Lymph and lymph circulation. Lymph - what is it? What is its significance in the human body? Human lymphatic system scheme of lymph movement

The lymphatic system is one of the most important in the body. It carries out excretory, immune and cleansing functions. An important part of this system is lymph - a liquid, due to which salts, proteins, water, and also metabolites are returned to the blood from tissues.

What is lymphatic fluid (lymph) and its composition

The lymphatic fluid is transparent, colorless, has a sweetish odor and slightly salty taste.

Its amount in the body of an adult is about one and a half to two liters, however, with an acceleration of metabolism, various pathologies and an increase in pressure in the blood vessels, its amount increases.

The composition of lymph is somewhat similar to blood. The basis of lymph is water and corpuscles (mainly lymphocytes). Erythrocytes and platelets are normally absent in the lymph, but with tumors, shocks of various etiologies or with inflammation, they can appear in it.

Like blood, lymphatic fluid has the ability to clot, but this process is much slower. The chemical composition of lymph is close to that of blood plasma, but the protein content in it is lower (about three percent). Albumin, on the other hand, is slightly more than in plasma (having a smaller molecule, they penetrate the lymphatic capillaries faster).

The lymph in the thoracic duct is enriched in fibrinogen and prothrombin; As mentioned above, it coagulates more slowly than blood, resulting in a loose white clot, which contains white blood cells and fibrin filaments.

The minerals that make up the lymph are similar to those in the blood plasma:

• the first place is occupied by sodium chloride (67% of the solid residue), which gives the lymph a salty taste;
• 25% sodium carbonate;
• in small quantities it contains ions of magnesium, calcium and iron.

The main cations of the lymph are sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium, and the anions are phosphorus, chlorine and protein, which in the alkaline environments of the lymph manifests itself as an anion. Many trace elements are found in the peripheral lymph, which are of great importance in the course of physiological and pathological processes in the body. Having figured out what composition the lymph has, what is the lymphoid fluid, you can go to its functions and find out how it moves.

How the lymph moves

The movement of lymph occurs from the bottom up through the lymphatic vessels, due to the contraction of the lymph nodes during the transmission of impulses to the nerve cells, as well as due to the movements of the muscles that are located next to the lymphatic ducts.

The smallest of them - capillaries - are located in the tissues of the internal organs and their membranes, around the ducts of the glands and blood vessels. An exception is the placenta, brain, and spleen. There are no lymphatic capillaries in the cartilage, lens of the eye, bones.

The capillaries flow into small lymphatic vessels, which, gradually increasing in diameter, form lymphatic ducts, and, in turn, flow into the unnamed (Innominate) veins of the neck, where venous blood and lymph are mixed, and then enter the general bloodstream.

Lymph functions

Lymph has specific functions:

• Provides a constant volume of tissue fluid.
• It transfers nutrients from the digestive organs to the tissues (in particular fats).
• Performs a protective function, taking bacteria, toxins (with inflammation) and erythrocytes (with injuries) from tissues.
• It is a link between tissues and organs, as well as blood and lymphatic system.
• Returns proteins, water and electrolytes from the interstitium to the blood.

• It performs a metabolic function by transferring some enzymes (histaminases or lipases) into the blood.
• Maintains a constant composition of the microenvironment of cells.

Lymph: what is lymph cleansing

Based on the basic functions of the lymph, it follows that the lymph fluid and lymph nodes clogged with fats and dead microbes do not cope well with the body's defense. And this can lead to the occurrence of various diseases. This is why lymph needs periodic cleansing.

• chronic fatigue;
• not passing feeling of weakness, drowsiness;
• thrombophlebitis;
• diseases of the cardiovascular system and lungs;
• diseases of the eyes and ears;
• arthritis and arthrosis;
• pathology of the genitourinary sphere;
• inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses;
• obesity.

Ways to cleanse lymph

To cleanse the lymphatic fluid, both folk remedies and medicines are used. Most often used:

• citrus juices;
• vegetable juices;
• a mixture of apple and beet juice;
• syrup / tablets from licorice root in combination with Enterosgel or other sorbents.

Cleaning with vegetable juices looks like this:

1. Preparation of the mixture. This will require 200 g of beet juice, 1,200 g of carrot juice and 600 g of cucumber juice (that is, in the end, we get two liters of the mixture).
2. Welcome. The juice mixture is taken in a glass every 60 minutes.

When using this method, as a rule, there is no discomfort, only a slight feeling of hunger is possible. Such cleaning is recommended to be carried out once every four months, and for preventive purposes, once every six months / year.

Another common way to cleanse lymph is by drinking freshly squeezed juices from grapefruit, orange and lemon. These fruits contain a large amount of acids and vitamins that effectively cleanse the lymph flow and remove toxins from it.

The reception scheme is as follows:

1. Prepare 1 liter of citrus fresh juice and dilute it with a liter of water (not carbonated).
2. The procedure is started in the morning, taking a glass of the juice mixture every hour until it ends.
3. The duration of the cleaning is three days.

Whole systems have been developed according to which the lymph is cleansed. What is Butakova's system, for example, and its main advantages in the named process, any hematologist will tell.

Lymphomas

Having figured out what functions lymph performs, what is lymphoma , it will be much easier to understand.

Lymphomas are malignant lesions of lymphoid tissue. Their appearance is associated with the uncontrolled division of T and B lymphocytes. The cells of this tumor are rarely found in the blood, their main localization is the organs of the lymphatic system (spleen, lymph nodes) and internal organs, manifested in the form of painless enlarged nodes / glands.

Distinguish:

• Lymphogranulomatosis (called Hodgkin's lymphoma).
• Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are tumors of the lymphatic system that are not classified as lymphogranulomatosis. They can develop in the stomach, liver, and nervous system.

Lymph: what is lymphogranulomatosis

Lymphogranulomatosis is a malignant lesion of lymphoid tissue that occurs with increased division of mutating B-lymphocytes.

Hodgkin's lymphoma can appear in any organ (more commonly found in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, or bone marrow). This disease affects both children and adults.

Diagnose the presence of pathology, given:

• complaints;
• anamnesis;
• external examination data;
• blood test data;
• picture of ultrasound / radiograph;
• biopsy results (the main research method);

The main signs of lymphoma

The symptoms of lymphoma are as follows:

• Itching of the skin without a specific localization.
• Unreasonable rise in temperature (above 38 degrees).
• Large weight loss (more than 10% in six months).
• Night sweats.
• Weakness, lack of appetite, painful condition.
• Shortness of breath and persistent cough (with the development of the process in the pleura, lungs or intrathoracic lymph nodes).
• Pale skin (due to anemia).
• Enlarged painless lymph nodes in the groin, armpit, back of the head, neck, and above the collarbones.

• Pain in joints and bones (if they are affected).
• Painful sensations in the abdomen, back (in case of damage to the intra-abdominal lymph nodes or spleen, liver).

The fluid that has entered the tissue is lymph. The lymphatic system is an integral part of the vascular system that provides lymph formation and lymph circulation.

Lymphatic system - a network of capillaries, vessels and nodes along which lymph moves in the body. Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end, i.e. blindly end in tissues. Lymphatic vessels of medium and large diameter, like veins, have valves. In their course, there are lymph nodes - "filters" that trap viruses, microorganisms and the largest particles in the lymph.

The lymphatic system begins in the tissues of organs in the form of a branched network of closed lymphatic capillaries that do not have valves, and their walls have high permeability and the ability to absorb colloidal solutions and suspensions. The lymphatic capillaries pass into the lymphatic vessels equipped with valves. Thanks to these valves, which prevent the backflow of lymph, it only flows towards the veins... Lymphatic vessels flow into the lymphatic thoracic duct, through which lymph flows from 3/4 of the body. The thoracic duct empties into the cranial vena cava or jugular vein. Lymph through the lymphatic vessels enters the right lymphatic trunk, which flows into the cranial vena cava.

Figure: Lymphatic system diagram

Lymphatic system functions

The lymphatic system has several functions:

• the protective function is provided by the lymphoid tissue of the lymph nodes, which produces phagocytic cells, lymphocytes and antibodies. Before entering the lymph node, the lymphatic vessel is divided into small branches that pass into the sinuses of the node. Small branches also extend from the node, which are combined again into one vessel;
• the filtration function is also associated with the lymph nodes, in which various foreign substances and bacteria are mechanically retained;
• the transport function of the lymphatic system is that through this system the main amount of fat enters the bloodstream, which is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract;
• the lymphatic system also performs a homeostatic function, maintaining the constancy of the composition and volume of the interstitial fluid;
• the lymphatic system performs a drainage function and removes excess tissue (interstitial) fluid in the organs.

The formation and circulation of lymph ensures the removal of excess extracellular fluid, which is created due to the fact that filtration exceeds the reabsorption of fluid into the blood capillaries. Such drainage function the lymphatic system becomes obvious if the outflow of lymph from some area of \u200b\u200bthe body is reduced or stopped (for example, when limbs are squeezed by clothing, clogged lymphatic vessels when they are injured, intersected during a surgical operation). In these cases, distal to the place of compression, local tissue edema develops. This type of edema is called lymphatic edema.

Return to the bloodstream of albumin filtered into the intercellular fluid from the blood, especially in organs with high permeability (liver, gastrointestinal tract). More than 100 g of protein returns to the bloodstream per day with lymph. Without this return, the loss of blood protein would be irreplaceable.

Lymph is part of the system that provides humoral connections between organs and tissues. It participates in the transport of signaling molecules, biologically active substances, and some enzymes (histaminase, lipase).

In the lymphatic system, the processes of differentiation of lymphocytes, transported by lymph together with immune complexes that perform functions of the body's immune defense.

Protective function of the lymphatic system is also manifested in the fact that foreign particles, bacteria, the remains of destroyed cells, various toxins, as well as tumor cells are filtered out in the lymph nodes, captured and in some cases neutralized. With the help of lymph, erythrocytes released from blood vessels are removed from tissues (in case of injuries, vascular damage, bleeding). Often, the accumulation of toxins and infectious agents in the lymph node is accompanied by inflammation.

Lymph is involved in the transport of chylomicrons, lipoproteins and fat-soluble substances absorbed in the intestine to the venous blood.

Lymph and lymph circulation

Lymph is a blood filtrate formed from tissue fluid. It has an alkaline reaction, it is absent, but contains fibrinogen and, therefore, it is capable of clotting. The chemical composition of lymph is similar to that of blood plasma, tissue fluid and other body fluids.

The lymph flowing from various organs and tissues has a different composition depending on the characteristics of their metabolism and activity. The lymph flowing from the liver contains more proteins, the lymph - more. Moving through the lymphatic vessels, the lymph passes through the lymph nodes and is enriched with lymphocytes.

Lymph - a clear, colorless liquid contained in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, in which there are no erythrocytes, there are platelets and many lymphocytes. Its functions are aimed at maintaining homeostasis (return of protein from tissues to blood, redistribution of fluid in the body, milk formation, participation in digestion, metabolic processes), as well as participation in immunological reactions. The lymph contains protein (about 20 g / l). Lymph production is relatively low (most of all in the liver), about 2 liters are formed per day by reabsorption of blood capillaries from the interstitial fluid into the blood after filtration.

Lymph formation due to the transition of water and substances dissolved in substances from the blood capillaries to the tissues, and from the tissues to the lymphatic capillaries. At rest, the processes of filtration and absorption in the capillaries are balanced and the lymph is completely absorbed back into the blood. In the case of increased physical activity in the process of metabolism, a number of products are formed that increase the capillary permeability for protein, and its filtration increases. Filtration in the arterial part of the capillary occurs when the hydrostatic pressure rises above the oncotic one by 20 mm Hg. Art. During muscular activity, the volume of lymph increases and its pressure determines the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lumen of the lymphatic vessels. Lymph formation is facilitated by an increase in the osmotic pressure of tissue fluid and lymph in the lymphatic vessels.

The movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels occurs due to the suction force of the chest, contraction, contraction of the smooth muscles of the lymphatic vessel wall and due to the lymphatic valves.

Lymphatic vessels have sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. Excitation of the sympathetic nerves leads to a contraction of the lymphatic vessels, and when the parasympathetic fibers are activated, the vessels contract and relax, which increases the lymph flow.

Adrenaline, histamine, serotonin increase lymph flow. A decrease in the oncotic pressure of plasma proteins and an increase in capillary pressure increase the volume of outflowing lymph.

Lymph formation and quantity

Lymph is a fluid that flows through the lymphatic vessels and forms part of the body's internal environment. The sources of its formation are, filtered from the microvasculature into tissues and the contents of the interstitial space. In the section on microcirculation, it was discussed that the volume of blood plasma filtered into the tissues exceeds the volume of fluid reabsorbed from them into the blood. Thus, about 2-3 liters of filtrate of blood and fluid of the intercellular medium, not reabsorbed into the blood vessels, enter the lymphatic capillaries, the system of lymphatic vessels through the interendothelial fissures per day and return to the blood (Fig. 1).

Lymphatic vessels are present in all organs and tissues of the body with the exception of the superficial layers of the skin and bone tissue. Most of them are found in the liver and small intestine, where about 50% of the total daily volume of the body's lymph is formed.

The main constituent of lymph is water. The mineral composition of the lymph is identical to the composition of the intercellular medium of the tissue in which the lymph was formed. The lymph contains organic substances, mainly proteins, glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids. The composition of the lymph flowing from different organs is not the same. In organs with a relatively high permeability of blood capillaries, for example, in the liver, lymph contains up to 60 g / l of protein. The lymph contains proteins involved in the formation of blood clots (prothrombin, fibrinogen), so it can clot. The lymph flowing from the intestine contains not only a lot of protein (30-40 g / l), but also a large amount of chylomicrons and lipoproteins formed from aponroteins and fats absorbed from the intestine. These particles are suspended in the lymph, transported by it into the blood and make the lymph similar to milk. In the lymph of other tissues, the protein content is 3-4 times less than in the blood plasma. The main protein component of tissue lymph is the low-molecular-weight fraction of albumin, which filters through the capillary wall into the extravascular spaces. The entry of proteins and other large-molecular particles into the lymph of the lymphatic capillaries is due to their pinocytosis.

Figure: 1. Schematic structure of the lymphatic capillary. Arrows show the direction of lymph flow

Lymph contains lymphocytes and other forms of white blood cells. Their number in different lymphatic vessels varies and is in the range of 2-25 * 10 9 / l, and in the thoracic duct is 8 * 10 9 / l. Other types of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages) are contained in the lymph in small quantities, but their number increases in inflammatory and other pathological processes. Red blood cells and platelets can appear in the lymph when blood vessels are damaged and tissue injured.

Lymph absorption and movement

Lymph is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries, which have a number of unique properties. Unlike blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are closed, blindly ending vessels (Fig. 1). Their wall consists of one layer of endothelial cells, the membrane of which is fixed by collagen filaments to extravascular tissue structures. Between endothelial cells there are intercellular slit-like spaces, the sizes of which can vary within wide limits: from a closed state to a size through which blood cells, fragments of destroyed cells and particles comparable in size to blood cells can penetrate into the capillary.

The lymphatic capillaries themselves can also change their size and reach a diameter of up to 75 microns. These morphological features of the structure of the walls of the lymphatic capillaries give them the ability to change the permeability over a wide range. So, with the contraction of skeletal muscles or smooth muscles of internal organs due to the tension of collagen filaments, interendothelial gaps can open through which the intercellular fluid, mineral and organic substances contained in it, including proteins and tissue leukocytes, freely move into the lymphatic capillary. The latter can easily migrate to the lymphatic capillaries also due to their ability for amoeboid movement. In addition, lymphocytes that form in the lymph nodes enter the lymph. The flow of lymph into the lymphatic capillaries is carried out not only passively, but also under the influence of the forces of negative pressure arising in the capillaries due to the pulsating contraction of the more proximal parts of the lymphatic vessels and the presence of valves in them.

The wall of the lymphatic vessels is built of endothelial cells, which, from the outside of the vessel, are enclosed in a cuff by smooth muscle cells located radially around the vessel. Inside the lymphatic vessels there are valves, the structure and principle of functioning of which are similar to those of the venous vessels. When smooth myocytes are relaxed and the lymphatic vessel is dilated, the valve leaflets are open. With the contraction of smooth myocytes, which causes a narrowing of the vessel, the lymph pressure in this section of the vessel increases, the valve cusps close, the lymph cannot move in the opposite (distal) direction and is pushed proximally along the vessel.

Lymph from the lymphatic capillaries moves to the postcapillary and then to large intraorgan lymphatic vessels that flow into the lymph nodes. From the lymph nodes through small extraorganic lymphatic vessels, lymph flows into larger extraorganic vessels that form the largest lymphatic trunks: the right and left thoracic ducts, through which lymph is delivered to the circulatory system. From the left thoracic duct, lymph enters the left subclavian vein at the site near its jugular veins. Most of the lymph flows into the blood through this duct. The right lymphatic duct carries lymph into the right subclavian vein from the right side of the chest, neck, and right arm.

Lymph flow can be characterized by volumetric and linear velocities. The volumetric flow rate of lymph flow from the thoracic ducts into the veins is 1-2 ml / min, i.e. only 2-3 l / day. The linear velocity of lymph movement is very low - less than 1 mm / min.

The driving force of the lymph current is formed by a number of factors.

• The difference between the value of the hydrostatic pressure of lymph (2-5 mm Hg) in the lymphatic capillaries and its pressure (about 0 mm Hg) at the mouth of the common lymphatic duct.
• Contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the walls of the lymphatic vessels, which propel the lymph towards the thoracic duct. This mechanism is sometimes called the lymphatic pump.
• Periodic increase in external pressure on the lymphatic vessels, created by the contraction of skeletal or smooth muscles of internal organs. For example, contraction of the respiratory muscles creates rhythmic pressure changes in the chest and abdomen. The decrease in pressure in the chest cavity during inhalation creates a suction force that facilitates the movement of lymph into the thoracic duct.

The amount of lymph formed per day in a state of physiological rest is about 2-5% of the body weight. The speed of all formation, movement and composition depend on the functional state of the organ and a number of other factors. Thus, the volumetric flow of lymph from the muscles during muscular work increases by 10-15 times. 5-6 hours after a meal, the volume of lymph flowing from the intestine increases, and its composition changes. This is mainly due to the entry of chylomicrons and lipoproteins into the lymph.

Pinching the veins of the legs or standing for a long time makes it difficult for venous blood to return from the legs to the heart. At the same time, the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the capillaries of the extremities increases, filtration increases and an excess of tissue fluid is created. The lymphatic system in such conditions cannot provide sufficient drainage function, which is accompanied by the development of edema.

The human body contains about 1-2 liters of lymph, or ichor. This clear liquid contains a large number of lymphocytes. The lymphatic system is closely connected with the circulatory system, it returns water, salts and proteins from tissues to the blood.

The lymphatic system cleanses the body of toxins and bacteria.

Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph from viruses, toxins and bacteria, thereby raising the human immune system. This task is the main one among the functions performed by the lymphatic system.

Thanks to its work, the interstitial fluid is cleansed and redistributed in the human body. This happens with the help of the whole system of lymph nodes. Excess fluid from the interstitial space gets into them from the capillaries.

At the first level, this fluid undergoes initial cleansing in smaller lymph nodes. Then, through the large vessels, the lymph passes to the next stage of cleansing, into the larger lymph nodes.

Purification products (dead cells, viruses) with stagnant lymph cannot reach the liver - this waste processing factory and the final link in the purification process. They settle in the lymph nodes, causing their enlargement, and are partially excreted through the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and the human respiratory tract.

Reasons for slowing lymph circulation in the human body

A slowdown in lymph flow, problems with the elimination of toxins and residues of the vital activity of pathogenic viruses and bacteria can be associated with the following reasons:

• Long-term psycho-emotional stress, stress. Many clinicians consider stress to be the cause of the vast majority of human systems.
• An imbalance in the digestive system. Intestinal lymphoid tissue becomes unable to perform cleansing functions if the diet is disturbed.
• Iodine deficiency through the endocrine system of the body, which is closely related to the lymphatic system, affects the fact that the body is defenseless against toxins, the flow of lymph is blocked.

How to know if the lymphatic system needs cleansing

Cleansing the lymphatic system should not be done during pregnancy and lactation.

Products that remain after cleansing the interstitial fluid and that come out in an unconventional way cause various diseases:

1. papillomomatosis,
2. pigmentation of the skin in the form of separate spots,
3. acne,
4. inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs,
5. inflammatory diseases of the joints,
6. allergic reactions,
7. swelling of small joints,
8. flatulence,
9. thrombophlebitis.

By regularly cleansing the lymphatic system, you can get rid of allergies, increase your immune level, and rejuvenate organs and systems. The recommended frequency of cleansing is 3-4 times a year at the first stage, then 1-2 times are enough.

Contraindications for cleansing the lymphatic system - pregnancy, lactation. Restrictions for this procedure can be:, diseases of the heart and blood vessels, hypertension.

It is possible to use gentle methods of cleansing under medical supervision.

Stimulation of the lymphatic system

Natural juices will help to avoid stagnation of the lymphatic system.

To avoid stagnation of the lymphatic system, you need to drink natural juices. Regulation of acid-base and water-salt balance in this way will accelerate the circulation of lymph.

Exercise and massage have a similar effect on the body. For application, you can use the exercises of the "Niche health system".

Japanese physician Katsuzo Nishi offers such an exercise to stimulate the lymphatic system: you need to shake the raised limbs while lying on your back.

In this case, the muscles should be as relaxed as possible. Performing this exercise daily for 2-5 minutes in the morning and evening will lead to the desired result.

The same result can be achieved by performing Mirzakarim Norbekov's health-improving course for joints. He recommends flexing and unbending all joints every morning, rotating them after extension. You need to start with small joints and end with large ones. Such movements, due to muscle contraction, will help to move the lymph through the vessels and avoid stagnation.

Body massage will help cleanse the lymphatic system as well as gymnastics. Performing it, you need to firmly follow the rule: massage movements are carried out towards the center from the periphery of the body, in the direction of movement of the lymphatic fluid. The arms and legs are massaged from the bottom up, because the lymph can only move in that direction. It is forbidden to massage the lymph nodes themselves.

It is also not forbidden to cleanse the lymphatic system by visiting a sauna and a bath. An immutable rule applies here - the temperature of the air in the room, bath or water in the shower should not be higher than 60? C.

Physiotherapeutic heating of the lymph nodes for the purpose of improvement is not used.

Cleansing lymph according to Butakova

The lymphatic system is very important in the prevention of diseases of many organs and systems.

Doctor - naturopath O.A Butakova has developed a cleaning system, tested it on herself and her patients and introduces this procedure to cleanse the lymphatic system to everyone.

She considers the role of lymph to be very significant in the process of diseases of many organs and systems. A doctor with more than 25 years of experience advises to combine physical activity with the following sequence of lymph purification:

• Activation of the transition of fluid from the interstitial space to the lymph nodes, kidneys, liver and intestines.
• Adsorption of toxic substances from the intestines.
• Replenishment of minerals and vitamins lost as a result of cleaning.

For a course of cleansing you need: licorice tablets, Spirulina algae in tablets, vitamin complexes, etc. If it is not possible to purchase probiotics or vitamin complexes, they can be replaced with activated carbon and vitamin C in combination with folic acid. Cleaning sequence:

1. Licorice - take 3 times a day by dissolving the tablet in warm water.
2. Spirulina - 40 minutes after licorice, 2 pieces half an hour before meals.
3. Probiotics and - in parallel with taking Spirulina and licorice.
4. On the course of cleansing Butakov O.A. takes from 10 to 14 days.

You will learn about the methods of cleansing the lymphatic system from the video:

Cleansing the lymphatic system with folk remedies

Rosehip tea has beneficial properties for the lymphatic system.

There are many popular recipes for cleansing lymph with improvised means: juices, food and infusions, or.

For patients with chronic diseases, it is advisable to visit a doctor before using folk remedies in order to assess the risks and contraindications.

You cannot disregard allergic reactions and individual intolerance to certain foods in absolutely healthy people. Methods for cleansing lymph:

• Rolling a spoonful of unrefined in the mouth. This is done in the morning, distilling oil through the teeth and back, which after 20 minutes becomes thick and changes its color. The oil is not swallowed, but spit out.
• Reception within 4 days of a decoction in milk of onions and garlic. Chop one head of these vegetables, add the lemon cut along with the peel. Everything is boiled in milk for a few minutes. The resulting broth should be divided into 4 days, half a glass twice a day, half an hour before meals. During cleansing, you can not use anything other than a decoction.
• A mixture of beet, carrot and cucumber juices in a ratio of 1: 6: 3 in the amount of 2 liters is drunk a glass every hour per day.
• Regular use of dogwood, barberry, sorrel, chokeberry, red currant perfectly cleanses the lymph.
• The same properties are possessed by a collection of rose hips, willow-herb, oregano, plantain, and grass of bird highlander. The collection is brewed for a month and drunk instead of tea.
• 450 ml of celandine juice, obtained from the stalks and leaves ground in a meat grinder, is fixed with 70 ml of alcohol for longer storage. Before each meal, take it, starting with one drop and adding one more each time. When the number of drops per dose reaches 15, they are reduced by one, returning to the original amount.

Diet after cleansing activities

Fresh fruits help the body to heal and prevent lymph stagnation.

A specially selected one will help to preserve the effect of cleaning the lymphatic system. She herself can serve as a mild cleanser, a rational nutrition system will prevent a return to previous indicators, to lymph stagnation. Recommended products:

1. Fresh fruits, especially cranberries and avocados.
2. Spicy greens, lettuce.
3. Flax seed and.
4. Spirulina is a type of seaweed.
5. Walnuts, almonds.

The unique combination of trace elements, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants in products helps to improve the body's health, prevents lymph stagnation. The effect will be complemented by an optimal drinking regime - 6-8 glasses of high-quality purified herbal teas, infusions of clover, echinacea, calendula, bedstraw, flowers and mullein leaves.

All these components can be mixed in any proportion and drunk to quench thirst as tea in a glass several times a day. It is advisable to minimize the consumption of food that slags the body:

• Products with preservatives and synthetic flavors.
• Refined cereals, sugar, sunflower oil.
• Sweets, baked goods.
• Smoked products, pickles.
• Carbonated drinks.
• If you follow these rules, toxins and toxins will gradually leave the body, there will be no stagnation of lymphatic fluid.

After cleansing the lymphatic system with various means, the result is felt almost immediately. The nervous system returns to normal, chronic inflammatory diseases go into remission, strength and frequency decrease, and immunity increases significantly.

In addition to the circulatory system, the human body has a lymphatic system. They are closely related to each other and completely complement each other. The lymphatic system, with the help of numerous capillaries, penetrates into all tissues and organs of the body (the diagram in the pictures is presented below) where it delivers the biological fluid - lymph, which is necessary for the normal functioning of internal organs.

This helps to increase the protective properties, as well as cleanse the body of toxins, infections, toxins and microbes.

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in the pictures will be presented below) is a complex mechanism that includes several structural components: vessels, nodes, lymph. And to understand this, it is worth considering the links of this chain separately.

Vessels

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in the pictures will clearly show the location of its main nodes) has some structural features. Its branches resemble plant roots. The vessels penetrate into the tissues of the organs. The exception is the brain, spinal cord, parenchyma of the spleen, lens, inner ear, sclera, placenta, cartilage tissue, and epithelial tissue.

The diagram shows how the human lymphatic system works.

The biological fluid flows from the cells into the capillary processes of the system, one end of which is completely closed. That is, movement occurs only in one direction - up. The walls of the capillaries have good permeability, which allows liquid to penetrate unhindered.

The capillaries converge into vessels equipped with valves that prevent lymph from flowing back. They completely encircle the internal organs and flow to the lymph nodes located throughout the body. The trunks emerging from them are sent into the ducts, and eventually enter the veins. In this way, lymph enters the bloodstream.

Nodes

Lymph nodes are made up of lymphoid tissue. It is in them that B-lymphocytes are formed and developed, the role of which is indispensable in immune processes. Thanks to them, antibodies are produced to fight various pathogens.

In addition, T-lymphocytes are located in the lymph nodes, where they differentiate after contact with the antigen. Lymph nodes perform not only the role of a connecting link, but also are an active participant in the formation of immunity at the cellular level.

Lymph

Lymph is a liquid of biological properties, which includes lymphocytes. It consists of water, salts, fats and other substances. The viscosity of the lymph is provided by colloidal proteins. Its composition is in many ways similar to blood.

The volume of lymph in the body is 1-2 liters. The movement of the substance occurs under pressure, which is formed as a result of the contraction of the cells of the vessel walls. Significantly affects the speed of movement of the lymph, adjacent muscles, breathing phases, body position.

Basic functions in the body

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in pictures shows the relationship between the lymphatic and circulatory systems) plays an important role in the body. Immunity, metabolic processes, protective function depend on how well it will function.

Important tasks assigned to drugs:

1. Delivery of fatty acids, small intestine fats to all organs and tissues that need them.
2. Cleansing the body of harmful substances.
3. Synthesis of lymphocytes that increase resistance to the negative influence of harmful microorganisms.
4. Removal of tissue fluid, which allows you to remove harmful substances from tissues.

Human lymph movement diagram

There are about 500 lymph vessels and nodes in the body. The movement of lymph in them occurs strictly from the bottom up, from the peripheral endings to the center. The fluid enters the lymph nodes through multiple vessels, and leaves through 1-2 channels. The movement of lymph, thus, reaches the main lymph vessels - pillars.

The largest of these is the thoracic duct, which is located near the aorta. This vessel passes the fluid collected in the organs on the left side, located below the ribs, in the head, chest, arm. Ultimately, the lymph of the left thoracic duct enters the subclavian vein.

Similarly, there is the right drug duct. Its function is to collect lymph from the right side, which extends from the head, arms and chest. This separation of the flow allows you to divide the load on the vessels and nodes, as a result of which the lymph is able to move freely in the body. Any blockage of the lymphatic vessels threatens with edema and the formation of tissue tumors.

Organs of the lymphatic system

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in the pictures clearly depicts the location of the lymph nodes in the body), in addition to the vessels and nodes, includes organs. Each of them performs a specific function, which helps to strengthen the body's defenses.

The coordination of their work affects the level of the body's immunity.

1. Bone marrow. This organ is made up of soft tissue that is found in the bone cavity. It is in it that white and red blood cells are formed. Despite the fact that its weight is only 250 g, it produces 5 million blood cells daily, replacing obsolete ones.
2. Thymus. The organ is located behind the sternum. Its function is to provide protection against the effects of pathogens. It takes stem cells and converts them into T-lymphocytes. The organ is laid in the state of the embryo, but as a person grows, it gradually decreases. With the achievement of puberty, the thymus gland loses its peculiarity and redistributes its function between other organs.
3. Spleen. The function of this organ is to cleanse the blood of damaged erythrocytes, foreign components and bacteria. The spleen also contributes to the formation of antibodies when an infection enters the body. The connection of this organ in metabolic processes has also been established, which contributes to the accumulation of iron in it, which is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

Types and groups of diseases

Dysfunction of drugs provokes the development of a number of diseases. They are all classified as inflammatory and non-inflammatory. The first type includes infectious and non-infectious diseases. The second - toxic, allergic, autosomal pathologies.

By the nature of development, they are acute, subacute and chronic. Depending on the scale of tissue damage, lymphatic system diseases are limited, widespread. With constant progression, the pathological process eventually develops into a generalized one.

The main types of diseases:

Causes of disorders in the body

Damage to the lymphatic system can occur for a number of reasons. Experts single out the most basic ones.

1. Heredity. The likelihood of developing the disease is very high if such diseases have been identified in close relatives.
2. Defeat by a virus. Many viruses, such as influenza, measles, HIV, are able to enter the lymphatic system, provoking the development of inflammation.
3. Bad ecology, bad habits. Both factors contribute to increased body pollution with toxins and harmful substances. As a result, the load on the lymphatic system is significantly increased, which leads to its failure.

Symptoms of the onset of disease

Despite the fact that the diseases can be different, in most cases they have the same primary signs of drug damage.

The main symptoms are:

• annoying itching of the skin;
• high temperature;
• chills;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• swelling of the limbs;
• weight loss;
• skin pigmentation that was not there before;
• enlargement of the spleen;
• fast fatiguability;
• general weakness;
• irritability;
• a sharp change in mood.

Subsequently, others are added to the already existing symptoms, depending on the type of pathological process.

Condition diagnostics

When making a diagnosis, the doctor takes into account the results of various examinations and tests. What kind of measures will be required, only a specialist can say on the basis of the patient's complaints and the symptoms identified when interviewing the patient.

Basic diagnostic methods:

1. Visual inspection. In this case, the doctor examines the lymph nodes, and also determines the likelihood of inflammation of the spleen by palpation.
2. Blood test. This examination allows you to determine the leukocyte formula.
3. Lymphography. The method is used to confirm or refute oncological diseases. It is carried out by introducing a radiopaque component into the vessel of the lymphatic system. Subsequently, the movement of the fluid is monitored using images.
4. Biopsy, histological examination. The method involves the collection of fluid and tissue to detect a malignant tumor. Subsequently, the samples are sent to the laboratory to confirm or deny the diagnosis.

Based on the collected data, the doctor determines the form of the disease and the degree of tissue damage, which allows him to prescribe an appropriate course of treatment.

Treatment options

Therapy is carried out depending on the established disease, as well as the nature of the pathological process.

Treatment methods:

1. Medication. It is prescribed for enlarged lymph nodes as a result of bacterial or viral damage. Special therapy is not required, since the inflammation will pass on its own after the elimination of the underlying disease. Antiviral and antibacterial drugs are allowed. If an allergen acts as a provoking factor, then therapy is carried out with the use of antihistamines.
2. Surgery. This method is prescribed when an abscess forms in the lymph node, a tumor that should be eliminated in order to avoid serious complications. An operation to remove the spleen (splenectomy) is also used when an abdominal injury is received that provoked its rupture.
3. Sclerotherapy with alcohol. This method is used to detect small-diameter benign neoplasms. To remove them, the introduction of alcohol into the tumor tissue is used, which leads to their necrosis, and subsequently to death.
4. Chemotherapy. It is prescribed for the detection of malignant tumors. The principle of its action is based on the destructive effect of toxins and poisons on neoplasm tissues. The drug is injected into the body periodically after a certain number of days, since its action is aimed at destroying tumor cells, therefore, the introduction is associated with the cell cycle.
5. Radiation therapy. The procedure is prescribed for oncological diseases. Its principle of operation is based on the use of high dose ionizing radiation. Thanks to this technique, the growth and division of cells of a malignant tumor is stopped, which subsequently leads to its destruction.
6. Combined therapy. In some cases, the doctor will prescribe several treatments. This technique is used when the disease continues to progress despite the steps taken.

How to cleanse the lymphatic system

The human lymphatic system cleanses the body of harmful substances and toxins. On the schematic representation of her organs and nodes, which is presented in the pictures above, you can see how important it is for the full functioning of the internal organs. A neglect of one's health leads to increased lymph pollution.

This negatively affects its functionality. The liquid begins to linger in the vessels, and the concentration of toxins in its composition increases. As a result, the lymphatic system begins to work to the detriment of the body. This leads to a decrease in immunity, as a result of which the body's susceptibility to the effects of pathogens increases.

Signs of lymph pollution:

• colds, infectious diseases;
• failure of kidney, liver, spleen function;
• regular exacerbations of chronic diseases;
• skin rashes, pigmentation;
• allergy;
• obesity;
• dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
• joint inflammation;
• diseases of the reproductive organs;
• psoriasis.

Several methods can be used to cleanse lymph: medicines, massage, folk remedies. Each of them gives a lasting positive result. Therefore, it is worthwhile to understand the features of each procedure separately.

Experts identify some rules for cleansing the lymph, which should be taken into account during the procedure. Ignoring them can lead to the futility of this event.

1. During the week before the procedure, you should visit the bath twice.
2. Carry out a cleansing enema at intervals of 3 days.
3. Increase the daily water intake to 2.5 liters.
4. To refuse from bad habits.
5. Carry out cleaning once every six months, in spring and autumn.
6. Frequent walks in the fresh air.
7. Enrich your diet with healthy foods. Give preference to greens, walnuts, flax oil, fresh fruits and vegetables, eggs, berries, dairy products.
8. Exclude fried and fatty foods, alcohol, animal fats, flour products, canned food, smoked meats, pickles, sweets.
9. It is recommended to eat often, but in small portions.
10. You can't starve, you need to eat as much as you want, but at the same time the food should be healthy.
11. Take food by the clock at the same time every day.

Medicines

In some cases, medications are prescribed to cleanse the lymphatic system. The need for this procedure is determined by the doctor, with frequent cases of damage to the body by viruses and infections. Medicines have a targeted effect on increasing immunity. Dosage, frequency of admission, course of treatment depends on the individual characteristics of the patient.

The main types of medicines:

1. Herbal preparations (Immunorm, Immunal). They help to activate the protective function.
2. Medicines that contain weakened bacilli (Broncho-munal, Likopid, Bactisporin, Broncho-Vaxom). Their use causes the body to produce antibodies to fight pathogens, which greatly enhances immunity.
3. Nucleic acid products (Derinat, Poludan, Sodium nucleinate). They have a complex effect on the body: they improve wound healing, activate the work of the bone marrow, and enhance the synthesis of leukocytes.
4. Medicines based on animal thymus (Taktivin, Timalin, Timogen). Strengthen immunity, normalize metabolism in cells.
5. Interferon preparations (Anaferon, Arbidol, Viferon). Increase resistance to viruses, infections.

Massage

The main types of massage:

1. Lymphatic drainage. The massage is carried out with a soft bristled brush. The skin should be dry, clean and warm. Movements should be superficial, undulating. Their direction should correspond to the movement of lymph in the vessels.
2. Vacuum roller procedure. The massage is carried out with a special device, which allows you to create a vacuum environment to expand the lumen in the vessels.
3. Pressotherapy. For the procedure, a special suit is used, where air is supplied. Under its pressure, the body initially contracts, and when released, it relaxes. Despite the feeling of discomfort during this massage, its effectiveness is much higher than other methods.
4. Microcurrents. The procedure is carried out with a special device that acts on the body with low-frequency current pulses. This helps to activate blood flow as well as lymph drainage. As a result, the stagnation of the biological fluid is eliminated.

The effectiveness of massage directly depends on the professionalism of the master. Therefore, it is recommended to contact medical institutions that have positively proven themselves over the years.

Folk remedies

It is recommended to use traditional medicine to cleanse the lymphatic system, as well as to prevent diseases. This method is not only affordable, but also effective.

Effective recipes for restoring the function of the lymphatic system:

The function of the lymphatic system (diagram in pictures) in the human body should not be underestimated. Schematically, it is a separate organ, parts of which are located throughout the body, which can be observed in the figures given earlier in the article. The work of all internal organs depends on how effectively she will cope with her tasks.

Useful videos about the lymphatic system and its diseases

How the lymphatic system works:

Causes of inflammation of the lymph nodes:

Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the body. Its main function is to cleanse the body of toxins and infectious agents by supplying intercellular fluid to the lymph nodes, as well as transporting nutrients from the lymph nodes to the human circulatory system. The lymphatic system, through which lymph flows, is a complex structure, similar to the circulatory system. There are a number of diseases of the lymphatic system that are very dangerous, so they must be identified in a timely manner.

The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system serves to cleanse the body. It ensures the maintenance of metabolism and tissue trophism, and also removes toxins, infections and disease-causing agents from tissues and organs.

The lymphatic system is a complex structure, the structure of which is similar to the structure of the circulatory system. However, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed, so the lymph does not circulate in a circle, but moves strictly from the bottom up.

Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is cleansed and moves on. At about the level of the collarbones, it enters the circulatory system, thus supplying the necessary substances to the blood.

The anatomy and structure of the lymphatic system are quite complex, the movement of lymph is carried out due to the smooth muscle structures of the lymphatic vessels, since there is no “pump” like the heart in this system.

The movement of lymph is carried out throughout the body. The main function of the lymphatic system is the production of immune cells - lymphocytes. Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is saturated with these cells and removes them into the circulatory system, ensuring the normal functioning of the immune system.

Any disturbances in the body's work immediately affect the functioning of the lymphatic system. So, diseases accompanied by a decrease in immunity, and systemic infections can lead to an increase and inflammation of the lymph nodes.

The lymphatic system can malfunction in case of autoimmune diseases, infections, SARS and influenza, etc.

The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system, since local disturbances in the movement of lymph lead to its decrease, and also cause a number of severe symptoms. In order to timely recognize a malfunction in the lymphatic system, you should know how it works, its functions and the symptoms of various disorders.

Lymphatic capillaries

The lymphatic system begins with the lymphatic capillaries, which permeate the entire human body. They are rather large formations in comparison with the blood capillaries.

Features of lymphatic capillaries:

• large diameter - up to 0.2 mm;
• the contours are uneven, there are protrusions of the walls of the capillaries;
• the walls are thin, permeable to the intercellular fluid.

Lymphatic capillaries “collect” the intercellular fluid, transport it to the vessels, and from there to the lymph nodes. The liquid literally passes through the walls of the capillaries, due to the peculiarity of their structure.

Capillaries can form lymphocapillary networks. Such networks are located near large organs and help to collect intercellular fluid.

The main function of the capillaries of the lymphatic system is to collect tissue fluid and supply it to the lymphatic vessels. Tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic system is called lymph.

Lymphatic vessels bend around the joints, bifurcating in front of them

The fusion of the lymphatic capillaries forms a lymphatic vessel. The main difference between a vessel and a capillary is thicker walls and a larger diameter. If the capillary wall is formed by one layer of endothelial cells, the vessel walls consist of three layers:

• connective tissue sheath (outer layer);
• smooth muscle tissue that forms the middle layer;
• endothelial cells that form the inner layer of the vessel wall.

It is the cells of smooth muscle tissue that provide the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels. The vessels have valves that ensure the movement of lymph from the periphery to the center.

The location of the vessels of the lymphatic system largely repeats the structure of the blood vessels. Deep lymphatic vessels are located in the muscles and around the viscera, most of which run parallel to the blood vessels. Superficial lymphatic vessels run parallel to all large saphenous veins. Lymphatic vessels bend around the joints, bifurcating in front of them, and collecting in a large vessel after the joint - this ensures the continuity of the lymphatic system.

Interesting! Large lymphatic vessels have nerve endings in the walls.

The vessels of the lymphatic system, like lymphocapillaries, can be connected to form networks.

The lymph nodes

The lymph node is the most important organ of the lymphatic system. It is this organ that performs the main function - cleansing and saturating the lymph with immune cells. It is a round, oval or bean-shaped formation with a complex structure.

Lymph nodes are located in all parts of the body except the back and near important internal organs. In general, there can be anywhere from 400 to 800 lymph nodes in the human body. Their sizes range from a few millimeters to two centimeters in diameter.

Large lymph nodes are located superficially. These are the so-called sentinel lymph nodes, which are located in the neck, groin and armpits. With any violations of immunity, they can noticeably increase in size.

The largest number of lymph nodes are located in the abdominal cavity and along the intestines. Different people can have anywhere from 100 to 400 lymph nodes in this area. Various toxins and by-products of digestion are absorbed from the intestine into the lymph in large quantities, therefore, a large number of lymph nodes "work" in this zone at the same time to ensure the normal functioning of the digestive system and the whole organism as a whole.

Lymph nodes are the most vulnerable part of the lymphatic system. They are the maturation of immune cells (lymphocytes) and the accumulation of antibodies produced by the body to fight various infections. When the lymph enters the node, it goes through several stages of purification, and all "impurities" remain in the lymph nodes. If there are too many of them, they can accumulate in these organs, causing inflammation of the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis).

In addition, sentinel lymph nodes are a kind of health marker for the whole organism. They increase against the background of severe infectious processes, inflammation, autoimmune reactions, and oncopathologies.

Lymphatic trunks and ducts

The thoracic duct is the largest in the body

The lymph nodes connect and form the main pathways for the movement of lymph in the body - the lymphatic trunks and ducts.

In total, there are 6 such trunks and ducts in the human body, three per left and right venous node. The thoracic duct is the largest. It receives lymph from the lower extremities, abdominal cavity, mediastinum. Then, through the thoracic duct, the lymph enters the bloodstream.

In order to avoid the reverse movement of lymph, the ducts and trunks are equipped with valves that let fluid in only one direction, so that the lymph moves only from the bottom up.

Lymph flow diagram

The movement of lymph is carried out from the lower extremities to the head. The flow of lymph in the body is ensured by the well-coordinated work of the entire lymphatic system. Lymph enters the vessels and lymph circulation occurs according to the following scheme:

• lymphocapillaries collect intercellular fluid from surrounding organs and tissues;
• capillaries form vessels through which lymph moves to the lymph node;
• in the lymph nodes, lymph is cleared, after which it is saturated with immune cells;
• from the lymph node, lymph flows into large vessels called trunks;
• lymph moves along the trunks into the ducts, penetrating into the circulatory system.

The lymphatic system does not have a pump to move the lymph. The circulation of lymph is supported by the vessels themselves, which expel fluid thanks to the smooth muscle cells of the walls.

To understand how the human lymphatic system works, the diagram will help the best, since the movement of lymph can only be explained in general terms. In general, lymph in the human body moves from the bottom up, from the periphery to the center, and then enters the circulatory system.

What is lymph?

Lymph serves to transport nutrients into the blood

Having figured out how the lymphatic system works, you should take a closer look at what lymph is and why it is needed. Lymph is a clear fluid that passes through the entire body. The colloquial name for lymph is ichor.

Despite the fact that few people know how the lymphatic system works, a person encounters lymph very often. For example, a clear fluid protruding from a wound after blood stops is lymph.

Lymph and lymph circulation are very important concepts to understand. Thanks to this liquid, the regulation of immunity is ensured. In other words, if it were not for lymph, the human body would be less able to cope with various infections and harmful compounds that enter the air through the respiratory tract.

The main properties of lymph are to cleanse the body and ensure the transport of immune cells into the circulatory system.

At the same time, lymph cells can pose a serious danger to the whole body in the case of especially severe diseases. The lymphatic system serves to transport nutrients into the blood, but it can also function as a kind of highway for infections and cancer cells in the event of a strong weakening of the body. So, if the immune system is significantly weakened, the lymphatic system cannot cope with the load, so the intercellular fluid is not completely cleared, and infectious agents settle in the lymph nodes. Through the movement of lymph, they can be carried throughout the body.

Where does lymph come from?

Lymph formation occurs directly with the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic system. This fluid is a blood byproduct that enters the extracellular space through the blood capillaries. In this way, blood and lymph are really strongly connected and complementary.

This fluid washes every cell in the body. It collects all harmful substances, including infections and toxins, and then literally seeps through the lymphatic capillaries into the lymphatic system. At this stage, the interstitial fluid becomes lymph, and its further transformation occurs at the expense of the lymph nodes. Blood and lymph are related in the following way. Tissue fluid is formed when blood pressure rises, as a result of which some of the fluid enters the intercellular space. This fluid then enters the lymphatic system and, after some transformation, becomes lymph. The functions of lymph include the transport of nutrients into the circulatory system, therefore, after a short period of time, lymph enters the blood, again becoming part of it.

Composition

Lymph is composed primarily of water and immune cells. The composition of lymph is approximately 96-97% water or intercellular fluid. There are no erythrocytes in the ichor, however, it contains a large number of lymphocytes, the maturation of which is carried out in the lymphatic system. In addition to lymphocytes, lymph contains a small amount of other leukocytes - monocytes and granulocytes.

Important! The main cells of the lymph are represented by lymphocytes or immune cells, thanks to which humoral immunity is supported.

However, when asked what lymph is, one cannot simply say that it is water. In small amounts, lymph contains:

• proteins;
• glucose;
• lipids;
• minerals.

In the chemical composition of lymph, there are three types of protein - albumin, fibrinogen, globulin.

Functions

Lymph functions include transport of nutrients into the circulatory system

Having figured out what lymph consists of and what it is, one should dwell in more detail on the functions of lymph in the body. Together with tissue fluid, not only harmful compounds enter the lymphatic system, but also proteins, minerals, electrolytes necessary for the body. These substances are needed by the body, so they must return to the blood - this is precisely the function that lymph performs.

In addition, lymph itself is needed in order to transport immune cells and antibodies into the blood from the lymph nodes. After the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, it is cleared of harmful substances, and everything useful that is contained in the lymph must return back to the circulatory system. Thus, the following functions of this fluid can be distinguished:

• transport of electrolytes, proteins and water into the blood from the intercellular space;
• transport of enzymes into the blood;
• protection of the body from infection of injuries and wounds.

With any damage to the skin, blood first comes out of the wound, and then lymph. This fluid collects red blood cells and bacteria in damaged tissues, thereby protecting against inflammation.

Some enzymes can enter the bloodstream only through the lymph — these are histaminase and lipase. This is how the metabolic function of the lymph and the lymphatic system as a whole manifests itself. In addition, through the lymph, a constant connection is maintained between tissues and organs, as well as between the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

The exact speed of lymph movement is unknown, but on average, a person's body produces from two to four liters of this fluid per day. The process of release of lymph from tissues is continuous, so the loss of this fluid is replenished soon enough.

Knowing everything about lymph and the peculiarities of the lymphatic system, each person will be able to better understand how his own body works.

What are the differences between blood and lymph?

The difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of the second “pump” (heart)

On the one hand, blood and lymph are different fluids that the human body needs. On the other hand, they are closely related. Without loss of water in the blood, with an increase in pressure, lymph will not be formed, since it is this process, which is natural for every organism, which leads to the appearance of intercellular fluid. Having figured out how lymph is formed (from water that penetrates into the intercellular space from the blood), and where it is located, it becomes clear that without blood it cannot function. Lymph is obtained from blood and then incorporated into the blood. However, the composition of these two liquids is different. Lymph consists mainly of water, blood is plasma and a suspension of cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes). There are a lot of proteins in the blood plasma, so it is more viscous and dense than lymph.

Like blood, lymph clots. However, this process is much slower. This can be noticed at the site of small wounds - after a while the ichor becomes denser, instead of a freely flowing liquid, a small transparent and yellowish clot appears.

The main difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of the second “pump”, the function of which is performed by the heart. Thanks to this, the blood circulates in a circle, but the lymph always moves in only one direction.

The main function of the blood is to transport oxygen to tissues and organs, while lymph serves to supply nutrients to the blood, thereby supplementing it. The main differences between lymph and blood can be summarized:

1. Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients, lymph is used to cleanse the body or drain.
2. Blood moves much faster than lymph. Moreover, the blood speed changes with fluctuations in blood pressure, while the speed of lymph movement is a constant value.
3. The difference between lymph and blood is in composition, functions, speed of movement, however, both fluids are closely interrelated.
4. The kidneys and liver are involved in the purification of blood, and the lymph nodes are responsible for the lymph.
5. The volume of circulating blood is 4-5 liters, the amount of lymph in the human body is on average 2-3 liters.

In addition, for clarity, you can compare tables of the composition of lymph and blood in order to clearly see the differences between these fluids.

The value of lymph in the human body can hardly be overestimated. Having understood what lymph and blood are made of, it becomes clear that they are inextricably linked and complement each other's functions.

Lymph movement after surgery

As mentioned, the location of the lymph is the entire body. Lymph is located in the lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels, through which it moves to the lymph nodes for cleansing. Despite the fact that this liquid serves to remove excess from the body, disturbances in the speed of its movement have negative consequences for health.

Normally, the lymph flow is constant. It can get worse if the lymphatic vessels, ducts and nodes are damaged. So, the speed of movement of lymph after surgery may decrease. Such a disease of the lymph is called lymphostasis, the main symptoms are severe swelling and pain at the site of vascular damage.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, deterioration of lymph outflow occurs after breast surgery - radical mastectomy. Such surgical procedures are the main treatment for breast cancer, and the deterioration of lymph flow is caused by the removal of lymph nodes located around the breast and in the armpit. Removal of the lymph node in this case is carried out due to the spread of metastases from the mammary glands, or to prevent this process in case of further progression of cancer.

Analysis of the composition of lymph

For a general assessment of the state of the lymphatic system, there is no need to take lymph - a blood test is enough

The composition of the lymph is determined by puncturing the lymph node (biopsy) and taking a small amount of fluid for analysis. Indications for such an analysis are inflammation of the lymph nodes, prolonged enlargement of the lymph nodes, suspicions of oncology.

A healthy person does not need to take a preventive lymph test; the health of the lymphatic system can be assessed by a biochemical blood test.

A lymph node biopsy is a rather traumatic procedure that is prescribed only if there are strict indications. In other cases, the assessment of the lymphatic system is carried out according to the general and biochemical blood test. By the nature of the change in the number of lymphocytes, a diagnosis can be made in case of suspicion of pathology of the lymphatic system. Moreover, a biochemical blood test can detect lymphoma at an early stage.

Diseases of the lymphatic system

Knowing what lymph looks like, where it comes from and how it flows in the body, it becomes clear that the lymphatic system undergoes an enormous load every day, providing cleansing of the body and supporting immunity. Accordingly, there are a number of pathologies of this system, in which the movement of lymph is disrupted. There are three main groups of diseases:

• lymph node pathology;
• lymphomas;
• lymphostasis.

Lymph node pathologies are associated with pathogenic bacteria and infections that are absorbed into the lymph from the affected surrounding tissues and organs. In addition, antibodies and immune cells formed in the lymph nodes cannot always cope with the disease, so the lymph nodes become infected and inflamed, and the lymph can spread the infection throughout the body.

Lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy

The causes of lymphadenitis are any infectious diseases of organs (ARVI, influenza) located near the affected lymph node

Most often, there are two pathologies of the lymph nodes - lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis. Lymphadenopathy is an enlarged lymph node. This is not an independent disease, but rather a symptom that means that something is wrong in the body. Most often, the lymphatic system reacts by enlarging lymph nodes to episodes of a weakened immune system. Lymphadenopathy causes:

• infections;
• inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs;
• pathology of the digestive system;
• diseases of the mediastinal organs;
• tuberculosis;
• sexually transmitted diseases;
• allergic reactions;
• post-vaccination reactions;
• autoimmune processes.

As a rule, lymphadenopathy is observed in those groups of lymph nodes that are most close to the diseased organ. So, with tonsillitis, cervical lymph nodes increase, with mastopathy - chest and axillary, with diseases of the genitourinary system - inguinal. The lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity increase against the background of gastrointestinal diseases, including with exacerbation of chronic diseases. The only specific symptom of lymphadenopathy is swollen lymph nodes.

Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of the lymph node. If lymphadenopathy is not a disease and therefore does not require treatment, lymphadenitis is very dangerous. With an inflammatory process, the lymph node noticeably increases, the skin around it turns red, pain appears on palpation and at rest. The causes of lymphadenitis are any infectious diseases of organs located near the affected lymph node. The infection enters the lymph nodes with the flow of lymph in the case when they are unable to cope with cleansing the lymph due to the large number of pathogenic bacteria and toxic compounds.

The causes of lymphadenitis are predominantly bacterial, the disease can cause:

• staphylococcus;
• streptococcus;
• pneumococcus;
• pale treponema;
• koch's wand.

All of these bacteria cause inflammatory diseases. Treponema pale is the causative agent of syphilis, Koch's bacillus is a mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Treatment of lymph in this case consists in taking antibacterial agents. The drugs are selected by the doctor after conducting a series of appropriate tests to accurately identify the causative agent of the disease.

It should be remembered that with pathologies of the lymph nodes, it is important not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also the disease that caused the inflammation or enlargement of the organs of the lymphatic system.

Lymphomas

Lymphomas are groups of diseases of the lymphatic tissue. They are divided into two types - Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis) is a malignant pathology of the lymphatic system with rapid progression and difficult treatment. The disease is asymptomatic for a long time. An increase in sentinel lymph nodes without any other ailments and signs can be a sign of pathology. This disease is treated with radiation and chemotherapy. In advanced cases, the disease can be cured only by bone marrow transplantation. Due to the absence of specific symptoms at an early stage, the pathology is characterized by a high probability of death.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are also called lymphosarcomas. In fact, it is a benign tumor of lymphoid tissue that spreads from one pathological focus throughout the entire lymphatic system. The first symptom of the disease is an enlargement of one or more superficial lymph nodes and general malaise. As a rule, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are quite successfully treated, but timely diagnosis and therapy is important here. Any benign lymphoma has some risk of malignancy.

Lymphomas are diagnosed with a biochemical blood test. Since no one is immune from this disease, it is recommended to take a blood test annually.

Lymphostasis

At the initial stage of lymphostasis, lymphatic drainage massage shows high efficiency

The definition of lymphostasis is the accumulation of fluid with a high protein content in the lower or upper extremities. Pathology develops as a result of a violation of the outflow of lymph due to damage to the lymphatic vessels, removal of lymph nodes or oncopathologies.

The disease usually affects the lower extremities. The development of lymphostasis of the hands is associated mainly with mastectomy.

Typical symptoms of the disease:

• severe swelling of the affected limb;
• a noticeable increase in the affected leg or arm in volume;
• pain during exertion;
• disorders of tissue trophism.

The disease greatly impairs the patient's quality of life and is difficult to treat. The initial forms of lymphostasis are treated with lymphatic drainage massage and wearing special compression hosiery to prevent hyperextension of the lymphatic vessels. Severe forms of pathology do not respond to treatment. In these cases, lymphostasis leads to elephantiasis and disability.

Thus, the lymphatic system is an important part of the body, and the lymph is its main instrument. Pathologies of the lymphatic system are very dangerous, therefore, they require timely treatment. Lymph can be checked by a blood test, which doctors recommend taking annually, even if there are no symptoms.