History of Volokolamsk. Panfilov: history

Volokolamsk- a city of district subordination in the Moscow region of Russia, the administrative center of the Volokolamsk district and the urban settlement of Volokolamsk. In 2010, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the city was awarded the title of "City of Military Glory". Population - 20 838 people. (2017).

It is located on the Baltiya federal highway, 98 km west of Moscow (from the Moscow Ring Road). The historical center is located on the Gorodnya River (a tributary of the Lama), 5 km north of the Volokolamsk railway station on the Moscow-Riga line.

Ancient history of Volokolamsk

In annalistic sources, the city of Volokolamsk was first mentioned in 1135: talking about the then unsuccessful campaign of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavich and his brother Izyaslav against Rostov.

Of course, it is impossible to consider this particular year as the date of the foundation of Volokolamsk - Russian cities were not built at the same time. Many researchers significantly "ancientize" Volokolamsk, referring its origin to the 10th-11th centuries. And that's why.

Volokolamsk land is located on the most important watershed in Eastern Europe, separating the Volga basin from the Oka basin. Veliky Novgorod, already in the 10th century, turned into the largest trading center, showed great interest in this territory - a water trade route to the countries of the Muslim East lay through it: with a short "land" portage in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bnow Volokolamsk.

Here, as expected, the Novgorodians set up a town - and at first somewhat north-west, where the Gorodnya River flows into the Lama. Later, in 1054, the town was moved by Prince Yaroslav the Wise to its current location.

We will not find chronicle confirmation of this version, however, there is still some indirect evidence in its favor. They are found, for example, in the Volokolamsk patericon, created at the beginning of the 16th century by the monk Dositheus (Toporkov), the nephew of the Monk Joseph Volotsky. Father Dositheus wrote his text based on the stories of the Monks Pafnuty of Borovsky and Joseph of Volotsky, as well as data from the monastery archive. He tells about the early foundation of Volokolamsk as the "Novgorod limit", and about the transfer of the city to a new place at the direction of the prophet Elijah who appeared to Yaroslav the Wise, and about the construction in the city of a wooden cathedral church, consecrated in honor of the Resurrection of Christ, and about "letters of eternal and golden seals" given by Prince Yaroslav to the priests.

By the way, A. Euler, the author of the book “Historical Sketch of the City of Volokolamsk and the Present Situation of the City and County” published in 1891, also reported that an ancient chronicle was kept in the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery, mentioning the foundation of Volok Lamsky by Yaroslav the Wise in 1054 year.

Fight for the possession of the city

In the future, as the power of first Rostov-Suzdal, then Vladimir, and then Moscow princes strengthened, their claims to such a strategically important settlement grew. Their struggle with Novgorod for Volokolamsk dragged on for four centuries. In the second half of the 12th century, a certain status quo was established: the Vladimir-Suzdal princes and Novgorod agreed on a “local” (that is, joint) possession of Volokolamsk - while the Novgorod governors “held” one part of the city, and the princely tiuns - the other. This state of affairs remained unchanged for about two hundred years, not without occasional misunderstandings and misunderstandings.

However, you can’t argue with the logic of history, and it led to the formation of a single Russian state in the 15th century. In 1462, in order to finally tear Volokolamsk away from the Novgorod Republic, the specific Volotsk principality was created: according to the will of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II the Dark, it went to his sixth son, Prince Boris Vasilyevich. And in 1471, after the defeat inflicted by the great, elder brother of Boris Vasilyevich, Novgorodians, Novgorod completely recognized its subordination to Moscow.

The relations of the brothers were not cloudless, but in an effort to end the independence of the Novgorod Republic, they acted together. So that no one would ever doubt that Volokolamsk had finally and forever been separated from Novgorod, Prince Boris began to fortify the city. And to “elevate” it - one of the evidence of this “elevation” was the construction of a stone building in the Kremlin.

Prince Fyodor Borisovich, who inherited the Principality of Volotsk from his father in 1494, was not as pious as his parent, but he treated the prince's cathedral with no less reverence. Which is no wonder: the stone Cathedral of the Resurrection was not only a house of prayer for the Volotsk princes, but also a material sign of their power.

Volokolamsk as part of the Moscow State

This power in that same 1511 was already coming to an end - two years later, after the death of Fyodor Borisovich, the Volotsk principality was ceded to Moscow. The formal reason for the inclusion of Volokolamsk in the possessions of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III Ioannovich was the childlessness of Fyodor Borisovich - but it was just a formal one: it should be understood that even if the Volotsk prince had sons, sooner or later this "confiscation" would happen.

In the unified Russian state, then created by the rulers of Moscow, no destinies and other derogations from the grand duke, and in fact already royal power, were not supposed.

There is an interesting document from the 1770s that indirectly fixes the change in role: it reports that “state salt” is now stored in one of the lower chambers - earlier, the entire basement of the cathedral was intended for an ammunition depot. Thus, by the 1770s, the Kremlin hill had completely lost its military significance.

In 1781, Volokolamsk received the status of a county town, and after that, a plan for regular development. The transformation of a typical Russian, that is, "unplanned", climbing at random and completely unconcerned with the rules of fire safety Volokolamsk into a settlement arranged "according to the laws of reason" began from the Kremlin hill.

Archaeological studies show that already in the X-XI centuries. n .. in the watershed of the rivers Lama and Ruza there were settlements of Slavic tribes, mainly Ivichi, as well as Vyatichi and Slovenes. The settlement of this territory came from the upper reaches of the Volga and the Dnieper. On the wide watershed, where the Volokolamsk Upland lies, there were several short rivers in different basins connecting the upper reaches of the rivers. One of them went from the Lama to the tributaries of the Ruza. It was an integral part of an important trade route from Novgorod to Moscow, Ryazan and Vladimir lands. From Novgorod along the river. The Volkhov ships through Lake Ilmen got to the rivers Meta and Tvertsa, went to the Volga, and then along the Shosha and Lama came to the portage on the Lama. From here, trade caravans were dragged to the upper reaches of the Voloshin or Ozerna, from which they got to the Ruza, then to the Moscow River, and from it to the river basin. Okie. Where the waterway ended, enterprising Novgorodians formed in the X-XI centuries. trading post settlement. The very name of this settlement, Volok Lamsky, speaks of its original role. Historian A. A. Zimin attributes the emergence of Volok Lamsky to the VIII-IX centuries. However, his point of view did not find wide support among researchers. The first chronicle mention of Volok Lamsky dates back to 1135. She speaks of it as a possession of Novgorod. In the middle of the XI century. under Prince Yaroslav the Wise, the city was moved to a new location. It was founded on the ancient Slavic settlement, 3 km from the old Volok, on the banks of the river. Gorodenki, at the confluence of the river. Weights. The geographical location had a great influence on the fate of Volok Lamsky and the agricultural region adjacent to it. The city was not only a transit point on trade routes, but also performed an important economic function - it carried on a brisk trade mainly in bread with Novgorod and other cities and until the second half of the 15th century. developed as a trade and craft center. The Volotsk overland road from Veliky Novgorod to Moscow, Ryazan and other cities near the Oka also passed through it. Being a stronghold of the border point of the Novgorod land, Volok on Lama was of military-strategic importance.

For four centuries (XII-XV centuries) there was an intense struggle for Volok, first between Novgorod and the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, later between Novgorod, Tver and Moscow. In 1160 Vladimir-Suzdal Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky captured Volok Lamsky. Preparing for a campaign against Novgorod, he began to build a city. The city-fortress was located on a high mountain, separated from the foothills by the waters of Gorodenka and deep ditches. It was surrounded by an earthen rampart up to 4 m high, along the crest of which there were solid walls made of logs, with "holes" (slots) to repel the enemy. At that time, the Volokolamsk Kremlin was a significant fortification. In 1177 Novgorod conquered this key position on the trade routes. Novgorodians kept troops on Voloka. The governors sent here relatives of the prince or the princes themselves. From the second half of the XII century. there was a "local" (joint) ownership of Volok. According to this system, the Novgorod boyars sent a governor to one half, and the princes had servants, judges and tax collectors (tiuns) in the other half of Volok. "Local" possession of Volok limited the rights of princes invited to Novgorod. In 1216 Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Vladimir took possession of Volok. Soon expelled from here by the Novgorodians, after 10 years he again captured Volok and owned it until the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. In 1238, among other cities, Volok was ravaged by the hordes of Batu Khan. He suffered the same fate during the invasion of Khan Duden in 1293, who had not taken Tver before that. By the beginning of the XIV century. Volok recovered from the double blow.

From the end of the XIII to the middle of the XV century. there was a stubborn struggle between the Tver and Moscow principalities among themselves and with Novgorod. Lithuania and the Principality of Smolensk were drawn into the struggle. At the same time, Volok Lamsky served as a stronghold and a concentration point for the troops of the opposing sides. According to the treaties of 1294 and 1318. Tver princes sought "local" ownership of Volok. However, from 1326 this right passed to Moscow for a long time. During the campaign of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd against Moscow in 1370, near Volok, he met the stubborn resistance of the townspeople, led by the voivode, Prince V.I. Berezuysky. After a three-day unsuccessful siege of the "insignificant wooden fortress," Olgerd set fire to the settlements and "retired in vexation." In 1382, during the ruin of Moscow and other cities, one of the detachments of Khan Tokhtamysh was sent to Volok, near the walls of which the troops of Serpukhov Prince Vladimir Andreevich stood. In a fierce battle, the troops of the prince and the townspeople defeated a detachment of Tatars. In the XIV century. Volok still remained in Novgorod's sphere of influence. However, this did not prevent the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I from giving it in 1380 to the Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich in specific possession, and 20 years later - to the Belevsky princes Vasily and Fyodor Mikhailovich.

In the face of the threat of a simultaneous war from Lithuania and the Horde, Vasily I in 1424 retreated from the "Volotsk places" in favor of the Novgorod boyars. Only in 1456, Vasily II, having undertaken a campaign against Novgorod, recaptured Volok and in 1462 handed it over by will to his young son Boris "with volosts and villages and with all duties" as part of his possession. This is how the Volotsk specific principality arose with the center in Volokolamsk. Volotsk princes took vigorous measures to build up and strengthen the city. Under Boris Vasilyevich, a palace, service and other buildings were erected inside the Kremlin. In 1480, Moscow craftsmen built a two-story white-stone Resurrection Cathedral in the Kremlin - one of the most interesting monuments of Russian architecture. Later sources say that "This city (fortress) had two wooden gates and nine towers with an old artillery piece." Five of its monasteries also served to protect the city: Varvarinsky, Vlasevsky, Vozmitsky, Ilyinsky, Holy Cross Exaltation. The estates of princes, boyars and clergy, as well as the houses of merchants, were located near the Kremlin and around the trading square. The city grew. Streets and quarters, forming an irregular semicircle, went further from the center of city life - the merchant. They climbed the western hill to the Varvara Monastery. In the eastern direction, the settlement crossed Vesovka and formed the settlement of the Vozmitsky monastery, the walls of which covered the Moscow-Volotskaya road. The slopes of the southern hill and Mount Golyshikha were built up. On the right-bank part of the city, Troitskaya Sloboda and the Sloboda of hereditary masters of cannon combat, Pushkarskaya, took shape. Blacksmiths, tanners and other craft and service people settled in the settlements and on the outskirts of the streets. There were 25 churches in the city. All of them were in honor of the patrons of trade (the Church of St. Nicholas Wet - the patron saint of sailors, Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa - the intercessor of all traders, Nikola Gostunsky - the patron of the flax trade, etc.), which indicates the great role of trade in the life of the townspeople.

As the Russian lands around Moscow united into a single centralized state, the reasons for the internecine struggle for Volok disappeared. From the end of the XV century. the chronicle rarely mentions him. In 1513, after the death of the second appanage prince Fyodor Borisovich, the Volotsk principality passed into the possession of Moscow. At the end of the XV-XVI centuries. Volokolamsk was better known for the important role that the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery played in the political and ideological life of Russia. The Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery was founded in 1479, 24 km from Volokolamsk, in the town of Teryaev Dorok. In 1484, on the site of a wooden church in the monastery, the first stone church of the Assumption was built, painted by the famous painter Dionysius and his sons. By 1586, stone walls 860 m long, with nine towers, were erected instead of wooden walls. The founder of the monastery, abbot Joseph Sanin (Volotsky), became the ideological leader of the "Josephites" - the ecclesiastical and political movement of the 15th-16th centuries. The Josephites, putting forward the theory of the divine origin of royal power, contributed to the establishment of unlimited autocratic power in Russia, the formalization of its official ideology. In 1507, the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery was taken under the patronage of Moscow. His influence grew. By the middle of the XVI century. it became one of the most important centers of clerical culture in Russia. Later, a religious school was opened at the monastery. At the same time, it also served as a place of detention for persons objectionable to the government. Quite quickly, the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery turned into the richest feudal lord. He conducted a large duty-free trade in agricultural products in Moscow, Mozhaisk, Tver, Staritsa, Vereya and other cities. At the end of the XVI century. the monks of the monastery increased the requisitions and duties from the peasants, transferred them from quitrent to corvée. Unrestrained exploitation caused an aggravation of the class struggle in the monastic estate, which resulted in 1594-1595. into a massive uproar. It was mercilessly suppressed by the monks with the help of royal officials.

At the beginning of the XVII century. Volotsk land broke up into eight camps and four palace volosts. In 1606, during the peasant war, the inhabitants of Volokolamsk joined the rebels. In early October 1606, the detachments of I. I. Bolotnikov entered the city, then one of them went to the Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery, which actively supported Tsar Vasily Shuisky. Here is how, according to the chronicler's story, the monks of the rebels met: "The rebels came to the Osipov Monastery and immediately the elder (monk) Dionisy Golitsyn got drunk by deceit, ordered to kill them, and seize the leaders and send them to Moscow to the sovereign tsar." At the end of November 1606, a large detachment of the governor F. Kolychev, "... having cleared Volok and Joseph's monastery of thieves, went to Mozhaisk." In the first half of the XVII century. Volokolamsk, along with Mozhaisk and Borovsk, remained "a fortress on the side of Smolensk." The outfit for the fortress consisted of 123 gunners and Pushkar children. The garrison had 127 dragoons. During the years of the Polish intervention, the detachments of False Dmitry II in August 1608 took the city, then proceeded to the siege of the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery, behind the walls of which the population took refuge. The heroic resistance of the defenders of the monastery lasted for more than a year. Only hunger forced them to capitulate. Polish troops plundered the monastery. In 1609, a detachment of Russian troops under the command of G. Valuev liberated the city and the monastery. By the beginning of 1611, a guerrilla war broke out in the Volokolamsk region, which played a significant role in the defeat of the interventionists near Moscow. One of the peasants Vyshenek repeated the feat of Ivan Susanin. At the end of 1612, the troops of Sigismund III tried to take Volokolamsk on the move, but the garrison of the city and the townspeople, led by governors Ivan Karamyshev and Stepan Chemesov, repelled a three-time attack of enemy troops. As a result of seven years of hostilities, Volokolamsk and its environs were devastated. By 1620, 106 houses remained in the city, two out of six monasteries survived, two out of 25 churches operated. In the middle of the XVII century. there has been some revival of the economic activity of the Volokolamsk agricultural region. The number of peasant households from 1620 to 1646 increased from 144 to 527, and the number of male peasants increased from 269 to 1533 people. However, the revival was slow. In 1670 - 1680. townspeople and service people in Volokolamsk there were only 250 males. Having withstood the brutal sieges of the Polish interventionists, the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery suffered greatly. According to the estimated painting of the famous architect of those times, the journeyman of stone affairs Ivan Neverov in 1676-1692. The monastery was rebuilt by the hands of Russian masters. Its architectural ensemble included powerful fortress walls with "upper and bottom battles", seven elegant towers, a two-story five-domed Assumption Cathedral, a rebuilt Church of the Epiphany with a large refectory, a bell tower built up to eight tiers (75 m high), similar to the Moscow "Ivan the Great", large two-span gates with a gate church and other office and household buildings. After the withdrawal of church property to the treasury in 1764, 500 hectares of land remained at the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery. Two trading houses in Moscow and a mill on the river. My sister was given more than 40 thousand rubles annually. income. With the expansion of the western borders of the Russian state after the annexation of Smolensk in 1654, the military-strategic importance of Volokolamsk fell. Its population growth has slowed down. In the era of Peter I, new lines of economic ties were outlined. Volokolamsk turned out to be aloof from them. At the end of the XVIII century. the number of townspeople did not exceed 1300 people. Among the urban estates, the most numerous was the petty-bourgeois - 346 male souls. There were 36 souls of merchants in the city, peasants and "former services of service people" - 250 souls of merchants. freedom - arable farming. On Mondays and Thursdays, there were auctions in the city, which were attended mainly by the county peasantry. Every year in June a large fair was held, attracting merchants from Ruza, Vereya, Serpukhov, Kaluga, and Tver. Volokolamsk had 35 trading shops, six merchant inns, two smithies, a tavern, and five drinking houses. The city had two malt houses and one brewery. Industry of the Volokolamsk district at the end of the 18th century. It was represented by 11 brick factories, nine cloth and two linen manufactories, where the labor of serfs was used mainly. Since 1781 Volokolamsk became a county town. He was given a coat of arms: "in the upper part of the coat of arms of Moscow, and in the lower part - ancient green shanpy in a silver field, as a sign that this city gave a brave rebuff to the besieging Polish king Sigismund". In the Kremlin and four settlements - Trinity, Cathedral, Rozhdestvenskaya, Soldatskaya, on seven streets and several lanes there were 240 residential buildings, office and commercial buildings. The Kremlin was the administrative center of the city. It contained a house for government offices, the mayor's office, and a magistrate. Volokolamsk was mostly rebuilt according to the master plan approved by Catherine II in 1784. The streets of the city became straight and parallel. At the end of the XVIII-beginning of the XIX century. they began to build stone buildings. Of the 10 churches in Volokolamsk, eight were made of stone. In 1819, according to the project of the architect O. I. Bove, a brick building was built on the city rampart for the administration of the mayor and offices. Back in 1790, the first educational institution was opened in Volokolamsk - a junior folk school for 30-40 students. In the 30s. a stone building for the county school was erected on the city rampart. There were seven stone merchant houses in the city.

During the Patriotic War of 1812 Volokolamsk district was close to the main communications lines of Napoleon's army. Detachments of the French invaded the county in search of forage and food. Partisans from serfs boldly cracked down on small detachments of enemy troops, captured several hundred marauders. The brave scout from the village became especially famous in this struggle. Ryukhovsky V. G. Ragozin and the brave leader of the partisan detachment with. Nikolsky Gavril Ankudinov. On the outskirts of Volokolamsk there was a detachment of Russian troops under General A. Benckendorff. His successful raids on the enemy were facilitated by the active help of the townspeople and peasants. At the beginning of the XIX century. Volokolamsk county with an area of ​​212 thousand dess. divided into 10 parishes. There were several estates of the future Decembrists in the county. The village of Botovo belonged to the Decembrist A. N. Muravyov. Owner with. Belaya Kop L. M. Shakhovskoy taught at the school of columnists (see essay on the city of Mozhaisk). About 40 Decembrists exiled to Siberia were connected with the Volokolamsk district. Among them was the owner of the estate in the village. Yaropolets count 3. G. Chernyshev. His estate is one of the richest in the Moscow region, "Russian Versailles" - with a luxurious palace, beautiful interior and exterior decoration and sculptures, regular and landscape parks. The architectural ensemble was created by sculptors F. I. Shubin, I. P. Martos, D. Resht and A. Trippel. In 1833, A. S. Pushkin visited Volokolamsk on his way from St. Petersburg to Kazan. He "made a raid on Yaropolets", where the estate of N. I. Goncharova, the mother of the poet's wife, was located. The manor was built in the middle of the 18th century. in the style of classicism of Catherine's times. The poet stayed here for two days. The second time he visited Yaropolets in October 1834. The central alley of the manor park is still called Pushkinskaya. In the first half of the XIX century. in the economic life of the Volokolamsk district, weaving crafts are of great importance. In the 40s. in 10 villages, the first paper weaving establishments were opened for 10-20 manual mills each, which produced muslin, calico, gauze, blankets, cashmere and paper scarves. In 1853, there were already 17 small weaving enterprises with 560 mills in the county. In the first post-reform decades, a significant increase in paper-weaving, mainly peasant, production continued in the county. In 1876, there were 80 small textile enterprises with a total of 1,100 workers. Capitalist work at home was widely used. Buying ready-made yarn from Moscow merchants, the manufacturers of the county distributed it through their offices to home-weavers. With a 13-15-hour working day, they received 20-30 kopecks. in a day. For meager earnings, many families worked to unwind the warp and duck. The largest (237 workers) was the Starshinov brothers' weaving factory, founded in 1882 in the village of Shchekino, 3 km from Volokolamsk. During the period of industrial capitalism, the small textile industry of the county, unable to withstand the competition of large mechanical factories in the Moscow province, slowed down its development. In Volokolamsk itself, industrial production developed poorly. Among urban enterprises, small establishments of a semi-handicraft type prevailed. In 1853, one brewery, two brick factories, one weaving factory (36 mills) operated in Volokolamsk. These enterprises employed 44 people. In the post-reform period, five food industry enterprises (vodka, confectionery and treacle establishments) appeared in the city. The insufficient development of urban industry was reflected in the growth rate of the urban population. in Volokolamsk there were 2.7 thousand, in 1897 - 3.1 thousand people, that is, in more than 30 years the population increased by only 400 people. In the second half of the XIX century. the city was still predominantly wooden. In 1836, a one-class parish school was opened here, in 1869 a two-class men's school, in 1869 a two-class women's school. The only city hospital was designed for 12 beds. As early as the beginning of the 19th century. mentions a private pharmacy. In 1873, a hospital building was built on the city rampart. It housed a hospital, an outpatient clinic and a pharmacy. Among the economic activities of the townspeople in the second half of the XIX century. the main ones were still small trade, horticulture, crafts. The weak development of urban industry, the absence of large industrial enterprises in the county, the increased stratification of the peasantry forced urban residents and peasants to look for work on the side. On the whole, in the county in 1879, more than 25% of men and 6% of women went away to work. At the end of the XIX century. the percentage of otkhodniks increased to 47.9%. The departure to Moscow, St. Petersburg and the local one - to the volosts with developed weaving prevailed. In the post-reform period, Volokolamsk uyezd remained agricultural. The increase in demand for flax products caused in the 80s. expansion of flax crops. By the end of the XIX century. it was cultivated in 178 villages of the county out of 368. Volokolamsk flax and products made from it became widely known, it was bought up at local auctions and in the villages by merchants of Gzhatsk, Tver and Moscow. From the southern and northern ports "Russian silk" got to the world market.

At the beginning of the XX century. industry in the county was still poorly developed. Workers made up less than 2% of the total population. In April 1901 at the weaving factory br. Starshinov, there was a major unrest among the workers. The result of the strike of 300 weavers, which lasted two months, was an increase in wages and an improvement in the living conditions of the workers. The weavers responded vividly to the events of the first Russian revolution. On November 9, 1905, they did not go to work, demanding higher wages and a shorter working day. At the end of December, when the strikers ran out of funds and food, they received 200 wagons with potatoes and other products from the peasants of the village. Markov. The events of 1905 caused strong unrest among the peasants of the county. At a village meeting on October 31, 1905, the peasants of the Markov Volost unanimously adopted a resolution - the "Sentence", which contained demands for equality, freedom of speech, assembly, press, the abolition of estates, free education of children, personal immunity, the prohibition of arrests without trial, the convening of a people's thoughts. Markovo was declared a republic, and its headman P.A. Burshin - its president. The Markovites refused to pay taxes, arbitrarily cut wood, supported the strike of employees of the Lotoshinsky economy of Prince Meshchersky, and established contact with the striking workers of the Starshinov factory. The events in the Markovskoye volost were widely known: "The Sentence" was published in the newspaper "Russian Vedomosti", in American newspapers, and also published as a separate pamphlet. The "verdict" of the Markovites and the strike of the weavers raised the peasants of the county. The newspaper Izvestia of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies reported on December 9 that in the Volokolamsk district "the mood of the peasants was greatly elevated." The peasants "express a desire to coordinate their actions with Moscow and, if necessary, are ready to provide all possible assistance to the city." After the defeat of the December armed uprising in Moscow, the county authorities began to crack down on the "rebels". In July 1906, with the help of the Cossacks, the Markov Republic was liquidated, which lasted 260 days. The author of the "Sentence" agronomist A.A. was arrested. Zubrilin, and the writer S.T. Semyonov "for anti-government influence on the population" was expelled from Russia. There were also arrests among the townspeople. However, there were no organized demonstrations in the city. In the ranks of the sailors who rebelled on the battleship Potemkin on June 11, 1905, there were M.S. Skorodumov and E.I. Boyarinov. Subsequently, Skorodumov was sentenced to death, which was then commuted to 15 years of hard labor, and Boyarinov to a long prison term. At the beginning of the XX century. The appearance of Volokolamsk has not changed significantly. There were 328 houses on its streets, of which 33 were made of stone and 39 were mixed. Two parochial one-class schools were opened, in 1902 - a public library. Small enterprises employed no more than 100 people. The economic development of the city and the county was facilitated by the Moscow-Vindava railway built in 1904, which ran 3 km from the city. Near the railway station. Volokolamsk began to form a settlement. The Starshinov factory in Shchekino remained the largest industrial enterprise in the county. The number of workers on it by 1916 increased to 716 people, it had 418 mechanical and 148 manual weaving mills, a small power plant. In addition to Shchekino, the Starshinovs owned factories in the villages of Shishkin (136 workers), Rozhdestveno (131 workers) and Amelfino (120 workers). The main part of the workers of the county was connected with the land and scattered among small weaving establishments, of a semi-handicraft type. By 1917 there were 1459 workers in the county.

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution, the political life of the city and the county was directed by a fairly large group of Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. In March-June 1917, the Committee of Public Organizations and the Council of Peasant Deputies were created in the county. However, the actual authority was the zemstvo council. Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks also headed the city duma, the land committee and most of the volost zemstvos. In June 1917, the first Bolshevik cell of the county was created at the Starshinov factory, which subsequently introduced an 8-hour working day at the factory and achieved an increase in workers' wages. After the October Revolution, an uyezd committee of the RSDLP(b) was formed at the base factory cell. At a joint meeting of the party cell, factory committee and representatives of the soldiers of the garrison, a military revolutionary committee was elected. A detachment of Red Guards was formed from the workers. At a meeting at the factory, and then in the city, Soviet power was proclaimed. Members of the Military Revolutionary Committee and the Red Guards, with the help of workers from Dedovsk, occupied all the institutions of the city and county authorities. However, the leaders of the county zemstvos refused to transfer power before the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. On December 22, a county congress of Soviets of peasant deputies took place, expressing no confidence in the Socialist-Revolutionary composition of the Zemstvo. In essence, this was a recognition of the power of the Soviets. However, the Socialist-Revolutionaries hastened to submit a proposal for re-elections of the Zemstvo. They were appointed on January 14, 1918. Meanwhile, on the initiative of the Bolsheviks, a united Congress of Soviets was convened on January 10. The congress decided to abolish the Zemstvo, not to hold elections for it, to transfer local power to the Soviets, and proposed to the elected executive committee of the Soviet to prepare a more representative congress. On January 25, 1918, the county Congress of Soviets was attended by 480 (according to other sources 382) delegates from workers, peasants and soldiers. The enlarged Congress of Soviets confirmed the decisions of the previous congress and resolutely spoke in favor of the transfer of power to the Soviets in the city and district, approved the first decrees of the Soviet government. At the next Congress of Soviets on February 5, 1918, the executive committee of the county Council of 17 people was elected. By the end of 1918, all the enterprises of the city and the Starshinov factory were nationalized. Already in the first years of Soviet power in the Volokolamsk district, the construction of the first rural power plants began. Lenin's visit to the Volokolamsk district, his conversations with the Kashin and Yaropolets peasants was reflected in Lenin's speech at the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which adopted the Leninist GOELRO plan at the end of December 1920. Subdistrict power plants were built in the villages of Ostashov, Monasein, Sereda. Before the revolution, there were three small power plants in the county, and by the end of 1921 there were 14 of them. Lame, and a year later, a 75 hp diesel engine was installed at the Volokolamsk power plant. In the 20s. in the county, a lot of work was carried out to co-operate small commodity producers. In 1924, there were 15 artels of weavers in the Volokolamsk district, uniting 470 people. Among them stood out the Ilyinsky textile partnership and the artel "Volokolamsk Textile". By 1926, 6.2 thousand handicraftsmen worked in local trade artels; as before, the main share of the county's industrial output (82.5%) was provided by textile production. The rest accounted for food, leather, silicate. The industry of Volokolamsk and in the 20s. was poorly developed. In 1925, there were two brick factories (18 workers), two sausage factories (14 people), a printing house (18 workers), a small power plant launched in 1919, and several labor artels. In 1926, 3.4 thousand people lived in Volokolamsk. A significant number of residents of the city worked at the weaving factory (former Starshinovs), which in 1922 was named after V.I. Lenin. The working settlement of the factory in 1926 consisted of 1125 inhabitants, it gradually grew, but officially did not enter the city limits, just like the suburban settlements - Starosoldatskaya, Novosoldatskaya and Pushkarskaya. In Volokolamsk and the county, much attention was paid to the development of health care and education. In the city hospital, the hospital was expanded - up to 50 beds. A children's clinic and a tuberculosis dispensary were opened. In 1927, 34 doctors worked in 15 medical institutions of the county. In the same year, 12.8 thousand children studied in 209 schools of the first stage of the county, and 1519 in schools of the second stage. As of January 1, 1926, 88.2% of children aged 8-11 were enrolled in studies. About 1,000 adults were taught to read and write annually at 40 points of educational program. The city council formed in 1922 paid much attention to the improvement of Volokolamsk. Work continued on the construction of the water supply network, which began as early as 1907. In 1928, its length reached 8.6 km. The drilled artesian well gave the city up to 3500 cubic meters. m of water per day. With the installation of a biological treatment filter in 1921, the sewerage of the city originates, the construction of which proceeded slowly due to the hilly terrain. In 1923 - 1926 five new state and cooperative residential buildings (living area 600 sq. m.) and 77 private houses were built in the city. In the 20s. landscaping of the city began. In the 30s. Volokolamsk was one of the greenest cities in the Moscow region. In 1919, a telephone exchange for 12 numbers was put into operation, since 1924 a direct connection with Moscow was established. In February 1919, the first issue of the county newspaper "The Voice of the Poor" was published, renamed in 1923 into "Red Plowman". In 1927, Volokolamsk uyezd was the first in the country to switch to a multi-field crop rotation system, and in the summer of the same year, a folk festival was held in the city to eliminate the three-field system. In 1929, during the zoning of the Moscow region, the Shakhovskoy and Lotoshinsky districts separated from the Volokolamsk district. Volokolamsk became the administrative center of the district of the same name, consisting of 80 village councils with an area of ​​1679 square meters. m and a population of 66.6 thousand people (1933). During the years of the first five-year plans, noticeable changes in industrial development took place in the Volokolamsk region. By 1929, several new enterprises began to operate on the outskirts of the city and near it. Pushkarsky, Ivanovsky, Muromtsevsky brick and Timkovsky lime factories were launched. Since 1929, the Volokolamsk mechanical workshops began to operate, which in 1936 mastered the production of flax threshers, prefabricated iron castings. This is how the convoy-mechanical plant was formed. In the suburban village Ivanovsky opened a small plant for the primary processing of flax. In the railway station in 1931, the Porokhov flax mill was launched. Furniture workshops, a sawmill, a poultry plant, an oil depot, a base for bakery products and Zagot-cattle were also located here. In 1928, the railway station council arose, shops and a clinic appeared. The leading enterprise of the district remained the weaving factory named after. V. I. Lenin, which in 1938 employed 2 thousand workers. The families of weavers lived in seven comfortable buildings. The houses of the former factory managers housed a kindergarten - a nursery. In 1929, the village at the factory. V. I. Lenin was classified as a workers' settlement and received the name of Smychka. In addition to the factory V. I. Lenin in the Volokolamsk region there were three more small cotton weaving factories: Ilyinskaya, Chenetskaya and Amelfinskaya. Many different goods were produced by the trade artels of the region. After consolidation in 1928, there were seven of them (instead of 15). The largest was the artel "Volokolamsk Textile" with its center in Volokolamsk. She produced bedspreads, blankets for 4.2 million rubles. in year. Hundreds of weavers worked in the artels "Puncher" (Volokolamsk) and "Red Blanketer" (village of Teryaevo). In addition to textiles, shoe, sewing and other artels operated in the region. The Volokolamsk region remained one of the leading flax growing regions in the Moscow region. Dairy farming and pig breeding were another area of ​​agricultural production in the region. In 1928-1930. The pig-breeding state farms "Steblyovo" and "Volokolamsky" were created, in 1932 - the state farm "Kholmogorka", which at that time was the only one in the region for growing high-yielding cattle of the Kholmogory breed. In total, in the region in 1938 there were 196 dairy and 15 pig farms. A great event in the life of the region was the solemn presentation in 1935 of the first state act in the RSFSR for the perpetual use of land to the Vperyod collective farm (village of Yaropolets). Two MTS operated in the region - Volokolamskaya (1931) and Ostashevskaya (1935). In 1938 they had 63 tractors and 15 grain combines. The growth of industry and the strengthening of the region's economy contributed to the development of the regional center - Volokolamsk. This can be seen in the increase in the budget and the growth of the city's population. In 1926, the expenditure part of the budget was 187 thousand rubles, in 1932 - 457 thousand rubles.

The population of Volokolamsk increased by 1939 to 5.4 thousand people. The city had four preschool institutions, two schools (1st and 2nd stage), a cinema, a library. Volokolamsk Hospital was recognized as one of the best city hospitals in the Moscow region. Housing construction expanded. In 1935, the first four-storey house with all conveniences was settled. Only in 1940 the city council accepted 2.3 thousand square meters. m of living space. By 1940 the city was radio-equipped. The perfidious attack of fascist Germany suspended the further development of Volokolamsk and the region. During the battle for Moscow, the Volokolamsk direction was one of the most important. Its defense stretching over 100 km along the front from the Volga reservoir to the river. Iskony, a tributary of the river. Moscow, was assigned to the 16th Army of Lieutenant General K.K. Rokossovsky. The army included the 316th Infantry Division of Major General I.V. Panfilov, the cavalry corps of General L.M. Dovator, the combined cadet regiment of Colonel S.I. Infants and other parts and connections. Attaching great importance to the capture of the Volokolamsk-Moscow highway, the fascist command sent 13 divisions here, including seven tank divisions. On October 16, 1941, stubborn battles began in the Volokolamsk direction. The left flank of the 16th Army southwest of Volokolamsk was covered by the 316th Rifle Division. At each line, Soviet soldiers inflicted great damage on the enemy in terms of manpower and equipment. At s. Spas-Ryukhovsky, for the first time in the battle for Moscow, formidable "Katyushas" were used. For the first time during the fighting in the Volokolamsk direction, "roaming" batteries and mobile detachments of sappers were organized, mining the most dangerous tank areas. On October 23, fighting broke out at the ladies' line for Volokolamsk. Having brought reserves into battle, the fascist German invaders captured the city on October 28. Intense battles, huge losses forced the Nazi command to suspend the offensive. In mid-November, a new offensive of fascist troops began on Moscow. On November 16, large columns of tanks and motorized infantry moved to the positions of the units defending the Volokolamsk highway. In these battles, 28 Panfilov soldiers of the 1075th regiment of the 316th rifle division immortalized their names forever, holding the defense 7 km southeast of Volokolamsk, at the Dubosekovo railway siding. After a strong bombing strike, a hurricane of artillery and mortar fire, and an infantry attack, the enemy moved tanks to the positions of the Panfilovites. Bundles of grenades, combustible mixture, anti-tank guns Panfilov heroes destroyed 18 tanks. The political instructor of the company, Vasily Klochkov, addressed the fighters with the words that became the motto of the defenders of Moscow: “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat: Moscow is behind.” For four hours, the Panfilovites detained the Nazis at Dubosekov, 23 of them died the death of the brave, five were wounded. All 28 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The day of November 16 became the day of mass heroism of Soviet soldiers on the Volokolamsk land. At the village of Petelino, neighboring Dubosekovo, the rifle squad of the sixth company of the 1075th regiment, headed by political instructor P.B. Vikharov repelled enemy attacks in a fierce battle, destroyed seven tanks and two infantry platoons. By the end of the battle, one political instructor remained alive. Shooting point-blank at the assaulting submachine gunners, he did not surrender to the enemy. Petr Vikharov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 11 sappers of the 1077th regiment of the 316th rifle division stepped into immortality under the command of junior lieutenant P.I. Firstov and junior political instructor A.M. Pavlova. Covering the retreat of their regiment, they boldly entered into battle with 20 tanks and a battalion of enemy infantry. They knocked out seven tanks, destroyed many soldiers. The fearless Panfilovites did not use their right to retreat, everyone died on the battlefield, and the enemy was detained at the village of Strokovo for five hours. All fighters and commanders of the engineer platoon were posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin. The enemy's column of 12 tanks with a landing of submachine gunners failed to break through to the rear of the 316th Infantry Division near the village of Mykanino. They didn't have to go back. 17 unconquered tank destroyers led by Lieutenant V.G. stood in their way. Ugryumov and political instructor A.N. Georgiev. Two soldiers remained alive after this fight. Not sparing their lives, the soldiers of the 316th Infantry Division and other units forced the Nazis to stagnate in every position, gaining days and hours so necessary for the defense of Moscow. Fierce battles were fought near the villages of Teryaevo, Chentsy, Petelino, Strokovo, Mykanino, Yazvische. During the fighting near the village of Gusenevo on November 18, General I.V. was mortally wounded by fragments of a mine. Panfilov. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Covering the Volokolamsk highway, many military raids behind enemy lines were carried out by the cavalrymen of General Dovator. On November 17, the 316th Rifle Division was awarded the title of 8th Guards. The 289th artillery regiment was the first in the Soviet Army to be transformed into a guards regiment and awarded the Order of the Red Banner. For 32 days, a bloody battle was waged on Volokolamsk land with the enemy rushing towards Moscow. As a result of the skillful actions of the troops of the 16th Army, the selfless bravery and courage of the Soviet soldiers, the Nazis failed to break through the defense line in the Volokolamsk direction. Wearing down the enemy, gaining strength for a counterattack, the Soviet troops slowly retreated to Moscow in front of superior enemy forces. On December 6, the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops began. In 13 days they pushed the enemy back to Volokolamsk. The Nazis fortified on the banks of the Lama and Ruza, leaving significant troops in the city. On December 18, units of the 20th and 1st shock armies started fighting for Volokolamsk. Stubborn fights continued all day on December 19, and on December 20 Volokolamsk was liberated. During the month-long occupation of the city, the Nazis burned 126 captured soldiers alive, shot and killed 86 civilians, hanged eight Komsomol members from Moscow, destroyed and burned seven industrial enterprises, about 100 residential buildings and institutions. The losses caused to the city amounted to 6.4 million rubles, and in the district they exceeded 87 million rubles. Great assistance to the Soviet troops in the fight against the Nazi army was provided by the partisans of the Volokolamsk region. As early as October 14, the Bureau of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved the composition of two detachments (more than 100 people). During the occupation, the first detachment organized more than 150 explosions of warehouses, bridges, enemy equipment, destroyed more than 70 vehicles and over 300 enemy soldiers. The second detachment operated in the area of ​​the railway station. Chismena. On the territory of the Ostashevsk region (it separated from Volokolamsk in 1939), three partisans operated. Within 83 days, the Ostashev partisans destroyed 300 invaders, blew up four bridges, four tanks and other enemy equipment. Over 12 thousand Volokolamsk residents participated in the Great Patriotic War, almost 5 thousand of them did not return home. There are 11 Heroes of the Soviet Union in Volokolamsk and the region. Among them are Guards Colonel P.V. Dodogorsky, pilot S.I. Zakharov, a native of the village of Kukishevo, I.I. Fomin is a combat tanker. Among the residents of the district - participants in the war - 15 holders of the Order of Glory, and S.P. Vikharov - a former scout of a tank regiment - a full cavalier of the Order of Glory. Over 200 women-participants of the war were among those awarded. Symbols of military glory and eternal memory are 67 mass graves on the territory of the region with monuments-tombstones on them.

From the first days of the liberation of Volokolamsk, its restoration began. At the first meeting of the bureau of the RK CPSU on December 20, 1941, the issues of equipping buildings for hospitals, accommodating the wounded, and providing everyone with bread, water, and fuel were decided. The enemy was still sending mines and shells to the streets of the front-line city, and his life was already reviving: they dug up a locomobile, gave light to institutions, started up a mill, put the school and hospital in order, earned a bakery, opened the doors of a cinema. Wagon-mechanical and sawmill factories, nail-making, shoe-finishing production, carpentry and furniture workshops, a brick-and-pottery workshop and consumer service workshops began to operate. At the beginning of 1942, a sewing workshop was formed, fulfilling orders for tailoring and repairing clothes from the population and underwear for the army. These enterprises of local industry, as well as three small weaving factories, were included in the district industrial complex, established in 1941. In March 1942, the city food factory was established. During the occupation, a weaving factory was subjected to great ruin. V. I. Lenin. By the spring of 1942, women and old men had restored one of the buildings and equipped a hand-weaving workshop. Already in June of the same year, 83 weaving mills worked around the clock in the workshop, they produced blankets for the front. In 1944, the power facilities, the three-story main production building and other buildings were restored. By the 30th anniversary of the October Revolution, the factory team mastered the production of anniversary fabric with jacquard weave. This marked the transition from simplified fabrics to highly artistic ones. In 1949 the factory reached the pre-war level of production. The help of the workers of Moscow and the region to the destroyed Volokolamsk was varied. Construction teams of Moscow and Noginsk workers helped to restore the economy of the region. Even during the war years, the buildings of the hospital, secondary and seven-year schools, tea, district council, prosecutor's office and district store were repaired. In 1945 - 1946 in the Gostiny Dvor there were premises for a department store, furniture and food stores, the building of the city food factory. In the city, 16 houses of the city committee, 10 departmental and 40 private houses were put into operation. A small power plant began to operate. The restoration of agriculture in the region was a top priority. Collective farmers - mostly women, old people, teenagers in the first military spring (1942) sowed all the fields and grew a good harvest. Since the spring of 1943, MTS began to revive. After the war, they were replenished with new equipment. In 1947, 35 tractor brigades worked on the fields of 178 collective farms in the region. By 1946, the breeding farm "Kholmogorka", destroyed during the war, was revived. Having raised a breeding herd of black-motley cows, in 1951 the state farm took first place in terms of milk yield among the livestock state farms of the country. The remstroy office established in 1944 played a major role in restoring the economy of the city and the region. Builders-graduates of the Volokolamsk FZU school, established in 1946, worked at many construction sites in the city and village. In the collective farm construction of those years, the main link was electrification. In 1946 alone, six hydro and five thermal power plants with a total capacity of 647 kW were put into operation. At the beginning of 1949, the district was one of the first in the region to complete rural electrification, and in 1958, the district and the city were electrified from the UES. The success in the implementation of the national economic plans by the enterprises of the region in the post-war period was facilitated by motorcade No. 46, created in 1945 in Volokolamsk. At first, she transported only goods, from the end of the 40s. opened bus traffic along the routes Volokolamsk - railway station, Volokolamsk - Yaropolets - Lotoshino. Industry continued to develop in the region, mainly of a local nature. In its production, the main share fell on textiles (up to 80%). Small weaving factories (Chenetskaya, Ilyinskaya, Amelfinskaya) soon after the war launched the production of blankets, napkins, bedspreads, tapestries and other products. A great help in the post-war years was the textile production of the Krasny Odeyelshchik, Stampovshchik, and Volokolamsk Textiles. A large association was also the sewing and fur artel "Trud", which, since 1947, had been fulfilling Mostorg's orders for sewing demi-season coats. In the context of the growing mechanization of agricultural labor, an important new enterprise in the first post-war years was the inter-district overhaul workshops (MMKR), located in the railway station settlement. Based on them in the late 50s. an auto repair plant. In 1947, a mechanized bakery with baking up to 17 tons of bakery products per day became a new enterprise in the city. Volokolamsk quickly healed the wounds inflicted by the war. Oktyabrskaya Square got a new look. and Revolutionary st. On the site of the destroyed buildings, more modern two-story stone buildings were erected. The houses of the printing house, city council, kindergarten, shops of religious goods and household were put into operation. There is a bus station in the city center. By 1950, the sewerage was restored, and the construction of a water tower began. The regional center was improved. In 1950 a square was laid out on the site of the ancient shopping malls, 6 thousand decorative trees and shrubs were planted in the city. In 1951 - 1958 the industry of the city and the region was significantly reconstructed. Its production increased from 47 to 78 million rubles. The industrial enterprises of Volokolamsk were replenished with a garment factory, established in 1956 on the basis of a sewing workshop. In 1957, its production amounted to 12 thousand coats, the next year - 28 thousand. In 1959, the factory received a new production building. The convoy-mechanical plant (262 workers) mastered the production of presses and stoves. He increasingly specialized in iron casting and metalworking. Since 1963, the plant has been called a foundry-mechanical plant. An important enterprise of the city was the head dairy plant, built in 1957. It received up to 50 tons of milk per day, produced cottage cheese and sour cream. Flax remained the leading crop in the region's agriculture. In the 50s. he gave 60-70% of all incomes of collective farms. The bulk of the flax was delivered to the Porokhov flax mill. After the reconstruction of the plant, its capacity increased by 2.5 times. The enterprise has become one of the best in the flax industry of the region. Its products were delivered to the Rzhev carding factory and the flax mill in Velikiye Luki. At the factory. V. I. Lenin for the fifth five-year plan, labor productivity increased by 1.5 times, 136 tons of raw materials were saved. In the sixth five-year plan, the factory began to produce jacquard baize, satin blankets, terry cloth, coarse calico. In the factory village Smychka in these years, shops, a hospital, a kindergarten were opened, new streets appeared with comfortable residential buildings. Extensive construction in the area in the 50s. led to the expansion of the Volokolamsk brick factory. Since 1952, he switched to year-round production. By 1958, the production of bricks reached 20 million pieces. in year. In the same year, a building materials plant was formed (334 workers), which combined a brick factory, a sawmill, carpentry and furniture workshops, a pottery and a rope workshop.