What languages did the Russian language borrow words from. Words that came into the Russian language from foreign languages and their meaning
Language is the most universal means of communication that reacts mobilely to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or more new words appear, which are the result of simplification or merging of existing ones, but the largest number of verbal novelties come from abroad. So, foreign words in Russian: why do they arise and what are they?
Original Russian vocabulary
The Russian language has been formed over many centuries, as a result of which three stages of the genesis of original Russian words have been identified.
Indo-European vocabulary arose in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food (meat, fish), the name of animals (ox, deer) and elements (fire, water).
The main words were absorbed by the Russian language and are considered part of it.
Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which had a high relevance at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, made a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.
In this group, words related to the plant world (tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, cloth, stone, iron), birds (goose, nightingale) , as well as food products (cheese, milk, kvass).
Modern words of primordially Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th centuries. and belonged to the East Slavic language branch. The mass fraction of them expressed an action (run, lie down, multiply, lay down), the names of abstract concepts arose (freedom, result, experience, fate, thought), words appeared that corresponded to household items (wallpaper, carpet, book) and the names of national dishes ( pigeons, cabbage soup).
Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need to be replaced soon, while others were brazenly replaced by more consonant synonyms from neighboring countries. So "humanity" turned into "humanity", "appearance" was transformed into "image", and "competition" was called "duel".
The problem of borrowing foreign words
Since ancient times, the Russian people have had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.
New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.
In fact, words of foreign origin are present in our speech so often and for a long time that we are already used to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something alien.
Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:
- China: tea.
- Mongolia: hero, label, darkness.
- Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
- Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
- Poland: donut, market, fair.
- Czech Republic: tights, pistol, robot.
Official statistics say that only 10% of words in Russian are borrowed. But if you listen closely to the colloquial speech of the younger generation, we can conclude that the clogging of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.
We go to a fast food restaurant for lunch and order a hamburger and a milkshake. Having found free Wi-Fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes under the photo of the best friend.
Borrowing foreign words: the main reasons
Why are we so attracted to vocabulary from neighboring countries?
Greece
Now consider the geography of borrowing.
The most generous country that has lent part of the vocabulary to the Russian language is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all known sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). In addition, many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library) have Greek origin.
Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings (victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).
Thanks to the ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, felt the taste of style and were able to capture bright events in photographs.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economics - home economics, tragedy - a goat song).
Italy
What do you think, are there many words in Russian speech that come from the Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous greeting “chao”, nothing will immediately come to mind. It turns out that Italian foreign words in Russian are present in sufficient quantities.
For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed by many languages, including Russian.
Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word "mafia" is beyond doubt. Likewise, "carnival" has taken root in many languages thanks to a colorful costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of “vermicelli” surprised: in the Apennines, vermicelli is translated as “worms”.
Recently, it has become fashionable to use the definition for the press as "paparazzi". But in direct translation, these are not journalists at all, as you might think, but "annoying mosquitoes."
France
But France gave Russian speech a lot of “delicious” words: grillage, jelly, croissant, canape, creme brulee, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, stew, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names, recipes were borrowed from French chefs, many of which were to the taste of Russian gourmets.
A few more extensive branches of borrowing are literature, cinema and the entertainment industry: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, verse, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.
The French also became the inventors of seductive details of women's clothing (panties and peignoir), taught the world the rules of behavior in society (etiquette) and the art of beauty (make-up, cream, perfumery).
Germany
German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what kind of words could take root in it. It turns out there are quite a few of them.
For example, we often use the German word "route", which means a pre-chosen path. Or "scale" - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And the "font" in Russian is the designation of the characters of the letter.
The names of some professions also took root: a hairdresser, an accountant, a locksmith.
The food industry was also not without borrowings: sandwich, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.
Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashionable accessories into its vocabulary: for women - “shoes” and “bra”, for men - “tie”, for children - “backpack”. By the way, a smart child is often called a "wunderkind" - this is also a German concept.
Foreign words in Russian feel quite comfortable, they even settled in our house in the form of a chair, a bathroom and a tile.
England
The largest number of borrowed words come from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many people know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.
Foreign words in Russian are almost ubiquitous, but the most popular areas of their use are:
- business (PR, office, manager, copywriter, broker, holding);
- sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalties, time-out, foul);
- computer technologies (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
- entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).
Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).
Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a nominal meaning (jeans, show, weekend).
Borrowed words in Russian
By the nature and volume of borrowings in the Russian language, one can trace the paths of the historical development of the language, that is, the paths of international travel, communications and scientific development, and, as a result, the crossing of Russian vocabulary and phraseology with other languages. Observing the transition of words and phrases from any foreign language into the Russian language helps to understand the history of the Russian language, both literary and dialects.
Borrowings and foreign words
It is necessary to distinguish between borrowings and foreign words.
Borrowings (words, less often syntactic and phraseological phrases) are adapted in the Russian language, undergoing the necessary semantic and phonetic changes. Adaptation to the realities of the Russian language is the main feature that distinguishes borrowings from foreign words. Foreign words retain traces of their foreign origin. Such traces can be phonetic, spelling, grammatical and semantic features.
In the history of the language, periods of predominant borrowing alternated:
- from Germanic languages and Latin (Proto-Slavic period);
- from the Finno-Ugric languages (the period of colonization by the Slavs of Northern and North-Eastern Russia);
- from the Greek, and then the Old / Church Slavonic language (the era of Christianization, further book influence);
- from the Polish language (XVI-XVIII centuries);
- from the Dutch (XVIII), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) languages;
- from the English language (- the beginning of the XXI century).
Borrowing history
Borrowings in Old Russian
Many foreign words borrowed by the Russian language in the distant past are so assimilated by it that their origin is revealed only with the help of etymological analysis. These are, for example, some borrowings from the Turkic languages, the so-called Turkisms. Words from the Turkic languages have penetrated into the Russian language since Kievan Rus coexisted with such Turkic tribes as the Bulgars, Cumans, Berendeys, Pechenegs and others. Around the 8th-12th centuries, such ancient Russian borrowings from the Turkic languages \u200b\u200bdate as boyar, tent, hero, pearl, koumiss, gang, cart, horde. It should be noted that historians of the Russian language often disagree about the origin of certain borrowings. So, in some linguistic dictionaries the word horse is recognized as Turkism, while other experts attribute this word to the original Russian.
A noticeable trace was left by the Greekisms, which came into the Old Russian language mainly through the medium of Old Slavonic in connection with the process of completing the Christianization of the Slavic states. Byzantium played an active role in this process. The formation of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language begins. The Greekisms of the period of the X-XVII centuries include words from the area religions: anathema, angel, bishop, daemon, icon, monk, monastery, lampada, sexton; scientific terms: mathematics, philosophy, story, grammar; household terms: lime, sugar, bench, notebook, lamp; denominations plants and animals: buffalo, beans, beet other. Later borrowings refer mainly to the area arts and sciences: trochee, comedy, mantle, verse, logics, analogy other. Many Greek words that received international status entered the Russian language through Western European languages.
By the 17th century, translations from Latin into Church Slavonic appeared, including the Gennadiev Bible. Since then, the penetration of Latin words into the Russian language has begun. Many of these words continue to exist in our language to this day ( Bible, doctor, the medicine, lily, the Rose other).
Borrowings under Peter I
The flow of borrowed foreign vocabulary characterizes the reign of Peter I. The transformational activity of Peter became a prerequisite for the reform of the literary Russian language. The Church Slavonic language did not correspond to the realities of the new secular society. The penetration of a number of foreign words, mainly military and craft terms, the names of some household items, new concepts in science and technology, in maritime affairs, in administration, in art, etc., had a huge impact on the language of that time. Russian borrowed foreign words such as algebra, optics, the globe, apoplexy, varnish, compass, cruiser, port, frame, army, deserter, cavalry, office, Act, rent, rate and many others.
Dutch words appeared in Russian mainly in the times of Peter the Great in connection with the development of navigation. These include ballast, buer, spirit level, shipyard, harbor, drift, tack, pilot, sailor, yardarm, rudder, flag, fleet, navigator etc.
From the English language at the same time, terms from the field of maritime affairs were also borrowed: barge, bot, brig, whaleboat, midshipman, schooner, boat other.
It is known, however, that Peter himself had a negative attitude towards the dominance of foreign words and demanded that his contemporaries write “as intelligibly as possible”, without abusing non-Russian words. So, for example, in his message to Ambassador Rudakovsky, Peter wrote:
“In your communications, you use many Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to comprehend the case itself: for the sake of you, from now on, write your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms”
Borrowings in the XVIII-XIX centuries
A great contribution to the study and regulation of foreign borrowings was made by M.V. Lomonosov, who in his work "Anthology on the History of Russian Linguistics" outlined his observations about Greek words in Russian in general, and in the field of the formation of scientific terms in particular.
“... Avoiding foreign borrowings, Lomonosov at the same time sought to promote the convergence of Russian science with Western European, using, on the one hand, international scientific terminology, composed mainly of Greek-Latin roots, and on the other hand, forming new Russian terms or rethinking already existing words
Lomonosov believed that the Russian language had lost its stability and linguistic norm due to the "clogging" of the living spoken language with borrowings from a variety of languages. This prompted Lomonosov to create a "Foreword on the Benefits of Church Books", in which he manages to lay the foundations of the Russian language, corresponding to the time.
Active political and social ties with France in the 18th-19th centuries contributed to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of borrowings from the French language. French becomes the official language of court and aristocratic circles, the language of secular noble salons. Borrowings of this time are the names of household items, clothing, food products: the Bureau, boudoir, stained glass window, couch; shoe, veil, wardrobe, vest, coat, bouillon, the vinaigrette, jelly, marmalade; art words: actor, entrepreneur, poster, ballet, juggler, director; military terms: battalion, garrison, gun, squadron; socio-political terms: bourgeois, declassed, demoralization, department other.
Italian and Spanish borrowings are mainly associated with the field of art: aria, allegro, Bravo, cello, short story, piano, recitative, tenor(Italian) or guitar, mantilla, castanets, serenade(Spanish), as well as with everyday concepts: currency, villa; vermicelli, pasta(Italian).
By the end of the XVIII century. the process of Europeanization of the Russian language, carried out mainly through the French culture of the literary word, has reached a high degree of development. The Old Book linguistic culture was supplanted by the new European one. The Russian literary language, without leaving its native soil, consciously uses Church Slavonicisms and Western European borrowings.
Borrowings in the XX-XXI centuries
Leonid Petrovich Krysin in his work "On the Russian language of our days" analyzes the flow of foreign vocabulary at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. In his opinion, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the activation of business, scientific, trade, cultural ties, the flourishing of foreign tourism, all this caused an intensification of communication with native speakers of foreign languages. Thus, first in professional, and then in other areas, terms related to computer technology appeared (for example, a computer, display, file, interface, Printer other); economic and financial terms (for example, barter, broker, voucher, dealer other); names of sports windsurfing, skateboard, arm wrestling, kickboxing); in less specialized areas of human activity ( image, presentation, nomination, sponsor, video, show).
Many of these words have already been fully assimilated into the Russian language.
Word formation using borrowings
In addition to borrowing foreign vocabulary, the Russian language actively borrowed some foreign word-building elements to create proper Russian words. Among such borrowings, special mention is
- prefixes a-, anti-, archi-, pan- and others from Greek ( apolitical, anti-worlds, rogues, pan-Slavism); de-, counter-, trance-, ultra- from Latin ( deheroization, counteroffensive, trans-regional, far right);
- suffixes: -ism, -PCS, -izirov-a(t), -er from Western European languages: collectivism, essayist, militarize, boyfriend.
At the same time, these word-building elements are often used in the Russian language together with the word-building model, which is characteristic of foreign words or elements of this model ((fr.) conductor, trainee and (Russian) boyfriend with a French suffix). This shows the regularity of the introduction of foreign borrowings into the Russian language and their active assimilation to a borrowed language.
Thus, the formation of foreign language structural elements as independent morphemes in the Russian language takes place, in other words, the process of morphemization is carried out. It is clear that this is a long-term, gradual process, involving a number of stages and stages in the acquisition of morphemic properties in Russian by a foreign structural element.
Quotes
Aphorism of the Russian poet V. A. Zhukovsky:
Academician A. A. Shakhmatov:
Notes
Literature
- Shcherba L.V. Selected Works on the Russian Language, Aspect Press, 2007 ISBN 9785756704532.
- Sobolevsky A.I. History of the Russian literary language. Languages of Slavic Culture 2006 ISBN 5-95510-128-4.
- Filkova P. D. On the assimilation of Church Slavonicisms by the lexical system of the Russian literary language // Issues of historical lexicology of East Slavic languages. - M., 1974.
- Explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. Language Changes at the End of the 20th Century, Astrel, 2005, ISBN 5-17-029554-5.
- Krysin L.P. Russian word, one's own and someone else's, 2004, ISBN 5-94457-183-7.
- Brandt R. F. Lectures on the History of the Russian Language 2005, ISBN 5-484-00038-6.
- Demyanov V. G. Foreign vocabulary in the history of the Russian language in the XI-XVII centuries. Problems of morphological adaptation Nauka, 2001, ISBN 5-02-011821-4.
- Uspensky B. A. Historical and Philological Essays, Languages of Slavic Culture, ISBN 5-95510-044-X.
- Lotte D.S. Issues of borrowing and ordering foreign terms and term elements. - M., 1982.
- Vinogradov V.V., Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the XVII-XIX centuries. - M., 1938.
- Semenova M. Yu. Dictionary of Anglicisms. - Rostov n / a, 2003.
see also
- Lists of borrowings in Russian from:
- Arabic
Links
- Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words, 2007, Over 25 thousand words and phrases, Library of Dictionaries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Compiled by L. P. Krysin
- Formation of Russian vocabulary. Mastering borrowed words in Russian
- Horse and horse. Turkisms in Russian. Interview with I. G. Dobrodomov Radio Liberty
- L. Bozhenko. Borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian
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The Russian language is rich and powerful, and this wealth is constantly growing. And often new words come from other languages. Today we will tell you about the most frequently used words of English origin in Russian. You will find that you already know more than a hundred words in English without even studying them specifically.
Let's see what concepts regarding the names of clothing items and the world of fashion have come to us from the English language.
| Russian word | English word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ivory | ivory - ivory | Ivory. |
| bodysuit | a body - body | Apparently the word comes from the fact that this type of clothing fits the body. |
| windproof | a wind - wind; proof - impenetrable | Windproof clothing, usually a jacket. |
| jeans | jeans - trousers made of thick cotton fabric (denim) | Once they were the clothes of gold miners, and today they find a place in the wardrobe of almost every person. |
| clutch | to clutch - grab, squeeze, squeeze | A small lady's handbag, which is squeezed in the hands. |
| leggings/leggings | leggings - leggings, leggings; a leg - leg | Fashionable glamorous leggings are now called leggings :-) |
| long sleeve | long - long; a sleeve | T-shirt with long sleeves. |
| sweater | to sweat - to sweat | It really gets hot in a sweater, so the origin of the word is quite logical. |
| the tuxedo | a smoking jacket - “a jacket in which they smoke” | This word has an interesting origin. Previously, "blazers in which they smoke" were home clothes. When a gentleman was going to smoke, he put on a thick jacket (a smoking jacket), which was designed to protect his clothes from the smell of smoke and falling ash. By the way, in English a tuxedo is a tuxedo or a dinner jacket, and smoking is “smoking”. |
| stretch | to stretch - stretch | So called elastic fabrics that stretch well. In Russian, the incorrect pronunciation of this word is also common - stretch. |
| heelies | a heel - heel | Sneakers with a wheel on the heel. |
| hoodie | a hood - hood | Hoodie. |
| shorts | short - short | Borrowed from English short trousers (short trousers). |
| shoes | shoes - footwear | So in slang they call shoes. |
The cuisine of English-speaking people is hundreds of goodies and goodies, so our domestic hostesses also prepare all kinds of overseas dishes. Here are the words and dishes that enriched the Russian language thanks to English:
| Russian word | English word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| jam | to jam - squeeze, crush | An analogue of our jam, only fruits are crushed, mixed so that the dish has a jelly-like consistency. |
| crumble | to crumble - crumble | Pie, the basis of which consists of butter-flour crumbs. |
| cracker | to crack - break | Crispy biscuits that break easily. |
| pancake | a pan - frying pan; a cake - cake, cake, pancake | American version of our pancakes. |
| roast beef | roast - fried; beef - beef | A piece of beef meat, usually grilled. |
| Hot Dog | hot - hot; a dog - dog | Let's see why the favorite dish of many was named so strange. The fact is that hot dogs came to the USA from Germany, where they were called Dachshund sandwiches (sandwich dachshund). This name was difficult to pronounce and was changed to hot dogs. But why was the dish associated with dogs in Germany? There is a version advocated by many historians that in Germany, until the middle of the 20th century, dog meat was often added to sausages, so long sausages began to be called "dachshunds". |
| chips | chips - fried crispy potatoes | This word is interesting because in American English chips are chips, and in British it is french fries, which in American English is called French fries. |
| shortbread | short - fragile; bread - bread | So called crumbly shortbread cookies. The word short is used in the sense of "brittle, brittle" for dough products in which there is a high ratio of butter to flour. |
English is the international language most often used in high-level business negotiations. The terminology of the business world is based on words of English origin, so if you work in the field of economics, management, marketing and finance, you already know hundreds of English words. Let's take a look at the most commonly used ones:
| Russian word | English word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| outsourcing | outsourcing - attraction of resources from external sources | Transfer on a contractual basis of certain types of work to third-party specialists. |
| brand | a brand - brand name | A brand of goods that is very popular with customers. |
| broker | a broker - intermediary, agent | An individual or legal entity that acts as an intermediary in concluding transactions on the stock exchange, and also acts on behalf of its clients. |
| deadline | a deadline - deadline, deadline | Deadline for submission of work. |
| default | default - non-payment, negligence, defect | Failure to meet obligations to repay borrowed funds or pay interest on securities. |
| diversification | diverse - various, varied | Development of new (various) types of activity by the enterprise. As well as the distribution of investments between various objects. |
| dealer | a dealer - dealer, sales agent | A company that buys goods in bulk and sells them to consumers. Also a professional participant in the securities market. |
| distributor | to distribute - distribute | A representative of a manufacturer who purchases goods from the manufacturer and sells them either to retailers and dealers or directly to the customer. |
| investor | an investor | A person or organization that invests money in projects in order to increase its capital. |
| crowdfunding | a crowd - crowd; funding - funding | Funding of new interesting ideas with money or other resources by a large number of people on a voluntary basis, usually done through the Internet. |
| leasing | to lease - to lease | A form of lending for the acquisition of fixed assets of an enterprise, in fact, it is a long-term lease with a subsequent right to purchase. |
| marketing | marketing - promotion in the market, market activity | Organization of production and marketing of goods / services, which is based on a study of market needs. A marketing professional is called a marketer or marketer. |
| management | management - management | Management of socio-economic organizations. |
| networking | a net - network; work - work | Establishing business contacts, creating a network of acquaintances useful for work. |
| know-how | to know - to know; how - how | Technology, a production secret that allows you to create a product / service in a unique way. |
| PR | public relations - public relations | Activities to create an attractive image of someone / something, including with the help of the media. |
| prime time | prime is the best part; time - time | The time when the largest audience gathers near the screens or at the radio |
| price list | aprice - price; a list - a list | Price list, a list of prices for goods and services of a particular company. |
| promoter | to promote - promote | A person who promotes a product/service on the market. |
| release | to release - release, publish | Release of a new product, such as a movie, music album, book, software, etc. |
| retailer | retail - retail sale | A legal entity that buys goods in bulk and sells them at retail. |
| realtor | realty - real estate | Real estate agent, mediator between buyer and seller. |
| startup | to start up - start the project | A newly formed company that builds its business around innovative ideas or technologies. |
| freelancer | a freelancer - a self-employed employee who provides his services to different companies | A person who performs temporary work (work to order). |
| holding | to hold - hold, own | A company that owns controlling stakes in several enterprises and thereby exercises control over them. |
The vocabulary of sports fans consists almost entirely of English borrowings, so it can be said that fans not only learn sports terms, but also expand their English vocabulary. See what words from the world of sports English has given us.
| Russian word | English word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| arm wrestling | an arm - hand; wrestling - wrestling | Hand fight. |
| basketball, volleyball, football, baseball, handball | a ball - ball; a basket - basket; a volley - volley, receiving the ball on the fly; a foot - leg; a base - base; a hand - hand | Sports with a ball. |
| body-building | a body - body; to build - build | Physical exercise with machines or heavy equipment to build muscle mass. |
| scuba diving | to dive - dive; scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) - scuba | Scuba diving. |
| doping | dope - drug | Prohibited drugs that invigorate the body for a short period of time. |
| curling | to curl - twist | A game in which you need to hit a target with a stone sliding on ice. In this case, the rounded stone is spinning. |
| kickboxing | a kick - kick; to box - to box | A form of boxing in which kicks are allowed. |
| cross | to cross - cross | Cross-country running or racing. |
| penalty | a penalty - punishment, fine | Free kick to the opponent's goal. |
| rope jumping | a rope - rope; to jump - jump | Jumping with a climbing rope from a height. |
| surfing | surf - surf wave | Riding on the waves on the board. |
| skateboard | to skate - ride; a board | Roller board. |
| sport | sport - sport | The word originally came from disport, meaning "entertainment, distraction from work." |
| start | start - departure, start | The beginning of something. |
| half | time - time, term | The time period of a sports game. |
| fitness | fitness - endurance, physical culture, form | A healthy lifestyle that includes exercise to achieve good shape. |
| forward | a forward - one who goes ahead of others | Attack. |
In the IT field, almost all words are taken from English. We will list the most frequently used ones here, and you can read about the rest in the articles of our teachers “Ok, Google, or Everything about gadgets and devices in English” and “Computer basics or how to survive in cyberspace. Basic computer concepts in English".
| Russian word | English word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| browser | to browse - view | Program for searching and viewing Internet resources. |
| viral | viral - viral | Popular, spreads among Internet users like a virus. |
| gamer | a game | A person who is fond of computer games. |
| display | a display - demonstration, display | Device for visual display of information. |
| driver | to drive - manage, lead | A program that provides communication between a computer's operating system and its hardware components. |
| click | a click | Pressing a mouse button, clicking a button or a link on a website. |
| community | a community | A group of people with the same interests. |
| login | to log in - log in | Name for authorization. |
| a laptop | a notebook - notebook, notebook | Portable PC. |
| fast | to post - publish information | Blog post or forum post. |
| provider | to provide - supply, provide | A company that provides access to the Internet, mobile communications. |
| traffic | traffic - movement, flow of information | The amount of data that passes through the server |
| hacker | to hack - hack, hack | A person who is good with computers and can hack various systems. |
| user | a user - user | Computer user. |
Of course, it is difficult to place in one article all the words we have taken from the English language. Below we present some of the most frequently used borrowed concepts. We think that every person has used these words at least once in their life.
| Russian word | English word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| animalism | an animal - animal | A genre in art that uses images of animals. You can often hear "animal print" about a blouse with a leopard print. |
| outsider | outsider - outsider, extreme | A non-specialist in any industry or a loser, as well as a team or athlete who has little chance of winning. |
| best-seller | best - the best; a seller - sold, hot item | The product that sells best. |
| blender | to blend - mix | Device for grinding and mixing products. |
| blockbuster | a block - quarter; to bust - blow up | A popular movie that produces the effect of an exploding bomb. |
| boiler | to boil - boil | Apparatus for heating water. |
| briefing | brief - short | Short conference. |
| backing vocal | backing - support; vocal - vocals | Singers who sing along to the performer. |
| glamor | glamor - charm, charm | Demonstrative luxury. |
| grant | a grant - gift, subsidy, subsidy | Funds directed to support the arts, sciences, etc. |
| destructive | to destroy - destroy | Devastating, unproductive, destructive. |
| image maker | image - image; to make - to do | A person who creates an image, an external image. |
| impeachment | impeachment - distrust, condemnation | The removal from power of the head of state due to any violations of the law. |
| camping | a camp - camp | A recreation center equipped for tourists with tents or small houses. |
| cool | clever - smart, dexterous, gifted | According to some reports, this slang word also has English roots. |
| clown | a clown - uncouth guy, jester, clown | The favorite of children in the circus (circus comedian). |
| crossword | cross - intersecting; a word - a word | Everyone's favorite puzzle game where words cross each other. |
| loser | to lose - lose, miss, fall behind | Jonah. |
| mainstream | the mainstream - main line, main direction | Dominant direction in any area. |
| parking | to park - park, park | Parking for cars. |
| Puzzle | a puzzle | A puzzle with many pieces. |
| playlist | to play - play; a list - a list | List of songs to play. |
| pressure | to press - press | Pressure, pressure. Often used in the sense of "psychological pressure". |
| rating | to rate - evaluate | Evaluation of something, the degree of popularity. |
| remake | a remake - remake | An updated version of an old product. |
| reportage | to report - report | Press release about some events. |
| summit | a summit | Assembly of heads of state or government at the highest level. |
| soundtrack | a sound - sound; a track - track | The soundtrack, usually the music from the film. |
| second hand | second - second; a hand - hand | Used items. |
| security | security - security, protection | Security service, guard. |
| selfie | self - self- | Self-portrait taken with the camera. |
| square | a square - area | Green area in the city. |
| speaker | to speak - speak | Someone who speaks at a conference, webinar, meeting, etc. |
| Test Drive | test - trial; a drive - trip | Test drive to evaluate the quality of the car. |
| talk show | to talk - to speak; a show - view | A show in which participants express their opinion on an issue. |
| tram | a tram - wagon; a way - way | Type of public transport. |
| thriller | a thrill - nervous trembling | A work of art that makes you feel nervous shivers and goosebumps running down your spine. |
| trolleybus | a trolley - roller current collector; a bus - bus, omnibus | The name came from the fact that earlier trolleybuses had roller current collectors. |
| tuning | tuning - tuning, adjustment | Alteration, improvement of the car. |
| handmade | a hand - hand; made - done | Things made by hand. |
| shampoo | a shampoo - washing the head | Head wash. |
| escalation | to escalate - rise, aggravate | Growth, enhancement of something. For example, the escalation of the conflict is the aggravation of the conflict. |
We also invite you to watch a video about the words that came to Russian from English.
These are the words of English origin in Russian that we often use in our speech. Now you know their origin and also understand their true meaning. However, there are many more such borrowings from English in Russian. Do you know any words that came to us from English? Share your observations in the comments.
Kirillova Natalya Viktorovna,
One of the topical topics of our time is the borrowing of words in the Russian language, which is becoming more and more.
Foreign words overwhelm Russian speech, pushing aside the initial, Russian words. Is it good or bad for the native language? Are these words necessary or not? Can we do without them?
Borrowing foreign words is one of the ways in which the modern language develops. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society.
The Russian people in the course of its history had various connections with the peoples of the whole world. The result of this was numerous foreign words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages.
In relation to borrowed words, two extremes often collide: on the one hand, a glut of speech with foreign words, on the other, their denial, the desire to use only the original word.
There are times when they are quite tolerant, but at other times they are judged negatively. Nevertheless, despite this or that reaction of society, one part of the borrowed words enters the language, and the other is rejected.
The attitude towards borrowed words in society is changing. The process of borrowing is normal for the development of a language. True, not all languages are equally susceptible to foreign language influence. It depends on different factors. For example, from geographical. Thus, Iceland, due to its insular position and isolation from other European countries, for many centuries was poorly connected with the "mainland" peoples. Therefore, Icelandic has few borrowings from other languages.
A change in the lexical composition of a language is often associated with a change in other aspects of the life of a people, society, including the emergence of new technical devices (for example, all words used in the development of computer technology, scientific research), cultural phenomena (the emergence of new types of art, etc.). d.).
The number of borrowed words in the Russian language is in the tens of thousands, and the process of borrowing occurs at different times.
Foreign words in the Russian language have long been the subject of close attention and discussion of scientists, public figures, writers, lovers of the Russian language.
Scientists were interested in what place borrowed words occupy in the vocabulary of the Russian language, from which languages most words are borrowed, what is the reason for borrowing, and whether foreign words clog up the native language.
Repeated attempts were made to replace words that came from other languages with Russian ones. So Peter I demanded from his contemporaries to write "as intelligibly as possible", without abusing non-Russian words. M.V. Lomonosov in his “theory of three calms”, highlighting the words of various groups in the Russian vocabulary, did not leave room for borrowings from non-Slavic languages. A.P. Sumarokov, N.I. Novikov, V.I. Dal. Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov wrote about borrowings: “... the perception of other people's words, and especially without the need, is not enrichment, but damage to the language ... Our language is so infected with an ulcer that even now it is difficult to clean it out; and if this imaginary enrichment continues for a few more years, then perfect purification cannot be hoped for. But K.I. Chukovsky, the famous children's writer, on the contrary, welcomed foreign words and wrote about the attitude towards them as follows: dancing - dancing, along with muscles - muscles, along with sympathy - sympathy, along with questions - problems, along with imagination - fantasy ... You need to be a hopeless hypocrite to demand the expulsion of such synonyms that enrich our language, especially since these synonyms , as happens almost always, very different semantic shades.
However, the borrowing of words is a natural and necessary process in the development of any language. Lexical borrowing enriches the language and usually does not harm its identity, since it retains the main, “own” vocabulary, and in addition, the grammatical structure inherent in the language remains unchanged, the internal laws of language development are not violated. Some words came to us a long time ago, and now only linguists can determine their "foreignness". So, for example, the word bread, which in many languages, and in particular Russian, was borrowed from Old Germanic.
What makes one people borrow words from another?
The main external reason is the borrowing of a word along with the borrowing of a thing or concept. For example, with the advent of such things as a car, conveyor belt, radio, cinema, television, laser and many others, their names also entered the Russian language. Most borrowings are associated with the development of science, technology, culture, economics, and industrial relations. Many of these words are firmly established in life, and then lose their novelty and move into an active vocabulary. Yes, in the 50s and 70s. 20th century a large number of terms related to the development of astronautics have appeared: cosmonaut, cosmodrome, cosmic vision, telemetry, spacecraft, etc. Today, all these words have become common.
Another reason is the need to designate some special kind of objects or concepts.
Most often, the need for naming objects and concepts arises in various branches of science and technology, so there are so many foreign ones among scientific and technical terms.
Finally, the borrowing of new words is due to the influence of foreign culture, dictated by the fashion for foreign words.
The Russian language borrowed words from the classical languages - ancient Greek and Latin. Borrowings from the Greek language began in the ancient period (9th-11th centuries), both orally and through the Old Church Slavonic language. New borrowings from Greek penetrated to us through Latin and European languages.
In addition to ancient borrowings, many words came into the Russian language from new Western European languages: German, English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish.
There are also borrowings that have not been mastered by the Russian language, which stand out sharply against the background of Russian vocabulary. A special place among them is occupied by exoticisms - words that characterize the specific features of the life of different peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. So, when depicting the life of the peoples of the Caucasus, the words aul, saklya, dzhigit, arba, etc. are used.
Another group of borrowings that have not been mastered by the Russian language are foreign inclusions: ok, merci, happy end. Many of them retain non-Russian spelling, they are popular not only in ours, but also in other languages.
Summing up, I would like to note, no matter how a new word is formed, only the justified use of borrowed vocabulary decorates and develops the language.
On the one hand, borrowing without measure clogs speech, making it not understandable to everyone. Excessiveness, inappropriateness, groundlessness of the use of borrowings leads to the formation of ridiculous phrases. But on the other hand, borrowing is the development of language vocabulary, and this natural process cannot be rejected.
However, the beauty of the language lies in its originality, brightness and expressiveness. Let's not mindlessly and irrationally pollute our beautiful Russian language with foreign, sometimes rather clumsy, words and expressions!
Literature:
1. http://gab-garevoi.narod.ru/inoslova_v_russkom.html
2. http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/krysin-02.htm
3. http://www.london-moscow.ru/_zaimstvovaniya_v_russkom_yazike
The number of borrowed words in the Russian language is many thousands. Borrowing words from different languages occurred at different times. Borrowing foreign words is a phenomenon in the life of the people that happened at different times, but has both good and bad sides. The reasons for borrowing are also different:
firstly, cultural, trade, military, political, economic ties with other states;
secondly, there are linguistic reasons, the need to express multi-valued Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word, to replenish the expressive (expressive) means of the language;
thirdly, the tendency to create international terminology, common names for concepts, phenomena of modern science, production;
fourthly, among most peoples of the world, the process of borrowing words from other languages is replaced by the process of cleaning the language.
Big language changes are always a reflection of big shifts in society, both for good and bad.
The modern Russian literary language was formed in the 19th century (it is often said about the language before Pushkin and after Pushkin). The ruling strata of society contributed to it many words from Western European languages. Gradually borrowed words, assimilated (from Latin assimilare - to assimilate, to liken) by the borrowing language, were among the words of general use and were no longer perceived as foreign.
Thus, the Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, since borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching any language. The Russian language retained its complete independence and only enriched itself with borrowed words.
Borrowings from non-Slavic languages
Depending on the language from which certain words came, two types of borrowings can be distinguished: 1) related borrowings (from the Slavic family of languages) and 2) foreign borrowings (from languages of a different language system). Of related language borrowings, a significant group of words of Old Slavonic origin stands out in particular. However, words that came from other Slavic languages - Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak - also played a significant role in enriching the Russian language.
Old Slavonicisms became widespread in Russia after the adoption of Christianity, at the end of the 10th century. They came from the closely related Old Church Slavonic, which was used for a long time in a number of Slavic states as a literary written language used to translate Greek liturgical books. Its South Slavic basis organically included elements from the West and East Slavic languages, as well as many borrowings from Greek. From the very beginning, this language was used primarily as the language of the church (which is why it is sometimes called Church Slavonic). In different countries, it took on the features of local languages and in this form was used outside of the actual liturgical texts. In the monuments of ancient Russian literature (especially in the annals), cases of mixing of Old Slavonic and Russian languages are not uncommon. This testified that Old Slavonicisms were not alien borrowings and were firmly established in the Russian language as closely related.
From the Old Slavonic language came to Russian, for example, church terms: priest, cross, rod, sacrifice, etc.; many words denoting abstract concepts: power, grace, harmony, universe, disaster, virtue, etc.
Along with the words of the Slavic languages, the Russian vocabulary at different stages of its development also included non-Slavic borrowings, which we will discuss in more detail.
Borrowings from the Greek language began to penetrate into the original vocabulary even in the period of common Slavic unity. Such borrowings include, for example, the words chamber, dish, cross, bread (baked), bed, cauldron, etc. Borrowings were significant in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries. and later (the so-called East Slavic). These include words from the field of religion: angel, archbishop, icon; scientific terms: mathematics, philosophy, history, grammar; household terms: bath, lantern, bed, notebook; names of plants and animals: cedar, beet, crocodile, etc. Later borrowings relate mainly to the field of art and science: comedy, mantle, verse, idea, logic, physics, etc. Some Greek words came into the Russian language through other languages (eg French).
Borrowings from the Latin language played a significant role in enriching the Russian language, especially in the field of scientific, technical, social and political terminology. More Latin words came into the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, especially through Polish and Ukrainian (for example: school, auditorium, dean, office, holidays, director, exam, etc.). The role of special educational institutions was important in this. Many words of Latin origin make up a group of international terms (for example: dictatorship, constitution, laboratory, maximum, minimum, process, public, revolution, republic, erudition, etc.).
Words from the Turkic languages penetrated into the Russian language due to various circumstances: as a result of early trade and cultural ties, as a result of military clashes. Early (general Slavic) borrowings include individual words from the languages of the Avars, Khazars, Pechenegs, etc. (for example: feather grass, jerboa, pearls, idol, hall, beads, etc.). Among the Turkic borrowings, most of the words are from the Tatar language, which is explained by historical conditions (the long-term Tatar-Mongolian yoke). Especially many words remained from military, commercial and everyday speech: caravan, treasury, money, bazaar, raisins, watermelon, iron, hearth, sheepskin coat, arshin, noodles, stocking, shoe, chest, dressing gown, fog, and others. Almost all the names of the breed or color of horses belong to Turkic borrowings: argamak, brown, brown. There are relatively few Scandinavian borrowings (Swedish, Norwegian) in Russian. Most of them belong to the ancient period. The appearance of these words is due to early trade relations. However, not only words of trade vocabulary penetrated, but also maritime terms, household words. So there were proper names Igor, Oleg, Rurik, separate words like herring, anchor, sneak, whip, mast and others. Borrowings from Western European languages form one of the numerous (after Old Church Slavonic) groups. significant role in the XVII-XVIII centuries. (in connection with the reforms of Peter I) played words from Germanic languages (German, English, Dutch), as well as from Romance languages (for example, French, Italian, Spanish).
German includes a number of words of trade, military, everyday vocabulary and words from the field of art, science, etc. (for example, a bill, stamp; camp, headquarters; tie, boots; spinach; easel, landscape, resort).
Dutch words form a small group, mainly some nautical terms: pennant, harbor, pilot, sailor, flag, fleet.
From English to the 19th century also included some maritime terms: boat, brig, but much more words related to the development of social life, technology, sports, etc. entered the 20th century, for example: leader, rally; tunnel, trolleybus, sports, finish; steak, pudding, etc. English words (often in the American version) became especially widespread in the 90s of the XX century. in connection with economic, social and political transformations in Russian society. Borrowings of the late XX century. touched different spheres of life: technical (computer, display, file, byte), sports (overtime), financial and commercial (broker, dealer, leasing), art (talk show, thriller), socio-political (rating, lobby) .
French includes certain borrowings of the 18th-19th centuries, such as everyday words: bracelet, wardrobe, coat, broth, cutlet, as well as words from military vocabulary, art, etc.: attack, artillery, garrison; actor, poster, play, director. From other Western European borrowings, musical terminology of Italian origin stands out: aria, tenor, bravo, sonata, carnival; some everyday words also entered: vermicelli, pasta.
Also, a significant number of words came from the Spanish language: serenade, castanets, guitar; caravel, caramel, tomato cigar. From Finnish: walrus, dumplings, snowstorm. From Hungarian: bekesha, farm. In addition to individual words, the Russian language borrowed some word-building elements. For example, prefixes a, anti-, archi- from the Greek language: apolitical, anti-artistic; suffixes -ist, -ism, -er, -ir(at). From Western European languages: essayist, Bolshevism, boyfriend, militarize.
Thus, as a result of the political and economic contacts of the people, it can be seen that almost all Russian words we use today are borrowed.
Having studied the theoretical material on the topic, we came to the following conclusions: firstly, since ancient times, the Russian language has been replenished with borrowed words, due to the arrival of other languages at different stages of its development;
secondly, the main reason for borrowing is the close economic, political, cultural and other ties between peoples; also, an attempt is being made to carry out reforms in various spheres of life, related to the improvement of interstate relations;
thirdly, non-Slavic borrowings predominate in our speech due to the fact that there was a large influx of these borrowings in the 18th-20th centuries.
Thus, over the past 10 years, the Russian language has been intensively replenished with foreign words, due to the rapid pace of development of the country in all areas. The language also responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of positive contact, relationships between peoples and states.