Pain 

The surname Polishchuk is inclined. Last name declension in SQL Server

1. Independent parts of speech:

  • nouns (see morphological norms of noun);
  • Verbs:
    • participles;
    • gerunds;
  • adjectives;
  • numerals;
  • pronouns;
  • adverbs;

2. Service parts of speech:

  • prepositions;
  • unions;
  • particles;

3. Interjections.

None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:

  • words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
  • introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

  • the initial form in the nominative, singular (except for nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
  • own or common noun;
  • animate or inanimate;
  • genus (m, f, cf.);
  • number (singular, plural);
  • declination;
  • case;
  • syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan for morphological parsing of a noun

"The kid is drinking milk."

Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;

  • initial form - baby;
  • constant morphological signs: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
  • inconsistent morphological features: nominative, singular;
  • when parsing a sentence, it plays the role of a subject.

Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).

  • initial form - milk;
  • constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, material, common noun, II declension;
  • morphological changeable signs: accusative case, singular;
  • there is a direct addition in the sentence.

Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him to get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from" Luzhin's Defense ", Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

  • initial form - lady;
  • constant morphological signs: common noun, animate, concrete, feminine, I declension;
  • fickle morphological noun characteristics: singular, genitive;
  • syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) Is a noun;

  • initial form - Luzhin;
  • faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animate, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
  • inconsistent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative;

Palm (what?) - noun;

  • initial form - palm;
  • constant morphological signs: feminine, inanimate, common noun, specific, I declension;
  • inconsistent morpho. signs: singular, instrumental;
  • syntactic role in context: addition.

Dust (what?) Is a noun;

  • initial form - dust;
  • main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with a zero ending);
  • fickle morphological characteristic of the word: accusative case;
  • syntactic role: addition.

(c) Coat (From what?) - noun;

  • initial form - coat;
  • constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, non-declining;
  • morphological signs are unstable: the number cannot be determined by the context, the genitive case;
  • syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

An adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers the questions Which one? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the signs or qualities of the subject. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

  • initial nominative, singular, masculine;
  • constant morphological features of adjectives:
    • discharge, according to the value:
      • - high quality (warm, silent);
      • - relative (yesterday's, reading);
      • - possessive (hare, mother's);
    • the degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this feature is constant);
    • full / short form (for quality ones, for which this feature is permanent);
  • inconsistent morphological features of the adjective:
    • qualitative adjectives change in the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees, a simple form, in excellent ones - a complex one): beautiful-beautiful-most beautiful;
    • full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
    • gender trait (only in the singular);
    • number (consistent with a noun);
    • case (consistent with a noun);
  • syntactic role in a sentence: an adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan of morphological parsing of an adjective

Sample sentence:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) - adjective;

  • initial form - full;
  • permanent morphological signs of an adjective: qualitative, full form;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with a noun), nominative;
  • on parsing - a minor member of the sentence, serves as a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and morphological analysis of the adjective, with examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, and looked into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) Is an adjective;

  • initial form - fine (in this meaning);
  • constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
  • fickle signs: positive comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - an adjective;

  • the initial form is slender;
  • permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
  • syntactic role in a sentence: part of the predicate.

Slim (what?) - an adjective;

  • initial form - thin;
  • morphological constant features: qualitative, complete;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
  • syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - an adjective;

  • the initial form is blue;
  • table of permanent morphological features of an adjective: qualitative;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics: full, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative;
  • syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - an adjective;

  • the initial form is amazing;
  • constant signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
  • inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
  • syntactic role in a sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (walking), a property (limping), an attitude (equal), a state (rejoicing), a sign (whitening, showing off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? or what will he do? Different groups of verb word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

  • the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or unchangeable form of the verb. There are no inconsistent morphological signs;
  • conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
  • non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

  • initial form - infinitive;
  • constant morphological features of the verb:
    • transitivity:
      • transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
      • intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
    • return:
      • returnable (there is -sya, -s);
      • irrevocable (no-sya, -s);
      • imperfect (what to do?);
      • perfect (what to do?);
    • conjugation:
      • I conjugation (do-eat, do-do, do-do, do-do, do-do / ut);
      • II conjugation (one hundred-ish, one hundred-it, one-one, one-one, one hundred-one / at);
      • multi-conjugate verbs (want, run);
  • inconsistent morphological signs of the verb:
    • mood:
      • indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do ?;
      • conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
      • imperative: do it !;
    • tense (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
    • person (in the present / future tense, indicative and imperative mood: 1 person: me / we, 2 person: you / you, 3 person: he / they);
    • gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional mood);
    • number;
  • syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any member of a sentence:
    • predicate: To be a holiday today;
    • subjects: Learning is always useful;
    • addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
    • definition: He has an irresistible desire to eat;
    • circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological parsing of the verb example

To understand the scheme, we will carry out a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:

Somehow God sent the crow a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech is a verb;

  • initial form - send;
  • permanent morphological features: perfect appearance, transitional, 1st conjugation;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

The following online sample of morphological parsing of a verb in a sentence:

What a silence, listen.

Listen (what do you do?) - verb;

  • the initial form is to listen;
  • morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, recurrent, 1st conjugation;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
  • syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

A plan for morphological parsing of a verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

Don't, let him know another time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, then I'll tell you. Has entered! ("The Golden Calf", I. Ilf)

Warn (what to do?) - verb;

  • initial form - warn;
  • morphological signs of the verb are constant: perfect form, transitive, irreversible, 1st conjugation;
  • inconsistent morphology of a part of speech: infinitive;
  • syntactic function in a sentence: part of the predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech is a verb;

  • the initial form is to know;
  • inconsistent verb morphology: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
  • syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

  • the initial form is to break;
  • permanent morphological features: imperfect appearance, irreversible, transitional, 1st conjugation;
  • non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
  • syntactic role in context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what to do?) - part of speech is a verb;

  • the initial form is to wait;
  • permanent morphological features: perfect appearance, irreversible, transitional, 1st conjugation;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
  • syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Came in (what did you do?) - verb;

  • initial form - enter;
  • permanent morphological features: perfect appearance, irreversible, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
  • inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
  • syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Often, secretaries and clerks, when drawing up protocols, are faced with the requirement of the head not to decline some names. What surnames actually do not incline, we will tell in the article. We have prepared a summary table for the most common cases with which difficulties arise.

Download this helpful document:

What are the misconceptions about the declension of surnames

Most Russian speakers do not know the laws of declension of names and surnames. Despite the fact that there are many reference books and manuals on this topic, the issue of declension of surnames for many people remains difficult. In many ways, misconceptions about the rules for declension of surnames interfere. Here is some of them.

    The declension of a surname depends on its linguistic origin. For example, all Georgian, Polish or Armenian surnames are not inflected.

    The declension of a surname depends on the gender of its bearer.

    If the surname coincides with a common noun - Volya, Svoboda, Zhuk - she does not bow.

However, the most common misconception is that there are so many declination rules that it simply does not make sense to memorize them.

In order to refute these misconceptions, consider the basic rules for changing surnames by case. We have formulated them in the form of step-by-step instructions, with the help of which you can quickly conclude whether the surname changes by case or not.

Table: declension of surnames in Russian

Download the table in full

How to determine if a surname is declining: step by step instructions

Step # 1.

See the ending of the surname. If it ends in -ov (-ev,), -in (-yn), -skiy (-tsky), declare it in the standard way

Such surnames change without problems. But keep in mind two important exceptions.

A. If the surname ends in -ov, - in, but at the same time is foreign (for example, Chaplin or Darwin), then it will change in cases as a noun of the second declension (for example, table) - by Chaplin, Darwin.

B. Women's surnames in -ina (Currant, Pearl) change depending on how the male version of the same surname changes. If the male version sounds like Currant or Zhemchuzhin, then the female surname in the instrumental case will sound like Currant or Pearl, and if the male version coincides with the female surname - Pearl or Currant, then the female surname will be declined as a common noun. An example is in the table below.

Charlie Chaplin

Anna Smorodina (in the town of Smorodin)

Irina Zhemchuzhina (coincides with m.)

Charlie Chaplin

Anna Smorodina

Irina Pearls

Charlie Chaplin

Anna Smorodina

Irina Zhemchuzhina

Charlie Chaplin

Anna Smorodina

Irina Zhemchuzhina

Charlie Chaplin

Anna Currant

Irina Zhemchuzhina

Charlie Chaplin

Anna Smorodina

Irina Zhemchuzhina

Step number 2.

If you have a non-standard surname in front of you, mark the sound it ends with

The main rule that should be adhered to is that the type of declension is primarily influenced not by the gender or nationality of the carrier, but whether it ends in a vowel or consonant sound.

Step number 3.

Do not change the last name that ends in -s, them, as well as e, and, o, y, s, e, yu

For example, Belykh's book, a speech by Loye, Graminyi, Ceausescu, Lykhny, Megre and Liu.

Note. In everyday speech and in the language of literature, which depicts Speaking , sometimes you can find the declension of male surnames in -s or -ths. For example, the report of Chernykh. Sometimes you can find the declension of Ukrainian surnames in -ko - Chernenka or Shevchenko. The last variation of surnames was common in the nineteenth century. But now both the first option and the second are undesirable.

Step number 4.

If the surname ends in a consonant (other than -s and -s), look at the gender of its owner

Male surnames are inclined to a consonant sound, but female surnames do not. The linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Male surnames, which coincide with common nouns, are also declined.

For example, reports by Krug, Shok, Martirosyan (for male surnames) and reports by Krug, Shok, Martirosyan (for female surnames).

Note 1. There are male surnames of East Slavic origin, which can be inclined in two ways. We are talking about surnames that, when changed, have a fluent vowel - Crane: Zhuravel or Zhuravl. Most reference books recommend keeping a fluent vowel (Zhuravel) when declining, since from a legal point of view it is important to preserve the integrity of the surname. However, the owner of the surname can insist on the option he has chosen. The main thing in this case is to adhere to the uniformity of changing the surname by case in all legal documents.

Note 2. The surnames on -y (Shakhrai) deserve a separate comment. Here we are also faced with the possibility of a double change of the surname. If the surname is perceived as an adjective, for example, Topchy, then it changes as Topchy, Topchy, etc. If the surname is perceived as a noun, then it changes as Topchia, Topchiyu. Such complex cases concern only those surnames in which the consonant "y" is preceded by the vowels "o" or "and". In all other cases, the surname is changed according to the general rules (Shakhrai, Shakhrai, etc.)

Ivan Chernykh

Ivan Krug

Anna Krug

Ivan Shakhrai

Ivan Chernykh

Ivan Krug

Anna Krug

Ivan Shakhrai

Ivan Chernykh

Ivan Krug

Anna Krug

Ivan Shakhrai

Ivan Chernykh

Ivan Krug

Anna Krug

Ivan Shakhrai

Ivan Chernykh

Ivan Krug

Anna Krug

Ivan Shakhrai

Ivane Chernykh

Ivane Krug

Anna Krug

Ivane Shakhrae

Step number 5.

The surname ends in the vowel -i. Is there another vowel in front of it? If so, incline her

Examples: notebook of Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolai Lomae, meeting with Anna Reya; crimes of Lawrence Beria, meeting with Georgy Danelia.

Step number 6.

The surname ends in the vowel -a. Is there another vowel in front of it? If so, don't bend her down

Examples: notebook of Nikolai Galois, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

Step number 7.

The surname ends in -а or -я, but is preceded by a consonant. Pay attention to the origin of the surname and the stress in it

There are only two exceptions to remember:

A... French surnames with an emphasis on the last syllable are not inclined: the books of Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavald, the aphorisms of Jacques Derrida, the goals of Drogba.

B... Finnish surnames ending in -a unstressed are mostly not inclined: meeting with Mauno Pekkala.

All other surnames - eastern, Slavic, Japanese - ending in shock and unstressed -а or -я are inclined. Decline and surnames that match common nouns.

Examples: Irina Groza's notebook, diploma issued to Nikolai Mukha, lecture by Elena Kara-Murza, songs by Bulat Okudzhava, the roles of Igor Kvasha, films by Akira Kurosawa.

Margarita Galois

Nina Danelia

Anna Groza

Marguerite Galois

Nina Danelia

Anna Groza

Marguerite Galois

Nina Danelia

Anna Groze

Margarita Galois

Nina Danelia

Anna Groza

Margarita Galois

Nina Danelia

Anna Groza

Marguerite Galois

Nina Danelia

Anna Groze

Why is it important to follow the rules for declension of surnames

You run the risk of running into misunderstandings if you do not follow the rules for declension of surnames.

For example, consider this situation. You received a letter signed as follows: "Letter from Vasily Groz". Following the laws of Russian grammar, you will most likely assume that a masculine surname that ends in -а in the genitive case will have a zero ending in the nominative case and conclude that the author of the letter is Vasily Groz. Such a misunderstanding would not have arisen if the letter was signed correctly - “the letter of Vasily Groza”.

Another example. The article was handed over to you by A. Pogrebnyak. It is natural to assume that the author of the article is a woman. If later it turns out that the author is a man Anatoly Pogrebnyak, this may lead to a misunderstanding.

SqlMorpher.dll allows you to declare last names, titles, city names and other details in SQL Server and SQL Azure. You can create calculated columns with the value of the desired case, automatically insert case forms into fields, or simply call the declination functions from the database client.

Compatibility

SqlMorpher.dll runs on the following platforms:

  • SQL Server 2005
  • SQL Server 2008
  • SQL Server 2008 R2
  • SQL Server 2012
  • SQL Server 2014
  • SQL Azure v12

Case function

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.Case (@s nvarchar (max), @ case nvarchar (6), @ signs nvarchar (7)) RETURNS nvarchar (max)

@s- string for declension,

@ case- required case form:

  • "And" - nominative (no change)
  • "R" is genitive (who? What?)
  • "D" - dative (to whom? What?)
  • "B" is accusative (who? What?)
  • "T" - creative (by whom? With what?)
  • "P" - prepositional (about whom? About what?) Without a preposition
  • "Po" is a prepositional (about whom? About what?) With the preposition O / ABOUT / OBO
  • "Where" - prepositional with the preposition B / HA - answers the question where?
  • "Where" - accusative with the preposition B / HA - answers the question where?
  • "From where" - with the genitive preposition IZ / S - answers the question from where?

@ signs- a set of features separated by a space or comma:

  • "Full name" - last name, first name or patronymic
  • "Geo" - geographical name
  • "Nar" is a common noun
  • "Husband" - masculine
  • "Zhen" - feminine

@ signs are needed when there is not enough information in the phrase (@s) for an unambiguous declension, for example:

select dbo.Padezh ("Love", "D", "Full Name") - Love select dbo.Padezh ("Love", "D", "Nar") - Love select dbo.Padezh ("Polishchuk", " D "," husband ") - Polishchuk select dbo. Padezh (" Polishchuk "," D "," wives ") - Polishchuk

In other cases, it is not necessary to indicate the signs:

select dbo.Padezh ("Lyubov Polishchuk", "D", null) - Lyubov Polishchuk select dbo.Case ( "Dmitry Polishchuk", "Д", null) - Dmitry Polishchuk

Function Get Last Name of Opposite Gender

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.Get OppositeSurname (@ lastname nvarchar (max)) RETURNS nvarchar (max)

This function builds a feminine surname for a given masculine surname and vice versa. For example:

select dbo.Get the Surname of the Opposite Sex ("Pushkin") - Pushkin select dbo.Get the Surname of the Opposite Sex ("Tolstoy") - Thick select dbo.

For surnames that do not change by gender, the surname remains unchanged:

select dbo.Get the Surname of the Opposite Sex ("Leshchenko") - Leshchenko select dbo.Get the Surname of the Opposite Sex ("Zavorotnyuk") - Zavorotnyuk select dbo.

Genus determination function

SELECT dbo.Determine Gender ("Eugene") - Male SELECT dbo.Define Gender ("Eugene") - Female SELECT dbo.Define Gender ("window") - Medium SELECT dbo.Define Gender ("hours") -- Plural SELECT dbo. Determine Genus ("Petrov") - Error

Function Writing: Forming the amount in words

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.Writer (@number int, @unitMeasurement nvarchar (max)) RETURNS TABLE (WriterNumber nvarchar (max), UnitWriterNumber nvarchar (max))

Installation instructions

The declination module is integrated into SQL Server using a technology called CLR Integration, introduced in SQL Server since 2005.

Contents of delivery:

Follow the steps below to install:

  • Unpack the shipment archive to a temporary location accessible by the SQL Server service.
  • Start a SQL Server management environment, such as the free Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Management Studio Express ().
  • Open the Install.sql file in an editor and specify the path to SqlMorpher.dll in it:
    CREATE ASSEMBLY Morpher FROM " path \ SqlMorpher.dll " WITH PERMISSION_SET = SAFE; go
  • Execute Install.sql.
    • If you receive an error message:
      Incorrect syntax near "EXTERNAL". You may need to set a higher compatibility level for the current database to enable this feature. See the reference for the SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL parameter of the ALTER DATABASE statement.
      Then run the command:
      sp_dbcmptlevel "db_name", 90
      And run Install.sql again.
    • If you receive the message Configuration option "clr enabled" changed from 0 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install, then restart the SQL Server service and rerun Install.sql.
  • Your SQL Server is ready for declination! We check:
    select dbo.Padezh ("Petrov Peter", "R")
  • The temporary folder can be deleted.

Install on SQL Azure

Just execute the Install-Azure.sql file included in the package. Otherwise, working with Morfer in SQL Azure is no different from working in SQL Server.

Getting and installing updates

To get a new version of the library, write to us from the email address for which the license is registered, or indicate the contract number, the name of the legal entity or contact person.

Update installation procedure:

Change history

date Version
22.04.2015 2.6.4 Fixed an error that occurred in MSSQL 2005 when registering an assembly (CREATE ASSEMBLY failed because method "get_DecoratedLemma" on type "Slepov.Russian.Morpher.MultiPartDecoratedWord" in safe assembly "SqlMorpher" is storing to a static field. Storing to a static field is not allowed in safe assemblies.). No error occurred in MSSQL 2008.
15.04.2015 2.6.3 Dictionary replenishment.
15.03.2015 2.6.2 Fixed declination of the contraction "I.o." (acting) when the first letter is capitalized, for example "Acting director".
1.10.2014 2.6.1
  • Significant replenishment of the dictionary (more than 7000 new words).
  • Abbreviations deputy. and head now do not bow.
  • Functions now return NULL rather than an error if any of the required parameters is NULL.
17.08.2014 2.6.0 Fixed a bug in writing numbers like ... x1y abc, where x = 1..9, y = 1..4, abc - any 3 digits, and ... - any sequence of digits, incl. zero length. An example of a number: 311 000. The error appeared only in the genitive case ( three hundred eleven THOUSANDS instead of three hundred eleven THOUSAND).
21.07.2014 2.5.0 Addressed issue when registering an assembly in SQL Server 2005 (CREATE ASSEMBLY failed because type "Slepov.Russian.Morpher.Canner" in safe assembly "SqlMorpher" has a static field "CS $ 9__CachedAnonymousMethodDelegate12". Attributes of static fields in safe assemblies must be marked readonly in Visual C #, ReadOnly in Visual Basic, or initonly in Visual C ++ and intermediate language.). The issue was resolved by adding the CompilerGeneratedAttribute to the Declinker class. In SQL Server 2008, the build of the previous version worked fine. The assembly has been tested in SQL Server 2005 SP4 and SQL Server 2008 R2.
17.07.2014 2.4.1 Addressed an issue when registering an assembly in SQL Server 2005 (CREATE ASSEMBLY failed because method "Parse" on type "Slepov.Russian.Morpher.Non-verse" in safe assembly "SqlMorpher" is storing to a static field. Storing to a static field is not allowed in safe assemblies.). The issue was resolved by adding the CompilerGeneratedAttribute to the Derivator class. In SQL Server 2008, the build of the previous version worked fine.
12.07.2014 2.4.0 Added support for SQL Server 2005. Previously only supported SQL Server 2008 and later. The assembly now uses .NET 2.0 (it used to be .NET 3.5).
07.05.2014 2.3.1 Dictionary replenishment.
18.02.2014 2.3.0 Improved full name recognition for compound names. The input phrase is now recognized as the full name if at least one of the hyphenated components is known as a name. As a result, names such as GAY-LUSSAC Joseph-Louis, Keny Charles-André, Guillermo Gomez-Peña and others began to declare correctly.
23.09.2013 2.2.5 The error in writing the number 0.2 in the accusative case has been fixed. This error only concerned numbers 0.2, 0.002, 0.000002, etc. and manifested itself only in the accusative case ("two tenths" instead of "two tenths").
22.08.2013 2.2.4 Added function

From the questions received by the "Information Bureau" of "Gramota.ru":

  • Hello, my surname is Ossa, the emphasis is on O, they wrote Ossa in my diploma, and now I have to do an examination, which costs a lot of money, to prove that the surname is not inclined.
  • My surname is Pogrebnyak. This is a Ukrainian surname, and they do not seem to be inclined. Some people decline my surname, write Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak. Is it possible?
  • My surname is Eroshevich, she is of Polish origin (this is known for sure). I am interested in this question: is my surname declining? My relative (male) was given a certificate in which the surname was declined. And with this certificate he was not taken anywhere. They said that the surname is not inclined. Teachers also say that they do not bend, and your website says that they do. I'm confused!

Such questions are not uncommon in the Information Bureau of our portal. Most often they are asked in May – June and at the very beginning of September. This is connected, of course, with the fact that at the end of the academic year, school and university graduates receive certificates and diplomas, and in September children go to school and begin to sign notebooks. In the certificate and diploma, it will certainly be written to whom it was issued (i.e., the surname in the dative case), and on the cover of the notebook - whose it is (i.e., the surname in the genitive case). And in cases where the student's last name does not end in -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) or - sky (-tsky)(that is, it does not belong to the so-called standard), almost always the question arises: should the surname be declined, and if so, how exactly should it be declined? It is with him that native speakers turn to linguists for help. And this question is often followed by another: "How to prove that the surname is declining?" or "How to defend the right to refuse a surname?" The question "To decline or not to decline a surname?" often goes beyond the language, causing fierce controversy and leading to serious conflicts.

Of course, such questions come not only from students, their parents and teachers, they are asked throughout the year, but the peak of calls to linguists is in May – June and September, due to the aggravation of this problem in schools and universities. This is no coincidence: after all, it is in an educational institution that many native speakers have their first meeting with a specialist - a teacher of the Russian language, and the teacher's demand to change the case by case of the surname, which in the family has always been considered unchangeable, surprises, annoys and provokes resistance. Similar difficulties are experienced by office workers (secretaries, clerks), who are faced with the categorical demands of the management not to declare declined names.

The experience of our "Information Bureau" shows that the laws of declension of surnames are really unknown to a large number of native speakers (and even to some philologists), although they are given in many reference manuals on the Russian language, including widely available ones. Among these manuals - "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D. E. Rosenthal, stylistic dictionary of options by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya "Grammatical correctness of Russian speech" (3rd edition - under the heading “Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language”), “Dictionary of Russian personal names” by A. V. Superanskaya, research by L. P. Kalakutskaya “Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and their declension ”and many other sources. The study of Internet users' requests and monitoring of the blogosphere allow us to conclude that among native speakers there are many misconceptions about the rules for declining surnames. Here are the main ones: the decisive factor is the linguistic origin of the surname (“Georgian, Armenian, Polish, etc. surnames are not inclined”); in all cases, the declension of the surname depends on the gender of the carrier; surnames that match common nouns (Thunderstorm, Beetle, Stick) do not incline. A considerable number of native speakers are convinced that there are so many rules for declining surnames that it is not possible to remember them.

To show that all these ideas do not correspond to reality, we present the basic rules for declension of surnames. They are taken from the sources listed above and formulated by us in the form of step-by-step instructions, a kind of algorithm with which you can quickly find the answer to the question: "Is the surname declining?"

This is the algorithm.

1. As stated above, declension of surnames ending in -ov (-ev,), -in (-yn), -skiy (-tsky), that is, the so-called standard surnames do not cause difficulties for native speakers. You just need to remember two important rules.

A. Borrowed surnames on -ov, -in that belong foreigners, in the form of the instrumental case, have the ending oh(as nouns of the second school declension, for example table, table): the theory was proposed by Darwin, the film was directed by Chaplin, the book was written by Cronin.(Interestingly, the pseudonym is also inclined Green belonging to a Russian writer: the book is written Green.) Homonymous Russian surnames have the ending - th in the form of the instrumental case: with Chaplin(from the dialect word chapla"heron"), with Cronin(from crown).

B. Female surnames on - ina type Currant, Pearl incline in two ways, depending on the declension of the male surname ( Irina Pearls and Irina Zhemchuzhina, Zoe Currant and Zoya Currant). If the male surname is Pearls then it is correct: arrival Irina Zhemchuzhina... If the male surname is Pearl then it is correct: arrival Irina Pearls(the surname is declined as a common noun pearl).

2. Now we turn directly to the so-called non-standard surnames. The first thing to remember: contrary to common misconception, the gender of the bearer of the surname does not always affect the inclination / non-inclination. Even less often, this is influenced by the origin of the surname. First of all, it matters which sound the surname ends in - a consonant or a vowel.

3. Let us immediately describe several groups of non-declining surnames. In modern Russian literary language do not incline Russian surnames, ending in -s, -th (like Chernykh, Dolgikh), as well as all surnames, ending in the vowels e, and, o, y, s, e, u .

Examples: notebooks of Irina Chernykh, Lydia Meye, Roman Grymau; the diploma was given to Viktor Dolgikh, Andrei Gretri, Nikolai Shtanenko, Maya Lee; meeting with Nikolai Kruchenykh and Alexander Minadze.

Note. In colloquial speech and in the language of fiction, reflecting oral speech, it is considered acceptable to declare male surnames into - oh, -th (in Chernykh's script, meeting with Red), as well as the declension of surnames of Ukrainian origin into -ko, -enko by declension of feminine nouns to -a: go to Semashka, visiting Ustimenka. Note that Ukrainian surnames of this type were consistently inclined in the literature of the 19th century ( at Shevchenko's; confession of Nalivaika; poem dedicated to Rodzianka).

4. If the surname ends in consonant(except for surnames on -th, -th, which was mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are inclined - this is the law of Russian grammar... All female surnames ending in a consonant are not inflected. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Male surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.
Examples: Mikhail Bok's notebook, diplomas issued to Alexander Krug and Konstantin Korol, meeting with Igor Shiplevich, visiting Andrei Martynyuk, daughter of Ilya Skalozub, work of Isaak Hakobyan; Anna Bok's notebook, diplomas issued to Natalia Krug and Lydia Korol, meeting with Yulia Shipelevich, visiting Ekaterina Martynyuk, daughter of Svetlana Skalozub, work by Marina Akopyan.

Note 1. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel in declension can be declined in two ways - with and without loss of a vowel: Mikhail Zayats and Mikhail Zayts, with Alexander Zhuravel and Alexander Zhuravl, Igor Gritsevets and Igor Gritsevets. In a number of sources, declination is recognized as preferable without the loss of a vowel (i.e. Hare, Zhuravel, Gritsevets), because surnames perform, among other things, a legal function. But the final choice is up to the bearer of the surname. At the same time, it is important to adhere to the selected type of declension in all documents.

Note 2. Separately, it is necessary to say about surnames ending in a consonant th. If it is preceded by a vowel and(less often - O), the surname can be inclined in two ways. Surnames such as Topchy, Pobozhiy, Bokiy, Ore, can be perceived as having endings -th, -th and declension like adjectives ( Topchemu, Topchemu, feminine Trampling, Topchey), but you can - as having a zero ending with declension similar to nouns ( Topchy, Topchy, feminine unchangeable form Topchy). If the consonant th at the end of the surname any other vowel precedes, the surname obeys the general rules (Igor Shakhrai, Nikolai Adjubei, but Inna Shakhrai, Alexandre Adjubey).

5. If the surname ends in the vowel -i preceded by another vowel (ex: Shengelaya, Breaking, Rhea, Beria, Danelia), she leans.
Examples: notebook of Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolai Lomae, meeting with Anna Reya; crimes of Lawrence Beria, meeting with Georgy Danelia.

6. If the surname ends in a vowel -a preceded by another vowel (e.g .: Galois, Maurois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), she is not inclined.
Examples: notebook Nikolai Galois, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

7. And the last group of surnames - ending in -а, -я, preceded by a consonant ... Here - and only here! - the origin of the surname and the place of stress in it matter. In this case, you need to remember only two exceptions:

A. Do not lean French surnames with an emphasis on the last syllable: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavald, the aphorisms of Jacques Derrida, goals by Diarra and Drogba.

B. Mainly do not incline Finnish surnames ending in - a unstressed: meeting with Mauno Pekkala(although a number of sources recommend declining them as well).

All other surnames (Slavic, eastern and others; ending in shock and unstressed -and I) lean... Contrary to the common misconception, surnames coinciding with common nouns are inclined as well.
Examples: Irina Groza's notebook, diploma issued to Nikolai Mukha, lecture by Elena Kara-Murza, songs by Bulat Okudzhava, the roles of Igor Kvasha, films by Akira Kurosawa.

Note. In the declension of Japanese surnames, fluctuations were previously observed, but reference manuals note that recently such surnames have been consistently declined, and in A. A. Zaliznyak's "Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language" there is a non-declining variant at Akutagawa, along with the unwilling near Okudzhava, called "gross violation of the norm" .

These are, in fact, all the main rules; apparently, there are not so many of them. Now we can refute the above misconceptions associated with the declension of surnames. So, contrary to popular belief: a) there is no rule "all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames do not incline" - the declension of surnames obeys the laws of the grammar of the language, and if the final element of the surname lends itself to Russian inflection, it declines; b) the rule "male surnames are inclined, female surnames are not" applies not to all surnames, but only to those that end in a consonant; c) the coincidence of the surname in form with common nouns is not an obstacle to their declension.

It is important to remember: the surname is word and, like all words, it must obey the grammatical laws of the language. In this sense, there is no difference between sentences The certificate was issued to Ivan Hunger(instead of the correct Hunger Ivan) and The villagers suffered from hunger(instead of suffered from hunger), in both sentences - a grammatical error.

It is also important to follow the rules for declining surnames because refusing to change the cases of the declined surname can lead to misunderstandings and incidents, and disorient the addressee of speech. Indeed, let's imagine a situation: a person with the surname Storm signed my work: article by Nikolai Groz. According to the laws of Russian grammar, a masculine surname ending in the genitive singular. numbers on - a, is restored in its original form, in the nominative case, with a zero ending, so the reader will make an unambiguous conclusion: the author's name is Nikolai Groz. Handed over to the dean's office work by A. Pogrebnyak will lead to the search for the student (Anna? Antonina? Alisa?) It is necessary to follow the rules of declension of surnames for the same reason that it is necessary to follow the rules of spelling, otherwise a situation arises similar to the famous "opteka" described by L. Uspensky in his "Word about Words". The authors of the "Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language" L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya point out: “For the inflection of surnames, the law on absolute deducibility must be immutable. case of a surname from its indirect cases ”.

Therefore, we suggest you remember the elementary truth number 8.

Alphabet truth number 8... The declension of surnames is subject to the laws of the grammar of the Russian language. There is no rule “all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames are not inclined”. The declension of a surname depends first of all on which sound the surname ends in - a consonant or a vowel. The rule "male surnames incline, female surnames" does not apply to all surnames, but only to those ending in consonant... Matching surname in form with common nouns (Fly, Hare, Stick etc.) is not an obstacle to declining them.

Literature:

  1. Ageenko F.L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language. M., 2010.
  2. Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. –3rd ed., Erased. M., 2008.
  3. Zaliznyak A.A.Grammatical Dictionary of the Russian Language. - 5th ed., Rev. M., 2008.
  4. Kalakutskaya L.P. Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Spelling and declension. M., 1994.
  5. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - 8th ed., Rev. and add. M., 2003.
  6. Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 2004.

V. M. Pakhomov,
Candidate of Philology,
editor-in-chief of the portal "Gramota.ru"

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