Diarra and Drogba.
B. Mainly do not leanfinnish surnames ending in - a unstressed: meeting with Mauno Pekkala(although a number of sources recommend declining them as well).
All other surnames (Slavic, eastern and others; ending in shock and unstressed -and I) lean... Contrary to the common misconception, surnames coinciding with common nouns are inclined as well.
Examples: irina Groza's notebook, diploma issued to Nikolai Mukha, lecture by Elena Kara-Murza, songs by Bulat Okudzhava, the roles of Igor Kvasha, films by Akira Kurosawa.
Note. In the declension of Japanese surnames, fluctuations were previously observed, but reference books note that recently such surnames have been consistently declined, and in A. A. Zaliznyak's "Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language" there is a non-declining variant at Akutagawa,along with the unwilling near Okudzhava, called "gross violation of the norm" .
These are, in fact, all the main rules; apparently, there are not so many of them. Now we can refute the above misconceptions associated with the declension of surnames. So, contrary to popular belief: a) there is no rule "all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames are not inclined" - the declension of surnames obeys the laws of the grammar of the language, and if the final element of the surname lends itself to Russian inflection, it declines; b) the rule "male surnames are inclined, female surnames are not" applies not to all surnames, but only to those that end in a consonant; c) the coincidence of the surname in form with common nouns is not an obstacle to their declension.
It is important to remember: the last name is word and, like all words, it must obey the grammatical laws of the language. In this sense, there is no difference between sentences The certificate was issued to Ivan Hunger(instead of correct Hunger Ivan) and The villagers suffered from hunger(instead suffered from hunger), in both sentences - a grammatical error.
It is also important to follow the rules for declension of surnames because refusal to change the case of the declined surname can lead to misunderstandings and incidents, and disorient the addressee of speech. Indeed, let's imagine a situation: a person with the surname Thunderstorm signed my work: article by Nikolai Groz.According to the laws of Russian grammar, a male surname ending in the genitive singular. numbers on - a, is restored in its original form, in the nominative case, with a zero ending, so the reader will make an unambiguous conclusion: the author's name is Nikolai Groz.Handed over to the dean's office work by A. Pogrebnyakwill lead to the search for the student (Anna? Antonina? Alisa?) Pogrebnyak, and the belonging of student Alexander Pogrebnyak to her will still have to be proved. It is necessary to follow the rules of declension of surnames for the same reason that it is necessary to follow the rules of spelling, otherwise a situation arises similar to the famous "opteka" described by L. Uspensky in his "Word about Words". The authors of the “Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language” L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya indicate: “For the inflection of surnames, the law on absolute deducibility must be immutable. case of a surname from its indirect cases ”.
Therefore, we suggest you remember the elementary truth number 8.
Alphabet truth number 8... The declension of surnames is subject to the laws of Russian grammar. There is no rule “all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames are not inclined”. The declension of a surname depends primarily on whether the surname ends in a consonant or a vowel. The rule "male surnames incline, female surnames" does not apply to all surnames, but only to those that end in consonant... Matching surname in form with common nouns (Fly, Hare, Stick etc.) is not an obstacle to declining them.
Literature:
- Ageenko F.L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language. M., 2010.
- Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. –3rd ed., Erased. M., 2008.
- Zaliznyak A.A.Grammatical Dictionary of the Russian Language. - 5th ed., Rev. M., 2008.
- Kalakutskaya L.P. Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Spelling and declension. M., 1994.
- Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - 8th ed., Rev. and add. M., 2003.
- Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 2004.
V. M. Pakhomov,
candidate of Philology,
editor-in-chief of the portal "Gramota.ru"
From school, many have learned the rule that when pronouncing and writing female surnames are not inflected in cases, and male surnames, on the contrary, as similar adjectives or nouns. Is everything so simple, and whether male foreign surnames in Russian are inclined - this article is devoted to this, based on the monograph by L.P. Kalakutskaya, published in 1984.
Importance of the problem
There are many situations in which the correct spelling and correct pronunciation of surnames in different cases is very important:
- The child began to study at school, and he needs to correctly sign a notebook or diary.
- A young man or an adult man is awarded a diploma or a letter of thanks.
- At a serious event, a man with a complex surname is announced to come out or perform. It's unpleasant if it gets distorted.
- When preparing important documents (certificate, diploma) or preparing case materials for establishing family ties (in court, at a notary).
- Knowing whether male surnames are inclined is necessary for people of many professions dealing with the registration of personal files or other business papers.
Russian surnames
The most common surnames in Russia - with suffixes - sk (-tsk), ov (-ev), in (-yn): Razumovsky, Slutsky, Ivanov, Turgenev, Mukhin, Sinitsyn. All of them are easily inflected, like ordinary adjectives, in both feminine and masculine. The exception is surnames on -ov, -in, the ending of which in the prepositional case is somewhat different from the traditional one.
Foreign surnames with a suffix -in (-yn) also have a mismatch with the Russian instrumental case. Let's take an example:
Do male surnames decline to th without suffix - scthat are also found in Russia (Tolstoy, Berezhnaya, Sukhoi)? Not numerous (in scientific works on philology there is a complete list of them), they are easily changed in cases similar to adjectives with a similar ending.
Ukrainian surnames
The most famous Ukrainian surnames are on -enko and -ko: Bondarenko, Luchko, Molodyko. If you look at Russian literature, then in works of fiction (A.P. Chekhov, for example), the writers are quite free to write them in the masculine version and in the plural: "Let's go visit the Bondarenki."
This is not true, for the official spelling is different from fiction and colloquial speech. The answer to the question of whether Ukrainian male surnames are inclined to - yenko and -ko, unambiguous - no. Example:
- I am writing a letter to Oleg Bondarenko.
- She has an affair with Ivan Luchko.
And this applies to all surnames of Ukrainian origin, even as rare as Alekhno, Rushailo, Mylo, Tolokno. Surnames never incline to -ago, -ovo, -iago: Vodolago, Durnovo, Dubyago. But what about those that end in consonants?
Surnames with a consonant -k
Historically, suffixes -uk (-yuk) pointed either to a relative or to a semantic affiliation: Ivan's son - Ivanchuk, the cooper's assistant - Bondarchuk. To a greater extent, they are inherent in the western part of Ukraine, but are widespread among all Slavic peoples. Do male surnames decline to - uk?
According to the laws of the Russian language, female surnames do not change in cases, but male surnames ending in a consonant (the exception is the ending -th, -th), incline without fail:
- I wrote a letter to Olga Dimitryuk.
- I was invited to visit Igor Shevchuk.
- I recently saw Sergei Ignatyuk.
All surnames expressed by nouns are subject to change in cases: Mole, Wolf, Wind, Stolb. There is one subtlety here: if the surname is Slavic, then the existing fluent vowel is not always preserved at the root. In jurisdictions, it is important to prescribe it, although many sources do not consider it incorrect pronunciation without it. As an example, consider the surname Hare. More often it is said: "She called Ivan Zayts." This is permissible, but more correct: "She called Ivan Zayats."
Distributed in Ukraine and surnames on -ok, -ik: Pochinok, Gorelik. Knowing the rule that all male surnames with a consonant at the end change in cases, it is easy to answer the question: do male surnames tend to -to:
- She came to the house of Ilya Pochinok (here the fluent vowel disappears).
- He knew Larisa Petrik well.
Exception to the rule
The Slavs often have family endings on -their (s): Black, Ilyinsky. In the first half of the 20th century, male surnames with similar endings were often changed by case. According to the norms of the Russian language, this is wrong today.
The origin of these surnames from the plural adjective requires the preservation of their individuality:
- He greeted Petr Belax.
Although there is a consonant at the end, this is an exception to the rule that you need to be aware of when answering the question of whether male surnames are inclined.
Quite a wide spread has an ending in -h: Stoykovich, Rabinovich, Gorbach. The general rule applies here:
- Semyon Rabinovich is waiting for his visit.
- He liked Anna Porkhach's exhibition very much.
Armenian surnames
Armenia is a small country with a population of just over 3 million. But about 8.5 million representatives of the diaspora live in other countries, therefore they are widespread. They can often be identified by their traditional ending - an (-yan): Avdzhan, Dzhigarkhanyan. In ancient times, there was a more archaic family form: -ants (-yants), -oz, which is still common in the south of Armenia: Kurants, Sarkisyants, Tonunts. Is the Armenian male surname declining?
It is subject to the rules of the Russian language, which were already mentioned in the article. Male surnames with a consonant at the end are subject to case declension:
- together with Armen Avdjan (wherein "together with Anush Avdjan");
- watched a film with Georg Tonunts (wherein "a film with the participation of Lily Tonunts").
Vowel ending
Male surnames remain unchanged if they, regardless of origin and belonging to a particular country, end in the following vowels: and, s, u, u, uh, e. Example: Gandhi, Dzhusoyty, Shoigu, Camus, Megre, Manet. In this case, it does not matter at all whether the stress falls on the first or the last syllable. This includes Moldovan, Indian, French, Georgian, Italian and Example: “ He recently read poetry by Shota Rustaveli". But do male surnames tend to - and I)?
Both options are encountered here, so it is better to present them in a table:
| Bow down | Do not lean | |
| Letters -and I) are not stressed | The last letters follow the consonants: Pie ha,Caf ka.
| If the last letters follow the vowel - and: Mor ua, Gars and I.
|
| Letters -and I) are under stress | The last letters follow the consonants, but have Slavic roots: Loza, Mitta.
| The last letters follow consonants or vowels and are of French origin: Dumas, Benoit, Delacroix, Zola.
|
To consolidate the knowledge whether male surnames are inclined to - a, we offer you an algorithm that can always be at hand.
German surnames
The origin of Germanic surnames is similar to their history in other states: most are derived from personal names, geographical names, nicknames or the occupation of their carriers.
Since German surnames change in cases, they should be distinguished from Slavic. In addition to common ones, such as Müller, Hoffman, Wittgenstein, Wolf, there are those ending in -them: Dietrich, Freundlich, Ulrich. In Russian surnames before -them there are rarely soft consonants with hard pairs. This is due to the fact that adjectives with similar stems are almost never found in the language. Slavic surnames, unlike German ones, are not inclined (Pyatykh, Borovskikh).
If at the end -ь or -th
The rule according to which male surnames are inclined that have consonants as a basis without an ending applies also to those cases when -b or th... They change in cases like nouns related to the second declension. However, in the instrumental case they have a special ending - ohm (eat)... They are perceived as foreign. To answer the question of whether male surnames tend to -b and th, consider an example:
- Nominative (who?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Genitive (whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Dative (to whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Accusative (whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Creative (by whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Prepositional (about whom?): about Vrubel, about Gaidai.
There are exceptions to the rule. So, dissonant surnames (Pelmen), as well as those that coincide with a geographical name (Uruguay, Taiwan), are not inclined. Even if it stands after the hissing (Night, Mouse), the surname is declined according to the masculine version.
Double and compound surnames
China, Vietnam and Korea are distinguished by the fact that their inhabitants have compound surnames that are composed of several words. If they end in a consonant, then they bow according to the general rules, but only their last part. Example:
- We listened to Kim Jong Il's speech.
Russian double surnames are declined in both parts according to the general rules:
- painting by Petrov-Vodkin;
- theater of Nemirovich-Danchenko.
If the first part is not a surname, but serves as a component part, it does not change by case:
- leap of Ter-Hovhannisyan;
- work by Demut-Malinovsky.
Whether the male surnames of other foreign countries are declined depends entirely on the rules of Russian grammar, which were discussed in the article. The question of the use of the plural or singular number in the enumeration of two persons remained unclear.
Singular and plural
In which cases the plural is used, and in which the singular is used, it is best to see from the table:
Male surnames, as opposed to female ones, are inclined, but there are many cases discussed in the article when they also cannot be changed. The main criteria are the end of the word and the country of origin of the surname.
The article provides recommendations for declension of Russian and borrowed surnames, provides the basic rules and exceptions to them. The overwhelming majority of standard Russian surnames with suffixes –s / –ev, –in do not cause problems when used in indirect cases, since they have their own declension paradigm, in which there can be endings of both adjectives and nouns. Compare in the masculine gender: I. p. Pushkin Serov red wolf R. p. Pushkin Serov red wolf D.p. Pushkin Serov the red wolf V.p. Pushkin Serov red wolf T. p. Pushkin's red wolf P. p. (o) Pushkin (o) Serov (o) the wolf (o) red Compare in the feminine gender: I.p. Pushkin Serova red crow R. p. Pushkina's Serova crow red D.p. Pushkina Red Crow V. p. Red crow to Pushkin Serov T. p. Pushkina's black gray crow P. p. (o) Pushkina (o) Serova (o) crow (o) red Note. As can be seen from the declension paradigm, Russian surnames in the masculine gender in the instrumental case have the ending -th, like an adjective. They should not be confused with foreign surnames ending in -in, which in the instrumental case have the ending -om, like a noun. Compare: with Alexander Pushkin, but with Charles Darwin. It should be borne in mind that Russian and borrowed surnames can be the same in sound and spelling, for example: Pyotr Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin, which should be taken into account when used in the instrumental case: with Pyotr Chaplin, but with Charlie Chaplin. Further, the rules are formulated and recommendations for the use of non-standard Russian and borrowed surnames are given. SURNAMES IN CONSISTENT The declension of foreign-language and Slavic surnames ending in a consonant sound (in writing they end with a consonant letter, a soft sign, or th), depends on the gender of the person named. If the surname refers to a man, then it declines as a masculine noun of the second declension. Female surnames of this type are not inclined. This rule easily fits into the scheme: Foreign-language and Slavic surnames in a consonant sound (in the letter they end in a consonant, ь or d) For example: I.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai R. p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai D.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai V. p Anna Schmidt Peter Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai T. p. Anna Schmidt Peter Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai P. p. (about) Anna Schmidt (about) Petr Schmidt (about) Roman Zyuze (about) Ivan Gaidai Note
- As can be seen from the diagram, the application of the rule requires knowledge of the gender of the named person. The text or title page of the publication does not always allow a native speaker to take out such information, therefore, in writing and in oral speech, difficulties may arise when using surnames for a consonant. For example, the title page contains the author A. Stol, and the annotation does not contain information about the full name. The reader, not possessing reliable data, cannot correctly form his speech: “I have read the novels of A. Stol (female surname) or A. Stoll (male surname).
- “Outlandish” surnames such as Greben and Astrakhan, homonymous with common nouns, geographical names, names of animals and insects, often cause difficulties in declination. Surnames of this type can be divided into two groups:
- Let's pay special attention to surnames with a fluent vowel such as Malchinki, Kobets. There is no unequivocal answer in the scientific and reference literature. There are two options:
- It is necessary to distinguish between homonymous Russian (as well as Russified) surnames and those borrowed in –ov and –in. For example: Petr Chaplin / Vera Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin / Helen Chaplin, Ivan Flotov / Marina Flotova and Hans Flotov / Helga Flotov. Such surnames differ in the ending of the instrumental case. Russian surnames (as well as Russified ones) in the instrumental case of the masculine gender have the ending –th: Peter Chaplin. The "non-Russian" surname in the instrumental case of the masculine gender has an ending -om: Charlie Chaplin. Women's surnames of this kind are generally not inclined: to approach Helen Chaplin, to meet Helga of the Fleets. Compare: go to Vera Chaplina, meet Marina Flotova.
- Surnames with a vowel (except -а / -я).
- Surnames with a vowel -a.
- Surnames with a vowel -i.
- Surnames per vowel (except -a / -ya)
- Surnames with a vowel -а
- Surnames with a preceding consonant:
- Surnames on non-striking -a.
- Surnames on shock -a.
- Surnames with a preceding vowel and or y.
- If the final unstressed vowel -а is preceded by a consonant (mostly Slavic and Romanesque surnames), then the surname changes according to the first type of declension (like a sister):
- If the final unstressed vowel -а is preceded by a vowel (usually the vowels y or and), then the surname is not declined: Badzagua, Benoit, Valois, Galois, Guatua, Gerua, Gulia, Delacroix, Dondua, Dubois, Luria, Matua, Moravia, Morua, Rurua, Sturua, Todua, Huchua, Eria, Heredia.
- Surnames of French origin are not inclined: novels by Alexandre Dumas, Ferma's theorem, staged by ballet master Petipa, student Anton Koles A.
- Slavic surnames and from Eastern languages \u200b\u200bchange according to the first type of declension:
- Surnames to the vowel -i
- Surnames of French origin with an emphasis on the end are not inclined: the novels of Émile Zola, the ancestors of Henri Troyes.
- All other surnames are inclined to -я:
Ivanov, Ozhegov, Krysin, Lopatin, Bunin, Fonvizin, Green, Zeitlin, Darwin... Male surnames on -ov, -in (Russian and borrowed) declines: ozhegov's dictionary, the story belongs to Bunin, I am waiting for Ivanov, to talk with Krysin about Green.
Borrowed surnames on -ov, -inthat belong foreigners, in the instrumental form, have the ending th (as nouns of the second school declension, for example table, table): theory proposed by Darwin, film directed by Chaplin, book written by Cronin.(Interestingly, the pseudonym is also inclined Greenowned by a Russian writer: the book is written Green.) Homonymous Russian surnames have the ending - th in the form of the instrumental case: with Chaplin (from the dialect word chapla "heron"), with Cronin(from crown).
Shukshina, Ilyina, Petrova, Fedorova, Graudina... Women's surnames on -ina, -ova lean. Surnames type Currant, Pearl incline in two ways, depending on the declension of the male surname (Irina Zhemchuzhina and Irina Zhemchuzhina, Zoya Currant and Zoya Currant).If the male surname is Pearlsthen it is correct: arrival of Irina Zhemchuzhina... If the male surname is Pearlthen it is correct: arrival of Irina Zhemchuzhina (the surname is declined as a common noun pearl).
Okudzhava, Globa, Shcherba, Vaida -and I unstressed tend to lean (songs by Bulat Okudzhava, forecasts by Pavel Globa, films by Andrzej Wajda).
Gamsakhurdia, Beria, Danelia, Pikhoya. Surnames on - ua do not incline: books by Konstantin Gamsakhurdia... In contrast, Georgian surnames on - and I declined: beria's crimes, Danelia's films.Surnames on - oya lean like a noun needles: about Rudolf Pikhoy.
Mitta, Frying pan, Kvasha... Male and female surnames of Slavic origin on -a shock bow (about Alexander Mitte, with Grigory Skovoroda, with Igor Kvasha).
Dumas, Zola, Gavalda... Male and female surnames of French origin on -and I drums don't bend (books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola, Anna Gavald).
Korolenko, Dovzhenko, Shevchenko, Lukashenko, Petrenko.Male and female surnames on -ko do not lean.
Falcone, Gastello, Zhivago, Durnovo, Lando, Dante, Koni. Male and female surnames on -o, -e, -i, -y, -yudo not lean.
Blok, Gaft, Brockhaus, Hasek, Mitskevich, Stirlitz, Dahl, Rosenthal, Hudziy, Macbeth... Male surnames ending in a consonant, whether soft or hard, are inclined (Brockhaus encyclopedia, Mitskevich's poetry, dictionary was written by Dahl).Women's surnames ending in a consonant are not inflected (to Lyubov Dmitrievna Blok, memoirs of Nadezhda Mandelstam).
Black, Red, Twisted... Male and female surnames on -th, -th do not lean.
Kalakutskaya, Kalakutsky, White, White, Thick, Tolstoy... Male and female surnames, which are adjectives in form, are inclined according to the adjective model:
I. p.: Andrey Bely, Tatiana Tolstaya
R. p .: Andrei Bely, Tatiana Tolstoy
D. p .: Andrei Bely, Tatiana Tolstoy
V. p.: Andrey Bely, Tatiana Tolstaya
T. p .: with Andrey Bely, with Tatyana Tolstaya
P. p .: about Andrei Bely, about Tatiana Tolstoy
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