What measures ECG. ECG Hearts (Electrocardiography)

Electrocardiography (ECG) is an instrumental diagnostic method that allows you to assess the work of the heart and displays the quality of electrical pulses. The result is displayed on paper. This method is used already long enough and remains basic in the diagnosis of heart disease. Its popularity is that it is absolutely harmless, there are no contraindications to its use, as well as its holding you need only a few minutes.

You need to pass the cardiogram to each, regardless of whether there is a complaint or not. That is, the ECG is carried out during a regular preventive inspection once a year, also under certain complaints and symptoms in patients.

For example, you can note:

Also, when applying for patient specialists, over 40 years of age is be directly sent to the ECG. It should be noted that it is often important to pass this study to patients with diabetes and rheumatism, it is quite often an ECG during pregnancy and childbirth, before conducting various surgical operations also explore the work of the heart.

If the infarction or stroke was transferred before, the ECG should be done often to control the performance of the heart.

ECG

A cardiogram of a healthy person consists of such elements as:

• The teeth are a convex or concave element;
• Segment is a part of a line that is located between two teeth;
• The interval is an element consisting of a tooth and segment.

Decoding ECG

ECG decryption plan

There is a specific scheme according to which the doctor decrypts the results of the ECG. Namely, 4 main indicators analyzes:

Regularity and heart rate

In order to estimate the regularity, that is, the correctness of the rhythm, the doctor assesses the duration of R-R, which should be between the next cycles. Namely, a healthy person should have the duration of the same, the difference may be within 10%. All situations that derive beyond this rule are diagnosed as incorrect or irregular heart rhythm.

With the right rhythm for calculating the heart rate, the duration of the R-R interval is divided into 60 (seconds).

If the rhythm is incorrect, then the doctor considers how much ventricular complexes manifested for a certain amount of time. And thus calculates the frequency of the rhythm.

Rhythm source

When analyzing the excitation source is estimated, as the impulse according to PP and LP. This is imposed by the type of teeth R. at normal condition it is positive, rounded, is located in front of QRS. In pathological conditions, this tooth has a pointed shape, as well as it can be split.

In the atrial rhythm P, it may be negative (ІІ, ІІІ), and QRs unchanged. If the rhythms come from the AV-node, then the P may not manifest itself, that is, merge with the ventricular complex. And also if the impulse first reaches the ventricles and then to the atrium, then the teeth of the negative view after the QRS complex. The complex is not changed.

If the ventricular rhythm is manifested, then the QRS does not have communication, while the complex is expanded and deformed.

In order to evaluate the conductive system, the doctor must calculate:

If the indicators of the duration of teeth and intervals increase, it means that the pulse passing is slowed down.

Electric axis heart

You can calculate the EOS position graphically. For this, the algebraic amount of the amplitudes of all elements of the QRS complex in I and III leads are calculated. These leads are located in the frontal plane. The indicator that turned out is deposited on the appropriate axis (positive or negative type) and in the appropriate assignment to the conventional coordinate system.

Electric axis heart

You can also use another way. The angle is determined. These measurements are carried out in 2 principles. The first is that the maximum value of the algebraic amount of the QRS complex is registered in the assignment, which corresponds to the location of the EOS. The average value is postponed in the same assignment. The second principle is that RS with an algebraic amount equal to zero is recorded in the assignment, which is perpendicular to the EOS.

Determination of the head of the heart around the longitudinal axis, which conditionally passes through the upper heart of the heart and its base is to determine the configuration of the ventricular complex in breasts. This is explained by the fact that these axes are horizontal. To determine rotation, the QRS complex is estimated in the V6 assignment.

Violation of conductivity

Violation of conductivity is blockades that can manifest themselves at different stages of the conductive system. This violation can manifest in 3 degrees. 1 is when impulses pass, but with a delay. 2 - Only part of the pulses is performed at this stage. 3 is a complete blockade, while the impulse does not pass at all.

On the electrocardiogram 1 degree rarely manifests itself.

Blockade Heart

With a synoyauricular blockade of 2 degrees, a pause may occur, which in duration occupies 2 cycles. That is, the full PQRST complex falls.

Atrioventricular blockade. At 1 degree, the deceleration of PQ is manifested, the duration of this interval may increase to 0.2 sec. And the QRS ventricular complex does not change, it can deform if the conductivity is slowed down at all legs of Gis at the same time.

With 2 degrees of AU blockade, the prong P is manifested regularly, but the QRS complex is missing for it (the PQ interval is also missing). The ventricular complex is manifested with regularity once, through 2-3 Tassess R. This means that the number of atrial abbreviations is much more than cutting the ventricles.

Heart Blockers on ECG

3 The degree of AV-blockade on the ECG looks like a separation of the teeth P and QRS complex, that is, there is no interval PQ.

If the proximal form is manifested, the QRS is not changed, and with distal form it manifests itself expansion and deformation.

Reading teeth

Teeth P is this element indicates depolarization of PP and LP. Norma p positive.

Teeth Q reflects the depolarization of the interventricular partition. This element has a negative view. Its normal size is considered to be ¼ from the teeth R, the duration of its 0.3 seconds. If it is increased, this may indicate myocardial diseases.

Tusk R - This element shows the depolarization of the top of the heart. The reading of this teeth gives information about the activity of ventricular walls. Teeth R should be the same in all leads, if not, it may mean, the presence of hypertrophy of a PJ or LV.

Teeth s has a negative view. Its size is about 2 mm. Teeth S shows the final process of depolarization of the PJ and LV.

Teeth t reflects the repolarization of ventricles, that is, the process of their extinction. It has a positive look, but in the brand VR is negative. If this prong is changed, this may indicate the presence of hyperkalemia or hypochalemia.

The PQ interval is an element that consists of the end of P and the beginning of Q. It shows a complete process of depolarization of the atria and the spread of the pulse on the Av-node and the Gis beam. PQ duration is 0.12-0.18 sec.

The Qt interval is estimated by calculating it by the formula, that is, a fixed coefficient is set to the duration of the R-R interval. For men, the coefficient becomes 0.37, and for women - 0.40.

ECG Norma in Adults

It should be noted that when conducting an ECG, the rate of heart rate becomes 60-90 beats per minute. The duration of R-R intervals is the same, the deviation may be within 10%. Norms for adults:

Electrocardiography is considered the simplest method of determining the quality of the heart, both in the norm and pathology. The essence of this method consists in catching up and fixing the electrical pulses of the hearts arising from its operation.

But in order to determine the degree of violation, it is necessary to decipher the ECG of the ECG, since the fixation of the specified pulses is performed using a specific graphic image over a certain time.

Indications for the implementation of the ECG:

1. In preventive purposes;
2. Directional determination of the frequency of cutting of the heart muscle and the rhythm of the body;
3. Determination of acute and chronic heart failure;
4. Identification of various conduction disorders inside the heart;
5. In order to determine the physical condition of the heart;
6. Diagnostics ;
7. Obtaining information about pathologies arising outside the heart (for example, full or partial).

Principles of ECG decryption

On the electrocardiogram, three main indicators are schematically depicted:

1. Teeth - bulges with a sharp angle, directed up or down and denote P, Q, R, S, T;
2. Segments - are the distance between nearby teeth;
3. The interval is the interval, including the prong, and the segment.

Thanks to the above indicators, the cardiologist determines the level of reduction and restoration of the heart muscle. In addition to the indicators, during the electrocardiogram, the electrical axis of the heart can be determined, which indicates the approximate location of the organ in the chest cavity. The latter depends on the constitution of human body and chronic pathology. The electrical axis of the heart can be: normal, vertical and horizontal.

Main indicators ECG decryption

When decoding, the norms will be as follows:

1. The distance between the R and R and R should be smooth all over the cardiogram;
2. The intervals between PQRST should be from 120 to 200 m / s, graphically is determined by 2-3 squares. This is an indicator of the passage of the impulse in all heart departments from the atria to the ventricles;
3. The interval between Q and S testifies to the passage of the ventricular pulse (60-100 m / s);
4. The duration of the contractile ability of the ventricles is determined using Q and T, normally 400-450 m / s;

With the slightest shift from the specified parameters, you can judge the beginning or development of the pathological process in the heart muscle. Especially expressed such parameters are changed in rheumatism.

It should also be noted that in some cases the ECG standards of decryption may change slightly due to the presence of some violations that are considered the norm, since their presence does not affect the development of heart failure (for example, respiratory arrhythmia). It is important to note that for ECG decryption in adults, the norm can be represented in different tables describing the passage rate between the elements of the cardiogram.

ECG decryption in adults rate in the table

ECG Decryption Norm Table

Such tables are an official document to determine possible pathological changes in the heart muscle.

Video: ECG decoding

Electrocardiography is one of the most common and most informative methods for diagnosing a huge number of diseases. ECG suggests a graphical display of electrical potentials that are formed in the working heart. Removing the indicators and their mapping is carried out by means of special devices - electrocardiographs, which are constantly being improved.

Table of contents:

As a rule, 5 teeth are recorded during the study: P, Q, R, S, T. In some moments, it is possible to fix the unobthewable wave U.

Electrocardiography allows you to identify the following indicators, as well as variants of deviations from reference values:

• Heart rate (pulse) and the regularity of myocardial cuts (you can identify arrhythmias and extrasystoles);
• Violations in the heart muscle of acute or chronic character (in particular, under ischemia or infarction);
• metabolic disorders of the main compounds with electrolytic activity (K, Ca, Mg);
• irrational conductivity;
• hypertrophy of the departments of the heart (atrial and ventricles).

Note: When used in parallel with the cardiophone, the electrocardiograph provides the ability to remotely determine some of the acute diseases of the heart (the presence of ischemia or infarction sites).

ECG is an essential screening technique when identifying the IBS. Valuable information provides electrocardiography at t. N. "Load samples".

Insulated or in the complex with other diagnostic techniques, the ECG is often used in the study of cognitive (thought) processes.

Important: The electrocardiogram is necessarily removed during the dispensarization, regardless of the age and the general condition of the patient.

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ECG: testimony

There are a number of pathologies of the cardiovascular system and other organs and systems under which an electrocardiographic study is prescribed. These include:

• angina;
• myocardial infarction;
• reactive arthritis;
• per- and myocarditis;
• nodular periaryitis;
• arrhythmias;
• acute renal failure;
• diabetic nephropathy;
• sclerodermia.

Under the hypertrophy of the right ventricle, the amplitude of the teeth S in leads V1-V3 increases, which may be an indicator of symmetric pathology from the left ventricle.

In the hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the prog r in the left pectoral leads is pronounced and its depth is increased in V1-V2 leads. The electrical axis is either horizontal, or rejected on the left side, but often it can fit the norm. For the QRS complex, the form qR or R. is characteristic of the V6

Note: This pathology is often accompanied by secondary changes in the heart muscle (dystrophy).

For hypertrophy of the left atrium, a rather significant increase in the PC (to indicators of 0.11-0.14 c) is characterized. It acquires "dugorby" outlines in the left breasts and leads I and II. In rare clinical cases, there is some teeth flattening, and the duration of the internal deviation P exceeds 0.06 C in leads I, II, V6. Among the most prognostically reliable evidence of this pathology is the increase in the negative phase of the R insertion v1.

For hypertrophy of the right atrium, an increase in the amplitude of the PC (over 1.8-2.5 mm) in leads II, III, AVF is characteristic. This teeth acquires the characteristic nuclear outlines, and the electrical axis p is installed vertically or has some shift to the right.

The compound hypertrophy of the atrium is characterized by parallel expansion of the Tusque P and an increase in its amplitude. In some clinical cases, such changes are noted as pointedness P in leads II, III, AVF and the splitting of the vertices in I, V5, V6. In the assignment V1 occasionally fixed the increase in both phases of the R.

For the defects of the hearts formed during intrauterine development, a significant increase in the amplitude of the P in the V1-V3 leads.

In patients with severe form of chronic pulmonary heart with emphysematous lesion of the lungs, as a rule, the S-type of ECG is determined.

Important: Combined hypertrophy of two ventricles at once is infrequently determined at electrocardiography, especially if hypertrophy is uniform. In this case, pathological signs have a property to be mutually compensated.

With the "premature excitation syndrome excitement" on the ECG, the width of the QRS complex increases and the R-R interval becomes shorter. Delta wave that affects the increase in the QRS complex is formed as a result of early increase in the activity of the sections of the heart muscle of the ventricles.

The blockages are due to the termination of the electrical pulse on one of the sections.

Pulse conductivity disorders manifest themselves to the ECG change in the shape and an increase in the size of the teeth P, and with an intrahertobral blockade - an increase in QRS. The atrial stomach blockade can be characterized by the loss of individual complexes, an increase in the range of P-Q, and in the most severe cases - the total absence of communication between QRS and R.

Important: The synoyatrial blockade manifests itself to the ECG rather bright picture; It is characterized by the complete absence of a PQRST complex.

In case of violations of the heart rate, the evaluation of the data of electrocardiography is carried out on the analysis base and comparison of intervals (inter- and intracyclical) for 10-20 seconds or even longer.

An important diagnostic value in the diagnosis of arrhythmias has the direction and shape of the teeth P, as well as the QRS complex.

Myocardial dystrophy

This pathology is visible only in some leads. It is manifested by changes from the side of T. T. as a rule, its pronounced inversion is observed. In some cases, a significant deviation from the normal RST line is recorded. A pronounced dystrophy of the heart muscle often manifests itself a pronounced decrease in the amplitude of the KRS and R. teeth.

If the patient develops an attack of angina, then a noticeable decrease (depression) RST is fixed on an electrocardiogram, and in some cases inversion of T. These changes to the ECG reflect the ischemic processes in the intramural and subendocardial layers of the heart muscle of the left ventricle. These areas are the most demanding bloodgrowth.

Note: The short-term rise of the RST segment is a characteristic feature of the pathology known as the printecalla angina.

Approximately 50% of patients in the intervals between the attacks of the angina changes to the ECG may not be registered at all.

At the same time, the threatening life of the state of the electrocardiogram makes it possible to obtain information about the extensity of the lesion, its accurate location and depth. In addition, the ECG allows you to track the pathological process in the dynamics.

Morphologically, it is made to highlight three zones:

• central (zone of necrotic changes of myocardial tissue);
• the surrounding hearth zone of pronounced heart muscle dystrophy;
• the peripheral zone of pronounced ischemic changes.

All changes that are reflected on the ECG dynamically change according to the stage of development of myocardial infarction.

Dzormonic myocardiodistrophy

Myocardium dystrophy, due to a sharp change in the patient's hormonal background, as a rule, manifest itself by changing the direction (inversions) of the T. T. Significantly less often there are depressive changes in the RST complex.

Important: The degree of severity of changes over time can vary. Pathological changes recorded on ECG only in rare cases are conjugate with such clinical symptoms as pain in the chest area.

To distinguish the manifestations of the CHD from the myocardial dystrophy against the background of hormonal imbalance, cardiologists practice tests using such pharmacological products such as β-adrenoreceptor blockers and potassium-containing medicines.

Changes in electrocardiogram indicators on the background of the patient's admission of certain drugs

Changes in the ECG picture may receive the following PLS:

• preparations from a group of diuretics;
• funds related to cardiac glycosides;
• Amiodaron;
• County.

In particular, if the patient takes drugs in the remedy (glycosides) in the recommended doses, the relief of tachycardia (rapid serticiation) is determined and the decrease in the Q-T interval. The "smoothing" of the RST segment and the shortening of T. Overdose by glycosides is also not excluded, manifested by such serious changes as arrhythmia (ventricular extrasystoles), Av-blockade and even threatening life of the state - ventricular fibrillation (requires immediate resuscitation measures).

Pathology determines the excessive increase in the load on the right ventricle, and leads to its oxygen starvation and rapidly increasing changes of a dystrophic nature. In such situations, the patient is diagnosed with a sharp pulmonary heart. In the presence of thromboembolism of pulmonary arteries, the blockade of the branches of the beam of Gisa is not uncommon.

The ECG is recorded by the rise of the RST segment in parallel in leads III (sometimes in AVF and V1,2). There is an inversion of T in leads III, AVF, V1-V3.

Negative dynamics increases rapidly (pass a few minutes), and progression is observed within 24 hours. With a positive dynamics, characteristic symptoms gradually stopped for 1-2 weeks.

Early reolarization of heart ventricles

For this deviation, the displacement of the RST complex is touched from the T. N. Isolastic. Another characteristic feature is the presence of a specific wave of transition to teeth R or S. These changes on the electrocardiogram are not yet associated with any way of myocardial pathology, therefore consider the physiological norm.

Pericarditis

Acute inflammation of the pericardium is manifested by a significant unidirectional climb of the RST segment in any leads. In some clinical cases, the displacement may be discordant.

Myocarditis

The inflammation of the heart muscle is noticeably on the ECG deviations from the side of the T. T. They may vary from the decline in the catch to the inversion. If a cardiologist with potassium-containing agents or β-adrenoblockers is carried out in parallel with the cardiologist, then the Tuscom T maintains a negative position.

Electrocardiography - method of diagnosing myocardial state. This article will discuss the ECG regulations in children, adults and women during pregnancy. In addition, the reader learns what cardiography is, how to make an ECG, which is the conversion of the cardiogram.

Questions that will occur during the reading of the article can be asked to specialists with online form.

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Electrocardiography - a method used to register electrical currents that occur during the cardiac abbreviation and relaxation. An electrocardiograph is used to conduct a study. With this device, it is possible to fix the electrical pulses that come from the heart and convert them into a graphic pattern. This image is called an electrocardiogram.

Electrocardiography reveals violations in the work of the heart, the malfunction in the functioning of myocardium. In addition, after deciphering the results of the electrocardiogram, some of the extraimatic diseases can be detected.

How does an electrocardiograph work?

The electrocardiograph consists of a galvanometer, amplifiers and a registrar. Weak electrical impulses that occur in the heart are read by electrodes, after which they are enhanced. Then the galvanometer receives data on the character of the pulses and transmits them to the recorder. Graphic images are applied to the recorder for special paper. Charts are called cardiograms.

How do ECG?

Make electrocardiography on the established rules. Below is the ECG removal order:

• A person relieves metal decorations, removes clothes with the legs and from the top of the body, after which it takes a horizontal position.
• The doctor processes the contacts of the electrodes of the electrodes with the skin, after which the electrodes are imposed in certain locations on the body. Further, fixes electrodes on the body with clips, suction cups and bracelets.
• The doctor's electrodes attach to the cardiograph, after which the impulses are recorded.
• A cardiogram is recorded, which is the result of electrocardiography performed.

Separately, it should be said about the leads used in the ECG. The leads are used as follows:

• 3 standard leads: One of them is located between the right and left hands, the second - between the left foot and the right hand, the third - between the left foot and the left hand.
• 3 leads from limb with enhanced character.
• 6 assignments located on the chest.

In addition, additional leads can be used if necessary.

After the cardiogram is recorded, it is necessary to produce its decoding. This will be discussed further.

Cardiogram decoding

Conclusions about diseases are made on the basis of the parameters of the heart obtained after deciphering the cardiogram. Below is the procedure for decoding ECG:

1. The rhythm of the heart and the conductivity of myocardium is analyzed. For this, the regularity of the reductions of the heart muscle and the frequency of myocardial cuts is estimated, the source of excitation is determined.
2. The regularity of cardiac abbreviations is determined as follows: the R-R intervals are measured between the heart cycles running each other. If the measured R-R intervals are the same, then after the regularity of the heart muscle contractions are concluded. If the duration of R-R intervals is different, then conclude the irregularity of heart abbreviations. If a person has an irregular myocardial cuts, then conclude about the presence of arrhythmia.
3. The cardiac frequency is determined by a specific formula. If the heart rate in humans exceeds the norm, then make a conclusion about the presence of tachycardia, if a person has a frequency of abbreviations below the norm, then conclude about the presence of bradycardia.
4. The point from which the excitation proceeds is determined as follows: the movement of the reduction in the atrium cavities is estimated and the relationship of the teeth R to the ventricles is established (according to the QRS complex). The nature of the heart rhythm depends on the source that causes the occurrence of excitation.

The following characters of heart rhythms are observed:

1. The sinusoidal character of the rhythm of the heart, in which the teeth of the R in the second assignment are positive and are located in front of the QRS ventricular complex, and the progls of P in the same assignment have an indistinguishable form.
2. The atrial rhythm of the character of the heart, in which the teeth R in the second and in the third leads are negative and are in front of the unnecessary QRS complexes.
3. The ventricular nature of the heart rhythm, in which the deformation of QRS complexes is observed and the loss of communication between QRS (complex) and Zubets

The conductivity of the heart is defined as follows:

1. The measurements of the length of the prong-p, the length of the PQ interval and the QRS complex are estimated. Excess the normal duration of the PQ interval indicates too low the speed in the corresponding heart conductive department.
2. The turns of myocardium around the longitudinal, transverse, front and rear axles are analyzed. For this, the position of the electrical axis of the heart in the overall plane is estimated, after which the heart turns are set on a particular axis.
3. An atrial prigning of R. It is analyzed for this assess the amplitude of the zetern P, the measurement of the duration of the R. token after determines the shape and polarity of the Zub R.
4. The ventricular complex is analyzed - for this, the QRS complex is estimated, the RS-T segment, the Qt interval, T. T.

During the assessment of the QRS complex, the following are: determine the characteristics of the teeth Q, S and R, compare the amplitude values \u200b\u200bof the K, S and Rs in a similar assignment and amplitude values \u200b\u200bof R / Rs in various leads.

At the time of estimation of the RS-T segment, determine the nature of the displacement of the RS-T segment. The offset may be horizontally, cosonizing and oscillation.

For a period of analyzing the tissue, the nature of polarity, amplitude and shape determine. The QT interval is measured by time from the beginning of the QRT complex to the end of T. T. When assessing the Qt interval, the following are taken: Analyze the interval from the initial point of the QRS complex to the end point of the prong-t. To calculate the Qt interval, a prizep formula is used: the QT interval is equal to the product of the R-R interval and a constant coefficient.

The coefficient for Qt depends on the floor. For men, a permanent coefficient is 0.37, and for women - 0.4.

The conclusion is made, and the results are summarized.

In conclusion, the ECG specialist concludes about the frequency of the contractile function of myocardium and the heart muscle, as well as the source of initiation and the nature of the heart rate and other indicators. In addition, an example of the description and characteristics of the teeth p, the QRS complex, the RS-T segment, the Qt interval, T. T.

Based on the conclusion, it is concluded that the person has heart diseases or other ailments of internal organs.

Norms of electrocardiogram

A table with ECG results has a visual view consisting of rows and columns. In the 1-ocstolbce, the lines are listed: cardiac rhythm, examples of abbreviation frequency, Qt intervals, examples of the displacement characteristics of the axis, the indicators of the r, PQ indicators, examples of the QRS indicator. It is equally carried out in adults, children and pregnant women ECG, the rate is different.

The ECG norm in adults is presented below:

• healthy rhythm in a healthy adult: sinus;
• scientifier R in a healthy adult: 0.1;
• the frequency of abbreviations of the heart muscle in a healthy adult person: 60 shots per minute;
• qRS indicator in a healthy adult: from 0.06 to 0.1;
• qt indicator in a healthy adult: 0.4 or less;
• rR Indicator in a healthy adult: 0.6.

In the case of observation in an adult person, deviations from the norm is concluded about the presence of the disease.

The rate of cardiogram indicators in children is presented below:

• scientifier R in a healthy child: 0.1 or less;
• the frequency of abbreviations of the heart muscle in a healthy child: 110 or less blows per minute in children up to 3 years, 100 or less blows per minute in children under 5 years old, no more than 90 blows per minute in children in adolescence;
• qRS indicator for all children: from 0.06 to 0.1;
• qt indicator for all children: 0.4 or less;
• pQ indicator in all children: if a child is less than 14 years old, then an example of a PQ indicator is 0.16, if a child is from 14 to 17 years old, then the PQ indicator is 0.18, after 17 years, the normal PQ is 0.2.

If children have no deviations from the norm when deciphering the ECG, then you should not immediately begin treatment. Some heart impairments pass in children with age.

But children can be congenital heart disease. To determine whether the child born cardiac pathology will have, it is possible at the stage of development of the fetus. For this purpose, they make electrocardiography to women during pregnancy.

The rate of indicators of the electrocardiogram in women during pregnancy is presented below:

• cardiac rhythm in a healthy adult child: sinus;
• in all healthy women during pregnancy: 0.1 or less;
• the frequency of abbreviations of the heart muscle in all healthy women during pregnancy: 110 or less blows per minute in children under 3 years old, 100 or less blows per minute in children under 5 years old, no more than 90 blows per minute in children in adolescence;
• qRS indicator in all future mothers during pregnancy: from 0.06 to 0.1;
• qt indicator for all future mothers during pregnancy: 0.4 or less;
• pQ in all future mothers during pregnancy: 0.2.

It is worth noting that in different periods of pregnancy, the ECG indicators can be somewhat different. In addition, it should be noted that the implementation of the ECG during pregnancy is safe for a woman, and for a developing fetus.

Additionally

It is worth saying that under certain circumstances, electrocardiography can give an inaccurate picture of human health.

If, for example, a person in front of the ECG has exposed to heavy physical exertion, then an erroneous picture can be displayed when deciphering the cardiogram.

This is explained by the fact that during physical exertion, the heart begins to work other than at rest. During physical exertion, heartbeat is rapidly, some changes in the rhythm of myocardium can be observed, which is not observed alone.

It is worth noting that at work myocardium does not affect physical loads, but also emotional loads. Emotional loads, as well as physical load, violate the normal course of myocardium.

In a state of rest, heart rhythm is normalized, heartbeat levels, so before electrocardiography, it is necessary to be at rest at least 15 minutes.

Electrocardiography is a procedure during which the activities of the heart muscle are studying on the basis of electrical signals. Today it is one of the most sought-after methods for determining cardiological pathologies. In almost every ambulance brigade, there is a modern portable apparatus, called a mobile electrocardiograph. Its timely use saved many lives, allowing you to provide emergency assistance within a few minutes.

What is the heart cardiogram show? Through the ECG, it is possible to unmistakably identify a number of acute heart pathologies, such as pulmonary thromboembolism, a large-scale myocardial infarction. Based on the results of the cardiogram, an experienced specialist can determine a further course of therapy.

The first apparatus for recording the electrical activity of the heart was invented invented in the 70s of the XIX century. It was applied for the first time for practical purposes A. Waller - an English inventor. Today, after 150 years, ECG has kept the initial principle of operation based on the record of electrical impulses.

Their fixation occurs on special paper ribbons. The result of the study is an electrocardiogram, the decoding of which must be engaged in the diagnostician, using the set of regulatory indicators in its work, allowing to accurately determine the deviations in the heart of the heart. The modern electrocardiogram shows the following data:

• time intervals between cardiac abbreviations;
• height of peak increase;
• information about the age of the patient;
• availability / lack of aggressive moments.

Certain changes to the ECG are observed in pregnant women. This is due to the fact that in this period there is a displacement of the internal organs in the female organism. A similar process affects the heart, reflecting on the data of the electrocardiogram. Therefore, to decipher the electrocardiogram of the heart, it is necessary to take into account changes occurring during pregnancy. If a bad cardiogram is detected in late launches of the fetus, the daily monitoring is performed, due to which the specialists can prevent the development of complications.

How to prepare for ECG

By writing the direction to the cardiogram, the doctor is obliged to instruct a patient regarding all nuances of preparation for this study. Follow the medical recommendations is very important, since otherwise it is possible to obtain incorrect readings. So, for the passage of the procedure requires the following preparation:

• the day before the study, alcohol and energy drinks cannot be used;
• smoking should be stopped at least 3 hours before the procedure;
• avoid serious physical activity before the passage of ECG;
• not to experience stress;
• do not use medicines affecting heart activity;

• do not drink coffee at least 2 hours before the study;
• it is best to perform a cardiogram on an empty stomach.

It should be remembered that the ECG may show the erroneous presence of pathologies if the patient experienced experiences or emotional overvoltages on the eve of the procedure. Therefore, before performing the study, it is necessary to calm down, relax and sit in the corridor in such a state about 10-15 minutes.

How do heart cardiogram

The electrocardiograph is present in each clinic and hospital, and therefore it is usually not difficult to go through this procedure. Research can only be an experienced and specially trained health worker. At the same time, the following steps are performed:

1. The patient undresses up to the belt, removes the shoes and falls on his back, on the couch.
2. The nurse lubricates certain places on the body with a special solution.
3. Next, electrodes with wires of different colors are installed. The correctness of the results obtained largely depends on the accuracy of their location.
4. The device is turned on and starts to read sensor indicators. In this case, the patient should not move and dimly breathe.

Features Professional Cardiogram Decryption

Many patients wish to have at least the slightest idea of \u200b\u200bthe features of decrypting ECG results. But for understanding all the nuances of the cardiogram, a special education is necessary. The cardiologist sets the duration of the intervals between the indicators, which allows to accurately determine the patient's health status. At the same time, a number of moments are taken into account:

1. Initially, it is necessary to figure out the age of the patient and its sexuality, because for each age group there are indicators of ECG. Men and women also have differences in the work of the cardiovascular system.
2. Cardiac data data is determined by the interval arising between the upper points R (the so-called "interval R-R").
3. The duration of each heart shock is determined. To do this, use several cardiogram keys, which are marked with Latin letters. Those of them, which are located below the midline, are considered negative, and they are positive over it. In total, 6 teeth are distinguished, and each reflects the functioning of a specific cardiac department:

• P - allows in the dynamics to trace the process of developing electrical signals in the muscles atrial. The diagnosis of this teeth is aimed at studying its amplitude, form, polarity and duration (length of the P-Q interval).
• Q. Required to determine the difference in potentials resulting from the contraction of the muscles of the interventricular partition.
• When cutting the muscles of the left ventricle, changes can be observed in the electrical activity of the tissues. Track the degree of pathology succeeded in teeth R.
• The position of Tauster T is indicated about the start of the rehabilitation process and return to the initial values \u200b\u200bof electrical potentials.
• The value of the teeth u is usually not taken into account when deciphering the cardiogram. This indicator indicates a late stage of restoration of initial electrical potentials in the heart muscle.

1. The Qt interval is used to detect ischemic disease. With its elongation, a specialist arises suspicion of myocarditis, ischemia or rheumatism.
2. The angle of alpha allows you to identify the position of the electrical axis of the organ. Through it, it is possible to estimate the degree of changes in bioelectric changes in the heart muscles.
3. At the last stage, the interval ST. This segment is necessary to measure the degree of depolarization of the heart muscle.

To determine the dynamics of the disease, a comparison of several ECG patients performed for a certain period is carried out. This approach is also used to determine the effectiveness of certain drugs in the treatment of heart diseases in running stages.

Norms and deviations

In a healthy person, a cardiogram has the following indicators:

• the angle of alpha, showing the position of the electrical axis of the organ, is in the range from 40 to 70 degrees;
• pulse in the range of 60-80 jogs per minute;
• cardiac rhythm is supported by a sinus node;
• the tops of the teeth s and q are located below the neutral line;
• the prong r is always higher than S;
• qt interval does not go beyond the range of 380-450 ms;
• the peaks of the teeth R, T, P are above the level of the ordinary line;

• the QRS point complex has a length of more than 120 ms;
• the interval of ST does not go beyond the limits of the ordinary line.

Thus, before deciphering the heart cardiogram on its own, it is necessary to have not only knowledge, but also significant experience. A specialist will be able to detect the slightest deviations in the work of the body on the basis of the cardiogram and determine the degree of pathological process.

Pathologies that can be identified independently

Despite the complexity of the decryption of the cardiogram, there are a number of nuances that can notice and not a specialist. But for this you need to know how the indicators look normally. In this case, the pathological process can be identified according to the following data:

1. Changes in the shape and height of the Zube Q says about the malfunctions in the work of myocardium.
2. If R teeth has too pointed vertex or an increased height, this indicates the hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
3. Sign of atrial hypertrophy is an extended prong of R.
4. If the segment R-ST has significant deviations from the isoline, ischemia is diagnosed.
5. If the PQ interval is increased, the development of an atrioventricular blockade is possible.
6. With elevated ST on the insulance, the threat of a heart attack arises. The reduced figure indicates ischemic disease.

To obtain a number of readings, an electrocardiographic ruler is necessary. This tool allows measuring intervals, determining the slightest malfunctions in the heart rhythm.

What does a heart attack look like on a cardiogram?

The emergence of myocardial infarction occurs against the background of the development of ischemic disease. With a given disease, there is a significant narrowing of the inner cavity of the coronary artery. And if it is not eliminated for twenty minutes, then the heart muscle is simply dying, due to the lack of oxygen and nutrition.

In such situations there is a significant threat to the patient's life. Therefore, if you suspect a heart attack, the patient is sent to the ECG, during which you can determine the location of the fabric. On the results of the cardiogram, the heart attack is displayed as follows:

• marked the increased intensity of heart pulsation;
• rush R takes smooth shapes against the background of the ST-cut raising (the total elevation is like a curved cat back);
• teeth formation T, which appears from the bottom from the midline.

Heart rhythm failures

This pathology is detected on the cardiogram in the form of the following deviations:

• the intensity of the pulsation of the organ increases, turning the line of 100 blows per minute, or slows down to 40-50;
• disorders appear in the movement of bioelectric impulses.

Hypertrophy of heart fabrics

When changing the conditions of heart functioning, it increases in volume. On the ECG, this process is detected by increasing bioelectric indicators, against the background of the symptoms of the development of oxygen starvation.

Description of cardiac rhythm on ECG results

The cardiogram is often present to the note of the doctor relating to the decryption of the rhythm of the heart. This is a very important indicator that allows you to identify a number of pathologies. Therefore, the main types of rhythm should be known to each patient. In modern cardiology, the following varieties of these indicators are distinguished:

What is a Holet method

This technique is recorded as "Hmm ECG" and involves the implementation of continuous long-term registration of an electrocardiogram. To do this, use a portable tape recorder that records the results on the magnetic tape. The procedure allows you to track disorders with a periodic appearance. Because of their non-permanent presence, the standard ECG may not detect pathology.

In addition, deviations may depend on a certain time interval and conditions. Therefore, the patient who is a Halter monitor is obliged to keep a diary, in which all sensations are recorded, time of wakefulness and recreation. Here is written any activity, as well as the manifestation of the disease.

The duration of the study depends on a number of factors. But most often it continues during the day (daily). Modern devices allow continuous diagnostics for three days. If the device implantation is carried out under the skin, then its work is significantly increased.

How to prepare for him?

The purpose of this procedure is widely used in the rhythm and heart conduction disorders, the nonsense flow of ischemia and angina. The Halter monitor is often installed with patients with a pacemaker, allowing you to control it.

The use of the device requires compliance with the following conditions:

Many have heard about the bike connected to the ECG apparatus, but not everyone passed a survey using such a design. This technique is used in hidden forms of insufficiency, when conductivity impairment and excitability are not detected on the usual ECG.

To test the work of the heart under load, a cyergometric sample is used. The load in this case can be both increasing and constant.
At the same time, the device continuously relieves the data on arterial pressure, pulse and a common reaction.

The maximum heart rate depends on the age and health status of the patient. For example, if for young people, a pulse is allowed in 180 shots per minute, then for the elderly, 120-130 beats will be the limit.

The purpose of a cyergometric sample is carried out in such cases:

• if necessary, refine the diagnosis of heart ischemia, conductivity disorders and rhythm (in hidden forms);
• to assess the effectiveness of therapy of ischemic disease;
• for the selection of permissible loads when rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction;
• to choose the most efficient course of therapy for the treatment of various heart pathologies.

ECG with a load can also include a number of contraindications, among which: stroke angina, suspected of the development of heart attack, aortic aneurysm.

The electrocardiogram of the heart is one of the main techniques to identify a number of heart diseases. It is used in cardiology for more than 150 years, retaining the initial principle of research.

Deciphering ECG results should be engaged in a specialist who has undergone certain training. But some types of deviations can identify an ordinary person familiar with the features of the cardiogram recording. Even if there are suspicions of a bad ECG, you need to consult with a cardiologist for your experiences.