Numeral names. Ordinal and collective numerals
It was formed much later than a noun or an adjective, so linguists do not always clearly qualify individual words as referring specifically to it. The reason for the confusion is some similarity between the formal and between the numeral and other parts of speech.
Definition
A numeral name is a significant part of speech, the categorical meaning of which is an integer, a designation of the number of objects, a fraction, the order of counting. So, whole quantitative numbers - three (at home), five (kopecks), one hundred (friends); fractional - five sixths (paths), one second (glasses), three point eight (percent); ordinal - first (lane), second (turn), sixth (cup).
The morphological features of numerals reflect their grammatical features. Most of the words in this part of speech do not change in gender and number (we will talk about the exceptions later), and the declension of numerals has a number of features. Many of them go back to the case endings of nouns.
As for the sentence, the numerals can act as a subject, predicate, definition, etc. The differentiation of numerals by category also determines their lexical and grammatical compatibility with words of other parts of speech.
Features of declination
The declination of whole numbers is determined by several factors.
- the numeral "one" is inflected as adjectives: one - daddy, one - daddy, one - daddy, one - blue;
- the numerals “two”, “three”, “four” are inclined like adjectives in the plural form: three - green, three - green, three - green, etc .;
- declension of numbers from five to twenty is the same as for nouns of the 3rd declension: five, thirty - night; five, thirty - nights; five, thirty - at night, etc .;
- for the numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, two forms of declension are considered correct: in the nominative and with a zero ending - forty crows and forty nights, in other case forms - with the ending -а: forty liters, about a hundred days, etc.;
- the numeral “thousand” changes according to the pattern of nouns of the 1st declension: thousands - aunts, thousand - aunts, about a thousand - about aunt;
- by the type of nouns in the second declension, the declension of the numerals "million", "billion" is also produced: million - leopard, million - leopard, about a million - about leopard;
- if the numeral is complex, then with declination all its parts change. For example, the declension of cardinal numbers from fifty to eighty is made in accordance with the 3rd declension of nouns: by fifty-six - by the mother, about fifty-six - by the mother;
- in complex names of numerals from two hundred to four hundred, both parts change with declination: two hundred, two hundred, about two hundred, two hundred and twenty, two hundred and twenty, etc .;
- for the correct declension of cardinal numbers from five hundred to nine hundred, you must always change the first part according to the model of nouns of the 3rd declension, and the second forms its own ending. The declension of numbers of this type is as follows: no five hundred rubles, to five hundred rubles, five hundred rubles, about five hundred rubles;
- if they are composite, then all the words of which they consist are inclined: no one hundred and forty-five people, say one hundred and forty-five people, done one hundred forty-five people, talk about one hundred and forty-five people;
- collective numbers also incline according to their own rules: both girls, both girls are absent, go up to both girls, talk about both girls; or: five comrades, to five comrades, with five comrades, about five comrades;
- ordinal numbers, denoting the order of objects when counting, are inclined according to the model of adjectives with a hard and soft base: the first is blue, the first is blue, the first is blue, the first is about blue; the third is blue, the third is blue, the third is blue, the third is about blue. With this algorithm, the declension of ordinal numbers is easy to remember;
- fractional numerals in their declension combine the declension features of whole cardinal numbers and ordinal.
Numeral names are used in the language to lexically denote the number, quantity, or order of items counted. They can be simple (with one stem - two, five), complex (with two stems - twelve, sixty) and compound (represented by several words - one hundred forty seven, four thousand three hundred twenty nine). Depending on the grammatical meaning and lexical use, numbers are subdivided into quantitative, ordinal, collective and fractional.
Compound cardinal numbers answer the question "how much?" and consist of several words written separately, corresponding to the number of significant digits, with the exception of zeros, but with the addition of "thousands", "millions" and other designating the number of words. Cardinal numbers change in cases. Change in numbers and gender is available only for ordinal (seventh, twentieth, thirty-first) numbers.
When declining compound cardinal numbers in cases, all parts change:
I. p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
R. p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
D. p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
V. p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
TV p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
Pr.p. (about) four thousand three hundred twenty five
For the correct declension of compound cardinal numbers, you need to know how their constituent numerals change in case (both simple and complex).
The declension of cardinal numbers does not have a common pattern for all. The numerals "two", "three", "four" are declined according to the type of mixed declension of adjectives:
I. p. two three four
R. p. two, three, four
D. p. two, three, four
V. p. two three four
TV p. two, three, four
Pr.p. (0) two, three, four
Numbers from "five" to "ten" and all those ending in "-did" and "-ty" are inflected in the same way as nouns of the third declension.
I. p. seven, seventeen, seventy
R. p. seven, seventeen, seventy
D. p. seven, seventeen, seventy
V. p. seven, seventeen, seventy
TV p. seven, seventeen, seventy
Pr.p. (oh) seven, seventeen, seventy
Complex cardinal numbers ending in "-ty" change in cases at the level of both bases (seventy).
With the declension of the numeral "eight" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, the fluent vowel "e" falls out (it changes to a soft sign - eight).
Numerals "eight" and all those ending in "-ty" can have two forms of declension: literary (see above) and colloquial (colloquial) - "eight", "fifty", "eighty".
Numerals indicating hundreds (“two hundred”, “three hundred”, “four hundred” and all ending in “-sot”) change in cases in the same way as nouns of the first declension of the plural:
I. p. two hundred, six hundred
R. p. two hundred, six hundred
D. p. two hundred, six hundred
V. p. two hundred, six hundred
TV p. two hundred, six hundred
Pr.p. (about) two hundred, six hundred
Complex cardinal numbers ending in "-sot" change in cases at the level of both bases (six hundred). In colloquial speech, they can be used in a more simplified form - six hundred.
Composite cardinal numbers in colloquial speech gravitate towards a simplified case change. We often hear how the internal foundations stop changing in them ("three thousand three hundred twenty five" - \u200b\u200binstead of the "three thousand three hundred twenty five"). It also happens that only the last element of the compound cardinal number is declined: (c) "three thousand three hundred twenty five" instead of (c) "three thousand three hundred twenty five".
In colloquial speech, the simplified declension of numbers is considered acceptable, in writing it is not. In order not to be mistaken, it is best to immediately correctly change each component of a compound number by case. It is difficult, it requires some language practice, but nothing is impossible in this. Practice on the tables provided, and you will be able to use compound cardinal numbers in the declension you need without any problems.
Name: Declension of numbers.
Numeral - an independent part of speech, denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: How much? Which the? Which one?
Numbers are divided into three lexico-grammatical categories:
1. Collective (both, two, five)
2. Quantitative (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one)
3. Ordinal (first, second, hundredth).
In this case, quantitative numbers include definite quantitative and indefinite quantitative numbers. The first denote a certain number of units (two, four, fifteen, one and a half hundred, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include words a little, a lot, a lot, a little, as well as pronominal numbers a few, how much, how much, how much, so much.
Cardinal numbers denote the actual quantity, and collective - quantity as a set: there are four boys in the room, three have dark hair.
Declension of numbers five, six, seven, eight, nine occurs along the lines of nouns of the third declension (night, shadow)
But: instrumental case: eight and eight.
-teen, such as eleven, twelve, thirty, and others, are declined as follows:
Numbers ending in -ty, such as fifty, sixty, etc., are declined as follows:
But: instrumental case - eighty and eighty
In compound numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts of the word are inclined.
Decline of numbers 40, 90, 100.
Declension of collective numerals both, both
Declension of cardinal numbers
All the words that form them are inclined in compound cardinal numbers, and nouns denoting countable objects, in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, agree with the number in the case.
For example: a series of tutorials with three hundred and sixty-seven drawings.
But: there are three hundred and sixty-seven drawings in the manual (sixty-three drawings).
The word thousand is inflected as a feminine noun in -а; the words million and billion are inflected as masculine nouns with a consonant stem.
Memo:
The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only two forms: forty, ninety, one hundred (i.p., c.p.) and forty, ninety, one hundred (in all other cases). Therefore, it is correct: with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems, and NOT * with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems.
The numeral one and a half has two forms of the nominative case - one and a half (m. And s. P.) And one and a half (f. P.): One and a half liters, one and a half logs, one and a half life. The form of all indirect cases (except for the accusative) is one and a half. That's right: about one and a half days, and NOT * about one and a half days, * one and a half days.
CORRECT: How long is the library open? It works up to so many, NOT * to how many, to so many.
CORRECT: 1,000 employees, 1 million employees, 3,000 employees (etc.), 1,000 employees, 1 million employees, 3,000 employees, 1,000 employees, and 1 thousand employees (etc.).
RIGHT: appeal to twenty-five thousand students, but appeal to twenty-five thousand one hundred students.
For schoolchildren it takes place in the sixth grade. This part of speech is necessary in order to communicate in literal terms the number or order of objects when counting.
To determine the case y, ask him a question. You probably know that there are six cases in a language. They are determined using auxiliary questions: - nominative - who? what?
- genitive case - who? what?
- - to whom? what?
- accusative case - who? what?
- - by whom? than?
- prepositional case - about whom? about what?
Depending on the case, they change their shape. For example, the numbers “two”, “three”, “four” are changed as adjectives. For example, in the genitive case it will be “two”, and in the instrumental case - “two”, in the prepositional case - “about two”.
Try to inflect the number fifty, and you will see that in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, it will have the ending “and”.
Be aware that in compound cardinal numbers all words change form, and in ordinal numbers only the last word. Moreover, it changes as an adjective.
You should remember that in numbers from two hundred to four hundred, denoting round hundreds, the same endings will be observed in different cases as for nouns related to the first declension. This can be seen by using the numeral "" in different cases: - nominative case - four hundred;
- genitive case - four hundred;
- dative case - four hundred;
- accusative case - four hundred;
- instrumental case - four hundred;
- prepositional case - about four hundred.
If you inflect the numbers forty, ninety and one hundred, you will see that they will have either the ending "o" in the nominative and accusative cases, or the ending "a" in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases.
Masculine numerals "both" and feminine numerals "both" change in the same way as adjectives. So in the genitive, accusative and prepositional cases there will be "both", in the dative - "both", and in the instrumental - "both".
Learn to determine the case of numbers. This will allow you to avoid mistakes in writing.
Sources:
- how to change case numbers
Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, which have one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, so to determine the case, you need to ask the correct question for the word being checked.
Instructions
To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word that the noun you are checking refers to - from this the words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs" and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence obeys the word "love." Therefore, you will ask the case question as follows: "I love whom?"
Each of the six cases has its own specific question. So, in the nominative case they answer the question "who?" or "what?" To this case, you can substitute the auxiliary word "is". For example, there is (who?). The question of the genitive case - "who?" or "what?" The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / What?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". Accusative question - "who?" or "what?", and its auxiliary word is "blame." Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom? / By what?" and are combined with the words "created" and "content." Finally,
Declension of cardinal numbers
Examples of cardinal numbers: two, eighteen, one hundred and forty-one.
The declension of the number one depends on the number and gender.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine gender | Neuter gender | Feminine | All kind | |
| AND. | one | one thing | alone | alone |
| R. | one | one | some | |
| D. | one | one | one | |
| IN. | one, one | one thing | one | alone, alone |
| T. | one | one (s) | alone | |
| P. | (about) one | (about) one | (about) some | |
Numeral two - masculine and neuter, numeral two - feminine. The numerals two, two, three, four in relation to inanimate objects in the accusative case have the form of the nominative case, in relation to animate objects - the form of the genitive case. Examples: I see three horses, I see three chairs, I see two cats, I see two phones, I see two cars. The numeral four has the letter ь in the instrumental case - four bme. Let's summarize the rules with a table.
| Case | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AND. | two, two | three | four |
| R. | two | three | four |
| D. | two | three | four |
| IN. | two, two | three, three | four, four |
| T. | two | three | four |
| P. | about two | about three | about four |
Cardinal numbers from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the 3rd declension: in the genitive, dative, prepositional cases the ending -i, in the instrumental case the ending -ju.
| Cases | 5-20 | 30 |
|---|---|---|
| I., V. | five | thirty |
| R., D., P. | five | thirty |
| T. | five | thirty |
It should be remembered that the cardinal numbers forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred have only two forms.
| Cases | 40 | 90 | 100 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I., V. | forty | ninety | hundred | one hundred and fifty |
| R., D., T., P. | magpie | ninety | hundred | half torast |
In numbers from fifty to eighty, from five hundred to nine hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, both parts are inclined. We list them in the table below.
| Case | 50-80 | 200-400 | 500-900 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AND. | fifty | two hundred | five hundred |
| R. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| D. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| IN. | fifty | two hundred | five hundred |
| T. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| P. | about five ten | about two hundred | about five hundred |
In compound cardinal numbers, each word is declined in cases.
Example: 2 537
I. p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
R. p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
D. p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
V. p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
Etc. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
P. p. about two thousand five hundred thirty seven
Declension of ordinal numbers
Examples of ordinal numbers: second, eighteenth, one hundred and forty-first.
Ordinal numbers change by number and gender. This should be taken into account when declining them by cases. In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined. The ending is formed according to the same principle as for relative adjectives.
| Case | 1 | ... | 10 | ... | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| middle river | male b. | female b. | ... | middle river | male b. | female b. | ... | ||||
| AND. | first | 1st | first | 1st | the first | 1st | ... | tenth | tenth | tenth | ... |
| R. | the first | 1st | the first | 1st | the first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| D. | the first | 1st | the first | 1st | the first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| IN. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| T. | first | 1m | first | 1m | the first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| P. | about the first | about the 1st | about the first | about the 1st | about the first | about the 1st | about the tenth | about the tenth | about the tenth | ||
Example: 2 325th
I. p. two thousand three hundred twenty fifth
R. p. two thousand three hundred twenty fifth
...
P. p. about two thousand three hundred twenty-fifth
For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined:
|
Nominative |
|
|
Genitive |
wow |
|
Dative |
one thousand nine hundred and eighty six oh |
|
Accusative |
one thousand nine hundred and eighty six wow(animated) one thousand nine hundred and eighty six oh (inanimate) |
|
Instrumental case |
one thousand nine hundred and eighty six th |
|
Prepositional |
about one thousand nine hundred and eighty six ohm |
If we write down a date with one thousand in words, then we do not write the word one:
A.S. Pushkin was born in one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.
Declension of collective numerals
An example of collective numerals: both, both, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, how many.
Collective numbers are declined in the same way as plural adjectives.
Examples:
I. p. four, how many
...
Etc. four, how many
P. p. about four, about how many
The collective numbers "both" and "both" are inclined differently.
| Case | Male and neuter gender |
Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| AND. | both | both |
| R. | both | both |
| D. | both | both |
| IN. | both, both | both, both |
| T. | both | both |
| P. | about both | about both |
Declension of fractional numbers
Examples of fractional numbers: one second, seven hundredths, one and a half.
A fractional number consists of two parts: the numerator of the fraction (a cardinal number that denotes an integer) and the denominator of a fraction (ordinal). Both parts change in cases in accordance with the declension of cardinal and ordinal numbers. The second part is inclined as an ordinal in the plural: to three-fifths (d.p.), with two-fifths (tv.p.). When denoting quantity, a noun with a fractional numeral is used in the genitive case: from one-seventh of the site, to two-sevenths of the area of \u200b\u200ba rectangle.
It should be remembered that the number one and a half is inclined according to a special rule.
| Case | Masculine gender | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| I., V. | one and a half | one and a half |
| R., D., T., P. | one and a half | one and a half |
In the Ukrainian language, as in Russian, all numerals ( numerators) are divided by meaning and form into quantitative (n "yat, ten) and ordinal (n" yat, ten), and by composition - into simple (visim, one hundred), complex (n "yatty, dev" yatsot) and composite (virgin "yats hundred and thirty seven).
Quantitative numbers are subdivided into fractional (one friend, three p "yatih), collective (twoє, threeє, n" fifteen) and indefinite quantitative (bagato, nebagato, little, a lot, chimalo, spout, decal, kilkadtsat, kilkadejat).
Numeral names are declined in cases (except for the words a little, a lot, chimalo, piv, pivtora (pivtori), pivtorasta).
Forms of gender and number have only separate words: one, one, one and one, one; two (m.r., s.r.), two (f.r.); pivtora (m.r., s.r.), pivtori (f.r.), thousand - thousand, milion - milioni, milliard - milliardi, zero - zero.
In the Ukrainian language, the quantitative meaning can be expressed by other parts of speech, for example, nouns (three, hundred, large), verbs (podvooty, three), adverbs (dichi, trichi).
Declension of the names of the numerals The cardinal numbers in the Ukrainian language are inclined differently.
Number one declension:
| AND. | one | alone | one thing | one |
| R. | one | one | one | some |
| D. | one | one | one | rdnim |
| IN. | one and one | one | one thing | one and one |
| T. | one | one | one | alone |
| P. | (on) one | (on) one | (on) one | (on) some |
Declension of numbers two, three, chotiri:
Declination of numbers 5 - 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80:
| AND. | five | sem | visim |
| R. | n "yati, n" yatoh | seven, smokh | eight, vismoh |
| D. | n "yati, n" yatom | seven, with | eight, eight |
| IN. | n "yat, n" yatoh | сім, сімох | visim, vismoh |
| T. | n "yatmya, n" yatoma | soma, smoma | visma, vismoma |
| P. | (on) n "yati, n" yatoh | (for) seven, smokh | (for) eight, vismokh |
| AND. | eleven | twenty |
| R. | eleven, eleven | twenty, twenty oh |
| D. | eleven, eleventh | twenty, twenty |
| IN. | eleven, eleven | twenty, twenty |
| T. | eleven, eleventh | twenty, twenty |
| P. | (on) eleven, eleven | (on) twenty, twenty oh |
| AND. | n "yatty | seventy |
| R. | n "ten, n" ten | seventy, seventy |
| D. | n "ten, n" ten | seventy, seventy |
| IN. | n "yatty, n" yattyoh | seventy, seventy |
| T. | n "i'm ten, n" i'm ten | seventy, seventy |
| P. | (on) n "ten, n" ten | (at) seventy, seventy |
Decline of numbers 200 - 900:
| AND. | dvіstі | three hundred | chotirista |
| R. | two hundred | three hundred | chotiryohsot |
| D. | two hundred | three hundred | chotiromstam |
| IN. | two, two hundred | three hundred, three hundred | chotirista, chotirhohsot |
| T. | dvomastami | triomastami | chotirmastami |
| P. | (at) two hundred | (on) three hundred | (on) chotiryokhstakh |
| AND. | n "yatsot | dev "yatsot |
| R. | n "yatisot | virgins "yatisot |
| D. | n "yatists | virgins "yatists |
| IN. | n "yatsot | dev "yatsot |
| T. | n "yatmastami, n" yatomastami | virgins "yatmastami, virgins" yatomastami |
| P. | (on) n "yatistakh | (on) virgins "yatistakh |
Ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives. In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is inclined: one hundred and forty n "yatom - one hundred and forty n" yatom, one hundred forty n "yatom. Read the text aloud, using the numbers in the desired case form.
In Ukrainian, with the numerals two, three, chotiri (as well as with compound numerals with the last component two, three, chotiri), nouns are used in the nominative plural: two sini, three scientific, chotiri daughters, two vicna. In Russian, with these numerals, nouns have the form of the genitive singular: two students, three visitors, four stars.
Numbers starting from five in the nominative and accusative cases require the use of nouns in the genitive plural: n "yat siniv, siist videder, sem vidsokiv.
Fractional numbers rule nouns in the form of genitive singular: one tenth of a vidsotka, three quarters of a kilogram.
Remember! Nouns that are plural (eyepieces, doors) are used with collective numerals (double eyepieces, three doors). If it is necessary to indicate a large number of objects (23, 142) for nouns that do not have singular forms, you can use the word piece or use compound numerals not in the nominative - accusative, but in other cases: we bought twenty chotiri pieces in the eyepiece, didn’t finish twenty chotiroh eyepiece.
It’s still quiet when the power is on. Ale sphatku zarestry
On this page you can view the declension of the word "Ukrainian" in both singular and plural cases. Ukrainian word consisting of 10 letters. Declension table "Ukrainian" the case is given below. Through the search, you can find other words you need.
Plural
Singular
It is important to know about the declension of words
Difficulties in the formation of forms of numbers and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.
Most of the numerals are declined in the third declension.
The numeral thousand changes as a noun of the first declension.
The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in indirect cases - forty, one hundred ..
When declining compound ordinal numbers, only their last part changes. Collective numbers (two, three, etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns for baby animals, or only plurals.
Combinations of compound numerals ending in two, three, four, with nouns that do not have a singular form are not allowed. Only combinations such as twenty-one days, twenty-five days are possible.
The pronoun-numeral both have two generic forms: both are masculine and neuter, both are feminine. The same applies to the number one and a half.
Adjectives are a part of speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers the questions what?, What?, What?, What? The adjective is in the same case form, number and gender as the noun on which it depends.
In the singular, adjectives change according to gender and case. The gender of plural adjectives is not defined.
In plural adjectives, gender cannot be determined.
Changing nouns by case is characterized by a change in their endings, which are called case forms. In total, there are six cases in the Russian language, each of which has its own auxiliary question.
The nominative case is called direct (or initial), all others - indirect.
Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by question.
In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be learned from the auxiliary questions to which the circumstances answer.
Video tutorial on the Russian language "Changing personal pronouns by case"
NUMERICAL
3. MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF NUMERICAL
The numeral is a morphologically unique class of words, because it neutralized the grammatical categories of gender and number inherited from nouns and adjectives and remained the exponent of only one grammatical, .. category - the category of case. Having retained the conjugation, the numeral did not lose its connection with the names and thus did not turn into an adverb. However, the case of the numeral has its own specifics in comparison with the category of the case of the noun and adjective. This is manifested primarily in a fairly ramified system of inflection, which is due to the genetic connections of numerals with different groups of words. In the Ukrainian language, only the numeral one and a half - one and a half has lost declension. Dvovidminkovu declension system have the numerals ninety, one hundred, forty. The rest of the case paradigms of numerals refers to three - and chotirividminkovnkh, compare: five, five, five; four, four, four, four.
By the nature of the means of expressing case forms in the word system, nine types of case paradigms are still distinguished, namely: 1) declension of the numeral one (one, one (s), one): 2) declension of the numerals two, three, four; 3) declension of numerals from five to ten and all numerals to radiate i-ten; 4) declension of the numerals forty, ninety, one hundred; 5) declension of two hundred, four hundred and numerals into - hundred; 6) declension of numbers one thousand, one million, myyard; 7) declension of collective numerals; 8) declension of fractional numbers; 9) declension of unassigned-quantitative numerals.
The paradigm of the numeral one (one, one (s), one) includes the following case forms:
| The only thing | Lots of |
||
| People genus - | Wednesday, genus | Husband. genus | |
| N. one | one-o (s) | one | one and |
| G. one | one idea (s) | one-s |
|
| D. one | one-st | one |
|
| C. one or | one-o (s) | one-in | one or one |
| one-oh | |||
| O. one | one-th | one |
|
| M. (on) one (s) | (on) one | one-s |
|
The numeral one (one, one (s), one) is declined as the pronoun one (that, that, those). The genitive and instrumental cases of the singular feminine of the numeral one have parallel forms of one - one, one - the other, which arose under the influence of the haremennik forms of that - that, that - that.
Vidminkov's paradigm of numbers two, three, four covers the following forms:
The only thing
| People - Wednesday, kind | Husband. genus | |||||||
| N. dv-a | dv-i | tr-s | four-and | |||||
| G. dv-oh | tr- "oh | four- "oh | ||||||
| D. dv-ohm | tr- "ohm | chogir- "om | ||||||
| 3.dv-a or dv-oh | two-and or two-oh | tr-s or | four or | |||||
| tr- "oh | four- "oh |
|||||||
| O. dv-ohm | t- "ohma | four-ma | ||||||
| M. (na) dv-oh | (on) tr- "oh | (on) four- "oh | ||||||
The numeral two in the nominative and accusative cases differs by gender (two - the form of the person-environment, gender, two - the form of the feminine gender), in indirect cases there is no difference by gender. In the instrumental case, the numbers two, three have the ending-ohm, the number four - ma.
The accusative form of the numerals two, three, four depends on the meaning of the nouns with which they are used: with the names of inanimate objects, the accusative form is the same as the nominative form, with the names of living things it coincides with the genitive form.
Numerals from five to ten and numerals n-d-d-10 have the following paradigm:
| five | eleven | seventy | ||||||
| five-and (- "oh) | elevens (- "oh) | seventy (- "oh) | ||||||
| five-and (- "ohm) | elevens (- "ohm) | seventy-s (- "ohm) |
||||||
| five or five (- "ooh) | eleven or | seventy or | ||||||
| elevens (- "oh) | seventy (- "oh) | |||||||
| five-ma (- "ohma) | eleven-ma (- "ohm) eleven-s (-" oh) | seventy-ma (- "ohma) | ||||||
| (on) heels (- "oh) | seventy (- "oh) | |||||||
This type of paradigm unites the largest number of numerals. Its characteristic feature is the presence of two subsystems of forms - the primary forms of the generic, dalal and local cases in-s and secondary, developed under the influence of the numerals two, three, four, forms-oh, -om. In the instrumental case, only secondary forms are used with two varieties of endings - -ma and-ohma.
The paradigm of the numerals forty, ninety, one hundred is most of the same type, because it includes only two different endings: one for the nominative - accusative case, the second - for indirect cases - genitive, dative, instrumental and local.
| N. forty | ninety | hundred |
| G. forty | ninety | hundred |
| D. forty | ninety | hundred |
| S. forty | ninety | hundred |
| O. magpie | ninety | hundred |
| M. (at) forty | (at) ninety | (on) one hundred |
The paradigm of numbers two hundred, four hundred and numbers on - honeycomb is realized in the following forms:
| N. two hundred | four hundred | nine hundred |
| G. two hundred | four hundred | nine hundred |
| D. two hundred | four hundred | virgins "yatists |
| S. two hundred | four hundred | nine hundred |
| About two hundred | four hundred | virgins "yatmasty maidens" yatomastami |
| M. (at) two hundred | (on) four hundred | (on) virgins "yatistakh |
In this paradigm of numerals, both parts are declined, and the first part of the numerals from five hundred to nine hundred can be used in both case forms - forms in-s and-oh, -oh.
The numerals one thousand, million, billion, zero are declined as the corresponding nouns, in particular, thousand - as a noun of the first declension of a mixed group; million, billion - as solid group nouns of the second declension; zero - as a noun of the second declension of the soft group.
| N. thousand | million | zero |
| G. thousand-and | a million | n-i |
| D. thousand-and | million-s (-ove) | n-yu (-avi) |
| Z. thousand-in | million | zero |
| Oh thousand to her | millionth | zero |
| M. (for) thousand | (by) a million | n-and |
In the vidmіnkovіy paradigm of collective numerals, the following forms are distinguished:
| N. two-e | five | offend-a, about] -e, offend-and |
| G. dv-oh | friday- "oh | ooh |
| D. dv-ohm | fifth- "ohm | about |
| 3. two-e or two-oh | n "yater-o or py-" ooh | offend-a or odo "\\ - e, insult-i or o-oh |
| 0.dv-ohm | five-th, - "ohma | oh-ohm |
| M. (na) dv-oh | (on) heel- "oh | (on) oh-oh |
The collective numerals in indirect cases have the forms of the corresponding cardinal numbers, and in the numbers five - twenty and thirty they coincide with the secondary forms of the corresponding cardinal numbers. Numerals both, both, both declined like the numeral two, losing in indirect cases the indicators of genus.
Fractional numerals, which are analytical in their structure, are inclined according to two paradigms: the first component is actually numerical, the second component is primetnikov.
fifth and twelve
Z. tr-s som-s
five twelve
O. tr- "ohma syom-yi
five-ma twelve
M. (na) tr- "oh shyom oh
(on) heels and twelve
The words of unassigned-quantitative numerals are variegated, because a small number of these conjugated lexemes form three paradigms, namely: several, several are conjugated like the numeral two; a lot, a little - like the number three; a few, a hundred, a few dozen - like the number five. Unsigned-quantitative numerals are few, many, many - generally unchangeable lexemes.
| N. kolich-a | many | some |
| G. kolich-oh | many- "oh | kilkanadtsyat-s (- "oh) |
| D. quantity | many- "ohm | kilkanadtsyat-s (- "ohm) |
| S. kolich-a, -oh | many- "oh | several, kilkanadtsyat-s (- "oh) |
| O. kolich-ohm | bonfire-ma | a few-ma (- "ohma) |
| M. (on) count-oh | (on) many- "oh | (on) kіlkanadtsyat-s (- "oh) |
In compound numerals, each component is inclined according to general paradigmatic features, compare:
N. st.-seventy six
G. st-a seventy-s (- "oh) pole-s (-" oh)
D. st-a seventy-s (- "ohm) pole-s (-" ohm)
Z. art-seventy six
O. st-a seventy-ma (- "ohm) six-ma (-" ohm)
M. (na) st-a seventy-s (- "oh) pole-s (-" oh)
Difficulties in the formation of forms of numbers and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.
1. The norm of the literary language is the declension of each word and each part in compound and complex quantitative numbers. In oral speech, the loss of declension by all parts except the last is regular.
Wed: the norm is the form: with five hundred sixty-three rubles, in oral speech, it is typical - with five hundred and sixty-three rubles.
Note,that the loss of declension of each part, except for the last, is not allowed by the literary norm!
In addition, it should be remembered that the main part of the numbers is declined in the third declension.
The numeral thousand changes like a noun of the first declension (in common parlance, its illegal declension according to the third type is often found: with a thousand instead of normative with a thousand).
The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in indirect cases - forty, one hundred, but as part of complex numbers hundred inclines according to the archaic declension: about three hundred, with three hundred.
2. When declining compound ordinal numbers only the last part of them changes. It is this part that has the form of an ordinal number, which coincides with the form of full adjectives. The rest of the parts are in the form of cardinal numbers, but do not change!
Wed: one thousand nine hundred and forty-one - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three years - until two thousand and three.
3. Collective numerals ( two, three and so on) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting baby animals, or only plural:
two men, two guys, two kittens, two scissors.
In other cases, the use of collective numerals in the literary language is unacceptable.
Also, keep in mind that collective numbers only express numbers between two and ten! Therefore, when indicating the number of more than ten males, baby animals, quantitative numbers should be used:
twelve friends, forty-five cubs.
Special attention should be paid to designate the number of more than ten for those nouns that do not have the singular form.
Combinations of compound numerals ending in two three four, with non-singular nouns ( 22 days - twenty two days) are unacceptable in literary speech. Only combinations of type are possible twenty one days, twenty five days... If it is necessary to indicate the corresponding number, it is necessary to replace a noun that does not have the singular form with a synonymous one that has both forms of the number ( twenty two days). With nouns scissors, tongs etc. words like thing and etc. ( twenty three pieces of scissors).
4. The pronoun-numeral both has two generic forms: both (not wallpaper!) - masculine and neuter, both - feminine: in both states, in both countries... The same applies to the number one and a half ( one and a half rubles, one and a half thousand). In addition, in indirect cases, this number has the form one and a half(about one and a half thousand rubles). A similar form in indirect cases has the numeral one and a half hundred ( about one and a half rubles).
5. Collocations "Numeral plus noun" behave differently in the nominative and indirect cases.
In the nominative case, the numeral controls the genitive case of the noun (give fifty-five rubles).
In indirect cases, the noun becomes the main word, and the numeral agrees with it ( about fifty-five rubles). In common parlance, a frequent error is when the noun is also placed in the genitive case in indirect cases ( about fifty five rubles). In the literary language, such control is unacceptable!
Numerals thousand, million, billion in all cases retain control of the dependent noun in the genitive case: million rubles, about a million rubles.
6. The use of the singular or plural forms of the noun depends on the following conditions.
With numerals one two three four the singular form is used ( two days, four apples), for numerals from five onwards, the noun is put in the plural form ( five days).
The number one and a half in the nominative and accusative cases governs the noun in the singular, and in the rest of the cases, the noun is in the plural form ( an hour and a half - about an hour and a half). The same applies to the numeral one and a half hundred.
- Nominative: five.
- Genitive case: five.
- Dative case: five.
- Accusative: five.
- Instrumental case: five.
- Prepositional (about) five.
Declination of compound cardinal numbers
Compound numbers are numbers that consist of two roots ("eleven", "fifty", ""). The declension of these numerals has the following features: for numerals ending in "-detny" only endings, and for numbers ending in "-ty", "-sot" (the latter include "", "three hundred", "") are declined in a series cases both roots. In detail:- Nominative case: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Genitive case: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Dative case: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Accusative: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Instrumental case: fifteen; ; seven hundred.
- Prepositional (about) fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
Features of the declension of some numerals
Numerals such as “forty”, “” and “one hundred” have only two forms of declension: “forty”, “ninety”, “one hundred” (ip, vp); "", "Ninety", "hundred" (in other cases).The declensions of the collective numerals "both", "both", "four" (and others), as well as the words "two", "three", "four" look like this:
- Nominative case: both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Genitive case: two; three; four; both; both; four; two; three; four
- Dative case: both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Accusative: (whom?) Both; both; four; two; three; four; (what?) both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Instrumental case: both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Prepositional (oh, oh) both; both; four; two; three; four.
Also keep in mind that in compound numbers consisting of several words (for example: "one hundred and thirty-one"), all words must be declined.
Name: Declension of numbers.
Numeral - an independent part of speech, denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: How much? Which the? Which one?
Numbers are divided into three lexico-grammatical categories:
1. Collective (both, two, five)
2. Quantitative (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one)
3. Ordinal (first, second, hundredth).
In this case, quantitative numbers include definite quantitative and indefinite quantitative numbers. The first denote a certain number of units (two, four, fifteen, one and a half hundred, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include words a little, a lot, a lot, a little, as well as pronominal numbers a few, how much, how much, how much, so much.
Cardinal numbers denote the actual quantity, and collective - quantity as a set: there are four boys in the room, three have dark hair.
Declension of numbers five, six, seven, eight, nine occurs along the lines of nouns of the third declension (night, shadow)
But: instrumental case: eight and eight.
-teen, such as eleven, twelve, thirty, and others, are declined as follows:
Numbers ending in -ty, such as fifty, sixty, etc., are declined as follows:
But: instrumental case - eighty and eighty
In compound numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts of the word are inclined.
Decline of numbers 40, 90, 100.
Declension of collective numerals both, both
Declension of cardinal numbers
All the words that form them are inclined in compound cardinal numbers, and nouns denoting countable objects, in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, agree with the number in the case.
For example: a series of tutorials with three hundred and sixty-seven drawings.
But: there are three hundred and sixty-seven drawings in the manual (sixty-three drawings).
The word thousand is inflected as a feminine noun in -а; the words million and billion are inflected as masculine nouns with a consonant stem.
Memo:
The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only two forms: forty, ninety, one hundred (i.p., c.p.) and forty, ninety, one hundred (in all other cases). Therefore, it is correct: with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems, and NOT * with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems.
The numeral one and a half has two forms of the nominative case - one and a half (m. And s. P.) And one and a half (f. P.): One and a half liters, one and a half logs, one and a half life. The form of all indirect cases (except for the accusative) is one and a half. That's right: about one and a half days, and NOT * about one and a half days, * one and a half days.
CORRECT: How long is the library open? It works up to so many, NOT * to how many, to so many.
CORRECT: 1,000 employees, 1 million employees, 3,000 employees (etc.), 1,000 employees, 1 million employees, 3,000 employees, 1,000 employees, and 1 thousand employees (etc.).
RIGHT: appeal to twenty-five thousand students, but appeal to twenty-five thousand one hundred students.
Such a part of speech as the numeral often causes difficulties even for native speakers, let alone those who study Russian as a foreign language. Special problems begin with the declension of ordinal numbers, denoting three- or four-digit complex numbers: even very educated people who do not have problems in spelling and word formation can get confused here. Imagine a phrase like: "We went on a hike with two thousand three hundred twenty-eight pairs of socks" - it's hard even to say it out loud, let alone quickly and competently choose the right word forms!
Numeral as part of speech
A numeral name is an independent part of speech that can play the role of a major or minor member of a sentence. Answers the questions "How much?" "Which?", And in the case of one-root adjectives like "eight-story", "four-stroke", the question is asked "What?"
May mean:
- quantity;
- number of items;
- order of items when counting.
The category of case is inherent in this part of speech: in a sentence it always appears in the form of one of them. The main difficulty in declension of numerals is that there is no single model for the formation of case word forms. It is necessary either to know by heart all types of declension (namely declensions, conjugations in verbs!) And be able to apply them in practice, or to inflect numbers by case online, which many sites are now able to help with.
Since there are a lot of types and word forms, many begin to get confused, cannot correctly determine the case ending, use the wrong form of the case, try to decline the cardinal number as ordinal and vice versa.
General theory of declension of numerals
It is clear from the introductory part of the article that there is no single model for the formation of word forms. If you look at the 1990 edition of the Russian Grammar, you can find two types of declension of the numeral name: the substantive type of declension (it is similar to the declension in the cases of nouns) and the adjective type of declension (inherent in adjectives).
According to the first (substantive) model, we decline:
The use of the second The (adjective) model is used to change:
- Cardinal numbers one, two, three, four;
- Ordinal numerators;
- Collective (including "both" and "both") and indefinite quantitative numbers.
Selected declination patterns
It is necessary to separately consider the formation of word forms of ordinal, quantitative, collective and fractional numbers. The tables in textbooks can only help to a certain extent in mastering the rules for declension of numbers by cases, since there are a lot of options for the formation of case word forms.
Numeral one has three genus variations: one, one, one; its form of declension is similar to the paradigm of the adjective singular. numbers like "favorite (oh, oh) - favorite (oh, oh)".
Numeral two has the feminine form "two" (the neuter form is equal to the masculine form) and bends like an adjective in the plural (two blacks - two blacks, etc.), in exactly the same way the case word forms of numerators are formed three and four.
Important! In the accusative case of cardinal numbers from one to four, the ending often depends on the inanimate or animate nature of the object to which the number is attached. In the case of animation, the accusative case is formed according to the genitive case model, in the case of inanimateness - according to the nominative case model. Example: “I see two cups”, but “I see two cats”; "I see four cardinal directions", but "I see four horsemen".
Numerals from five to tenas well as on -teen and -ty have the same declension form as nouns such as power, rags (3rd declension of a noun).
Formation of word forms:
- them. and in. p .: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- genus, date, offer p .: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- tv.p .; six, ten, thirteen, thirty.
The instrumental case of the word "eight" is in the form of "eight", not "eight", with which foreign students often get confused.
Important! In cardinal numbers denoting two-digit numbers and ending in -ty, two endings in the word form: both parts change in a compound word. Example: sixty AND sixty.
Words with a special form of declension - one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred - only two endings:
- them. and in. p .: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred;
- genus., date., tv., offer. p.: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred.
Formation of case word forms in numerators two hundred four hundred, five hundred nine hundred based on the two-part nature of these words. Conventionally, they can be divided into two parts (three-hundred, five-hundred), and each of these parts inclines in its own way (three-hundred, three-hundred; five-hundred, five-hundred).
Understand the formation of word paradigms thousand and million not difficult - it occurs by analogy with the formation of case word forms of nouns of the first (feminine to -a) and second (masculine to consonant) declension, respectively.
In complex cardinal numbers by declension each word changes. For example: two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven, two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven). Knowing this rule is very important as it will help you cope, for example, with the writing of amounts on a receipt.
Important! The category of animate / inanimate does not apply to the accusative case of numerals from five. Example: I see forty (one hundred) cups, I see forty (one hundred) cats. In an atypical number one and a half, the case declension takes into account the gender of the main noun in the phrase: one and a half glasses, BUT one and a half cups.
Declension of fractional numbers
A fractional numerator consists of three conventional parts - an integer part (which is omitted for numbers denoting regular fractions and irregular fractions), a numerator and a denominator. When changing in cases, all parts are inclined: eight point nine tenths, eight point nine tenths. Words one or two are used exclusively in the feminine gender, both in the whole part and in the numerator: one point two tenths, two whole one second.
Ordinal and collective
The formation of case word forms of ordinal numbers (like the first, third, eighth) occurs according to the same principle as for adjectives in the plural form (first-first \u003d bold-bold). In this case, do not forget about the gender category, which also has a meaning for words of this type (eighth - eighth - eighth). When forming compound and complex ordinal numbers, only the last word, the last root (one hundred twenty-second, eightieth) is declined.
By the same adjective type, case endings are formed in collective numerals (two, three, seven - two, three, seven) and words both and both.
Despite the above set of rules, the declension of this part of speech was and remains one of the most difficult topics of Russian grammar - even literate native speakers sometimes cannot name some of the forms. It is noteworthy that paradigms differ not only depending on the words, but also depending on the type of speech (written or oral). It is all the more important to always be able to check yourself either in a dictionary or on the Internet.
The declension of numbers is one of the most problematic topics in Russian grammar. Even literate writers and journalists sometimes make mistakes when using this part of speech. A numeral name is an independent part of speech that denotes a quantity, a number or a counted community. Numerals answer the questions: "how much" and "which". Numerals are classified into quantitative (three, two hundred forty eight), ordinal (eighth, five hundredth) and collective (five, three). Quantitative means how many objects to be counted in total, and ordinal means their number. Numbers are declined, but do not change in gender and number. The declension of numbers is a topic where it is very easy to make a mistake. And it looks very ugly, so let's figure it out.
Rules for declension of cardinal numbers:
The numeral "one" (1) declines in the same way as the adjective, solasizing with the main word in case and gender (ip - one, rp - one, dp - one, cp - one, etc. - one and pp - about one). For nouns that are only plural, the number "one" is inflected in the plural.
Four (4), two (2) and three (3) have specific forms in indirect cases: two, three and four, two, three and four, two, three and four and two, three and four.
Numbers from 5 (five) to 20 (twenty) are declined in the same way as the noun "steppe" (3 declensions). That is, r.p. - five, d.p. - five, vp - five, etc. - five and p.p. - about five and, for example, etc. - thirteen, r.p. - thirteen, d.p. - thirteen, vp - thirteen, etc. - thirteen, p.p. about thirteen.
The declension features are the numerals forty (40), ninety (90) and one hundred (100). In the nominative and accusative cases, these words have the forms one hundred, forty and ninety, and in the other, indirect, cases - one hundred, forty and ninety.
The declension of the numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred occurs as follows: each part of the word changes its form separately, although they are written together. For example, the numeral "four hundred" in order will change as follows: four hundred, four hundred, four hundred, four hundred, about four hundred. These numbers are complex and have two endings. The declension of the numerals of composite quantitative occurs in a similar way - each word changes. For example, 124: one hundred twenty four, one hundred twenty four, one hundred twenty four, one hundred twenty four, about one hundred twenty four.
Declension of ordinal numbers
The declension of ordinal numbers is similar to the declension of adjectives, because they strongly resemble adjectives in form.
Declension of collective numerals
Collective numerals, denoting the recounted community of someone or something, are formed from the cardinal numerals using the suffixes -ep- (four) and -oi- (two): (four wolves, two friends). They are used with nouns that denote males, babies, or only plurals. Collective numbers can be inflected in the same way as plural adjectives: five, five, five, five, five, and about five. In a sentence, the collective numeral together with the noun are one member of the sentence.
Numerals are quantitative (number of objects), ordinal (number when counting) and collective (generality of objects).
For complex and compound numbers, each of the parts is declined, and for complex numbers, two endings are obtained.