Famous orators of antiquity. Great Russian orators and rhetoric

Oratory, which originated in the ancient world, is still one of the most effective ways to influence the audience today. Perhaps, politicians and lawyers use it more often than others. Russian-speaking lawyer Yashar Yakobi, who was included by the 10 Israeli TV channel in the rating of the best lawyers in Israel for a large number of acquittals, believes that the importance of rhetoric in his profession cannot be overestimated. Today he talks about history's greatest orators and gives a short "master class" on the art of public speaking.

The great ones - about the secrets and goals of eloquence

Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, became the author of one of the first textbooks on rhetoric, which he defined as the art of persuasion based on the "three whales": the moral qualities of the speaker, the quality of speech itself, the mood of the audience.

Another ancient thinker, Socrates, believed that the main task of true eloquence is to establish the truth, and not the ability of the orator to convince the audience of anything. Socrates told his students that one should always start a speech with an introduction, then it is necessary to present the material, then give evidence, and then draw plausible conclusions.

Demosthenes, a disciple of Socrates, is considered an example of overcoming one's shortcomings through hard work. This man, tongue-tied, with a weak voice and short breathing, as well as the habit of twitching his shoulder during speech, became an outstanding orator thanks to his work on himself: in particular, he developed diction by stuffing his mouth with pebbles, and a sword suspended from the habit of raising his shoulder to the ceiling.

Mark Antony, an ancient Roman politician and military leader, went down in history, among other things, thanks to his speech at the funeral of the murdered Caesar. Speech about the merits of Caesar and about the oath given to him by Roman citizens, caused among the people a desire to take revenge on the murderers. In delivering his speech, Mark Antony showed the people Caesar's bloody toga - a prototype of visual agitation.

One of the leaders of the French Revolution, Count Honore Mirabeau, impressed the audience with the contrast between his almost ugly appearance and his deep, sonorous and powerful voice. Mirabeau masterfully mastered the art of intonation and gesture. It is believed that he wrote all his speeches in advance, but the public took his performances for brilliant improvisations.

Mikhail Lomonosov is considered the founder of oratory in Russia. He made sure that subjects in higher educational institutions of that time were taught in Russian. It was then that public speaking in Russian became widespread.

Lawyer Fyodor Plevako is considered one of the most prominent Russian speakers. In 1864, a judicial reform was carried out in Russia, which resulted in the introduction of the jury and the legal profession. Public contests in oratory began between representatives of the prosecution and the defense. Plevako's first court speeches immediately revealed a huge oratorical talent. He countered the harsh attacks with well-founded objections, calm tone and rigorous analysis of evidence.

Fyodor Plevako. Photo: Wikipedia

On August 28, 1963, American human rights activist and preacher Martin Luther King delivered the “I Have a Dream” speech on equality between blacks and whites, considered a masterpiece of public speaking. Its style is reminiscent of a Negro Baptist sermon. The American public speaking community recognized this speech as the best speech of the 20th century.

On June 12, 2005, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs gave a speech "Stay Hungry, Stay Reckless" to Stanford University alumni. This speech was literally immediately recognized as legendary and classic, it was included in the lists of the most outstanding speeches. It has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.5 million times.

Steve Jobs. Photo: Getty Images

6 principles of public speaking

Don't think about yourself

Focus on what really excites you, not your excitement.

Become a leader

Do not follow the lead of the audience by answering inappropriate questions or intimidated by every gaze of the audience. Strictly follow the plan you set out.

Yashar Jacobi

Amaze your audience

For this purpose, a variety of means are suitable: joke, give interesting facts, make unexpected pauses or unexpectedly "turn on" the volume. Actively use gestures, facial expressions, move if possible.

Become an actor

Of course, following this advice is not easy, but it should be remembered that the people gathered in the hall will always prefer an interesting show to a boring lecture.

The listener is always right

Make no claims to the public. If the audience is bored, the speaker is to blame. Be grateful for the people who are taking their time to listen to you.

Don't overuse your time

Try to exhaust the topic before the audience runs out of patience.

Follow these rules, they are unlikely to make you Demosthenes or Steve Jobs, but they can teach you how to achieve your goals with the help of eloquence, says Yashar Jacobi.

Oratory has played a large role at all times. People with these skills are credible, famous, and can be successful in social activities. Useful knowledge is especially needed by politicians, journalists and marketers. The ability to beautifully and logically state your arguments can be useful in everyday life. At different times, people appeared who became famous in this area and went down in history.

Famous speakers of ancient times

Oratory appeared in ancient Greece. Then rhetoric appeared with a whole set of rules and secrets of public speaking. There was such a science in Assyria, Babylon and Egypt. But classical eloquence originated precisely in Hellas. The fate of the ancient Greeks was largely determined by the ability to beautifully express one's thoughts. It was the main indicator of a person's education and a necessary skill for a lawyer and politician. The sophists appeared in the 5th century BC. They were eloquence teachers, helping to learn how to conduct public discussions. Of the famous orators of those times, Demosthenes, Aristotle, Cicero and Lysias are worth noting.

Demosthenes

One of the greatest orators of Greece was Demosthenes. He was noticed during the first speech in court. He studied with Iseus of Athens, and as an example to follow, he chose Pericles, a famous master of eloquence. In those days, beautiful speeches were not enough for the public. She expected an unusual and theatrical presentation with a posed voice and gestures. Demosthenes had problems with his voice and trained a lot. He gave diction, typing pebbles in his mouth. To develop breathing, he recited poetry, climbing the mountains. And he rehearsed speeches in the sound of the surf. Thanks to his persistence, he achieved colossal success.

Cicero

Another outstanding master of oratory in Greece was Mark Tullius Cicero. He came from a poor and simple family, but had a great sense of purpose and a thirst for success. Oratorical talent helped him become consul and enter the Senate. His teachers were Lucius Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony. Cicero studied Greek literature and left behind him significant literary works.

Fox

Lysias was a remarkable judicial orator of antiquity. His speeches were remembered for their originality and brightness. He carefully prepared speeches and worked on each part of the text. Lysis's speeches were distinguished by their brevity and some degree of irony, which pleased the audience. Many of the court's orators followed his method.

Gorgias

One of the famous sophists was Gorgias of Leontina. He was considered a talented rhetorician and theorist. Gorgias traveled extensively and became famous for his outstanding performances.

The famous speaker worked hard on the style. He owns the technique of Gorgian figures, which give expressiveness to speech.

Representatives of off-beat rhetoric

Many of the greatest speakers in foreign countries are worth noting. These are famous politicians and public figures.

Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of America. He became famous for his unique eloquence. He came from a poor family, but from childhood he showed an interest in learning. Lincoln received his law degree and first became known as a skilled storyteller. People came from afar to listen to him. His famous Gettysburg speech went down in history. The President spent a long time preparing his speeches. And he took this process very seriously.

Churchill

Winston Churchill is known as the Prime Minister of Great Britain. But he was also a writer and journalist and even a Nobel laureate in literature. He remained in history as a great orator. His performances were characterized by emotionality and dedication to ideas. Churchill spent a lot of time on technology.

Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King was an excellent public speaker, Baptist preacher, and leader of the Black Rights movement. His teacher was Mahatma Gandhi, whom he admired. In one year, he made more than 230 speeches during his trip around the country, during which he tried to convey the words of freedom and peace to people.

Domestic speakers

Many famous speakers were born in Russia. Of the true masters of eloquence, Trotsky, Koni and Putin are worth noting.

Horses

Anatoly Fedorovich Koni was a lawyer and public figure in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His speeches were distinguished by their integrity and morality in the conduct of trials. Koni's speech was not monotonous. They were original, emotional and lively. He believed that speakers should be fair and defend the truth. A skilful orator knew how to correctly combine feelings and facts.

Horses observed the rules of honor, possessed high moral qualities and had a good command of the art of eloquence.

Trotsky

One of the famous orators of the 20th century was Lev Davidovich Trotsky. He had a good timbre of voice and made clear and clear speeches. He was an active public figure with great intellectual abilities. Trotsky's speeches were short and logical. He had the ability to convince people and had many associates. He was especially remembered for his political speeches.

Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is also a famous speaker of the 20th century. His speeches were understandable and accessible to any person from the people. He had a unique flair for the mood of other people and can interest everyone. During his speeches, he used a dialogue with the people.

Lenin used directed hand gestures, and his speeches were specific and laconic. This public figure had a charisma that attracted people. His speech was analyzed for quotes and published in newspapers.

Putin

In the modern world, one of the famous political speakers is Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. His speeches are light and contain no unnecessary information. He uses a little humor in his speeches. Gesturing is smooth and does not distract attention to yourself.

This politician is known for his calmness and restraint when communicating with colleagues or with the people. Many speeches are structured as dialogues. Answers to questions are clear and to the point.

Zhirinovsky

Vladimir Volfovich's speeches are characterized by emotionality and bright colors. Some performances are unpredictable and even tinged with some aggressiveness. His messages to the people often resemble a thoughtful performance and a captivating show. He has the ability in his own words to influence the interlocutors and uses active gestures.

Zhirinovsky is distinguished by bright charisma. Recently, he has shown himself not only as a wonderful speaker, but also as an intelligent politician. He deftly participates in disputes and skillfully refutes the arguments of his opponents.

It is difficult to answer the question who is the best speaker of all time. But one thing is for sure, each of them has a lot to learn.

The history of eloquence begins in Ancient Greece. Oratory was known in Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon, but in the form in which we know it, eloquence appeared in Hellas. The success and career of a Hellenic depended on his ability to speak beautifully: public speaking was the main weapon of a politician and a lawyer, they were used to judge a person's education. Therefore, already in the first half of the 5th century BC. appeared sophists - paid teachers of eloquence who conduct public debate. Sophists were the first to begin recording oratorical speeches, which until then existed only in oral form.

Gorgias of Leontina

One of the most famous orators of antiquity, Gorgias of Leontina, belonged to the sophists. He was not only a practitioner - a skilled rhetorician who taught young men from wealthy families to make speeches and conduct discussions. Gorgias was also a theorist. Traveling around Hellas, he became famous for his successful performances. He persuaded the Athenians to provide military assistance to their compatriots, and during another protest - to act together against the barbarians. This speech, given at Olympia, made Gorgias famous. Gorgias paid great attention to style. He developed and applied "Gorgian figures" - rhetorical devices that gave poetic expression to speech. For his time, Gorgias was a great innovator: he used metaphors and comparisons, symmetrical construction of phrases, the same endings of sentences to increase persuasiveness. Not many direct advice from Gorgias has survived to this day: "Refute serious arguments with a joke, jokes with seriousness." As you can see, the Greeks no longer liked orators who were too serious, unable to decorate their speech with a good joke.

Demosthenes

A little later, Demosthenes lived - he is rightfully called the greatest Greek orator. Demosthenes attracted attention by appearing in court: the young man's guardians squandered his father's fortune, and Demosthenes sought a refund. He managed to regain only a small part of himself, but skillful speeches at court sessions did not go unnoticed. Demosthenes dreamed of glory, he studied with the outstanding Iseus of Athens, and as an example he took Pericles - "the father of Athenian democracy", a commander and master of eloquence. During the time of Demosthenes, the Athenian public was spoiled by public speaking, the audience was sophisticated. They expected from the audience not only the beauty of the style and the deep content of the speeches, but also a beautiful, almost theatrical presentation: a gesture, facial expressions. By nature, Demosthenes could not boast of outstanding data: he had a short breath, a weak voice. He also had a habit of twitching his shoulder nervously. To overcome these shortcomings, Demosthenes used a technique well known to everyone who gave diction: he spoke with pebbles in his mouth. To make his voice stronger, he rehearsed speeches on the seashore: the noise of the sea replaced the noise of the crowd. And to develop breathing, I read poets, climbing steep paths. He practiced facial expressions in front of the mirror. As a result, with persistence, he overcame his shortcomings, and although the very first speeches of Demosthenes were not successful, he did not give up and subsequently made a brilliant political career.

Mark Tullius Cicero

Greece has become the birthplace of oratory and has given the world many outstanding speakers. This was demanded by the very way of life of the Hellenes. But the baton of eloquence was successfully picked up by Rome, which borrowed a lot from Hellas. One of the prominent rhetoricians of Rome was Mark Tullius Cicero. Cicero owes his dizzying career solely to his own perseverance and oratorical talent. He came from a modest, ignoble family and from birth had very modest opportunities to become an influential person. However, thanks to his oratorical talent, he entered the Senate and became consul. You can learn from Cicero yourself: he left a great literary legacy that has survived to this day, and his letters formed the basis of European epistolary literature. Before becoming famous and receiving recognition, Cicero studied Greek poets and prose writers - he was fluent in the Greek language. His teachers were great rhetoricians: Mark Antony and Lucius Licinius Crassus. Since at the time of Cicero it was necessary to know Roman law well, the future consul studied it with Quintus Mucius Scovola, the most popular lawyer of his time. The first success for Cicero was brought by the speech "In Defense of Quinctius" - it was written and delivered to return the illegally seized property. His second famous speech also defended the unlawfully offended: a native of the province of Roscia, who was unjustly accused of parricide. In this case, Cicero proved to be not only a brilliant orator, but also a real detective: he took the trouble to personally visit the crime scene and investigate the circumstances. Cicero's speeches were built according to all the rules of the rhetoric of the time: they included direct appeals on behalf of the accused and refutation of the arguments of the prosecution.

Abraham Lincoln

Oratory helped to make a brilliant career not only in the distant days of the Roman consuls and legionnaires. The sixteenth president of the United States and America's national hero, Abraham Lincoln also owes much to his eloquence. Although he was born into a poor family, from childhood he was drawn to education and received a law degree. Long before becoming president, Lincoln became famous as an oral storyteller - people came to listen to his stories even from afar. And the Gettysburg Speech, delivered by him at the opening of the National Soldiers' Cemetery, went down in history as one of the greatest speeches in the history of the United States. Lincoln was serious about preparing his public appearances. He pondered and prepared each speech for a long time, did not hesitate to discuss his own ideas at every opportunity and was attentive to criticism. This allowed him to find brilliant arguments in defense of his position.

Winston Churchill

Churchill is a journalist, writer and Nobel laureate for literature, but we remember him as the Prime Minister of Great Britain. It was he who held this responsible post for most of the period of the Second World War. Winston Churchill went down in history as an unrivaled speaker. Churchill attached great importance to the emotionality of speech and the speaker's devotion to his own ideas: how can you convince others if you yourself do not believe your own words? But he attached no less importance to technology. Churchill appreciated simplicity and rejected everything that was too complicated, pretentious, which would prevent the audience from grasping the essence. He believed that “short words are the best,” and you can learn from him to simplify your own speeches by making them clear.

Russian speakers

In Russian history, Vladimir Lenin became famous as a brilliant orator - the leader of the proletariat, although he did not possess impeccable diction and the delivered speech of the announcer, had his own style that won the hearts of people. First, Lenin would agree with Churchill when it comes to emotionality and devotion to ideas. He was famous for his passion, obsession with his own ideas, as well as expression. He who burns himself can kindle the hearts of others. At the same time, Lenin remained laconic in his speeches. He addressed the audience simply, without unnecessary pathos, creating the illusion of communication on equal terms. Another prominent speaker of Russia is Leon Trotsky. Political opponents feared the influence that Trotsky knew how to exert on his listeners. At that time there were no speechwriters, and politicians wrote speeches on their own: Trotsky's speeches were consistent, logically verified, but at the same time emotionally charged. If you want to have an example of a contemporary before your eyes, watch Vladimir Zhirinovsky. The odious politician is famous for being impossible to argue with him. I do not recommend imitating his defiant manner of speaking, but pay attention to his truly encyclopedic knowledge and how cleverly he applies it; as Zhirinovsky is always self-confident and never lets himself be unsettled. This is not a complete list of outstanding speakers. If you want to learn more about public speaking, come to classes at my school "Oratoris": I conduct individual and. I will teach you how to prepare the text of a speech, control your own voice and behave in front of the audience like the best rhetoricians in history!

Aristotle is an eminent philosopher and orator

Modern oratory, especially in Russia, with the development of market relations in our time has received a new impetus, reliably preserving the traditional forms of public rhetoric. The importance of public speaking at the present stage of development of our society can hardly be overestimated - in order to effectively present oneself in the labor market, one must master elementary techniques and techniques of convincing performances.

It is clear that the skill of oratory or oratory cannot arise by itself, but is always the result of special training.

This is precisely the kind of training that modern rhetoric provides.

What is contemporary public speaking and rhetoric?

Today, modern general rhetoric, relying on such disciplines as philosophy, psychology, aesthetics, ethics and linguistics, is able to form the broadest possible oratorical competence, which is able to provide a level of oratorical skill in all forms of speech communication. If logic is responsible for the coherence and solidity of speech, and grammar demonstrates the correct use of words, then rhetoric contributes to a consistent and accurate presentation of thoughts.
Thus, the goal of modern rhetoric is to teach a person during any communication to successfully “manage” the process of transmitting his message, as well as the process of successful perception of this message by the listener.

The oratory that a person acquires after modern rhetorical training is his most effective business card that can reliably guarantee a successful professional and personal future.

Today, rhetoric is already a scientifically based theory and practice of contemporary oratory.

It is based on a thoughtful, always targeted, therefore appropriate and effective speech in front of the audience both in terms of its tasks and in the manner of presentation.
Modern speeches, if they are created according to the laws of oratory, allow authors - modern orators - to become noticeable, memorable and recognizable, without attracting additional funds. Whether it's money or connections.

As he said: "Eloquence is a worker of persuasion." Indeed, the skill of persuading clients is sometimes very helpful in moving up the career ladder.

It should be remembered that public speaking is not an innate talent, it can and should be trained and developed. The science of "rhetoric" is the same science as physics and chemistry, and with some effort anyone can master it.

Rhetoric in the modern world: the "iron lady" Margaret Thatcher

Outstanding orators of our time

Margaret Thatcher should definitely be mentioned among the modern world speakers. Having mastered the technique of oratory with the help of a personal teacher, this amazing woman was able to overcome Mother Nature herself. Many people know that Margaret's voice since childhood was neither beautiful nor pleasant. However, the purposeful development of oratorical skills helped turn the screeching voice into a dignified instrument that pacifies the audience.

And you can also remember Barack Obama and Adolf Hitler. Their speeches are filled with energy, and they themselves have the skill of public speaking. Another genius writer and speechwriter - Churchill, but as an actor and orator - clearly loses to them.

As for the modern speakers of Russia, the most striking and controversial is V.V. Zhirinovsky. Of course, his contribution to the development of the oratory of our country is pitiful, and it is hardly worth mentioning his name alongside Lomonosov. However, his shocking and aggression, a harsh manner of presentation and excessive gesticulation led to the recognition of his style.

The masses do not exactly admire, but distinguish this speaker from others. A diligent student who has mastered both its subtleties is Dmitry Medvedev. Self-confidence and restraint, correctness and logical speech delight numerous listeners. The main

As you know, oratory originated in Ancient Greece, and, therefore, the first masters of oratory appeared there. The whole world knows the story of Demosthenes. From a young age he was tongue-tied, had a weak voice and short breathing, but dreamed of performing in public and conveying his thoughts to the people. Working on his shortcomings, he took pebbles in his mouth and made speeches on the seashore, trying to sound louder than the waves. These and other training sessions made him one of the greatest speakers of all time.

The Athenian Lysias was a wonderful rhetorician. The story goes that his speeches were distinguished by their expressiveness, originality, clarity, consistency, brevity, and thoughtfulness. He often used humor and irony, which the public especially liked. To this day, Lysias is the standard for orators from around the world, especially in the courts.

XVI US President Abraham Lincoln was famous for his eloquence. Due to the plight of his family, he did not study at school for long and learned a lot (including public speaking) on \u200b\u200bhis own. It is known that he discussed the topics of future speeches with almost everyone he met, as a result of which he got so used to the future speech that in public it sounded like an improvisation.

While rehearsing speeches, Winston Churchill thought over not only the text, but also facial expressions, gestures and even the position of the legs, knowing that he could influence the audience both verbally and non-verbally. He composed his legendary statements in advance. In general, his speech was distinguished by an abundance of metaphors, naturalness, emotionality.

At the meetings with the participation of Anatoly Koni, many people always gathered who dreamed of hearing the famous judicial orator live. The legendary lawyer of the early 20th century spoke vividly and figuratively, harmoniously combining serious facts and emotions. He never used words incomprehensible to the general public, he expressed himself clearly and clearly.

Another outstanding Russian orator is Leon Trotsky. He had a powerful sonorous voice, his speech could be heard from afar. He spoke energetically and confidently, constructing consistent monologues. Enthusiastic and eloquent, he could speak in public for two to three hours. The slogans that he came up with instantly flew into the crowd.

Latest section materials:

The Golgi apparatus is an important organelle that is present in almost every. Perhaps the only cells that lack this complex, ...

Oratory helps a person to convey to others their thoughts and beliefs brightly, beautifully, in an accessible form. This skill helps to be a leader of the company, to succeed in work, to achieve heights in public life. It is impossible to imagine a politician who cannot express himself logically and constructively.

The oratory originated in Greece. The secrets of the great orators of that time have survived to this day. A long list of them starts with the inhabitants of Athens. These are the famous Pericles, Lysias, Demosthenes, Aristotle and others. They paid great attention to the postures of the arms and legs. The court speakers were especially famous. Lysias was one of the best. During the trial, he was original, expressive and unique. His speeches were always thought out, structured logically and worked out with great care. In his statements, Lysias liked to use humor, arousing sympathy among those present. His speech is the standard for the world's orators. Phrases Lysias pronounced briefly, gracefully.

Lysias was a logographer. He composed speeches for appearances in court for his clients. Lysias could reflect the features of his wards in stories. His style, the construction of argumentation was adopted by other court speakers. Critics noted that Lysias is exquisite and bright.

Representatives of Russian rhetoric

Russian personalities of our time are no less interesting. Speakers of Russia in the 20th and 21st centuries who deserve attention are Anatoly Fedorovich Koni, Vladimir Putin, Trotsky, Zhirinovsky and others.

Anatoly Fedorovich Koni

Anatoly Fedorovich Koni is a lawyer and public figure of the early 20th century. He stood up for the observance of morality in court, and with his personal qualities he set an example for others. Anatoly Fedorovich Koni's speech was not distinguished by monotony, it was characterized by dynamism and liveliness.

Judicial speakers, according to Koni, were supposed to bring justice. Anatoly Fedorovich was a defender of the truth. His speeches were not dry or overly emotional.

Anatoly Fedorovich Koni knew how to combine facts with feelings so that the reasoning influenced the minds of the judges in his favor. Defense speeches left no doubt about the positive sentencing.

Anatoly Fedorovich Koni possessed high moral ideals, adhered to strict rules, spoke clearly, did not use incomprehensible terms and was fluent in eloquence.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Lenin spoke to the people in a language they could understand. He felt the mood of the crowd well, he knew how to captivate with ideas. Lenin communicated more with the audience, conducted a dialogue. Always laconic, specific, used guiding hand gestures to enhance the impact. The leg posture is comfortable and wide apart. Lenin had a special energy that was impossible not to adopt.

Spectacular and charismatic statements captivated everyone. Lenin always knew what he was talking about. His words are filled with clarity. And the statements that Lenin uttered became winged, they were repeated and printed.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

Stalin as an orator is no less charismatic than his predecessor Lenin. These are two of the brightest people of the 20th century. He often used the secrets of great speakers. One of them is numerous repetitions of words and lexical constructions. Unlike the laconic phrases Lenin used, Stalin used long sentences more often.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin

Putin is one of the representatives of contemporary political speakers of the 20th and 21st centuries. His speech is notable for light shocking, with a share of humor. At the same time, Putin speaks without tension, all his words are thought out and weighed. Hand gestures are smooth, do not distract attention. Putin does not change the position of his legs during the conversation.

Putin is one of the famous statesmen who is distinguished by his style of conversation. This is celebrated by everyone. Restraint and calmness are the characteristics of the president's statements. Putin does not betray himself and does not allow harsh or harsh words. He always answers the questions posed, understands the topic. Putin does not allow himself to start a conversation without prior preparation.

Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky

Zhirinovsky's speech is always emotionally colored, unpredictable, aggressive. In a conversation, he may suddenly take defensive measures, putting pressure on the interlocutor. The performances are enchanting, like a show. Zhirinovsky is actively gesticulating. Poses of arms and legs during conversation emphasize the attitude of the politician. Placing hands behind the back or pointing gestures, rare changes in the position of the legs. He is not only a charismatic speaker, but also intelligent.

Zhirinovsky understands the topic of conversation, easily argues. His speech is brightly colored, sensual. Zhirinovsky rarely restrains his emotions, he can allow too much.

Sergey Alexandrovich Shipunov

Sergey Shipunov began his activity in the 20th century and continues to this day. He not only owns the art of public speaking, but also successfully teaches it to others. Sergey Shipunov conducts consultations and individual trainings. Big companies and politicians turn to him. Books on oratory by Sergey Shipunov are very popular. In them he shares his experience, reveals the secrets of great orators.

Lev Davidovich Trotsky

Trotsky is an outstanding orator. He was distinguished by a loud soulful voice, the words were heard from afar. Trotsky was educated and energetic. Opponents feared him. Trotsky spoke energetically, without hesitation or pauses.

Trotsky was not afraid of anyone, he spoke without concealment. His speeches were laconic and consistent. Trotsky possessed the gift of persuasion. He had many followers. Trotsky possessed the gift of eloquence, this is clearly seen in his political statements.

Foreign speakers

There are many eloquent foreign figures in the 20th century. This is Hitler, Winston Churchill.

Adolf Gitler

Hitler is a strong orator who knows how to keep the audience on their toes. There are no leg movements. Hitler used hand gestures that were sharp and emotional. A noticeable feature of speech is the strong pauses with which Hitler emphasized the important.

Hitler prepared his speech in advance, wrote on a piece of paper. His words are overly colored with emotion. Hitler was overwhelmed with feelings. Slowing down and speeding up speech attracted attention. Hitler used this technique in every speech.

His ideas are far from the ideas of the world of the 20th century, but people followed him. No wonder Hitler is called an orator of evil!

Winston Churchill

Winston Churchill carefully prepared for his speech. Facial expressions, hand gestures, leg position were always thought out in advance. Winston Churchill polished the text to perfection. He was a charismatic politician who often used humor. Winston Churchill came up with the best sayings long before they were uttered.

Inspired by his ideas, Winston Churchill infected others with them. Churchill actively used metaphors and comparisons. Winston tried to be calm, natural. He naturally suffered from lisp, but Winston Churchill was able to cope with this defect.

James Hume

James Hume is a mentor to five American presidents. His lessons will help you achieve leadership through speaking. James Hume shows that almost anyone can master eloquence.

There are people whose talent for eloquence is given by nature. But even this gift can be mastered. This requires a little work. Famous and outstanding personalities of the world always have such a gift. They more often than others become heads of state, political parties.

But before and now there were not only talented people who perfectly mastered the art of oratory, but also those to whom it was not given at all. Here's a good example.

Victor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (Appendix 7) is our contemporary, an acting politician who has enriched the idioms of the Russian language with numerous phrases. Viktor Stepanovich has always been distinguished by the peculiarities of his eloquence. Having heard Chernomyrdin's speech, you will not confuse his manner of presentation with someone else's. His expressions have become aphorisms, each of us often quotes them in everyday life.

But, despite his peculiar and unique manner, he was very popular in society. He was entrusted with being the ambassador to Ukraine, despite the fact that Russia has rather tense relations with this country.

Not possessing the generally recognized oratory of his feelings, emotions and thoughts, he nevertheless communicates to a wide mass of people, and even yesterday he was a noticeable figure in the political arena.

I would like to quote some of his phrases that we often use and hear.

"We cannot do anyone to our detriment."

"... we wanted the best, but it turned out as always"

"Mamai passed through the country without me"

"It has never happened before, and now - again!"

"The government is not a body where you can use language at random."

"Better to be the head of a fly than the ass of an elephant" e vodka is not worse "

"You have to think what to understand"

"If your hands itch, scratch it elsewhere!"

"You there there ..."

"I am far from thinking at all."

"We are not allowed to join. As we begin to join, we will definitely step on something."

"We have completed all points: from. A to. B"

"The principles that were principled were not fundamental"

"Here you are not here"

"We have a country - it will be enough for her to jump and jump."

"I won't say much, otherwise I will say something again"

In addition to the manner of speaking, the presentation of oneself as an orator has a very important role. Many personalities became great people of their word precisely because of their charisma and temperament. In order for the speech to touch and interest the audience, the speaker's authority or his special psychological attitude is important. In order to induce the listeners to perform some actions, the orator, first of all, himself makes an effort that requires a special effort of will. This effort is felt in the speaker's speech and communicated to his audience, prompting them to take action. One of the brightest representatives of the modern political world is Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky (Appendix 8).

Zhirinovsky's political activities are characterized by extremely vivid and often provoking scandalous populist statements. It is believed that Zhirinovsky several times voiced the plans of the Russian government and often these predictions came true. A number of public scandals and fights (especially in 1994-1995) were associated with the name of Zhirinovsky, which added to his popularity among voters. It is not censored. Vladimir Volfovich does not select correct and ethically verified phrases for his statements. He speaks directly, in fact, and calls all things by their proper names. Without cuts. His manner of delivering information to the public does not fit into the standard framework of oratory, but, despite this, crowds of people listened to him. It was his manner of teaching himself that made people pay attention to him. And the most important thing is to listen to him.

Here are some quotes from him:

"There was a good journalist John Reed - made a report, died, buried."

"If McDonald's is a good place, why do our people die at 57?"

"We will explain to our people what the Russian people are. This is wildness in general!"

"They will speak of us ..."

"The Germans sent us the Bolsheviks in a sealed carriage. Now we need to send a sealed carriage with Chechens to Europe."

"He will say today, and tomorrow they will hang him."

"What are the cows crazy about? British democracy."

"Pushkin was unhappy. It would have been better if he hadn't been at all."

"So is Jacques Chirac. Let him come here and sit in the room between the droppers and see how Russian doctors know how to heal. We treat all diseases."

"Only to Russian songs the planet is crying."

"My hands are clean, but they will be covered in blood if I become president."

Having examined the outstanding personalities of the past and modern times, I want to bring you to a man who is set as an example to many politicians, who has absorbed the best qualities of a modern orator. As a contemporary of ours, he is a classical school of oratory. Most politicians are inclined to give the palm to him!

Hugo Rafael Chavez Frias (Appendix 9) - President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. A prime example of the ability to hold an audience.

On May 23, 1999, the program "Hello, President" was aired on television with the participation of the President himself. Chavez explained his desire to try himself as a TV presenter by the fact that he wants to convey the truth about what is happening in the country and around it to every Venezuelan. On the air, Chavez asks his ministers questions, communicates with local residents, conducts teleconferences with other regions, explains government policy, makes historical excursions, blows kisses and jokes. Since February 15, 2007, President Hugo Chávez began to communicate with his people every working day for one and a half hours from 20.00 to 21.30. But he didn't stop there. In August, Chavez set a record by communicating with the Venezuelan people at 7 hours 43 minutes. During the broadcast from the presidential palace, Chavez did not take a single break and only occasionally drank a cup of coffee. And during the September TV program, Hugo Chavez set a new record for its duration. He, without interruption, in the thirty-degree heat, broadcast a popular program in the country for 8 hours and 06 minutes. He is the standard of oratory. All norms are observed in his speech.

Dialogue requires the speaker to have extensive knowledge in the field of philosophy, history, legislation and literature so that he can transfer the discussion of any issue to higher spheres, and not be limited to narrow legal problems. How skillfully and effectively we are able to communicate with people depends on how others perceive us, and how successful we will be in life. People who can communicate better than others are usually more successful, they achieve more, both in their personal life and in business. The ability to communicate is the art of listening and hearing, the art of seeing and feeling, the ability to understand the interlocutor and convey your thoughts to him. Many great people have said wonderful things about speaking.

Communication itself is inexhaustible and exciting - the more you practice, the more you get real results, the more you want to continue. It is extremely interesting and exciting - to understand human relationships, rebuild communication, notice what other people do not notice. When small details become visible, a completely different picture begins to clear up, much deeper and more significant than everything that was noticeable before.

... Aristotle was the first author of a textbook on rhetoric... In it, he named one of the most important conditions for the success of a public speech - the correspondence of its essence to the appearance of the speaker. It is unlikely that even the genius speech of a woman of easy virtue on the topic of the chaste upbringing of children will be successful and inspire confidence.
... Cicero prepared for a public speech long and carefully in advance, and without preparation I could not utter ... not a word!Often the texts of speeches were prepared by his wife.
... Demosthenes got rid of the nervous twitching of his shoulder, standing under a sharpened sword at rehearsals. In addition, he had a sluggish diction and a weak voice, so he took pebbles in his mouth and spoke, trying to shout over the sound of the sea. Demosthenes perfectly understood that oratory is practice, practice, practice. Physical effort!
… Lomonosovof the sciences contemporary to him was not strong only in zoology; He called the rhinoceros a hippopotamus, otherwise - what sciences he just did not master, studying in Germany. How could he accommodate most of the scientific research of that time in five years? How did he "loosen up" the soil of his mind? Several years before that in Russia, he systematically studied rhetoric, considering it the basis of all sciences.
... Mirabeauhe learned the texts of public speeches by heart, and so well that they did not give a retelling at all, but sounded like a brilliant improvisation. One of these speeches, he called for the taking of the Bastille. I am not a believer that the art of public speaking is the art of cramming, but not without it. When there are a couple of cliches on a situation, this is narrow-mindedness, but when there are twenty-five thousand cliches, as Karachentsov says, it's great, just brilliant. Oratory is absolutely inconceivable without an excellent memory, and memory is trained by systematic stress, constant use. Before putting a load on memory, it would not hurt to find out how it works. So, welcome to our memory and attention improvement courses! Oratory disappears without memory, like a footprint on the water, no matter how well the tongue is suspended.
… Vladimir Lenin- undoubtedly, he had the brightest oratorical gift. His oratory was based on expression, exaggerated emotional expressiveness. Ilyich's public speeches could serve as a real energy battery. It is no secret that many people go to listen, it does not even matter what, but it is important how. They go to "recharge".
... Margaret Thatcher from birth had a shrill voice, unpleasantly cutting the ear... She was lost in public and did not know where to look. Margaret was well aware that her education as a chemist was by no means an assistant in rhetoric. Long months of working on her voice and studying acting and public speaking helped her avoid the fate of cooking poisonous benzene in a flask. To become prime minister, Margaret hired an image consultant, a breathing support coach and a theater teacher. So think about the connection between acting and political interests!
… Winston Churchill said that any simpleton can give a public speech lasting an hour, and for a five-minute speech, you need to start preparing at least a month in advance and have a base called life experience. By oratorical failure (suicide), he meant delivering a speech for longer than 20 minutes when they were not paid for it. The history of rhetoric can be very contradictory, but it is no more contradictory than life itself! Look for what you can use. Little tip: watch the movie Scent of a Woman. There is a vivid example of influencing the audience with the help of oratory, not without elements of pathos and acting.
... hmost often, a person's mental abilities are assessed by their ability to SPEAK, because this is the ability THINK!

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

"Tula State University"

Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Department of Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Test and course work

by discipline: "Business rhetoric"

on the topic: "Outstanding speakers of the XX century"

Completed by: student group 720543

Komarova E.O.

Head: Assoc. department TIG

Kharitonov V.S.

Introduction

1. Oratory

1.1 Oratory as the art of words

1.2 Genera and types of public speaking

1.3 Structure of public speaking

2. Famous speakers of the XX century

2.1 Adolf Hitler

2.2Thomas Woodrow Wilson

2.3 Winston Churchill

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

People have appreciated the oratorical word at all times. It is an important and active means of education and training, dissemination of philosophical, aesthetic doctrines, political, economic and other knowledge, comprehension of cultural values \u200b\u200band new ideas. The true word awakens the best civic feelings, serves the purposes of progress.

The speaker deals with people directly. This allows the speaker to quickly respond to topical life issues, actively promote progressive ideas, promptly respond to events, take into account the numerous interests of listeners, comment on known facts, and explain state policy. The speaker appeals to the conscience of people, their memory, their national, patriotic feelings. It raises spirituality in a person, a noble movement of reason, puts in the foreground human concerns, interests, ideas. The noble goals of cognition, the preaching of humanism and mercy, the "discovery" of the truth elevate speech, influence the spiritual world of the audience. A true speaker, putting into speech the full depth of his intellect and the passion of his soul, acts on the minds and hearts of people.

Nowadays, many people give speeches and reports, give lectures, conduct talks. The speech activity of people has increased significantly. And it pleases. But to improve your skills, of course, it is necessary to study the theory of oratory, deeply analyze the speeches of outstanding orators, and transfer theoretical knowledge into your own practice.

The purpose of this course work is to determine the characteristics of the speeches of outstanding speakers of the XX century.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

· To reveal the structure and types of oratorical speech;

· Study the biographies of great speakers;

1 . Oratorical speech

1.1 Oratory as the art of words

Ancient theories of eloquence are included in the golden fund of rhetorical science. And, of course, to understand the essence of eloquence, it is necessary, first of all, to get acquainted with the views of ancient rhetoricians.

In ancient rhetorical science, one can name the names of researchers who took a leading place in the development of the theory of eloquence. These are Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian and some others. It is their theoretical research that constitutes the platform on which further research was based.

Ancient Greece is considered the homeland of eloquence, although oratory was known in Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, India. But it was in ancient Greece that it developed rapidly, and systematic works on its theory appeared for the first time. In the state of slave-owning democracy, a special atmosphere has been created for the flourishing of eloquence. It becomes an essential aspect of social life and an instrument of political struggle. It was considered a necessity to own it. A practical direction gradually took shape - the preparation of speeches for the needs of citizens. The first statements of practitioners about the language and style of performances appeared. They served Plato, Aristotle and other theorists as a basis for systematizing, further developing and deepening these judgments, turning them into theory.

Even Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, emphasized that rhetoric, like any genuine art, is a creative activity. This creative activity, however, requires careful preparation. Rhetoric (Greek - oratory) is a philological discipline, the object of which is the theory of eloquence, oratory, methods of constructing expressive speech in all branches of speech activity (i.e., in different genres of written and oral speech). A good speaker needs to work hard to improve his or her speech. According to Plato, he should go through a special school of oratory, which would teach him to write speeches correctly, proportionately and effectively. And Cicero, a Roman theorist, considered the most important conditions for the formation of a true orator not only natural talent, but also, most importantly, the study of oratory (theory) and exercise (practice). Since the theory of eloquence is an important philosophical and psychological teaching, Cicero argued, it requires a serious attitude.

Such a high culture of speech in the broad sense of this term could not have arisen by itself. Naturally, it was stimulated by theoretical research in the field of oratory.

Protagoras is considered the founder of rhetorical art. A.F. Losev writes that in Diogenes we find a message about the division in Protagoras of any speech into four parts: a request, a question, an answer and an order.

Plato believes that the orator should not chase other people's opinions, but he himself should comprehend the truth of what he is going to talk about. Correct, true, accurate speech should proceed from the true definition of its object, the subject of speech. "Anyone who intends to engage in oratory must, first of all, determine his own path in it and catch what is the sign of each of its varieties."

According to Plato, the art of an orator largely depends on the ability to cover everything with a general view, to build disparate objects of speech to a single general idea and divide everything into types, as well as to be able to raise the particular to the general and get the particular from the general.

Rhetoric, like any genuine art, according to Plato, is a creative activity. She brings emotions, passions into a systemic, ordered state, thereby embodying the highest justice. This creative endeavor, however, requires careful preparation by the speaker. And here Plato supports the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sophists, who believed that a good orator should work hard on self-improvement and speech. Plato's arguments indicate that he attached great importance to the technical side of speech, understanding the perfect technique of speech in close connection with the psychology of the audience, considering the science of eloquence to be an important philosophical and psychological doctrine.

A major cultural and scientific event was the appearance of Aristotle's "Rhetoric" (384-322 BC), in which Aristotle significantly developed Plato's doctrine of oratory. Aristotle criticized Plato's theory of incorporeal forms ("ideas"), but could not completely overcome Plato's idealism.

Aristotle believes that rhetoric is an art that corresponds to dialectics, for both of them concern such subjects, familiarity with which can be considered the property of all. This brings both arts closer together. He defines rhetoric as the art of persuasion that uses the possible and the probable in cases where the real credibility is insufficient. Rhetoric deals with the allocation of ways of persuasion, theoretical comprehension of these ways. As Aristotle notes, the effect of persuasive speech depends on three points: the moral character of the speaker, the quality of the speech itself, the mood of the listeners. Already in the teachings of Aristotle, a triad stands out: the sender of speech-speech-receiver of speech, which finds its development in modern research.

Aristotle identifies three kinds of speeches that arose as a result of the development of the socio-political life of Greece: deliberative, judicial and epidemic. The purpose of deliberative speeches is to "persuade or reject", judicial speeches - to accuse or justify, epidemic - to praise or blame.

Aristotle believes that the speaker should put the audience in a state that will allow him to easily convince the audience. He dwells in detail on the fact that the role of anger, neglect and mercy, enmity and hatred, fear and courage, shame, beneficence (service), compassion, indignation is important in speech. He also talks about the impact of speech on people of different age and social groups, as we see, the philosopher outlines the development of problems of the psychology of impact on various groups of listeners.

The period of the classics ends with the time of Plato and Aristotle in the history of Greek culture. From the second half of the 4th century. BC. begins a new period of ancient culture, called Hellenism (Hellene - Greek). Hellenistic rhetoric analyzed a large number of stylistic phenomena. She studied word combinations, developed the doctrine of the qualities of speech, continued to deal with the problems of tropes, figures, styles. In some treatises, however, at first we find a fascination with rhetoric, sophistication of expressions, complex images, "flowers of eloquence." This manner of speech came to be called the "Asian style" in the place of its origin and prosperity in Asia Minor. The Asian style was studied by Hermogenes, Theodore Godarsky (teacher of Tiberius), an anonymous author named Longinus, who wrote the treatise On the Sublime. Representatives of this style preached pathos, exaltation, exaltation.

However, not all theorists and practitioners were supporters of the Asian style; its opponents stood for classical models and severity of speech. This style, in contrast to the Asiatic, began to be called Attic, and its representatives - Atticists. They preached a refined imagery and intellectuality of speech, which evoked certain associations in the audience, thereby influencing them. Atticists were supporters of the purity of speech, which meant its normativeness, which was reduced to the correct choice of the word and morphological form. If a speaker followed these requirements, he could be considered an exemplary speaker, and his speeches were studied as examples.

Representatives of the Attic trend were, for example, Apollodorus of Pergamon, the mentor of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus, who adheres to strict and precise rules of rhetoric; Cicelius, mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, is himself a supporter of the Attic direction, as well as Demetrius.

The greatest classic of ancient eloquence and theorist of oratory was the ancient Roman orator and politician Mark Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC). Three treatises on the art of oratory reflect the rich experience of ancient rhetoric and his own practical experience of the greatest Roman orator. These treatises - "About the orator", "Brutus, or about famous orators", "Orator" - are monuments of the ancient theory of literature, ancient humanism, which had a profound influence on the entire European culture (Cicero, 1972). In the theory of knowledge, Cicero is inclined to skepticism, believing that there is no criterion for distinguishing real ideas from unreal ones. He considers questions about the highest good, about virtues as the only source of happiness, strives for perfection. This aspiration is cultivated by four virtues: wisdom, justice, courage, moderation. His philosophical views formed the basis for views on oratory.

It is the speaker's duty to: find something to say; what was found should be arranged in order; give it a verbal form; to confirm all this in memory; pronounce. In addition, it is the speaker's job to win over the audience; state the essence of the case; establish a controversial issue; reinforce your position; refute the opinion of the enemy; in the end to give shine to their positions and finally to overthrow the position of the opponent.

1.2 Genera and types of public speaking

The births and types of eloquence are distinguished depending on the field of communication, corresponding to one of the main functions of speech: communication, communication and influence. There are several areas of communication: scientific, business, information and propaganda and social and household. The first, for example, can be attributed to a university lecture or scientific report, to the second - a diplomatic speech or speech at a congress, to the third - a military-patriotic speech or a speech at a meeting, to the fourth - an anniversary (commendable) speech or a table speech (toast). Of course, this division is not absolute. For example, a speech on a socio-economic topic can serve the scientific sphere (scientific report), the business sphere (the speech of a propagandist in a group of listeners). They will also have common features in shape.

In modern practice of public communication, the following types of eloquence are distinguished: socio-political, academic, judicial, social, everyday, spiritual (church-theological). A kind of eloquence is a field of oratory, characterized by the presence of a certain object of speech, a specific system for its analysis and evaluation. The result of further differentiation on the basis of more specific features are types or genres. This classification is situational and thematic, since, firstly, the situation of the speech is taken into account, and secondly, the topic and purpose of the speech.

Speeches on scientific and technological progress, reports at congresses, meetings, conferences, diplomatic, political, military-patriotic, rallies, agitational, parliamentary speeches refer to socio-political eloquence.

Some genres of eloquence have features of the official business and scientific style, since they are based on official documents. In such speeches, the situation in the country, events in the world are analyzed, their main purpose is to give the listeners specific information. These public speeches contain facts of a political, economic nature, assess current events, give recommendations, and report on the work done. These speeches can be devoted to topical problems or can be inviting, explanatory, program-theoretical in nature. The choice and use of language tools depends primarily on the topic and target setting of the speech.

Political eloquence in Russia as a whole was poorly developed. Only military oratory has reached a relatively high level. Peter I turned to the soldiers more than once.

Parliamentary eloquence is developing rapidly today. It reflects the clash of different points of view, the debatable orientation of speech is manifested.

Academic eloquence is a kind of speech that helps the formation of a scientific worldview, distinguished by the scientific presentation of information, deep reasoning, and logical culture. This type includes a university lecture, a scientific report, a scientific review, a scientific report, a popular science lecture. Of course, academic eloquence is close to the scientific style of speech, but at the same time, expressive, pictorial means are often used in it.

Judicial eloquence is a type of speech designed to have a purposeful and effective impact on the court, to contribute to the formation of the convictions of judges and citizens present in the courtroom. Usually, a prosecutor's or accusatory speech and a lawyer's, or defense, speech are distinguished.

Of course, in judicial speeches, factual material, forensic evidence, all the arguments for and against, testimony of witnesses, etc. are analyzed in detail. Find out, prove, convince - these are three interrelated goals that determine the content of judicial eloquence.

A jubilee speech dedicated to a significant date or delivered in honor of an individual person, a memorial speech dedicated to a deceased person refers to social and everyday eloquence. One of the types of social eloquence was courtier. He is characterized by an addiction to a high style, lush, artificial metaphors and comparisons.

The form of expression in oratorical speech may not be worked out with the same degree of completeness and thoroughness as it happens in written speech. But one cannot agree that oratorical speech is spontaneous. Speakers prepare to speak, albeit to varying degrees. It depends on their experience, skill, qualifications and, finally, on the topic of the speech and the situation in which the speech is delivered. It is one thing to speak at a farm or conference, and another to speak at a rally: different forms of speech, different times of delivery, different audiences.

Oratorical speech is a prepared speech. And it is prepared, of course, according to literary sources, which have a direct and immediate impact on the structure of speech.

Styles allocated in accordance with the main functions of the language are associated with a particular sphere and conditions of human activity. They differ in the system of language means. It is these means that form a certain stylistic coloring that distinguishes this style from all others.

Formal business style caters to the formal business relationship; its main function is informative (information transfer). The scientific style serves the realm of scientific knowledge; its main function is to communicate information, as well as to prove its truth; it is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary. The journalistic style serves the sphere of socio-economic, socio-cultural and other social relations; its main functions are communication and impact; all language means are used in this style; it is characterized by the economy of linguistic means, conciseness and popularity of presentation with informative richness.

Artistic and fictional style has a function of impact and aesthetic; it most fully and vividly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the common language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery.

The conversational style serves the sphere of everyday and professional (but only unprepared, informal) relationships. Its main function is communication; manifests itself orally; has two varieties: literary colloquial and everyday speech.

1.3 Structure of public speaking

The integrity of the oratorical speech lies in the unity of its theme - the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe speech, the main problem posed in it - and the semantic parts of different structure and length. Speech affects listeners only if there are clear semantic connections that reflect the consistency in the presentation of thought.

When the speaker begins to speak, we, the listeners, kind of take shorthand and comment on his words. Tells what he will talk about ..., makes a reservation ..., moves to the main topic ..., makes a digression ..., repeats ..., discusses ..., refutes the opinion of a scientist ..., disagrees ..., emphasizes ..., repeats ..., adds ..., lists ..., answers on questions ..., draws conclusions. This commentary reflects the composition of the speech.

The composition of the speech is a logical, motivated by the content and concept of the location of all parts of the speech and their appropriate relationship, the system of organizing the material.

Five parts can be distinguished in the composition: the beginning of the speech, the speech, the main part (content), the conclusion, the ending of the speech. This is a classic scheme. It can be folded if any of the parts is missing, except for the main one (after all, there is no speech without content).

All parts of the speech are intertwined and interconnected. The combination of all parts of speech in order to achieve its integrity is called integration. The irreversibility of speech determines a lot in its construction. After all, it is difficult to keep the entire performance in RAM. This dictates its fundamentally different construction in comparison with written speech. The cohesion of oratory is provided by cohesion, retrospection and prospecting.

Cohesion are special types of communication that ensure the consistency and interdependence of individual parts of oratorical speech, which allows you to penetrate deeper into its content, understand and remember individual parts. Its fragments, located at some (and even significant) distance from each other, but to some extent connected with each other. This type of connection can be expressed in various repetitions, words denoting temporal, spatial and cause-and-effect relationships. Examples: thus, so, firstly, secondly, thirdly, the next question, at the present time, quite obviously, let's look further. Words and phrases also play a connecting role: taking into account, on the one hand, on the other hand, meanwhile, despite this, as it turns out, in all likelihood, as it turned out later.

Flashback is a form of speech expression that refers listeners to previous content information. The speaker can refer to information that is available in addition to his speech (thus, there is a connection of this speech with the general information context), refer the listeners to information that is contained in his previous speeches or in this speech, but stated earlier (this is how the speech is connected with previous speeches).

Prospecting is one of the elements of speech that relate meaningful information to what will be discussed in subsequent parts of the speech. Prospectus enables the listener to more clearly imagine the connection and interdependence of thoughts and ideas expressed in the speech. Initially, the speaker may promise the audience to provide some information about the speech, as well as talk about their future speeches or about the speeches of other speakers. This will be the prospectus.

Oratorical etiquette is a stable specific unit of communication adopted in oratory practice and necessary to establish contact with the audience, maintain communication in the chosen tone, and transfer other information. In addition to the main function - maintaining contact - these speech formulas perform the function of politeness, a regulating function, thanks to which the nature of the relationship between the speaker and the listeners and the perception of speech is established, as well as emotionally expressive.

Most often, speech is used in speech etiquette. Greetings from the audience are also common, i.e. expression of friendly feelings, friendly disposition, goodwill. The next group is the formulas "goodbye" and "thanks for attention". A group of speech flares related to acquaintance is also distinguished. The speaker must be introduced or must introduce himself. High, neutral and emotional tone is used in public speaking. thanks to her, a favorable contact with the listeners is established.

2 . Famous speakers of the 20th century

2.1 Adolf Gitler

Adolf Hitler (Hitler). Born 20.04.1889 in Braunau, Austria.

Even before the 1st World War, he was an ardent adherent of anti-socialist, nationalist theories. In the struggle for power, Hitler used rampant demagoguery, provocations, blackmail and murder.

Hitler was the inspirer and one of the main organizers of the mass extermination of civilians and prisoners of war, the monstrous atrocities committed by the Nazis in the countries occupied by Germany, and especially in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR. In 1945, amid the defeat of Nazi Germany, the collapse of the Nazi state and the entry of Soviet troops into Berlin, Hitler committed suicide in the underground of the Berlin Imperial Chancellery.

Much in the Fuhrer was difficult to call normal. The main thing is his personal magnetism, which suppressed everything rational in those who listened to him. German playwright Gerhard Hauptmann reverently described his gaze in the eyes of a leader as "the greatest moment of my life."

Hitler's piercing gaze combined with an attention-grabbing manner of speech was mesmerizing. Even Hermann Goering, one of the proudest and most powerful men in the Reich, lost his composure in his presence.

As historians write, the Fuhrer was fully aware that he was able to flatten anyone at his feet. And he easily learned that his dazzling performances, either in front of a few listeners or in front of thousands, should not be just spontaneous, but elaborate. He once boasted that he was "Europe's greatest actor." And indeed it is.

Ruthlessly restraining natural responsive feelings in everyday life, Hitler rarely laughed without covering his mouth with his hand, and learned an impressive repertoire of movements and postures that gave such unconditional persuasiveness to his speeches. Believing, as he wrote in "Mein Kampf", that "all the great, most important world events are caused not by the printed word", but by the spoken word, Hitler constantly polished his stage art. Up to the point that "I practiced the pathos and gestures that a huge hall with thousands of people demanded." Hitler, as eyewitnesses write, gave himself up to the role with such fervor that he easily managed to give the most blatant lie the appearance of truth.

The purpose of this was not to convince the audience, but to stun them. Hitler realized that many of his potential followers felt a sense of inferiority and alienation, and the best way to get to such people was to plunge them into the cauldron of human nature, to bring the crowd to the peak of admiration. As Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf, such a ritual enabled a person who "felt insignificantly small" to step into something larger and more powerful: "He and three or four thousand others will merge in a powerful sensation that gives intoxication and enthusiasm." This is the essence of fascism. The doctrine hammered into the audience in such a state will remain in the minds of the audience, Hitler believed, because it carries the hypnotic power of mass suggestion.

Hitler would schedule nighttime performances using dramatic lighting and listeners become more suggestible. He turned a politician's speech into an act of art, into a theater. At night, participants more easily succumb to the prevailing strong will power. To make an even greater impression on the audience, the organizers of the rallies used heavy backstage, fanfare and so on.

One can find clear analogies between Kashpirovsky's ideas and those of Hitler. Both here and there the masses were deliberately zombified.

The French ambassador, André François-Poncet, described a stunning, shocking rally - a grand show - at Berlin's Tempelhof airfield shortly before Hitler came to power: in the presence of regimental detachments. " Crowds of curious people flocked to the celebration. Soon, about a million eager townspeople wishing to watch the show filled the field with military units and SS guards in black uniforms standing behind. Above "a forest of glittering banners, François-Poncet notes, a huge tribune with bristling microphones crashes like the bow of a ship into a sea of \u200b\u200bhuman heads."

The Fuhrer arrives at eight. "Hitler appeared standing in the car, his outstretched hand, with a stern and distorted face. The lingering hum of a powerful greeting accompanied his progress. The night had already come. Searchlights, placed at great distances, turned on. Their soft bluish light, which did not disperse the darkness, seemed to dissolve in it. The prospect of this human sea stretched to infinity. As soon as Hitler stepped onto the podium, all the spotlights were turned off to keep only an enveloping light on the Fuehrer. In such a blinding radiance, it seemed that he was taking on looming dimensions over the human sea below. ...

For the first few minutes Hitler groped for the opening words and spoke intermittently in harsh tones. Then, as he developed his theme, the speech became smoother. "After 15 minutes, something happened that can be described by an ancient primitive metaphor: the spirit has taken over." oratory hitler churchill

The voice gradually grew louder, the pace increased. Sweat poured from his face, and all the excitement, suppressed in everyday life, he poured to the surface as he took possession of the audience with an energy that he never allowed himself in ordinary performances. His eyes went blank, he looked hypnotized.

His listeners were stunned. Whichever way Hitler swung, the crowd repeated the same. When he leaned forward, the crowd rushed towards him like a wave. Excited by his oratorical ecstasy, the women screeched hysterically and fainted. Even consummate skeptics, including French and Soviet diplomats and foreign journalists, found themselves unconsciously stretching out their arms in a harsh greeting, shouting "Sieg heil!"

As Hitler's speech reached its climax, he became angry and brandished his fists as if he were near enemies: Jews, red, hated compromisers who had betrayed Germany and weakened her to the point of impotence. Hitler's fiery verbal attacks, increasingly filled with images of blood and violence, put the audience in a fit that raged after each tirade he uttered. Goebbels said with glee after one of these performances in Berlin: "The spectators at Sportpalast roared and raged for an hour in delirium of unconsciousness."

2.2 Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) - 28th President of the United States of America. He held this post for two terms, from 1913 to 1921. Wilson was:

One of the ten US presidents recognized as the most prominent in the history of the country;

One of the prominent speakers of the 20th century;

One of four US presidents to receive the Nobel Peace Prize;

The first Southern President since Andrew Johnson, who took office in 1828;

The only US president to hold a doctorate;

One of the two presidents - along with Theodore Roosevelt - the former president of the American Historical Association;

The first US President to pay an official visit to Europe, participating in the Paris Peace Conference;

A passionate car enthusiast who made daily car trips even as president;

A baseball fan who in 1916 became the first incumbent US president to attend the Baseball World Cup.

Woodrow Wilson's portrait is featured on the US $ 100,000 banknote, the largest in the country's history. Woodrow Wilson owns many quotes and aphorisms, including some that have not lost their meaning at the present time. Some of them are listed below:

1. "If you want your paper to be read, write it on one page."

2. "If you come to me with clenched fists, then I can promise you that my fists will clench tightly."

3. "If a man can become king, do not think that there is already democracy in the kingdom."

4. "The history of freedom is the history of resistance."

5. "We must ourselves believe in what we teach our children."

6. "A nation can be so right that it does not need to force other nations to be convinced of its rightness."

7. "Do not forget that Our Father begins with a request for daily bread. It is difficult to praise the Lord and love your neighbor on an empty stomach."

8. "No nation has the right to judge another nation!"

9. "Freedom will not survive without the principle of constitutionalism."

10. "Freedom never comes from the government. Freedom always comes from its subjects. The history of freedom is a history of the restriction of government power, not its growth."

Wilson gave the impression of a cold and indifferent person, alienated from the outside world. In fact, he was a preacher in the incarnation of the president, and as a born introvert he could not become a populist in the modern sense of the word. Probably, this can explain that neither during his life, nor after death, he did not belong to the idols of the nation. However, according to expert assessments of historians and political scientists of the liberal and conservative directions, Woodrow Wilson invariably appears among the ten greatest presidents of the United States.

2.3 Winston Churchill

According to the anthropologist and psychoanalyst at Harvard University Michael Maccoby, it is through their eloquence that leaders gain popularity and find people to follow them. "They are often skilled orators, and their charisma is due in part to this talent," the scientist points out. "Without a doubt, anyone who has seen such leaders speak will attest to their personal charm and ability to inspire audience enthusiasm."

One of the most striking confirmations of these words was the British statesman Winston Churchill, who believed that "none of the talents that a person can possess is more valuable than the talent of oratory." Historian Simon Schama singles Churchill's eloquence among the main components of his leadership style. Churchill “always turned to eloquence where others resorted to intrigue,” adds Professor Anatoly Utkin.

"The ability to speak publicly is not a gift, it can be developed," the politician pointed out. Of course, Churchill knew what he was talking about. He was a lisp from birth, never worked with a phoniatrist, did not practice at the elite Debating Club of Oxford - and nevertheless became one of the greatest orators of the era. The analysis of Winston Churchill's management activities made it possible to identify several practical recommendations for increasing the success of public speaking. Among them:

· Thorough preparation;

· Concentration on ideas;

· "a good start";

· Use of metaphors;

· Diction, facial expressions and gestures.

Let's dwell on them in more detail.

Thorough preparation... Churchill's close friend Ferdinand Edwin Smith once remarked: "Winston spent the best years of his life composing impromptu things." This slightly humorous phrase is one of the key principles of the famous speaker when working on texts. Speeches that seemed to be spontaneous and the result of insight were in fact carefully thought out, rehearsed, honed, polished and polished in a relaxed atmosphere. “I don’t write quickly,” Churchill once admitted. “Everything I write is the result of hard work, everything is constantly polished. I try to polish it to shine."

When diplomat Harold Nicholson congratulated Churchill on a successful remark “improvised” by the politician at the end of one speech, Winston exclaimed: “Damn improvisation! "Successful impromptu orators exist only in the imagination of the public," he noted. "While the flowers of rhetoric are greenhouse plants."

All his speeches, Churchill wrote personally, without resorting to the services of speechwriters. Responsible speeches were prepared for several days, were constantly rewritten and edited again. Individual phrases, according to the memoirs of his assistants, Churchill could bear even more - for weeks, even months. He wrote them down in advance in a special notebook, and then used them if necessary.

Concentrating on ideas... According to Churchill, the main sign of unsuccessful performances is the lack of ideas and sometimes meaning. He repeatedly noticed and ridiculed this feature of his colleagues, once remarking: “A speaker can be classified as one of those speakers who, before speaking, have no idea what they will talk about. When they speak, they do not know. what they say. And finally, when they finish their speech, they have little idea of \u200b\u200bwhat they just brought to the public. "

Paying attention to the lack of meaning in the speeches of the speakers, Churchill did not spare not only ordinary deputies, but also respected members of the British establishment. In particular, he spoke about Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in the following way: "We know that he has a special ability to contain the minimum of meaning in the maximum of words."

A master of rhetoric, Churchill believed: before starting a speech, the speaker should clearly understand what he will tell the audience, what idea he will put in the minds of the audience and what conclusions will lead them at the end. As a young man, working on his essay "The Woods of Rhetoric," he deduced the formula that the secret of a successful speech is not so much in demonstrating facts as in demonstrating ideas.

Modern researchers of communication problems note that the lack of meaning in messages is a scourge not only of public speaking, but also of all interpersonal communication. Behavioral theorist Professor Keith Davis says: "A bad message written on glossy paper won't get better with more speaker output." According to Davis, the keynote of successful communication should be the obligatory rule - "Don't start talking before you start thinking."

Churchill believed that before taking the podium, the speaker should pass through himself the main ideas of his speech. “Before inspiring anyone, the speaker must inspire himself,” he pointed out. “Before making the audience indignant, the speaker’s heart must itself be filled with hatred. Before causing tears in the audience, the speaker must cry. Before persuading, the speaker must himself believe what he is about to say. "

" A good start" ... The ancient Greek philosopher Plato noted in one of his works that "a good start is half the battle." Public speaking is no exception. It is no coincidence that Churchill always attached great importance to the first minutes in front of an audience.

The first thing he advised was: "Be natural and completely calm. Imagine that you are talking to your best friend in a relaxed atmosphere and discussing something that you both are very interested in." Secondly, the speaker should not give in to the audience, should not be afraid to be branded as persistent. "Act like a coper," Churchill said. "Hit once. Send away, come back - hit again. Failed, hit a third time." And even more so, don't be afraid to be serious! "There is no need to indulge the whims of the audience: they say, they will not understand it. Where will they go!" The British politician thought. "Once you have come, let them listen!"

Churchill said his best advice on the art of making speeches was from cabinet minister Henry Chaplin early in his parliamentary career: "Take your time. If you have something to say, they will listen to you." “The main thing is not to rush and not to be urged on,” Churchill himself would later teach.

As for the first phrases, Churchill advised not to postpone things on the back burner. “If the topic of your speech is serious, do not try to play with words or be smart, go straight to the main point,” he said.

Using metaphors... Having considered the issues related to the preparation of speeches and opening words, let us dwell directly on Churchill's tools, which contributed to an increase in the degree of persuasiveness of his speeches. One of the techniques is metaphors and analogies. "I often try to present serious things in the form of uncomplicated stories, so that they are better remembered," Churchill said. "Successful metaphors are among the formidable weapons of rhetoric," he said.

One form of metaphors and analogies is the biting definitions that the British politician gave to the actions of his opponents and colleagues. For example, he compared the followers of the appeasement policy of the 1930s to those who feed the crocodile, hoping that he will eat them last.

Another form of metaphor that Churchill used was instructive stories (sometimes from his own life). In this case, several goals were achieved at once. Firstly, the attention of the audience increased. A fascinating story or example from life always arouses more interest than the bare facts. Secondly, the degree of perception increased, since the audience did not just listen to the performance, but did it actively, visualizing the described scenes in their imagination. Third, the use of stories not only made it possible to increase the degree of perception of the material, but also significantly increased memorization. According to research by psychologists, understandable material is easier to remember and retained in memory longer than their amorphous counterparts.

Modern researchers classify metaphors as a powerful tool for effective communication. “By telling instructive stories and enriching his speech with metaphors, a leader can have a significant impact on others - says Professor Richard Daft. - The ability to paint a clear picture and create a vivid image helps leaders to unite followers. cautionary stories and metaphors, because they are powerful leverage, helping to create vivid imagery and evoke strong emotions. People tend to relate cautionary stories to their own experiences and remember them better than dry statistics. "

Humor... According to modern theories of effective leadership, humor refers to "very effective management tools." According to London Business School professor Robert Goffey, "when used properly, humor can be an indicator of a leader's charisma."

In 1999, psychologist Segal Barseid conducted a study at the Yale School of Management that showed that positive emotions are more infectious than negative ones. According to scientists, "this is a very ancient mechanism, since smiling and laughter strengthen the relationship between individuals and thus contribute to the survival of the species. Leaders must draw a simple conclusion - humor helps to quickly establish a good mood in the collective."

Not familiar with these studies, Churchill intuitively understood the enormous potential of humor in public speaking. The politician's speeches are so full of numerous witticisms and jokes that the famous humorist Alan Patrick Herbert called Churchill "the most outstanding British humorist of our time."

When the politician was asked how he felt about the upcoming invasion of German troops, he immediately retorted: "We are looking forward to him. The fish are waiting for the same." Churchill, the master of the episode, often used his sparkling humor in verbal battles with political opponents. "I think it would be impossible to express something so opposite to the truth with greater precision," he commented on the speech of one deputy.

Churchill was no stranger to self-irony. For example, to the question “isn't it pleasant for you to realize that every time you perform, the hall is full?”, He replied: “Of course, it’s nice, but whenever I see a crowded hall, I repeat to myself - if it were not your performance, but your hanging, the audience would have gathered twice as much. "

In rhetoric, jokes about oneself are considered the most effective, and self-irony is one of the signs of self-awareness, which, in turn, refers to "the primary component of emotional intelligence."

Diction, facial expressions and gestures... Despite his international fame as a master of public speaking, Churchill was not a born orator. And first of all, this was due to his physical handicap - lisp. For hours, pronouncing numerous tongue twisters, Churchill was able to significantly improve diction. But that's not all. According to his son Randolph, he used the residual phenomena of the birth defect to "create his own, characteristic and unique style of public speaking."

In his essay, The Woods of Rhetoric, Churchill described the defect-effect formula as follows: "Sometimes a slight, barely noticeable stuttering or some other physical disability can do a good service by capturing the public's attention." Lisp, although barely noticeable, was far from the only "shell" in the politician's bandolier. Churchill was a master of small touches and sometimes with just intonation he could convey a thought, evoke the desired mood. Over the years of training, Churchill learned the filigree technique of controlling his own voice. For him, the voice was akin to a musical instrument, playing which he achieved tremendous success in increasing the persuasiveness of his speeches. Simultaneously with intonation and facial expressions, Churchill knew how to perfectly play out his performance. "As a great actor, he recited lines that are engraved in memory in a stately, dignified and fuss-free manner," wrote the English philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin. "His performances are great public recitations with all the qualities of grandeur and luxury."

Conclusion

In this coursework, I identified the features of the speeches of outstanding speakers of the 20th century. To analyze their activities, the great Winston Churchill was taken as an example of oratory. On the basis of this personality, I identified the main features inherent in great orators, examined how the success of oratory depends on personal qualities and ability to control the audience and what abilities a person must have in order to be able to influence speech on others.

She also analyzed the techniques of Adolf Hitler's speech, which allowed him to influence the audience. The Fuhrer, using his oratorical skills, was able to lead the entire German people, but, in the end, led the country to destruction.

In addition, in this work, I reviewed the biographies of great speakers.

List of sources used

Pprinted sources:

2. Vvedenskaya M.A., Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech. - Rostov-on-Don .: Phoenix, 1995.

3. Rozov A.N. Rhetoric. The art of public speech. - SPb, 2009.

Internet resources:

1. Bestreferat.ru - reference and information portal. Access mode:

http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-85370.html.

2. Wikipedia.ru - reference and information portal. Access mode:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston.

3. E-xecutive - reference and information portal. Access mode:

http://www.e-xecutive.ru/knowledge/announcement/1851798/index.php.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Similar documents

The speaker's eye and voice contact with the audience. Secrets of public speaking. The culture of public speaking. Childbirth and types of oratorical speech. Talented political speakers. Functional styles of the literary language in public speaking.

thesis, added 10/24/2008


Oratorical eloquence as a special kind of art. Qualities that distinguish oratory from other types of speech. Features of the construction and properties of oratory. Traditions of modern oratory. The influence of the psyche on the quality of oratory.

presentation added on 12/15/2010


Orator as a master of public speaking, fluent in the language. The structure and features of oratory, its integrity and composition. Preparation for a public performance and its rehearsal. Compositional and stylistic design of oratory.

abstract, added 11/06/2012


Formation of public speaking. Kinds of eloquence: socio-political, academic, judicial, social and everyday, spiritual. Qualities that distinguish oratory from other types of speech. Features of the construction and properties of oratory.

presentation added 03/03/2014


The concept and essence of oration. Definition of oratory, its history of origin. "Secrets" of public speaking in front of an audience. Features, types and types of oratorical speech. Analysis of the functional styles of the literary language in the speech of the speaker.

abstract, added 12/20/2009


The main components of the speech. Preparation of speech: choice of topic, purpose of the speech. The structure of the oratory. Methods for preparing a public speech. Logical and intonational-methodical patterns of speech. Features of speech etiquette, the image of the speaker.

abstract, added 02/12/2012


Classification of public speeches, their division into types according to their function, which the speaker sets in his speech. Composition of the oratory. Techniques for effectively communicating the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe speaker. Functions of the final part of the speech.

test, added 09/15/2009


Public speech concept. Socio-political, academic, genre-stylistic eloquence. Transfer of the main ideas, the content of the report as the goal of public speaking. Components of speech techniques: diction, tempo, intonation. The main types of proof.

test, added 09.24.2014


The skill of public speaking is the ability to use both forms of human thinking: logical and figurative. Common mistakes made by speakers. The rules for a successful public speaking: preparation of speech, place of speech, clothing, facial expressions and gestures.

test, added 09/15/2009


The study of the concept and the main tasks of oratory - a form of eloquence, one of the types of skillful mastery of the word, all means of communication with the aim of influencing the audience. The culture of public speaking. Ways to establish contact with the audience.