External obturator muscle. obturator internus muscle

1.0 Introduction

With this compilation, I want to start a series of articles on asanas for the legs. Such articles help me, and I hope they will help you too, to better understand the anatomy and work of the muscles of the human body and understand which muscles we use in the practice of yoga asanas.

I spent most of my time searching on the Internet and in e-books for visual pictures of asanas.

Many specialized terms are used to describe muscles and functions. Some of them can be found in the list of terms.

Hope the content is helpful! I look forward to comments and additions.

The muscles of the lower limb (mm.membri inferioris), according to their topographic and anatomical features, are divided into the muscles of the girdle of the lower limb (pelvic muscles) and the muscles of the free part of the lower limb.

1.1 Muscles of the girdle of the lower extremities (muscles of the pelvis)

The muscles of the pelvis (mm.cinguli pelvici) are divided into internal and external groups.

1.1.1 Inner pelvic muscle group

Iliac muscle (lat.Musculus iliacus)

Description: It starts from the walls of the iliac fossa (fossa iliaca), filling it entirely. In shape, the muscle approaches a triangle, with its apex pointing down. The bundles that make up the muscle fan-shaped converge to the boundary line of the pelvis and merge with the bundles of the psoas major (m.psoas major) forming the iliopsoas muscle (m.iliopsoas).
Function: The muscle is essentially one of the heads of the armor. m. iliopsoas. Its function is similar to that of this muscle.
Attachment: beginning - the walls of the iliac fossa, attachment - connecting with the bundles of the psoas major muscle forms a common iliopsoas muscle.

Large lumbar muscle (lat.Musculus psoas major)

Description: Long fusiform. It starts with 5 teeth from the lateral surface of the bodies of the XII thoracic, four upper lumbar vertebrae, as well as the corresponding intervertebral discs. Deeper muscle bundles start from the transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae. Tapering somewhat, the muscle goes down and slightly outward and, connecting with the bundles of the iliac muscle (m iliacus), forms a common iliopsoas muscle (m.iliopsoas).
Function: The muscle is essentially one of the heads (m.iliopsoas). Its function is similar to that of this muscle.
Attachment: beginning - the lateral surface of the bodies of the XII thoracic, four upper lumbar vertebrae, attachment - connecting with the bundles of the iliac muscle forms a common iliopsoas muscle.

Small psoas muscle (lat.Musculus psoas minor)

Description: Inconstant, thin, spindle-shaped. It is located on the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle (m.psoas major). It starts from the lateral surface of the bodies of the XII thoracic and I lumbar vertebrae and, heading down, passes with its tendon into the iliac fascia, attaching with it to the crest of the pubic bone and the iliopubic joint.
Function: Stretches the iliac fascia and is involved in the flexion of the spinal column.
Attachment: beginning - the lateral surface of the bodies of the XII thoracic and I lumbar vertebrae, attachment - is woven into the iliac fascia.

Iliopsoas muscle (lat.Musculus iliopsoas)

Description: consists of two parts: large lumbar (t. psoas major) and iliac (m. iliacus) muscles. The muscle from the pelvic cavity exits through the muscle gap and, heading downward, passes along the anterior surface of the hip joint, attaching with a thin short tendon to the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Function: Flexes the hip joint until the thigh touches the anterior abdominal wall; rotates the hip outward. With a fixed hip, it flexes (tilts) the lumbar spine forward.
Attachment: beginning - is formed by the fusion of two muscles, each of which has its own beginning, attachment - a small trochanter of the femur.
Function details: This muscle is directly adjacent to the anterior surface of the hip joint. Its function is to flex and supinate the hip. If the hip is fixed, then it flexes the spinal column and pelvis in relation to the hip (for example, when moving from a lying position to a sitting position). In a standing position on one leg, she not only bends the pelvis, but also rotates it around the vertical axis of the hip joint.
When the body rotates to the right and to the left in a standing position on two legs, the iliopsoas muscle of the opposite side works, stretching on the side of the same name. The iliopsoas muscle is essential for the formation of lumbar lordosis. With its relaxation, lordosis decreases (in a sitting position), with tension, it increases.
If the tension of this muscle occurs simultaneously with a strong contraction of the rectus abdominis muscle, then not only a decrease in lumbar lordosis is possible, but even the formation of a general thoracic-lumbar kyphosis (for example, in the "angle" position in support).

Piriformis muscle (lat.Musculus piriformis)

Description: It has the appearance of a flat isosceles triangle, the base of which originates from the lateral surface of the sacrum, lateral to the holes between the II and IV sacral pelvic foramina (foramina sacralia). Converging, the muscle bundles go outward, exit the pelvic cavity through the large sciatic foramen (foramen ischiadicum majus) and pass into a narrow and short tendon attached to the top of the greater trochanter.
Passing through the large sciatic foramen, the muscle does not completely fill it, leaving small gaps along the upper and lower edges (suprapiriform and subpiriform openings) through which the vessels and nerves pass.
Function: Rotates the hip outward
Attachment: the beginning is the lateral surface of the sacrum; insertion - apex of the greater trochanter of the femur
Function details: Abducts the hip.
Since its resultant passes behind the vertical axis of the hip joint, it participates in the external rotation (supination) of the thigh.
With a fixed leg, it can tilt the pelvis to its side.

Obturator internus muscle (lat. Musculus obturatorius internus)

Description: It is a flattened muscle, the bundles of which are somewhat fan-shaped. With its wide part, the muscle originates from the inner surface of the pelvic bone in the circumference of the obturator membrane and from its inner surface. A small gap between the muscle bundles and the obturator groove of the pubic bone turns into the obturator canal (canalis obturatorius), through which the vessels and nerve pass. Then the muscle bundles, converging, go outward and, bending almost at a right angle through the small sciatic notch, leave the pelvic cavity through the small sciatic foramen, attaching themselves with a short powerful tendon in the region of the trochanteric fossa.
Topographically, the obturator internus muscle is divided into two parts: a large one, before exiting the pelvic cavity, intrapelvic, and a smaller tendon, lying under the gluteus maximus muscle, extrapelvic.
Functions: Rotates outward (supinates) the thigh.
Attachment: origin - the inner surface of the pelvis in the circumference of the obturator membrane, attachment - the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
Function details: To the tendon of the obturator internus muscle, upon its exit from the small pelvis, the upper and lower twin muscles, which lie above and below it, are attached. These two small muscles originate from the ischial spine (upper muscle) and the ischial tuberosity (lower muscle).
The function of the obturator internus and gemelli muscles is to abduct the hip if the pelvis is fixed, and in a standing position on one leg, to keep the pelvis from tilting towards the opposite leg. In addition, these muscles are also involved in the supination of the thigh.

Gluteus maximus muscle (lat.Musculus gluteus maximus)

Description: The largest muscle of the three gluteal muscles, which is closest to the surface. The muscle is large-fibered, consisting of bundles lying parallel to each other and connected together into one large knot, but separated by connective tissue layers. Powerful, flat, reaches 2-3 cm in thickness, approaches a rhombus in shape. It covers the greater trochanter, as well as the rest of the muscles of this group. It makes up a large part of the shape and appearance of the buttocks, it depends on how much the buttocks will protrude. Its large size (diameter about 30 cm) is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, since it holds the human torso in an upright position.
Function: Extends the leg (thigh) in the hip joint, and also stretches the wide fascia of the thigh.
With fixed legs, it unbends the torso (pelvis) in relation to the thigh (extension of the torso from a bent position).
Regarding the rotation of the hip, the opinions of different authors differ:
* Sinelnikov R.D. "Atlas of Anatomy" 2009 - "extends the thigh, simultaneously penetrating it."
* Ivanitsky M.F. "Human Anatomy", 7th edition, 2008 - "the function of the muscle is to extend and supinate the hip"
Attachment: beginning - from the back of the outer surface of the ilium, posterior to the posterior gluteal line, from the lateral edge of the sacrum and coccyx and from the sacrotuberous ligament; attachment - the upper muscle bundles are attached to the wide fascia, which passes into the ilio-tibial tract, and the lower ones - to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.
Antagonist: iliac, psoas major and minor muscles.

Gluteus medius (lat.Musculus gluteus medius)

Description: Partially covered by the gluteus maximus muscle. Approaches a triangle in shape. The muscle is thick, two layers of bundles are distinguished in it - superficial and deep. The physiological diameter is 21 cm, in strength it is somewhat inferior to the gluteus maximus muscle. The muscle bundles are fan-shaped, starting with a wide part from the outer surface of the iliac wing, bounded in front by the anterior gluteal line, from above by the iliac crest, from below by the posterior gluteal line. Then all muscle bundles converge into a common powerful tendon, which is attached to the apex and outer surface of the greater trochanter.
Function: The main function is to abduct the hip in the hip joint.
Due to the fact that the anterior fibers of the muscle go from top to bottom and back, and the posterior ones - from top to bottom and forward, it takes part in both pronation (anterior bundles) and supination (rear bundles) of the thigh.
With a fixed leg, it abducts (tilts to its side) the pelvis. Takes part in straightening the torso bent forward.
Attachment: beginning - the outer surface of the iliac wing; attachment - the top and outer surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Gluteus maximus muscle (lat.Musculus gluteus minimus)

Description: It resembles the gluteus medius in shape, but is much thinner in diameter. Covered throughout by the gluteus medius (m.gluteus medius). It starts from the outer surface of the iliac wing, between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines. Then the muscle bundles converge and pass into the tendon, which is attached to the anterior edge of the greater trochanter of the femur.
Function: like the gluteus medius muscle, it abducts the leg and, with a fixed leg, abducts (tilts to its side) the pelvis.
Attachment: beginning - the outer surface of the iliac wing; attachment - the anterior edge of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Description:
Function: Rotates the hip outward.
Attachment:

Upper twin muscle (lat.Musculus gemellus superior)

Description: It has the appearance of a small muscle cord, originating from the ischial spine and attached to the trochanteric fossa. The muscle is adjacent to the upper edge of the tendon of the obturator internus muscle (m.obturatorius internus) after it leaves the small pelvis.
Attachment: beginning - ischial spine; attachment - trochanteric fossa of the femur.
Function: Rotates the hip outward.

Lower gemellus muscle (lat.Musculus gemellus inferior)

Description: The shape resembles the upper twin muscle. Unlike the latter, it is located below the tendon of the internal obturator muscle (m.obturatorius internus). It starts from the ischial tuberosity and attaches to the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
Function: Rotates the hip outward.
Attachment: beginning - ischial tubercle; attachment - trochanteric fossa of the femur

External obturator muscle (Latin Musculus obturatorius externus)

Description: It has the shape of an irregular triangle. It starts from the obturator membrane and the bone edge of the obturator foramen with its wider part. Then the muscle bundles, converging fan-shaped, pass into the tendon adjacent to the posterior surface of the hip joint capsule. The muscle attaches to the trochanteric fossa, adjacent to the obturator internus muscle.
Function: Rotates the hip outward.
Attachment: beginning - the outer surface of the obturator membrane and adjacent areas of the pubic and ischial bones; attachment - trochanteric fossa of the femur and the posterior surface of the articular capsule of the hip joint.

Tensioner of the broad fascia of the thigh (lat. Musculus tensor fasciae latae)

Description: A flat, slightly elongated muscle that lies on the anterolateral surface of the pelvis. With its distal end, it is woven into the wide fascia of the thigh. It begins on the outer lip of the iliac crest, closer to the superior anterior iliac spine. It goes down and a little back, between two sheets of the wide fascia, to which it is fixed. The continuation of the tendon of this muscle is called the ilio-tibial tract of the wide fascia of the thigh. The iliotibial tract inserts on the lateral condyle of the tibia.
Function: Stretches the wide fascia of the thigh and the iliac-tibial tract, through which it acts on the knee joint. Flexes and rotates inward (pronates) the thigh. In addition, she abducts the hip. With a fixed hip, it participates in the rotation of the pelvis.
Attachment: origin - the outer lip of the iliac crest, attachment - a wide fascia of the thigh.

1.2 Muscles of the free part of the lower limb

The muscles of the free part of the lower limb (mm.partis liberae membri inferioris) are divided into thigh muscles, leg muscles and foot muscles.

1.2.1 Muscles of the thigh

The thigh muscles (mm.femoris) are divided into anterior, medial and posterior groups. The first includes mainly extensor muscles, the second - adductor muscles, and the third - flexor muscles.

1.2.1.1 Front group

Square muscle of the thigh (lat.Musculus quadratis femoris)

Description: It has the appearance of a relatively thick rectangle, covered behind the gluteus maximus muscle (m.gluteus maximus). It starts from the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity and is attached to the intertrochanteric crest, reaching the greater trochanter of the femur.
Function: Rotates the hip outward.
Attachment: beginning - the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity; attachment - a large trochanter of the femur.

Tailor muscle (lat.Musculus sartorius)

Description: It looks like a narrow ribbon and is the longest muscle in the human body. It starts from the superior anterior iliac spine, and spirals obliquely down through the anterior surface of the thigh, passing to its inner surface, and then, rounding the medial epicondyle from behind, passes to the anteromedial surface of the lower leg. The muscle passes into a flat tendon, which is attached to the tuberosity of the tibia, and a number of bundles are woven into the fascia of the upper leg. At the point of attachment of the muscle, 2-3 dry bags of the sartorius muscle (bursae subtendineae m. Sartorii) are formed, which separate the tendon of the latter from the tendons of the fine and semitendinous muscles.
Its upper part is the lateral border of the femoral triangle.
Function: Being biarticular, the muscle produces the movement of the thigh and lower leg. Flexes the leg at the hip and knee joints; rotating the thigh outward, and the lower leg inward, thereby taking part in throwing the leg over the leg.
With a fixed hip, the sartorius muscle is involved in the tilt of the pelvis and its rotation around the vertical axis.
Attachment: beginning - anterior superior iliac spine (spina iliaca anterior superior); attachment - anteromedial surface of the tibia (tibial tuberosity).

Quadriceps femoris muscle (lat.Musculus quadriceps femoris)

Description: occupies the entire front and partly the lateral surface of the thigh. Consists of four heads. Each of the heads has its own origin, but, approaching the knee area, they all pass into a common tendon that covers the patella and is attached to the tibial tuberosity.
The quadriceps femoris muscle has a pinnate structure, which increases its lifting power. The physiological diameter of the muscle is 56 cm2. The patella, being a sesamoid bone, contributes to an increase in the shoulder strength of the quadriceps muscle (the moment of its rotation).
Rectus femoris muscle (lat.Musculus rectus femoris)
The rectus femoris is the longest of all heads. It occupies the anterior surface of the thigh. It begins with a thin tendon from the lower anterior spine, supraacetabular groove. At the very beginning, it is covered with m tensor fasciae latae and tailor muscle (m.sartorius). It goes down and passes into a narrow tendon, which is part of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Having reached the tibia, the tendon of the muscle is attached to the tibial tuberosity. Below the patella, it is called the patellar ligament (ligamentum patellae).
Medial broad muscle of the thigh (lat.Musculus vastus medialis)
The vastus medialis muscle of the thigh occupies the anteromedial surface of the lower half of the thigh. The front is somewhat covered by the rectus femoris. The muscle originates from the medial lip of the rough line of the thigh and, heading down, passes into the wide tendon, which is partly woven into the wide tendon along with the rectus femoris, and partly attached to the medial edge of the patella, forming the medial patellar ligament. Thus, the bundles forming the muscle are directed obliquely from top to bottom and from the inside to the front.
Lateral broad muscle of the thigh (lat.Musculus vastus lateralis)
The lateral broad muscle of the thigh occupies almost the entire anterolateral surface of the thigh. From above, it is somewhat covered by a muscle that strains the wide fascia, and in front - by the rectus femoris muscle. Muscle bundles are directed from top to bottom and outside anteriorly. The muscle starts from the greater trochanter, the intertrochanteric line and the lateral lip of the broad line of the thigh. Heading down, the muscle passes into the wide tendon, which is part of the common tendon of the quadriceps muscle and participates in the formation of the lateral supporting ligament of the patella.
Intermediate wide muscle of the thigh (lat.Musculus vastus intermedius)
The vastus intermedius is located on the anterior surface of the thigh between the medial and lateral vastus muscles, directly below the rectus femoris. It is the weakest among the other heads. It starts on the anterior surface of the femur - from the intertrochanteric line and, heading down, passes (almost half its length) into a wide tendon, which in the distal section joins the tendon of the rectus femoris muscle, passing into the common tendon of the quadriceps muscle.

General for quadriceps:
Attachment: The rectus femoris muscle starts from the lower anterior iliac spine, goes down and connects in the lower third of the thigh with the rest of the heads.
The place of origin of the three broad thigh muscles are the anterior, lateral and medial surfaces of the femur. All four heads of the quadriceps femoris are attached to the patella. From it to the tuberosity of the tibia there is a ligament of the patella, which is a continuation of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh.
Attachment in short: beginning - each of the four heads has its own beginning; attachment - tuberosity of the tibia.
Function: The rectus femoris muscle, being a biarticular (throws through the hip and knee joints), takes part in flexion of the thigh and extension of the lower leg in the knee joint.
The remaining heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle are single-joint (throws over the knee joint) and produce extension of the lower leg in the knee joint.

The articular muscle of the knee (lat. M. articularis genus)

Description: flat plate, consisting of several well-defined muscle bundles; lies on the front surface of the thigh under the intermediate broad muscle of the thigh (m.vastus intermedius). The muscle originates from the anterior surface of the lower third of the femur and, heading down, is attached to the anterior and lateral surfaces of the knee joint capsule.
Attachment: beginning - the anterior surface of the lower third of the femur; attachment - the anterior and lateral surface of the capsule of the knee joint.
Function: stretches the capsule of the knee joint.

1.2.1.2 Medial group

Thin muscle (lat. Musculus gracilis)

Description: long, slightly flattened, lies subcutaneously, is located most medially. It starts from the anterior surface of the pubic bone and, heading down, passes into a long thin tendon, which, having rounded the medial epicondyle of the thigh, is attached to the tuberosity of the tibia.
Even before the point of attachment, the tendon of the fine muscle (m.gracilis) fuses with the tendons of the tailor (m.sartorius) and semitendinosus muscles (m.semitendinosus), as well as with the fascia of the lower leg, forming the so-called superficial crow's foot.
Function: Of all the adductor muscles, this is the only biarticular muscle. Passing near the knee joint, somewhat behind and medially from its transverse axis, it leads the thigh, promotes flexion of the lower leg at the knee joint and turning the leg outward
Attachment: origin - anterior surface of the pubic bone, attachment - tuberosity of the tibia

Long adductor muscle (Latin Musculus adductor longus)

Description: flat, somewhat reminiscent of a triangle in shape, located on the anteromedial surface of the thigh. It begins with a short powerful tendon from the pubic bone below the pubic tubercle, lateral to the fine muscle. Then, gradually expanding, it goes downward and attaches to the middle third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur.
Function: Leads the thigh, taking part in its flexion and rotation outwards.
Attachment: beginning - the pubic bone below the pubic tubercle; attachment - the middle third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur.

Short adductor muscle (lat.Musculus adductor brevis)

Description: triangular, located deeper than the long adductor muscle (m.adductor longus). It starts on the anterior surface of the lower branch of the pubic bone, lateral to the thin muscle (m. gracilis). It goes down and outward, slightly expanding, attaching to the upper third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur.
Function: Leads the thigh, participating in its outward rotation.
Together with the long adductor, pectineus (on one side), sartorius, and tensor fascia lata (on the other), it forms a pair of forces involved in hip flexion.
Attachment: beginning - the anterior surface of the lower branch of the pubic bone; attachment - the upper third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur

Large adductor muscle (lat.Musculus adductor magnus)

Description: wide, thick, largest in size among the muscles of the medial group. The physiological diameter of the large adductor muscle is 20 cm2. It lies somewhat deeper than the long and short adductor muscles (mm.adductor longus & brevis), outside the thin muscle (m.gracilis). It begins with a powerful short tendon from the lower branch of the pubic and branches of the ischium to the ischial tuberosity. Muscle bundles diverging fan-shaped from top to bottom and outwards, are attached by a wide tendon throughout the medial lip of the rough line of the femur. Part of the distal muscle bundles passes into a thin tendon attached to the medial epicondyle of the femur.
Function: Brings the thigh and rotates it outward; flexes the hip.
Attachment: beginning - from the lower branch of the pubic and branches of the ischium to the ischial tuberosity; attachment - the entire length of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur, reaching the medial epicondyle of the femur.
Function optional: This muscle also plays a large role in hip extension if the pelvis is fixed, or in pelvic extension if the hip is fixed. This action of the muscle increases as the hip flexes, as the arm of the force and the moment of its rotation become larger. When the hip is extended, the direction of the resultant muscle almost coincides with the transverse axis of the hip joint, as a result of which its moment of rotation with respect to this axis approaches zero. As a hip adductor, it acts with particular force when the hip is abducted.

Comb muscle (lat.Musculus pectineus)

Description: flat, shaped like a quadrilateral. On the lateral side, it borders on the iliopsoas muscle (m.iliopsoas), on the medial side, on the long adductor muscle (m.adductor longus). Between m.iliopsoas and the comb muscle (m.pectineus) a small depression is formed. It starts on the superior branch and crest of the pubic bone and, heading down and slightly outward, is attached to the crest line of the femur.
Attachment: beginning - the upper branch and crest of the pubic bone; attachment - comb line of the femur.
Function: Flexes the leg at the hip joint, simultaneously adducting it and rotating it outward.
Together with other muscles, it is involved in the forward tilt of the pelvis.

1.2.1.3 Rear group

Semitendinosus muscle (lat.Musculus semitendinosus)

Description: long, thin, located closer to the medial edge of the back of the thigh. Its outer side is bordered by the biceps femoris muscle (m.biceps femoris), the inner side is semi-membranous (m.semimembranosus). The proximal muscle is covered by the gluteus maximus muscle (m.gluteus maximus).
In the middle, the muscle is often interrupted by an oblique tendon bridge (intersectio tendinea). Starting from the ischial tuberosity, it follows down, passes into a long tendon, which, having rounded the medial epicondyle of the thigh, follows to the anteromedial surface of the tibia and is attached to its tuberosity. Part of the end bundles of the tendon is woven into the fascia of the lower leg.
The tendon of the muscle at its point of attachment, together with the tendon of the gracilis and sartorius muscles, forms a triangular tendon stretch that connects to the fascia cruris, the so-called superficial crow's foot (pes anserinus superficialis).
Attachment: the beginning is the tubercle of the ischium, the attachment is the tuberosity of the tibia. Part of the end bundles of the tendon is woven into the fascia of the lower leg
Functions: Biarticular muscle. Hip extension, flexion and pronation of the leg. Pronation (inward rotation) of the lower leg is most possible when the lower leg is bent.
With a fixed limb, together with the gluteus maximus muscle, it unbends the torso at the hip joint.

Semimembranous muscle (Latin Musculus semimembranosus)

Description: located along the medial edge of the posterior thigh. The outer edge of the muscle is covered by the semitendinosus muscle (m.semitendinisus), which leaves an imprint in the form of a longitudinal wide groove. The inner edge of the muscle is free. It begins with a flattened powerful tendon from the ischial tuberosity. Heading down, it passes into a flat tendon, which then gradually narrows and rounds and, having rounded the medial epicondyle, goes to the anteromedial surface of the tibia. At this point, the tendon becomes wider and is divided into three bundles. The inner bundle, located horizontally, ends on the medial condyle of the tibia, the middle bundle also reaches the medial condyle, passing into the fascia covering the popliteal muscle; the outer bundle, approaching the capsule of the knee joint, passes into the oblique popliteal ligament.
Attachment: origin - tubercle of the ischium, attachment - medial condyle of the tibia
Function short: Biarticular muscle. Extends the leg at the hip joint and flexes at the knee. Rotates the lower leg inward when the knee is bent
With a fixed limb, together with the gluteus maximus muscle, it unbends the torso at the hip joint. It also fixes it to the thigh, preventing it from leaning forward.

Biceps femoris (lat. Musculus biceps femoris)

Description: located along the lateral edge of the posterior thigh. There are two heads in the muscle - long and short. The long head (caput longum) starts from the ischial tuberosity with a small flat tendon; short head (caput breve) - from the lateral lip of the rough line along the lower half of the thigh.
Both heads, connecting, form a powerful abdomen, which, heading down, passes into a long narrow tendon. The latter, having rounded behind the lateral epicondyle, is attached to the head of the fibula. Part of the beams, going horizontally, is attached to the edge of the upper articular surface of the fibula, and part, going slightly down, is woven into the fascia of the leg.
Function: The long head is a biarticular muscle. Extends the leg at the hip joint and flexes at the knee.
With a fixed limb, together with the gluteus maximus muscle, it unbends the torso at the hip joint.
When the knee is bent, rotates the lower leg outward. As the lower leg flexes, the tendon of this muscle moves backward, due to which its moment of rotation increases.
Attachment: beginning - each of the two heads has its own beginning: a long head from the ischial tuberosity, and a short one from the lower part of the rough line of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum; attachment - the head of the fibula, the edge of the upper articular surface of the fibula, is woven into the fascia of the lower leg.

1.2.2 Leg muscles

The muscles of the lower leg (mm.cruris) are divided into three groups: anterior, posterior and lateral. In the posterior group, two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscles of the lateral group are mainly the flexor and pronator muscles of the foot, the anterior group are the extensor muscles of the foot, and the posterior group are mainly the flexor muscles and the arch support muscles of the foot.

1.2.2.1 Front group

Anterior tibialis muscle (lat.Musculus tibialis anterior)

Description: long, narrow, lies superficially, occupying the most medial position of all the muscles of this group. With the inner edge, it borders on the anterior edge of the tibia, and the outer in the proximal part - with the long extensor of the fingers (m.extensor digitorum longus), in the distal - with the long extensor of the thumb (m.extensor hallucis longus). The muscle originates with its wider part from the lateral condyle and the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseous membrane of the leg. In the lower third of the lower leg, it passes into a long flat tendon, which lies in the tendon pocket under the extensor muscle retinaculum (retinaculum mm. extensorum inferius) and goes first to the medial edge of the foot, and then to the plantar surface. Here the tendon is attached to the medial sphenoid bone and the base of the first metatarsal bone.
Function: Extends the foot and raises its medial edge (supination). Together with the posterior tibial muscle leads the foot. When the foot is fixed, the muscle tilts the lower leg forward, bringing it closer to the rear of the foot.
Attachment: beginning - lateral condyle and lateral surface of the tibia and interosseous membrane of the leg; attachment - bones of the foot (medial sphenoid bone and base of the 1st metatarsal bone)

Long finger extensor (lat. Musculus extensor digitorum longus)

Description: lies outward from the anterior tibial muscle (m.tibialis anterior). In the lower third of the lower leg between them passes the tendon of the long extensor of the thumb (m.extensor hallucis longus). The muscle starts from the upper third of the tibia, the head and anterior edge of the fibula, the interosseous membrane of the leg, the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg, and the fascia of the leg. Then the muscle goes down, gradually narrows and passes into a narrow long tendon, which passes under the extensor muscle retinaculum (retinaculum mm. extensorum inferius) in the lateral canal. Even before entering the canal, the tendon is divided into four thin individual tendons, which, moving to the back of the foot, are attached to the base of the proximal phalanges of the four toes - from II to V. At the point of attachment, each of the tendons is divided into three bundles. The middle bundle ends at the base of the middle phalanx, and both extreme ones - at the base of the distal phalanx.
Function: unbends the four toes of the foot (II-V), the foot, and together with the third peroneal muscle (m. peroneus tertius) raises (pronates) the outer edge of the foot.
With a strengthened foot, the muscle tilts the lower leg forward, bringing it closer to the rear of the foot.
Attachment: beginning - the upper third of the tibia, the head and anterior edge of the fibula, the interosseous membrane of the leg, the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg, the fascia of the leg; attachment - the bases of the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the four toes (II-V).

Long extensor of the thumb (lat.Musculus extensor hallucis longus)

Description: Lies between the anterior tibial muscle (m. tibialis anterior) and the long extensor of the fingers (m.extensor digitorum). The upper two-thirds of this muscle is covered by these muscles. The muscle originates from the medial surface of the middle and lower thirds of the fibula and the interspinous membrane of the lower leg and, heading down, passes into a narrow long tendon, which passes through the middle channel under the extensor muscle retinaculum (retinaculum mm. extensorum inferius) to the big toe. Here the tendon is attached to the distal phalanx. Part of its bundles fuses with the base of the proximal phalanx.
Function: Unbends the thumb, takes part in the extension of the foot, raising (supinating) its medial edge.
With a fixed foot, along with other front muscles, it tilts the lower leg forward.
Attachment: beginning - the medial surface of the middle and lower thirds of the fibula and the interspinous membrane of the leg; attachment - the distal phalanx and the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe.

1.2.2.2 Back group surface layer

Triceps muscle of the lower leg (lat.Musculus triceps surae)

Description: consists of two muscles - gastrocnemius (lying superficially) and soleus (located closer to the bones of the lower leg). Each of the three muscle heads (2 from the gastrocnemius and one from the soleus) has its own origin. Both muscles are connected into one calcaneal (Achilles) tendon and are attached to the tuber of the calcaneus. The calcaneal tendon is very strong: it can withstand a load of up to 549 kg in an adult.
Function of the triceps muscle: The entire musculature of the triceps muscle of the lower leg produces flexion in the ankle joint both with the free leg and with support on the end of the foot. The line of traction of the muscle passes medially from the axis of the subtalar joint, then it still adducts and supinates the foot.
When standing, the triceps muscle of the lower leg (mainly its part is the soleus muscle) prevents the body from tipping forward in the ankle joint. The muscle has to work mainly when burdened with the weight of the whole body. In this regard, it is distinguished by strength and has a large diameter. The gastrocnemius muscle can also flex the knee with a fixed lower leg and foot.

Calf muscle (lat.Musculus gastrocnemius) is a biceps muscle, formed by two powerful fleshy heads - medial (caput mediate) and lateral (caput laterale). A more powerful medial head originates from the popliteal surface above the medial condyle of the femur, and the lateral head is symmetrical to it, but slightly lower, above the lateral condyle of the femur. Under each of the tendons of these heads on the condyles, there are, respectively, medial and lateral dry bursae of the gastrocnemius muscle (bursa subtendinea musculi gastrocnemii medialis & lateralis). Heading down, both heads are connected together approximately in the middle of the lower leg, and then pass into a common tendon, which forms a powerful calcaneal (Achilles) tendon in the lower third of the lower leg, which is attached to the calcaneal tubercle.
Attachment: beginning - medial and lateral condyles of the thigh; attachment - calcaneal tendon (Achilles), which is attached to the calcaneus.
Function: being two-component muscles, the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle flex not only the foot in the ankle joint, but also the lower leg in the knee joint.
Function details: The effect of the gastrocnemius muscle on the knee joint is small, since its origin is located very close to the axis of rotation of the knee joint. As the knee flexes, the muscle's arm strength increases, increasing its action as a calf flexor.

Soleus muscle (lat.Musculus soleus) flat, covered with gastrocnemius muscle. It starts from the head and upper third of the body of the fibula, as well as from the line of the soleus muscle of the tibia and the middle third of the body of this bone. Part of the muscle bundles starts from the tendon arch of the soleus muscle (stretched between the bones of the lower leg). Heading down, the muscle passes into the tendon, which, having joined the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle, forms a powerful calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (tendo calcaneus (Achillis)) in the lower third of the lower leg, which is attached to the tuber of the calcaneus.
Function: the muscle is single-joint and acts only on the ankle joint, bending the foot at the ankle joint. It plays an important role when standing, fixing the lower leg and preventing the body from falling forward.
Attachment: beginning - from the posterior surface of the upper third of the body of the tibia and from the tendon arch located between the bones of the lower leg; attachment - calcaneal tendon (Achilles), which is attached to the calcaneus.

Plantar muscle (lat. Musculus plantaris)

Description: calf muscle of the posterior group. The muscle is rudimentary and highly unstable. Her abdomen is spindle-shaped, short. It starts from the lateral condyle of the femur and the posterior wall of the capsule of the knee joint. It goes down and somewhat medially, the muscle passes into a narrow tendon, located between the gastrocnemius (m.gastrocnemius) and soleus (m.soleus) muscles. In the lower third of the lower leg, the tendon most often grows together with the Achilles tendon, and sometimes it attaches itself to the calcaneus, weaving fibers into the calcaneal aponeurosis.
Function: This muscle is rudimentary in nature (it is absent in 12% of cases) and cannot significantly affect movements in both the ankle and knee joints. Performs functions identical to the triceps muscle and stretches the capsule of the knee joint.
Attachment: the beginning is the lateral condyle of the femur and the posterior wall of the capsule of the knee joint; attachment - grows into the Achilles tendon

1.2.2.3 Rear group deep layer

Popliteal muscle (lat.Musculus popliteus)

Description: It is a flat, short muscle cord that lies directly on the posterior surface of the knee joint capsule. It originates from the lateral condyle of the femur and the arcuate popliteal ligament. Heading down and slightly expanding, the muscle is attached to the posterior surface of the tibia above the soleus muscle line (linea musculi solei).
Function: Flexes the lower leg, rotating it inward (prone), and also pulls the capsule of the knee joint (due to the fact that it is partially attached to the capsule of the knee joint).
Attachment: origin - lateral condyle of the femur and arcuate popliteal ligament, attachment - posterior surface of the tibia above the soleus muscle line.

Long finger flexor (lat. Musculus flexor digitorum longus)

Description: occupies the most medial position of all the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior group, located on the posterior surface of the tibia. It starts from the middle third of the posterior surface of the tibia and from the deep sheet of the fascia of the leg. Heading down, it passes into a long tendon, which goes around the back of the medial ankle, located under the flexor muscle retinaculum (retinaculum mm.flexorum). Then the tendon passes to the sole, going obliquely outward, and is divided into four separate tendons, which are directed along the II-V toes, attaching to the bases of the distal phalanges. Before attachment, each tendon perforates the tendon of the short flexor of the fingers (m. flexor digitorum brevis).
Function: The function of the muscle with respect to flexion of the fingers is small - it slightly flexes the distal phalanges of the II-V toes.
It mainly affects the foot as a whole. With a free foot, it flexes and raises its medial edge (supination).
She also, together with the triceps muscle of the lower leg, takes part in putting the foot on the toe (walking on tiptoe).
In a standing position, together with a long plantar ligament (lig. Plantare longum) actively contributes to the strengthening of the longitudinal arch of the foot.
When walking, he presses his fingers to the support.
Attachment: beginning - from the middle third of the posterior surface of the tibia and from the deep sheet of the fascia of the leg; attachment - the base of the distal phalanges II-V of the toes.

Long flexor of the thumb (lat. Musculus flexor hallucis longus)

Description: It occupies the most lateral position, located on the posterior surface and somewhat covering the posterior tibial muscle (m.tibialis posterior). It is the strongest muscle among all the deep muscles of the back of the leg. It starts from the lower two-thirds of the fibula, the interosseous membrane and the posterior intermuscular septum of the leg. It goes down and goes into a long tendon, which passes under the flexor muscle retinaculum (retinaculum mm.flexorum) and goes to the sole, lying in the groove between the talus and calcaneus. In this place, the tendon passes under the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers, giving it part of the fibrous bundles. Then it goes forward and attaches to the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe.
Function: It flexes the thumb, and also, due to its connection with the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers, participates in the flexion of the II-IV toes.
Like the rest of the posterior muscles of the lower leg, it produces flexion, adduction and supination of the foot.
Strengthens the longitudinal arch of the foot.
Attachment: beginning - from the lower two-thirds of the fibula, interosseous membrane and posterior intermuscular septum of the leg; attachment - the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe, giving part of the fibrous bundles to the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers.
Function optional: The action of this muscle on the big toe is quite large and amounts to 18.1 kg in men and 14 kg in women. In ballerinas, this muscle, together with the long extensor, fixes the big toe when walking on the fingers.

Tibialis posterior muscle (lat.Musculus tibialis posterior)

Description: It is located between the long flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum longus) and the long flexor of the big toe (m.flexor hallucis longus). It starts from the interosseous membrane, as well as from the adjacent edges of the tibia and fibula. It goes down and passes into a long tendon, which, having passed in a separate channel under the flexor muscle retinaculum (retinaculum mm.flexorum), bends around the medial malleolus behind and, passing to the sole, is attached to the tuberosity of the scaphoid and to the three sphenoid bones.
Function: It flexes the foot, rotates it outward (supinates) and adducts it along with the tibialis anterior.
Together with other muscles attached to the medial edge of the foot, it also participates in the formation of the "stapes", which strengthens the transverse arch of the foot.
In a standing position, he presses his fingers to the ground.
Attachment: beginning - from the interosseous membrane of the lower leg and from the adjacent edges of the tibia and fibula; attachment - bones of the foot (tuberosity of the scaphoid and three cuneiform bones).

1.2.2.4 Lateral group

Long peroneal muscle (lat.Musculus fibularis (peroneus) longus)

Description: It is located on the lateral surface of the leg. In the upper half, it lies directly on the fibula, and in the lower half it covers the short peroneal muscle (m.peroneus brevis). The muscle begins with two heads: the anterior one - from the head of the fibula, the lateral condyle of the tibia and the fascia of the lower leg, and the posterior one - from the upper sections of the lateral surface of the fibula. Heading down, the muscle passes into a long tendon, which goes around the back of the lateral ankle, passes under the upper and lower retainers of the peroneal muscles (retinaculum musculorum peroneorum superius & retinaculum musculorum peroneorum inferius) and follows the outer surface of the calcaneus under the fibula block (trochlea fibularis (peronealis) ), passing to the sole. Here it lies in the groove of the tendons of the peroneal muscles and, crossing the foot obliquely, is attached to tuberosity I and the base of the II metatarsal bones.
Function: Together with the short peroneal muscle, it flexes and pronates the foot, lowering its medial and raising the lateral edge (pronates). Also abducts the foot.
Attachment: The two heads have different beginnings. The short one - from the head of the fibula, the lateral condyle of the tibia and the fascia of the lower leg, and the long one - from the upper sections of the lateral surface of the fibula; attachment - foot bones (tuberosity I and base II of the metatarsal bones).
Function optional: Of the muscles that penetrate the foot, the long peroneal muscle is the strongest.
Together with the anterior tibial muscle, it forms a tendon-muscle loop that strengthens the transverse arch of the foot.

Short peroneal muscle (lat.Musculus fibularis (peroneus) brevis)

Description: Long, thin, located directly on the outer surface of the fibula under the long peroneal muscle (m.fibularis longus). The muscle starts from the lower half of the lateral surface of the fibula and from the intermuscular septum of the leg, goes down and then goes near the tendon of the long peroneal muscle. Having rounded the lateral malleolus from behind, the tendon goes forward along the outer side of the calcaneus and is attached to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone.
Function: Together with the long peroneal muscle, it flexes and pronates the foot, lowering its medial and raising its lateral edge. Also abducts the foot.
Attachment: beginning - the lower half of the lateral surface of the fibula and the intermuscular septum of the leg; attachment - foot bones (tuberosity of the V metatarsal bone).

The third peroneal muscle (Latin Musculus fibularis (peroneus) tertius)

Description: The muscle starts from the lower half of the lateral surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane of the leg and is attached near the base of the fifth metatarsal bone.
Function: Raises the lateral edge of the foot.
Attachment: beginning - the lower half of the lateral surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane of the leg; attachment - foot bones (base of the fifth metatarsal bone).

1.2.3 Muscles of the foot

The muscles that pass from the lower leg to the foot and the muscles of the foot itself participate in the movements of the toes. The muscles of the foot itself (mm.pedis) include those that both begin and attach to the foot. They are quite numerous and can be divided into two groups: the muscles of the plantar surface of the foot and the muscles of the dorsum of the foot. The muscles located on the plantar surface of the foot flex the toes, and the muscles located on the back of the foot extend them.

When comparing the muscles of the plantar dorsum of the foot, it is clearly seen that the former are much stronger than the latter. This is due to the difference in their functions. The muscles of the plantar surface of the foot are involved in holding the arches of the foot and largely provide its spring properties. The muscles of the back surface are involved in the extension of the fingers when moving the foot forward (for example, while walking and running). These muscles are so weak that they cannot keep the body from falling back if the fingers are fixed, and the vertical of the body's common center of gravity is placed on the back border of the support area.

Muscles of the back of the foot: short extensor of fingers (m.extensor digitorum brevis); short extensor of the big toe (m.extensor hallucis brevis); dorsal interosseous muscles (m.interossei dorsales).

The muscles of the sole of the foot are numerous and for convenience of consideration we will divide them into several layers according to the depth of occurrence: first level: Abductor hallucis muscle (m.abductor hallucis); Short finger flexor (m.flexor digitorum brevis); Muscle abducting the little toe of the foot (m.abductor digiti minimi); second level: Vermiform muscles of the foot (m.lumbricales); Square muscle of the sole (m.quadratus plantae); third level: The muscle that leads the big toe (m.adductor hallucis); Short flexor of the big toe (m.flexor hallucis brevis); Short flexor of the little toe of the foot (m.flexor digiti minimi brevis); fourth level: Muscle opposing the little toe of the foot (m.opponens digiti minimi); Plantar interosseous muscles (m.interossei plantares).

1.2.3.1 Back side

Short extensor of the fingers (lat. Musculus extensor digitorum brevis)

Description: A flat muscle that lies directly on the dorsum of the foot. It starts from the upper and lateral surfaces of the anterior part of the calcaneus and, heading anteriorly, passes into four narrow tendons. They grow together in the distal section with the tendons of the long extensor of the fingers (m.extensor digitorum longus) and are attached to the base of the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the II-V fingers, weaving into the dorsal fascia of the foot. In some cases, the tendon to the little finger is missing.
Function: Performs extension II-IV (V) of the toes along with their slight abduction to the lateral side.
Attachment: origin - the upper and lateral surfaces of the anterior part of the calcaneus; attachment - the base of the proximal, middle and distal phalanges II-IV (V) of the toes

Short extensor of the big toe (lat.Musculus extensor hallucis brevis)

Description: Lies medially from the short extensor of the fingers (m. extensor digitorum brevis). It starts from the upper surface of the anterior part of the calcaneus and, heading forward and medially, passes into the tendon, which is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. In the distal section, the tendon fuses with the tendon of the long extensor hallucis longus (m.extensor hallucis longus), taking part in the formation of the dorsal fascia of the foot.
Function: Extends the big toe.
Attachment: origin - the upper surface of the anterior part of the calcaneus; insertion - base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe

Dorsal interosseous muscles (lat.Musculi interossei dorsales)

Description: Four muscles on the back side fill all the interosseous spaces. Each muscle starts from the sides of the adjacent metatarsal bones facing one another and, heading forward, is attached to the bases of the proximal phalanges of the II-IV fingers, weaving into the dorsal fascia.
Function: The first dorsal interosseous muscle pulls the second toe in the medial direction.
The second, third and fourth muscles pull II-IV fingers in the lateral direction.
In addition, all the dorsal interosseous muscles flex the proximal and extend the middle and detailed phalanges of the II-IV fingers.
Attachment: beginning - metatarsal bones (surfaces of two adjacent metatarsal bones facing each other); attachment - the base of the proximal phalanges of the II-IV fingers.

1.2.3.2 Plantar side 1 and 2 layers

Abductor hallucis muscle (lat.Musculus abductor hallucis)

Description: It is located superficially, occupies the most medial position of the muscles of the plantar part of the foot. It starts with two heads from the flexor muscle retinaculum (retinaculum mm.flexorum), the medial process of the calcaneal tuber and the plantar surface of the navicular bone. Heading forward, the muscle passes into the tendon, which fuses with the tendon of the short flexor of the big toe (m.flexor hallucis brevis) and is attached to the medial sesamoid bone of the thumb at the base of its proximal phalanx
Function: flexes and abducts the big toe. Participate in strengthening the medial part of the arch of the foot.
Attachment: the beginning - the bones of the foot (the medial process of the tuber of the calcaneus and the plantar surface of the navicular bone); attachment - to the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe.

Short finger flexor (lat. Musculus flexor digitorum brevis)

Description: muscle of the plantar part of the foot. It occupies a median position on the foot, located under the plantar aponeurosis. It begins with a short powerful tendon from the medial process of the calcaneal tuber and plantar aponeurosis. Heading forward, the muscular abdomen passes into four tendons that lie in the synovial sheaths along with the tendons of the long flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum longus). In the region of the proximal phalanges of the II-V toes, each of the four tendons of the short flexor is divided into two legs, which are attached to the base of the middle phalanges of these fingers. Between the legs are the tendons of the long flexor of the fingers.
Function: The muscle strengthens the arch of the foot and flexes the middle phalanges of the II-V toes.
Attachment: beginning - medial process of the calcaneal tuber and plantar aponeurosis; attachment - bones of the toes (bases of the middle phalanges of II - V fingers)

Muscle abductor of the little toe of the foot (lat.Musculus abductor digiti minimi)

Description: It is located directly under the plantar aponeurosis. It starts from the lateral and medial processes of the calcaneal tuber and from the plantar aponeurosis. It goes forward and passes into a short tendon, which is attached to the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
Function: Flexes the main phalanx of the little toe of the foot and pulls it laterally (retracts). But the effect on the little finger is negligible.
Attachment: beginning - foot bones (lateral and medial processes of the calcaneal tuber and plantar aponeurosis); attachment - the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe of the foot.

Vermiform muscles of the foot (lat. Musculi lumbricales)

Description: Four thin and short muscles that are located between the tendons of the long flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum longus) and are covered by the short flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum brevis), and in depth are in contact with the interosseous muscles (mm.interossei plantares). Each worm-like muscle starts from the corresponding tendon of the long flexor of the fingers, with three lateral (II-IV) - two heads, and medial (I) - one head. Heading forward, the muscles in the area of ​​the metatarsophalangeal joints go around the toes from the side of the medial surface of the II-V toes and, moving to their back surface, are woven into their dorsal fascia. Sometimes the worm-like muscles attach to the articular capsules and even reach the proximal phalanges.
Function: Bend the proximal phalanges II-V of the toes.
They have a weak or completely absent extensor effect on other phalanges of the same fingers.
Can pull four fingers towards the thumb.
Attachment: beginning - the corresponding tendons of the long flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum longus); attachment - bones of the toes (dorsal surface of II-V toes).

Square muscle of the sole (lat. Musculus quadratus plantae)

Description: It resembles a quadrangle in shape and lies under the short flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum brevis). It starts from the lower and medial surfaces of the back of the calcaneus with two separate heads, connected to a common abdomen. Heading forward, the muscle narrows slightly and attaches to the outer edge of the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum longus) at the place of its division into separate tendons.
Function: This muscle is, as it were, an additional head of the long flexor of the fingers (m.flexor digitorum longus). This muscle bundle establishes the longitudinal (direct) direction of traction of the long flexor of the fingers, the tendon bundles of which approach the fingers obliquely. In addition, the square muscle of the sole increases the traction force of the long flexor of the fingers.
Attachment: beginning - the lower and medial surfaces of the posterior part of the calcaneus; attachment - the outer edge of the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers.

1.2.3.3 Plantar side 3 and 4 layer

Adductor hallucis muscle (lat.Musculus adductor hallucis)

Description: It is located deep, directly on the metatarsal bones. Covered by long and short finger flexors. It begins with two heads - transverse and oblique.
Transverse head (caput transversum) begins on the plantar surface of the capsules of the III-V metatarsophalangeal joints, from the distal ends of the II-V metatarsal bones, from the plantar aponeurosis (septum laterale), from the deep transverse metatarsal ligaments.
Oblique head (caput obliquum) more powerful, starts from the plantar surface of the cuboid bone, the lateral sphenoid bone, the base of the II-IV metatarsal bones, the long plantar ligament and the plantar sheath of the long peroneal muscle (m. flbularis (peroneus) longus).
Both heads pass into a common tendon attached to the lateral sesamoid bone and the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe.
Function: Adducts the big toe and flexes it.
Participate in strengthening the arch of the foot on its medial side.
Attachment: beginning - each head has its origin on the bones of the foot; attachment - bones of the big toe (lateral sesamoid bone and base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe).

Short flexor of the big toe (lat.Musculus flexor hallucis brevis)

Description: It is located directly on the I metatarsal bone and is partially covered by the muscle that abducts the big toe (m.abductor hallucis). It starts from the medial sphenoid bone, the plantar surface of the navicular bone, the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle (m.tibialis posterior), the long plantar ligament. The tendon of the short flexor of the big toe (m.flexor hallucis brevis), together with the tendon of the muscle that adducts the big toe (m.adductor halluces), is attached to the lateral and medial sesamoid bones and to the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe, thus dividing into two distal tendons, each of which belongs to the lateral and medial parts, respectively.
Function: Flexes the big toe. Participate in strengthening the medial part of the arch of the foot.
Attachment: beginning - bones of the foot (medial sphenoid bone, plantar surface of the navicular bone, tendons of the posterior tibial muscle, long plantar ligament); attachment - bones of the big toe (to the lateral and medial sesamoid bones and to the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe).

Short flexor of the little toe of the foot (lat. Musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis)

Description: It lies medially to the muscle that removes the little toe of the foot (m.abductor digiti minimi) and is partially covered by it. It starts from the V metatarsal bone, the long plantar ligament and the plantar sheath of the long peroneal muscle (m.fibularis (peroneus) longus). It goes forward and passes into the tendon, which, fused with the tendon (m.abductor digiti minimi), is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe of the foot.
Function: The main role of the muscle is to strengthen the lateral edge of the arch of the foot.
Flexes the proximal (main) phalanx of the little toe of the foot, but the effect of the muscle on the little toe is negligible.
Attachment: the beginning - the bones of the foot (V metatarsal bone, long plantar ligament and plantar sheath of the long peroneal muscle); attachment - the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe of the foot.

Muscle opposing the little toe of the foot (Latin Musculus opponens digiti minimi)

Description: The muscle is unstable, it is a detached part of the short flexor of the little toe of the foot (m.flexor digiti minimi brevis) and is somewhat covered by it along the outer edge. It starts from the long plantar ligament and the sheath of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle (m.fibularis (peroneus) longus), is attached to the lateral edge of the fifth metatarsal bone.
Function: The main role of the muscle is to strengthen the lateral edge of the arch of the foot.
Opposes the little toe to the big toe, but the effect of the muscle on the little toe is negligible.
Attachment: beginning - long plantar ligament and sheath of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle; attachment - the lateral edge of the fifth metatarsal bone.

Plantar interosseous muscles (lat. Musculi interossei plantares)

Description: Three are narrow, short, shaped like dorsal interosseous muscles. They are located in the interosseous spaces between II-III, III-IV and IV-V metatarsal bones. Each of these muscles originates on the medial side of the III, IV and V metatarsal bones, respectively, and is attached to the base of the proximal phalanges.
Function: bend the proximal and unbend the middle and distal phalanges of the III - V toes, and also bring the III - V fingers to the II finger (pull to the medial side).
Attachment: beginning - the medial side, respectively, III, IV and V metatarsal bones; attachment - the base of the proximal phalanges of the toes.

The external obturator muscle (obturatorius externus) has the shape of an irregular triangle. It belongs to the outer group of pelvic muscles. Performs important functions that allow you to perform various movements of the lower limbs.

Location and attachment points

The obturator externus has a simple anatomy. It starts from the obturator membrane and the outer edge of the bone of the obturator foramen. Here is its wider end. Departs from the branch of the ischium and pubic bone. Muscle bundles are fan-shaped relative to each other. They pass into the tendon on the back surface of the hip joint capsule. The place of attachment is the trochanteric fossa, next to the obturator internus muscle.

The muscle is innervated by the anterior branch of the internal obturator nerve. Blood supply occurs through the iliac artery and the medial circumflex arteries coming from the deep femoral.

Purpose of the muscle

The main function of the obturator externus muscle is to rotate the thigh outward in the process of its extension. Abducts the hip during flexion movements. These muscle fibers practically do not participate in bringing the femoral part of the leg during its extension. Also, the obturatorius externus, together with the square femoral muscle, can fix the neck of the femur and prevent its dislocation under the weight of the human body.

The movement carried out by the obturator muscle can be attributed to the connection of the heels together. It is performed by the military during the greeting.

Diseases and characteristic symptoms

One of the diseases that cause pain in the region of the obturator muscle of the thigh is a hernia of the obturator foramen. It is closed by a membrane, but a small part remains open - nerves and vessels pass through it. If the opening widens, a hernia may develop. When a part of the small intestine enters the hernial sac, it is infringed.

A symptom of a hernia of the obturator foramen is pain that radiates to the inner surface of the thigh. When turning the thigh inward, it is possible to increase pain due to the tension of the external obturator muscle. In this case, the obturator nerve is compressed even more.

With a dislocation of the femoral head, the external obturator muscle is strongly stretched, which also causes pain. Discomfort often manifests itself in the buttocks, lower back and groin.

Exercises to strengthen the muscles of the pelvis

There is a simple set of exercises to strengthen the pelvic muscles:

• Get down on your knees and lean forward, resting on the floor with your arms bent at the elbows. Raise one leg so that it is in line with the body. Perform leg movements up and down. For each leg, repeat 16-30 times.
• From the “legs wider than shoulders” stand, make a semi-squat, in which the shins and hips will form a right angle. Rest with both hands on your knees and slowly sway up and down. With this exercise, the buttocks should be slightly tense. Do 16-30 repetitions.
• Jump in place, turning the body and hips in opposite directions. Make 16-30 jumps.
  
• Lie on your back, bending your knees. Spread your arms out to the sides at head level, palms up. Raise and lower the pelvis, feeling the work of the gluteal muscles. The number of repetitions is 16-30.
• Stand on toes, raise one leg bent at the knee. Stay in the pose for 4 seconds, change legs. The exercise is performed from 16 to 30 times.
• Lie on your side, resting your head on your hand. Put the second in front of the chest. Bring the leg back and put it on the foot. Leaning on it, lift the other leg, which should remain straight. Raise and lower the limb without touching the floor. The number of repetitions is 16-30 times for each.
• Lying on your side, lean on your hand. Bend your legs at the knees. Rotate the leg located on top - first inward, then outward. Repeat for each 16-30 times.
• Make a wide lunge forward. In this case, the limb should be slightly bent. The leg that is set back should be stretched as far as possible and press the foot to the floor. For each leg, the exercise is performed 16-30 times.
• Stand against the wall, resting your hands on it. Put your right leg forward and bend at the knee joint. Take the left back, pressing the heel to the floor. Bend and unbend the knee of the left leg, trying not to tear the heel off the floor. Repeat 30 times.
• While lying on your stomach, slowly raise one leg up, keeping it in a straight position. At the highest point, hold the leg for 2-3 seconds. Do 10 repetitions for each leg.
• Lying on the left side, raise the straight right leg up. Repeat for each leg 10 times.
• Standing next to a chair, take your straight leg to the side. This exercise is similar to the previous one, but uses different muscles.

Such exercises are suitable for people who occasionally engage in physical education. For athletes, the exercises are selected by the coach, taking into account the loads from the main training.

Functional Muscle Tests

To identify the condition of certain muscle groups and determine the course of their training or treatment, functional muscle tests are performed. They allow you to determine whether the muscles are clamped or weakened, whether movements in the joint are limited. Depending on the state of the fibers, the structure of the training or rehabilitation program is drawn up.

To check the muscle, the following functional muscle tests are performed:

• A person lies on a couch with legs hanging freely, bent at the knee joints. The subject should try to turn the lower leg outward. The researcher holds his hand in the knee area and tries to assess the degree of muscle contraction.
• The subject lies on his back on a flat surface, and the researcher observes the movement of the leg. The patient needs to turn the lower leg outward.
• The patient is on the couch. Legs bent at the knees hanging from the couch. The doctor holds the patient by the knee. The subject must turn the lower leg inward, trying not to move the hip.
• The patient is in the supine position. The lower limbs are bent at the knees and hanging from the couch. According to the technique, the doctor takes the knee and holds it. With the other hand, the researcher presses from the inside on the lower part of the lower leg. The subject must turn the lower leg inward against resistance and hold. In this case, the hip should not move.

Since some of the tests involve resistance through the knee joint, pressure should be applied as carefully as possible.

Assessment of the state of obturatorius externus is carried out in athletes. Tests allow you to determine its capabilities, as well as the mobility of the joints of the pelvic region.

The obturator externus muscle is involved in a variety of movements associated with rotation of the lower leg and thigh. A person's ability to maintain balance depends on her condition. If you experience pain in the pelvic area, you should visit a doctor. Also, a course of exercises should be agreed with him. It is better to go to the gym, where a professional will monitor the quality of the exercises performed. This will safely strengthen the muscles of the pelvic region.

Obturator externus muscle, m. obturatorius externus, has the shape of an irregular triangle. It starts from the obturator membrane and the bone edge of the obturator foramen with its wider part; then the muscle bundles, converging fan-shaped, pass into the tendon adjacent to the posterior surface of the hip joint capsule. The muscle is attached to the trochanteric fossa, next to the internal muscle of the same name.

Function: rotates the thigh outward.

Innervation: n. obturatorius (plexus lumbalis) [(LII)LIII-LIV].

Blood supply: aa. obturatoria, circumflexa femoris lateralis.

• - one of the two muscles located on the outer surface of the obturator membrane and the inner surface of the obturator membrane - obturator internus muscle); both muscles rotate the thigh outward...

  medical terms

• - a muscle formed by striated muscle tissue from which the human skeletal muscles are built. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton and carry out the movements of the bones ...

  medical terms

• - m. obturatorius internus, is a flattened muscle, in which the muscle bundles are directed slightly fan-shaped ...

  Atlas of human anatomy

• - m. obturatorius externus, has the shape of an irregular triangle. It starts from the obturator membrane and the bone edge of the obturator foramen with its wider part ...

  Atlas of human anatomy

• - t. obliquus externus abdominis, flat, wide, begins with 8 teeth from the lateral surface of the eight lower ribs ...

  Atlas of human anatomy

• Big Medical Dictionary

• - G. of the abdomen, exiting through the obturator canal under the horizontal branch of the pubic bone ...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - a linear depression on the lower surface of the upper branch of the pubic bone, in which the vessels and nerves pass ...

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"External obturator muscle" in books

6.8. Outdoor advertising

From the book Fundamentals of Graphic Design Based on Computer Technology author Yatsyuk Olga Grigorievna

Exterior finish

From the book Do-it-yourself stoves and fireplaces author Zvonarev Nikolai Mikhailovich

Exterior finishes The exterior finishes of stoves play an important role in terms of sanitation. The best finish is considered to be tiling and laying stoves in metal cases. In addition, the oven can be plastered and lapped. On the finished surfaces of external walls very

5.4. Outdoor advertising

From the book Tax and accounting of advertising costs. Without errors, taking into account the interests of the company and the requirements of the tax authorities author Orlova Elena Vasilievna

2.5. Outdoor advertising

From the book Vmenenka and Simplification 2008-2009 author Sergeeva Tatyana Yurievna

2.2. Outdoor advertising

From the book Legal regulation of advertising author Mamonova E

Outdoor advertising

From the book New Customer Generator. 99 Ways to Massively Attract Buyers author Mrochkovsky Nikolai Sergeevich

Outdoor advertising

From the book Travel Agency: where to start, how to succeed author Mokhov Georgy Avtondilovich

Outdoor advertising

From the book Advertising. Principles and Practice by William Wells

Outdoor advertising

From the book Teaching Out-of-Body Travel and Lucid Dreaming. Techniques for recruiting groups and effectively training them the author Rainbow Michael

Muscle of inspiration

From the book Playing in the Void. Mythology of diversity author Demchog Vadim Viktorovich

Muscle of inspiration People who have the so-called charisma (from the Greek charisma - “gift”, “gift”), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brain consumes more energy than the brain of ordinary people. This

3. PUNOCOPHIC MUSCLE AND "QI MUSCLE"

From the book Improving Female Sexual Energy by Chia Mantak

3. PCOS AND "QI MUSCLE" Around the periphery of the vagina, at a depth of about one finger joint, you can feel the edge of the PC muscle, sometimes called the "love muscle" (Fig. 2-5). pubococcygeus muscle. you for sure

Outdoor sewerage

From the book Modern installation of plumbing and sewerage in the house and on the site author Nazarova Valentina Ivanovna

External sewerage Element of local treatment facilities External sewer networks, as a rule, are gravity-fed, laid with a slope along the drains. External sewerage can be organized according to the following systems: combined - collectors

5.3.4. outer skin

From the book Construction of a bath and sauna author Shukhman Yuri Ilyich

5.3.4. Outer sheathing Shield and armor, staff and patches, The measure of the final reckoning Everyone chooses for himself. Y. Levitansky You can compare the advantages and disadvantages of a particular outer skin as much as you like. With a preference for one particular type, each

Myth: The penis is not a muscle.

From the book Penis Enlargement Exercises author Kemmer Aaron

Myth: The penis is not a muscle Fact: The penis is about 50% smooth muscle. "There is no penis strengthening exercise because the penis is not a muscle," writes Rachel Swift in her book Satisfaction Guarantee. Although this statement is accepted by the majority

Deltoid

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DE) of the author TSB

obturator internus muscle, m. obturatorius internus, is a flattened muscle, in which the muscle bundles are slightly fan-shaped. With its wide part, the muscle originates from the inner surface of the pelvic bone in the circumference of the obturator membrane and from its inner surface. A small gap between the muscle bundles and the obturator groove of the pubic bone turns into the obturator canal, canalis obturatorius, through which the vessels and nerve pass. Then the muscle bundles, converging, go outward and, bending almost at a right angle through the small sciatic notch, leave the pelvic cavity through the small sciatic foramen, attaching themselves with a short powerful tendon in the region of the trochanteric fossa. At the point of inflection over the edge of the lesser sciatic notch, there is an ischial bursa of the obturator internus muscle, bursa ischiadica m. obturatorii interni, and at the place of attachment of the muscle there is another small dry bag of the obturator internus muscle, bursa subtendinea m. obturatorii interni.

Topographically, the obturator internus muscle is divided into two parts: a large one, before exiting the pelvic cavity, intrapelvic, and a smaller tendon, lying under the gluteus maximus muscle, extrapelvic.

Function: supinates the thigh.

Innervation: rr. musculares plexus sacralis [(LIV-SII(SIII)].

Blood supply: aa. glutea inferior, obturatoria, pudenda interna.

• Big Medical Dictionary

• - a muscle located entirely within an organ or that part of it that it controls. For example, contractions of the muscles located inside the tongue lead to a change in its shape ...

  medical terms

• - one of the two muscles located on the outer surface of the obturator membrane and the inner surface of the obturator membrane - obturator internus muscle); both muscles rotate the thigh outward...

  medical terms

• - a muscle formed by striated muscle tissue from which the human skeletal muscles are built. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton and carry out the movements of the bones ...

  medical terms

• - t. obliquus intemus abdominis, - a wide flat muscle, located medially from the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, in the anterolateral part of the abdominal wall ...

  Atlas of human anatomy

• - m. obturatorius externus, has the shape of an irregular triangle. It starts from the obturator membrane and the bone edge of the obturator foramen with its wider part ...

  Atlas of human anatomy

• - see the list of anat. terms...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - G. of the abdomen, exiting through the obturator canal under the horizontal branch of the pubic bone ...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - see the list of anat. terms...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - see the list of anat. terms...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - see the list of anat. terms...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - see the list of anat. terms 704...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - see the list of anat. terms...

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• - see the list of anat. terms...

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• - see the list of anat. terms...

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Obturator internus in books

Muscle of inspiration

From the book Playing in the Void. Mythology of diversity author Demchog Vadim Viktorovich

Muscle of inspiration People who have the so-called charisma (from the Greek charisma - “gift”, “gift”), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brain consumes more energy than the brain of ordinary people. This

3. PUNOCOPHIC MUSCLE AND "QI MUSCLE"

From the book Improving Female Sexual Energy by Chia Mantak

3. PCOS AND "QI MUSCLE" Around the periphery of the vagina, at a depth of about one finger joint, you can feel the edge of the PC muscle, sometimes called the "love muscle" (Fig. 2-5). pubococcygeus muscle. you for sure

Myth: The penis is not a muscle.

From the book Penis Enlargement Exercises author Kemmer Aaron

Myth: The penis is not a muscle Fact: The penis is about 50% smooth muscle. "There is no penis strengthening exercise because the penis is not a muscle," writes Rachel Swift in her book Satisfaction Guarantee. Although this statement is accepted by the majority

How long does it take for a muscle to die?

From the book Oddities of Our Body - 2 by Juan Steven

How long does it take for a muscle to die? (Asked by Sam Gardner, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) Distinguish between somatic and cellular death. First comes the first. Somatic death is the death of the whole organism. At the same time, human life can be maintained only with the help of medical

Deltoid

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DE) of the author TSB

Calf muscle

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IK) of the author TSB

gracilis, e - thin (muscle, bundle)

From the author's book

gracilis, e - thin (muscle, bundle) Approximate pronunciation: gracilis.Z: A model is walking, swaying, Sighing on the go: “Here the podium ends, Now I will fall!” Or: “On THIN stilettos with GRACE I no longer

musculus anconeus - elbow muscle

From the author's book

musculus anconeus - ulnar muscle Approximate pronunciation: ankOneus.Z: In the village there lived a strong man, A boulder played like a ball, He walked with a tank on the water, And drove a plow without a horse. And so I wandered into the tankodrome, Find out where the clang and thunder came from. The tankers decided to play a trick and the tank on the lad

musculus gastrocnemius - gastrocnemius muscle

From the author's book

musculus gastrocnemius - gastrocnemius muscle Approximate pronunciation: gastrocnemius.Z: There is a picket at the Gastronomer. I will pull up to HIM with a poster. "Give me caviar!" and in another way: “Give us GASTROKNEMIUS!!!” A picket at a grocery store about the lack of caviar is a clear indicator of a high level

musculus gluteus - gluteal muscle

From the author's book

musculus gluteus - gluteal muscle Approximate pronunciation: glutEus.Attention! In the memorandum, the emphasis has been changed: gluteus.Z: The Fierce Governor Beats GLUT with rods. He says: "Motay on the mustache." And blazing -

The muscle of love

From the book Improving Male Sexual Energy by Chia Mantak

The Muscle of Love Below the surface of the visible genital organs, the pubococcygeal muscle, or “muscle of love,” is located in the form of a figure eight. The PC muscle surrounds the urethra, vagina, and anus. Some sexologists think it's good

Your brain is a muscle

From the book Myths about the age of a woman author Blair Pamela D.

Your brain is a muscle “Women who believe in themselves are stimulated by their years. We are the repository of the experience and wisdom of our time.” * * *The commonly held notion that the brain fades with age is absolutely wrong. Scientists have concluded that new brain cells can

33. Muscle of inspiration

From the book The Self-Releasing Game author Demchog Vadim Viktorovich

33. Muscle of inspiration charisma (from the Greek charisma - “gift”, “gift”), capable of creating something extraordinary, are distinguished by a high level of energy. It is also known that their brain consumes more energy than the brain of ordinary people. It's easy

30:20-26 Pharaoh's broken arm

From the book New Bible Commentary Part 2 (Old Testament) author Carson Donald

30:20-26 Pharaoh's broken arm By the time of the prophecy (April 587), the people of Jerusalem had been under siege by the Babylonian armies for a year. This prophecy suggests that any hope of getting rid of the Babylonians with the help of a new

How the air muscle works

From the book Create a do-it-yourself android robot author Lovin John

How the Air Muscle Works The air muscle is a long tube shaped like a black plastic sleeve. Inside the sleeve is placed a tube of soft rubber. Metal clips are attached to each end. Each end of the plastic sleeve is rolled into