Money is the essence, features and species. Money types and functions What are the money of money

Money is a universal means of exchanging various goods and services among themselves, as well as measure measurement. Just as in kilograms measure weight, in liter of liquid, the amount of money is measured by the value of a product and services, as well as the money is measured in money, or in a different value of various specialists. Money can be paper, metal, virtual.

And more money can be considered a product that has arisen in the process of exchange, and with amazing properties: low cost and high. They can be exchanged for travel, jewelry, food and different things. Although they themselves are not enough for themselves, and they can turn into insignificant pieces and worthless metal rounds in overnight, hitting the reform. The value of the state is attached to them. If the state cannot fulfill its obligations, for example, to return the debt to another state, pay the salary of budget employees, etc., as the value of money inevitably falls.

From the point of view of the ancient wise men, representatives of Feng Shui (energy sciences) money is the energy of tremendous power. It can be attracted and repelled. Accordingly, it is richer or poor. More often this happens unconsciously. Indeed, who would like to voluntarily become poorer? How to attract the energy of money, let's tell later.

There is also such a definition of money as evil or dirt. "Money - evil", "not in money happiness" - such well-known sayings convince people to fear wealth. This is a certain meaning. Money may well be evil. But not by themselves. Evil and dirty can be intentions, like these money to manage or how to get money, for example, to steal. Happiness money does not bring, but they make life better. When you have a lot of money, you can afford better treatment, leisure, clothes, cars, etc.

Money functions and their role in society

With the development of society, the role of money in it became complicated. In the modern world, this is part of economic relations, without which we cannot exist in our usual form. If you remove money from our life, then humanity will return in its development for several centuries ago. Without money, many professions will disappear, as people will be forced to engage in only the activities that will help them come down and do not die with hunger.

Now money is performed by many features:

1 Payment Tool. With the help of money, you can pay the goods as a momentary and later, taking it into debt. The amount of debt is expressed in monetary units.

2 Evaluation of people's labor. Rare specialists are added above. The work that many can perform is estimated below.

3 Equivalent cost of goods and services. Products have different envelopes, weight, volume, texture. And the money is a universal cost measure that allows you to fairly exchange one product to another.

4 Means for creating savings. Cash signs can be saved on the bank account, turn into gold and silver. Such a margin can be stored for a long time, it will not deteriorate, will not be "eaten by" inflation, and may even bring if you invest in mind.

5 Mediator in circulation of goods. With the advent of money, everything became easier, faster, because money is a universal product that can be exchanged for anything. In the era of natural exchange, it was necessary to look for a suitable product in the markets, even make a double-triple deal to replace one product to another. Now you can sell, for example, grain even to another country, having received money on the same day, and even prepayment - through the bank to the account of the organization. And immediately these money pay for the purchase of combiners in another city, listing the manufacturer's factory.

6 Interstate detergent. Money allows trading between countries. For example, Russia sells coal, gas and oil to the countries of Europe, and buying cars and equipment on the reversed dollars.

7 Money binds commodity producers among themselves and actively participate in economic relations. For example, a plant for the production of meat and sausage products buys raw materials, packaging material from other producers. The finished product goes to consumers. The product turns into money. The product itself comes out of circulation, the same sausage eat, and the money remains, making everything a new circuit - "money-product-money". Money allows producers to work further and develop, provide their employees with work and, accordingly, pay for labor.

For the money earned, he founded the Krasnodar football club, built one of the best stadiums in the country, and also helps financially children and youth football in the region. This is only a small part of the fact that Galitsky did for the city and the Krasnodar Territory as a whole, for which he is valued and respected, both representatives of power and ordinary citizens.

The history of the emergence of money

Nobody does not know when the money was formed. But it is believed that about 2-3 thousand years BC. The similarity of the generally accepted equivalent in the exchange of goods appeared. Initially, it was just a natural exchange: Goat - on a cow, a tool of labor - on meat and skins. But very soon this scheme ceased to seem mutually beneficial and fair. It was necessary to come up with a universal intermediary product when exchanging, which would be easy to exchange for other goods because of high demand for it.

And "money" appeared. They had their own people. In Germany, for example, cattle was used as money, in Mongolia - tea, in Peru and Bolivia - Pepper, in ancient Russia - skins of protein and kunitsa, in Mexico - sugar and beans. On some islands of the Pacific Ocean - stones.

Kauri seashells were used as commodity money in India, China, Africa. The first mentions occur to the middle of the II millennium BC.

To change, this is not very convenient intermediaries in the commodity exchange, metal came. First iron, then copper and bronze, tin and lead. And then people found universal metals for carrying out goods - gold and silver.

Precious metals have all the necessary properties:

• rarity because they are not as easy as iron or stones;
• economic divisibility, in contrast to the skins, which are cut into two parts, it is like throwing away;
• preservation, they do not spoil over time, such as fish, even if dried;
• relatively small sizes, that is, portability, unlike stones, which are difficult to drag;
• uniformity, that is, all the pieces can be made the same, unlike sheep, one of which can be restful to the other;
• Stability, that is, the constant value in contrast, for example, from livestock whose value may fall due to animal disease.

Initially, people simply weighed gold when exchanging it on the goods. Then simplified the task, putting the stamp on the metal, confirming a certain weight. Finally, the ingots began to give a certain form - the form of coins. And the amount performed the number marked on the coin. In the future, the states began to assume the function to certify the weight and reliability of the metal, confirming the definite stamp.

Who was the first to make coins from the metal, and will remain a mystery. Some sources claim that the first money was coins from copper in 18 V to AD. in China. Others argue that the Persian King Darius was the Persian king of Darius. Archaeologists have found more ancient coins of the mighty kingdom of Lydia from Malaya Asia. They were made of gold and silver alloy. Well, the most authoritative in the issue of money (drachma and tetradrakhma) and their designs are considered Alexander Macedonian.

The coins of the Lidiorsky Kingdom, Straighting in the Western Territory of modern Turkey.

From the history

The great commander and conqueror Alexander Macedonsky became famous not only by military victories, but also as a fashion legislator on the design of coins. Before coming to power, Alexander Macedonsky, every Greek city minted her money. Alexander introduced a single coin in the country. Released money from gold and silver, had a single weight and design. On the gold coins depicted the goddess of Athena. And on silver - Hercules in the lion's skin. Later, Macedonian himself was replaced by Macedonian himself. He was deified during his lifetime. Some coins were devoted to the special victories of the great commander. For example, during the battle with the Indian king fell a favorite horse of the commander Bucephal. But the victory was won. So the rare decadohm coin appeared. On one side, an attached king of India is depicted on an elephant, and on the other - Alexander on his battle horse.

Metal money, although not stones, weighed a lot to use are uncomfortable. After the invention of paper, the Chinese decided to make money and money. And in Europe, the first paper money was made in the Netherlands during the English-Spanish War. They were made of pressed paper on which the Bible was printed. After the end of the war, the money was seized from turnover.

And seriously and for a long time, paper money came to Switzerland in 1661. The first Swiss bank Yuhan Palmsk was the initiator of their release. Everything but ended with a scandal, because there was so much money was released that it was difficult to change them on gold and silver, they depreciated. I had to withdraw part of the turnover.

Paper money depreciated and in Russia, issued for the first time under Catherine the second, during the Russian-Turkish war. "Ate" their inflation. This is when the state, not believing with the existing trade, produces money more to cover its government spending. As a result, a lot of money, but a lot of goods, prices are growing together with demand for goods. And it turns out that the former amount of money to buy the former amounts of products and things is impossible. The attempt to introduce paper bills was in England during Napoleonic Wars, and in the United States during the war with Canada.

To make money from paper did not lose their purchasing power Great Britain introduced the Golden Standard in the 19th century. That is, each bill has a gold mine. All countries rapidly began to move on this standard, the national currencies became strong and reliable, they trusted people. That is, for example, $ 20 could be exchanged for one ounce (31.1 grams) of gold.

England itself and abandoned the Golden Standard in 30 years. It has not been profitable. During the First World War, during financial crises in countries, the economies of many powers shaken, the demand for gold has grown, and the national currency depreciated. But England still remained strong, like her pounds sterling. They began to buy other countries as a currency with a guarantee. England began to lose its own golden stock. The final refusal of the Golden Standard occurred in 1944. Due to military rules, money in many countries depreciated. Only the United States could offer a dollar as global currency. It was reliably provided with gold in a proportion of $ 35 per ounce. Such a course lasted until 1971.

Video: Galileo. The history of inventions. Money

Types of money

The money was held a large evolutionary path: from cattle to virtual analogues, which even feel impossible, for example, electronic money, cryptocurrency, etc. The essence of money, their functions, species changed with the development of commodity relations in society. At the beginning of its evolutionary path, of course, these were commercial money.

Commodity money

Commodity money is a real product-equivalent, the purchasing power of which is fully equal to the value inherent in this product. This is such a type of money that evolved from the essential items to luxury items, and then to gold and silver bars.

Initially, commodity money was salt, skins, tools, livestock, cattle, etc. By the way, the word "product" itself comes from the Turkic word "cattle". Homer estimated the cost of weapons in bulls, and in the ancient Russia, the supplies collector called "cots".

Then the commodity money became metal money. Their nominal value fully corresponded to the cost of the metal, from which they are inhibited - gold, silver, copper or bronze.

In the modern world, commercial money can be called any products that exchange in the barter process. Barter is the type of exchange in which money is not used, and the cost of goods independently evaluate the participants of the transaction.

From the history

An interesting experience of barter deals was from the Soviet Union. When no one had money, exchanged what they had. For example, for the small money, the USSR bought sugar-raw sugar from Brazil, then refined in Ukraine. Ready sugar exchanged oil in Siberia. This oil was changed in Mongolia to copper ore. And in Kazakhstan, copper ore was reworked into copper. And they sold copper in the global market for a very good price in dollars. Received high profits. The entire operation lasted about six months, had large risks, but ended with high results.

• as a souvenir or gift;
• to create and replenish the collection;
• For investment, that is, in order to sell later for a higher price.

People often wonder, and in the store, they say, you can pay such money? Of course, and quite officially for any product or service. But it is not profitable. The actual value of investment money is always higher than the nominal. For example, the Storublu Olympic bill can sell today collectors for 3000-5000 rubles. Golden coin "Matsesta", weighing 1 kg, issued in honor of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, has a denomination of 10 thousand rubles. And you can actually receive 2.4 million rubles.

Full money

Full money is all kinds of commodity money, including gold, silver and copper money, the nominal value of which indicated on the front side necessarily coincides with the market. That is, if the coin weighs one gram of gold, then the nominal value of it is the same as gram of gold on the market.

Full money, in fact, does not threaten: money from gold is not depreciated, but on the contrary grow in price. However, thanks to new rich fields, silver and copper, lost in price several times for their history. As a result, an industrially developed England has become the first country, which has become the "Gold Standard", and all others stretched behind it. That is, only gold coins began to be considered full-fledged money, and silver and copper moved into the discharge of defective. What is defective money, read on.

Now full money is used only in the form of a limited issue of collectible, anniversary coins. There is no wide use of this type of cash, and that's why:

• Money from precious metals require expensive production;
• Over time, such money wear out, lose their weight and their real value;
• The need for such money may not have time for the needs of the market, when the range of goods and services is growing and lacking payments for the turnover of goods and services;
• Not every country has its own deposits of precious metals, they had to buy them from other states.

Infectious money

Infectious money is substitutes for full-fledged money. These are such signs, the manufacture of which is much cheaper than the cost, which is in the face of the monetary sign. For example, the dollar, even if it is $ 100, is only 4 cents. That is, to make 100 dollar bills need to spend only 4 cents. Thus, the dollar, as well as the ruble, is defective money.

In defective money can be divided into three groups:

• paper;
• metal;
• credit.

The first paper money, according to many specialists, appeared in China. In Russia, paper banknotes began to be manufactured since 1769.

In defective money was distinguished on secured and unsecured. Secured defective money were representatives of full-fledged money. In fact, they can even be attributed to the category of commodity money, because they did not have their own worth, but they could be exchanged for a fixed amount of goods or a precious metallol. We have to talk about it in the past time, since secured defective money ceased to exist with the abolition of the "Gold Standard".

Some Americans still believe that their dollars are tied to gold. In fact, neither to gold, nor to silver they are no longer attached, but hold on to the government decree and confidence of people to this decree. The defective money, which people are now used, are not secured. They are called fiatat.

Fitate money

Fiat money is considered to be such payment resources, the nominal value of which is established and guaranteed by the state. In fact, it is all national currencies - euros, dollars, pounds sterling and others. In Russia - it is rubles. Fiat money can be in the form:

• banknotes and coins;
• Electronic and non-cash money.

Schematically, this can be portrayed like this:

This is "money on trust", provided only by the authority of the state. They have a risk depreciate due to hyperinflation. And inflation, it is possible to say the situation when a large amount of money hunts to a small amount of goods.

Inflation was inflation in the 90s in Russia, when prices for goods in 1992 jumped up 26 times, and in 1993 - 10 times. It happened after the decree of the President of the RSFSR, the price of all goods and services was "released." More the state did not interfere in pricing (except for some socially significant food), the country took a step towards a market economy. And the deficit of goods at that time was simply catastrophic. And this is why: in the USSR, behind the blows of well-being, the lack of products and things of essentials was hidden, inflation was restrained by the state. Although it could be seen everywhere in the image of the queues and the popular phrase: more than two (three) in some hands not to give! Now inflation came out.

The second cause of hyperinflation was the situation when, after the restructuring, almost all factories and plants stopped working, or sharply reduced performance. The main reasons: the planned economy collapsed. And large money from turnover was seized by "confiscection" reforms, which will be described later. It was not easy to create new economic relations, especially with a shortage of working capital. Survived those who produced products. But here everything is not easy.

Example

Tuapse ship repair plant, which in the USSR was prosperous. He repaired the Court of Military Fleet and a little - civilian, produced bushings and rings necessary for the repair of vessel engines. Then the orders for repair of vessels became significantly less - the expenses of the country on the army and the fleet decreased, and civilians began to come less frequently, whether they were unclaimed, whether it was not possible to repair.

At first, the plant tried to survive, making focus on the production and sale of bushings and rings for ship mechanisms in the international market in Hamburg. It brought a good income in dollars, allowing to keep "afloat" enterprise. Products were a good quality and was in demand. But the plant still ceased to exist, as it was sold to a new owner who was not interested in the production of parts for mechanisms. Until now, he has not decided on how to use the territory of the former enterprise and berths.

There is another opinion about hyperinflation: the shortage of some goods was brought to a critical state artificially. Waiting for the liberalization of prices, pragmatic merchants stranded goods. And the statement about the critical state of the USSR economy was myth. Academician RAS Oleg Bogomolov, for example, does not find explanations, as with a steady decline in production in all industries managed to feed the country and keep it afloat if the Gaidar government, according to them, came to the ruins of the economy? The answer is one: either due to enormous borrowing in the West, or as a result of eating indispensable natural and other riches that have taken into inheritance reformers. Most likely, due to these two factors, it was possible to survive, and not at the expense of shock reforms.

Shock reforms call the reforms of Egor Gaidar - Deputy Chairman of the Government on Economic Issues since the fall of 1991. Even before the Government of Yeltsin-Gaidar, the USSR Finance Minister Valentin Pavlov held a reform in 1991, offering money to citizens for 3 days to exchange money: bills of 1961 issues, a denomination of 50 and 100 for new 1991. And the amount for the exchange was limited in 500 rubles. The surplus was proposed to put on deposit accounts in Sberbank. It was carried out in order to remove extra banknotes from circulation. Excess, because the rubles printed in recent years have not been provided with goods.

With the arrival of Gaidar, people learned the concepts of "privatization", "liberalization". According to his program in 1992, prices were released, and, as a result, hyperinflation broke out. And in 1993, the next one, now the Gaidar reform has made people exchange rubles of 1961-1991 release to the new year of 1993. For 3 days and with the limitations over the amount - no more than 100 thousand rubles (in those years, a thousand has already had a low purchasing power). Many of the exchange did not have time, others simply could not. All Soviet deposits in Sberbank, all accumulations depreciated. Non-citizens of Russia, that is, the inhabitants of the former republics, overnight by the citizens of other states, the amount was limited to 15 thousand.

These reforms can be called confiscational, as they were aimed at removal of excess money in people. But it seems, the reformers have ceased. Reducing the money supply over a certain limit leads to a decline in production, enterprises simply lacked working capital. Of course, it was necessary to go to other railway rails. But the reforms for a long time left for ordinary Russians distrust of the Russian national currency, which, overnight, can turn into insignificant pieces.

Electronic money

Electronic currency are virtual monetary signs that can be calculated for goods and services through the global information network.

There are electronic fate money and electronic non-pity money.

Electronic fate money Based by the state, referred to in the form of the main currency and they are obliged to take on a par with conventional paper banknotes. Bright example - credit and debit cards. They are stored in electronic on them, but it does not prevent us from paying from the card in stores, cafes and other places.

Electronic non-pity money - This is the money of any non-state payment system, which means that the emission and circulation of this currency is subject to the rules of the payment system, which issued it, and not state laws and standards.

A bright example is the WebMoney electronic payment system. It would seem that the calculation system and the course is not much different from ordinary money. However, within this payment system, the webmobile conversion rate is used in rubles, dollars or euros. If for some reason the system will cease to exist, then the money stored on the electronic wallet of this system will disappear with it. They do not have government obligations, which means that you can hardly be returned.

All of the above does not mean that the webmoney system and others do not need to use, or they are unsafe. In the modern digital world, they ranked robust positions in settlement systems, they are actively used, various Internet services, they have their advantages and cons.

Electronic non-pellets are stored in electronic wallet. They can be:

• settle for utilities;
• pay products and delivery;
• Buy tickets for any type of transport;
• Pay fines, taxes, duties;
• get paid for labor;
• Translate from one e-wallet to another or on a bank card.

From virtual money, electronic analogs can turn into real money if you translate them to the card, and then with this card to remove as paper money.

There are different electronic payment systems that allow you to produce transactions with electronic money: PayPal, Yandex Money, Webmoney, QIWI.

Digital money, or cryptocurrency

It is impossible not to mention the cryptocurrency (Bitcoin, Ether, Ripl, Lightcoin, etc.), which firmly settled in the modern world. In essence, this is a type of electronic money, but it can be safely allocated to a separate look, since, unlike the same webmores or - cryptocurrency has no intermediaries.

When you make a translation from one webmoney wallet to another, then you will have to pay the commission's commission. In essence, it was created for this. When you pay the Visa or MasterCard plastic card, then an intermediary is also present in each transaction - a bank who also takes the commission to himself. Bitcoin or any other cryptocurrency is transmitted from one owner to another directly, bypassing intermediaries. She was invented for this.

The first cryptocurrency in the world - Bitcoin, deciphered as Bit - Bit and Coin - "Coin". Bit is a unit of measurement of information in a binary number system. On computers all information is measured in bits.

The cryptocurrency is not tied to anything or to the dollar, nor to gold, she does not even have any controlled body, such as the Central Bank of any state that is engaged in emissions, that is, the release of money. Creating cryptocurrencies occurs with the help of mathematical computing of various computers (mining). In this independence, many politicians see a threat to classic currencies, so they try to limit the spread of cryptocurrency.

However, cryptocurrency can already be calmly paid for many products and services on the Internet. It can be earned and then exchanged on another currency. So this is a full-fledged money.

Credit money

Credit money is funds that are issued by banks for interest for a certain period. In their basis - bank deposits. That is, the money that other people posted on the bank.

Loans are used by both individuals and companies and entire states. Loans are usually used when they urgently need money to buy anything, and the person does not have the entire amount, but he expects to get money later and return the duty of parts by paying for the use of money defined in advance (interest).

External and internal money

Money is distinguished on internal and external. Internal money - Those that are created by commercial banks, and external - are issued by the Central Bank. We clarify: - This is the main bank of the country, a state credit institution that is engaged in issuing national money and controls the entire banking system in the country. The central bank does not interact with individuals. For this there are commercial banks that are intermediaries. For the completeness of information it is worth adding that the Central Bank in Russia, unlike the State Bank in the USSR, is an independent legal entity, and no government branch can manage it.

Domestic (checks, promotions, bills and bonds) are someone's assets on the one hand (from depositors, capital holders) and someone's debt obligations on the other hand. Some make a profit for keeping money in a bank account, others pay the percentage for being in debt money. The percentage of the use of the loan above came, which receives the capital owner as a percentage. For example, in deployment, a person will receive 6% of the invested amount for the year. And the one who borrowed will pay 19% per year from the amount taken on credit. The difference remains a jar as a profit. This turnover of money allows us to develop the production and economy of the country as a whole.

Receipt - Document confirming payment by non-cash payment. I received a check with the signature and printing of the bank account owner, may require money on it in a bank. Based on this document from the personal account of the payer, the specified amount on the check will be written off.

Stock - Such a type of security confirming the percentage of any enterprise in its owner. OJSC or CJSC will issue shares. Open Joint-Stock Company sells its shares in public markets, and closed - distributes shares only between those who have invested funds to create a company.

A bills and bonds are similar in that and the other paper is issued instead of a certain amount of money, which one who released this financial product takes place. But unlike an exchange, allowing only to return money on time, the bond brings and additional income in the form of interest. Bonds can be issued not only by the firm, but also by the state.

External money - this is more often fate money, as well as foreign currency, gold and silver bars stored in the Central Bank. Cash and deposits of the central bank are called a "monetary basis". It was the Central Bank that controls the activities of all other banks and serves state accounts. Thanks to the Central Bank, the state has data about the entire money supply in the population, carries out financial and credit policies, charges taxes from citizens through bank accounts, fines, can freeze money on a bill with judicial problems.

There are two types of monetary systems: metal and monetary. They, in turn, are also divided into subspecies.

Metal system

She rushed into the summer, as gold and silver coins came out of circulation. But still it is necessary to remember her, because it is the generic team of the classical system of money circulation.

Monetary system

This system works in all countries to this day. And no one came up better. After leaving the turnover of gold and silver coins, they came to shift paper money and credit cards. They are not secured gold, just "money on trust", nevertheless it works fine.

Monetary system: what is it and what types there are

The monetary system is a circulation of money supply within the state. Daily people use money and are part of this monetary system. The monetary system is subject to certain rules that are regulated by law, as well as the main supervisory authority - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

The money appeal regulates the following laws:

• Constitution of the Russian Federation;
• Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)";
• The law "On currency regulation and currency control";
• Law "On banks and banking activities";
• The law "On countering the legalization (laundering) of income received by criminal, and the financing of terrorism".

The monetary system of any country is characterized by the following features:

1 Monetary unit. She must have a name (ruble, dollar, euro, pound, yen), abbreviation (RUB, USD, EUR, JPY, GBP), symbolic designation (₽, $, €, £, ¥), digital or numeric code (used In countries where there is no use of the Latin alphabet, such as the ruble code 643, and the American dollar 840), exchange coins (the ruble has a penny, the dollar is cents, etc.), as well as the calculus system (1 ruble 100 kopecks is A simplified decimal calculation system when the base currency consists of 100 derivatives of units).

2 View of the monetary sign. It can be paper or metal

3 denominations. This is the cost of a monetary unit that is indicated on a bill or coin. The nominal is determined by the Issuer, that is, the organization that issued this monetary unit. We use banknotes with a nominal 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5,000 rubles. As well as coins with a nominal value of 1, 5. 10, 50 kopecks and 1, 2, 5, 10 rubles.

4 Cash circulation structure. This is how the cycle of money in the internal and external economy of the state, the existence and functioning of cash and non-cash forms of payment, interbank payments and translations.

5 Emissions of monetary signs. That is, the manufacture, as well as the procedure for replacing spoiled coins and bills, seizure them from the appeal, entering new ones.

6 Procedure for the appeal of foreign currencies.This includes the rules for the use of foreign currencies, their course towards national currency, exchange methods.

7 Rights and obligations of the Central Bank. All of them are registered in the relevant laws.

8 Rules of work of commercial banks, investment companies, pension funds and other participants in the economic market. All of them must work according to one rules, obey the laws not to undermine the country's economy.

9 state monetary policy. Differently speaking, this is part of the overall economic plan of actions aimed at improving the life and well-being of people. The main tool here is the key bet on the size of which the size of inflation depends. And the standard of living of people depends on the size of inflation. The higher the inflation, the more depreciates the money and the people are depreciated. In this context, the main task of the central bank is to provide stable low inflation.

Covers and coins are manufactured at special enterprises, they are also called mint.

In Russia, the coin coin and the stamp of banknotes is engaged in OJSC Gosznak, which is 100% owned by the state. The composition of the State Summary includes the following enterprises:

• Moscow Print Factory
• Moscow typography,
• Moscow Mint
• St. Petersburg Mint,
• St. Petersburg paper factory,
• Perm printed factory,
• Krasnokamskaya paper factory)
• Research Institute (research institutes).

At the enterprises of the State Disc, are not only money (banknotes and coins), but many other products, among which:

• forms of passports and passports, other identity documents;
• medical insurance policies;
• Labor books;
• military tickets;
• driver's licenses, certificates of registration of vehicles (STS), transport passports (TCP);
• stamps;
• orders, medals, state awards;
• SIM cards for phones;
• Plastic cards for banks;
• printing products with watermarks, holograms and other security elements;
• equipment for processing, controlling and accounting products;
• control identification signs that are used, for example, for labeling products from fur;
• excise stamps;
• and many other products.

The state commencement produces products not only for Russia, but also supplies products to export to more than 20 countries of Asia, Africa, Europe and the CIS countries.

From the history

The most famous counterfeiter in the USSR was Viktor Baranov, chauffeur in the specialty. He himself created a printing machine, paint. Baranov printed the most difficult money marks for fake, a denomination of 25 rubles. Now the paints of Baranov are in demand even abroad. And some know-how is still used in the work of the GoKonatic.

Hitler flooded the whole world with fake dollars, which paid as an international currency with many countries. Moreover, the quality of fakes was such that it was not possible to distinguish genuine borrowings from fake. After the defeat of the fascism of the Federal Republic of Germany, there was no right to print monetary signs in its territory until 1955. They were printed in London for the country.

Banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia

Here's what the banknotes of the Bank of Russia look like. Click on the photo, it will open in a larger area where you will see the front and root side of the bill. Pictures depicted including recently issued banknotes with a denomination of 200 rubles and 2000 rubles.

Coins. Click on the name of the coin.

1 cop. Cop 10 kop 50 kop 1 ₽ 2 ₽ 5 ₽ 10 ₽ 10 ₽

Material: Bimetal (steel plated by Melchior)Material: Total with brass electroplating

Where to take money how to attract them in your life

Without money, it is impossible to present life at all. For everything you need to pay. Money can and need to earn. Ways for this are different:

• earn as a hired employee;
• find a part-time job or shabbi;
• Work on yourself by creating your own business;
• Receive passive income from investment or real estate.

You can still sell unnecessary things, turn the hobby into income, provide intermediary services, engage in network marketing, make money on the Internet. There are many ways, in this article we will not sharpen your attention on each of them, since all this is described in detail in our article where we recommend money, we recommend reading.

Of course, there are distant, sorry villages and villages, where to make money extremely difficult. In this case, you need to find strength in yourself and leave from there. Money always concentrate around large megacities, as well as places rich in natural resources (oil, gas, coal, precious stones, iron ores, forest, etc.). Work in such places is always there.

Some people do not want to leave their native places, as they love and are accustomed to the conditions created, everyday life, etc. In this case, you can consider the issue of a temporary move. Earn Capital, create passive sources of income on it, and then return back to native pinat.

There are no hopeless situations, there is laziness and unwillingness to change herself, their usual way of life, go beyond the comfort zone. And all these problems are resolved primarily through the correct placement of life goals, your values \u200b\u200band beliefs, desires and aspirations.

Try to imagine your dream life. What is she? Find a secluded place so that no one interfere with, disconnect the phone and try to imagine what looks like a perfect day from your dream. What do you do? How are weave? What is your home? Car? Where do you live - a private house or a spacious apartment?

Such technique is called visualization and it helps to attract money to your life. Try to think more often about these things, for example, before bedtime. The thought is material and all that you think - attracts into your life as a magnet.

If you are poor and you have no money, it is quite possible that with your negative, negative thoughts you pulled your lack of money. Thoughts may be idle when you think only about how to descend money on entertainment, clothes, women. Often in reality occurs also.

When you discuss in your thoughts a clear picture of the life of your dreams, start thinking about how to achieve it. What do you do now contribute to this? Will your activity help get the desired? If not, look for options, read the biographies of successful people, find out what helped them achieve success in life. Learn business literature, read economic logs and sites. This will help you rebuild your consciousness to attract money.

The topic of attracting wealth and good luck is extensive, here we give you only general principles, if you want to know more about it, then read our article how to attract money and good luck.

Answers to frequently asked questions

What role do money in the economy?

In the modern economy, the key role that money performs is the savings of time and effort in carrying out trade operations. Previously, for example, when there was no money, people had to change the goods for goods. Imagine a peasant who grows vegetables (potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, etc.) and suddenly he wanted to eat the meat. To do this, he would have to go to the market, having previously stamped the full cart of vegetables, and there to replace it all on a lamb or a pig.

Just imagine what labor costs it would have to be incurred: digging the potatoes, wash it, download it on the cart, bargaining the horse, get to the market, stare with the owner of the pig, unload the potatoes to him, download the pig and take it all back. Also imagine how much time it takes. The money made it possible to reduce the costs, freeing the resources that went to an increase in labor productivity and, ultimately, led to economic growth and development of civilization.

What is best to invest in 2018?

2018 is the year of instability. Russia is still under sanctions, Western countries find new prepositions to strengthen the pressure on our economy and, thus, to the political leadership of the country. And this means that it is necessary to extremely carefully approach the selection of investment instruments.

• Shares

According to analysts of leading investment companies, the shares of many domestic enterprises are undervalued. And this means that in the long run is a profitable investment. Pay attention to the phrase "in the long run" - under it it is understood as an investment horizon for no less than 2-5 years. If you have accumulations about which you are ready to forget for the next 2-5 years, then this is one of the best and reliable ways to invest money.

• Bonds

Until April 2018, bonds could be considered a favorable way to invest cash, their yield exceeded. But after entering the Spring Sanctions, this investment tool was in a dangerous zone.

• The property

One of the popular ways of investing free money has always been real estate. It is the opinion that real estate is always growing in price and it is better to have a roof over your head than money that can depreciate as a result of inflation, the growth of the dollar's course, or some crisis. This is logic, but if we consider real estate from the point of view of investment, now it brings low dividends and make money with its help will not work.

In 2018, investments in real estate are complicated by instability. The year began successfully, inflation indicators in the country among the lowest in history, which allowed the central bank of the Russian Federation to reduce the key bid, which in turn was reflected on credit and mortgage rates - they also dropped.

Cheap loans allow construction companies to attract funds for the construction of new homes, and a cheap mortgage allows you to increase housing sales. However, new sanctions in considerable days can weaken the ruble, which will entail an increase in the dollar's course and then the key rate will take off again, and the mortgage market will change again. The high dollar will also affect the prices in stores and will help reduce real incomes of the population.

• Bank deposits

Reducing or enhancing key betting central bank also affects bank deposits. The lower the key rate, the lower the profitability of deposits, and vice versa. In 2018, the bet on deposits is low, which does not allow you to call a bank deposit in a competitive way to invest money. However, he never was.

When making a decision in favor of this or that tools, it is necessary to repel from the amount of investment, on the period, from your tendency to risk, therefore, it is not possible to give unequivocal recommendations.

How much money is needed in Russia for normal life?

What does the concept of "normal life" mean? Everyone has its own presentation. But the generally accepted one:

• availability of own housing on the room for each family member;
• having a car;
• The opportunity to make travel once a year;
• the ability to get paid education without a loan;
• be able to repair accommodation every five years and buy new furniture;
• every season update the wardrobe;
• There is what is useful and tasty.

As the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" writes for the normal life of a family of three Russians, Russians called the amount of 83.6 thousand rubles. The survey was conducted in different regions of the country by specialists of the Romir Research Holding.

Conclusion

So, money is a tool to achieve goals. Indeed, having enough money, you can live that life that you dream about. You can afford to do what you like, and not what you need, get the freedom of choice in everything.

Roman Horin

The author of the blog "My Ruce", in the past, the head of the credit department in the bank. In this online entrepreneur, an investor. I tell about how to effectively manage my money, it is advantageous to increase them, more earn money. Thanks to the Internet moved to the sea. You can follow my life in the social networks below.

Since its occurrence, money is constantly changing and developing. It is important to note that in different periods with certain parameters and in different spheres of money circulation use various types of modern. Nowadays there are different types of money.

Types of money and their features

The most common money is paper. Almost in all corners of the world, they enjoy in everyday life. The right to their release has an exclusively state. The main functions of paper money is that they are means of payment, as well as a means of circulation. Paper money is the signs of value, and their essence is to cover the deficit in the country's budget.

Banknote - Paper money issued only by the central bank of a certain country.

When talking about what types of money exist, it is impossible not to mention credit money. Their appearance is due to the progress and development of all sorts of industries, when the process of purchase and sale occurs with installment payment, lending. In this case, the obligation to repay the debt to the valid money during a certain period of time. The following type of money is a bill. They represent the unconditional obligation of the debtor in writing. A bill guarantees the payment of a certain amount on time and transmitted in the established location. There are two types of bills - a simple, which is issued directly by the debtor and transferable (also called "Tratta"), which is issued by the debtor by the lender.

Checks are monetary documents containing the following information. Account owner in a credit institution, it undertakes to pay the check to the check the amount that is indicated on it.

It is worth separately allocating the category of electronic money. Given the development of technical progress, an increasing number of people are enjoyed by cash.

Electronic money is stored in electronic devices on the client's account, if desired, they can be displayed using special services to real money.

Also now are increasingly replaced by credit cards checks. They are equipped with a built-in microsystem and, as a rule, are manufactured on the basis of the account of the holder of this card.

People use money thousands of years. For this a long time has undergone a lot of changes. If in the XIX century the payment tools always had a material embodiment, then in the twentieth century we will consider below) it began to exist not only as material objects.

Initially, money appeared in the form of coins, and it was still in ancient times. This type of payment has not yet come out of turnover. Later to replace the metal money were invented by paper. But I completely disappeared with the help of bills. For a long time, these were the main types of money that existed in parallel.

Today, new types of payment facilities have appeared, but nevertheless, bills and coins did not come out of use. They still continue to fill wallets and man's pockets.

Nowadays, metal coins, paper bills, electronic and credit money are in everyday life. The choice of payment tools is very diverse, but their main essence remains unchanged.

What are the money today use? Types of money Financial market specialists share in categories:

• commodity;
• credit;
• secured;
• fiat.

Commodity money

Initially, money appeared in society as real and natural. That is, their function performed some product that could serve as a measure when exchanging on other items. In commodities could be animal skins, shells, pearls and much more, which possess a certain value in the society of people. Such a payment facility had one significant disadvantage - a very large variety in nature.

Following coins, devoid of such a shortage, but also related to commercial money. Initially, they were made of gold, silver and other metals. They were easily integrated and made of them, for example, jewelry.

Commodity types of money exist today. For example, cigarettes performing the role of the payment agent can be considered for money in places of detention.

Money provided

The following class is secured money. Types of money from this category are goods (certificates, signs) that can be exchanged for some amount of precious metal. They are also called exchangeless or representative. In fact, they are representatives of commodity payments.

There is a version that the place of their initial appearance was an ancient Sumer. There came up with clay baked figures of sheep and goats exchanged on real animals on demand.

It was considered proposed money initially and banknotes until they assumed the presence of a certain amount of metal coins. Today is the gold standard canceled. Paper money is symbolic money, although their name has been preserved.

The traveler Marco Polo in the XIII century brought the news from China to Europe that paper money has been used for many centuries. Europeans in those days were only coins. Only on the 3rd century later in Europe, the practicality and convenience of bills, the provision of which served as gold was used.

Fiat money

In a different way, the purple money is called symbolic money, non-secrecy, decreated, paper. This payment remedy is not provided with a material, but is accepted as the payment of goods and services. Fitate are all non-cash and electronic money, as well as funds lying on accounts in banks, and paper bills in our pockets and wallets. Some researchers adhere to the opinions that soon people will stop using paper money.

Many today prefer non-cash, not only plastic cards are used, but who are spilled in virtual wallets.

Credit money

There is a certain category of people who prefer to live in debt. Perhaps especially for them was created another means of payment - credit money. The types of money of this class actually constitute a certain way of executive debt. They can look different. Map, check or bill. Money in the form of decorated debt today is common and serve to pay for goods and services to almost everywhere, ousting cash. This type of funds pays danger and psychological trap. This is due to the fact that it is possible to take funds from an account in any quantity, but they can not be returned to everyone.

Very interesting topic. What will happen in the future will show time. And although the disappearance of material payments and their replacement for fate and credit money is predicted for a long time, paper bills and coins are still used and do not pass their positions.

It is believed that this is historically the very first type of exchange equivalent. At different times, seashells, pets and their skins, some standard valuables, such as copies, could be used as money. At a higher level of development of civilization, gold and silver coins became such an equivalent. Commodity money is uncomfortable for frequent circulation, as it is too heavy, indivisible or deteriorate when stored. But the most important thing is that they are too expensive in the manufacture. After all, the cost of their manufacture should correspond to their raid, otherwise natural money will not perform the function of the perfect product that comes with the equivalent value of other goods. At the same time, with the development of the economy, the need for money increases, which makes the state's monetary system too expensive. The cost of money in such an economy is always comparable to the size of GDP, that is, too much resources are sent not to the production of goods and services, but on the production of money, which reduces the general production potential of the country.

Currently, commodity money is used as a means of savings and for collections (investment coin).

Second, secured, or representative money. These include monetary signs that can be exchanged for this or that quantity of the actual asset underlying them: gold, silver. Their appearance was primarily due to the simplicity of use - the convenience and greater safety of transportation, the lack of real damage and erasing of gold in the process of circulation and so on.

However, today, after the cancellation of the Golden Standard, banknotes are no longer guaranteed to exchange for fixed goods and turned into symbolic money, while maintaining the previous name.

Thirdly, the so-called fiat, or symbolic money. These are modern banknotes. Their release is engaged in central banks. The cost of this money is determined by their quality, that is, how they perform their functions and are recognized as a means of payment by participants in economic processes. Fiat money actually do not have their own value, but acquire it due to the fact that they fulfill their functions. And besides, their value is based on the fact that the state recognizes their legitimate means of payment on its territory and accepts taxes as payment.

The release of fate money allows you to receive two types of income: seniority and inflation tax. Senorage is a profit due to the difference in price between the cost of manufactured money and their market, exchange cost. Inflation tax is the income received by the emission bank or state by issuing additional money to finance its expenses. These actions cause inflation, therefore, it is customary to call such an inflationary profit.

It should be noted that, in addition to banknotes and coins, non-cash money in banks in banks, as well as electronic money relate to fate money.

Fourth, modern economic science highlights credit money into a separate group.

There is another money classification system: Cash and non-cash. And to cash, it is customary to attribute not only assignments and treasury tickets, but also such credit money: both bills, checks and banknotes. Cashless money includes records in bank accounts, including payment plastic cards, credit plastic cards and electronic money.

To date, Russian rubles, as well as the main world currencies, are fate money. The amount of money in circulation is customary to be called money.

In Russia, the monetary circulation and issue of money are regulated by Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which the ruble is a monetary unit in the Russian Federation. Monetary emission is carried out exclusively by the Bank of Russia. The introduction and emissions of other money in the Russian Federation are not allowed. "

Money is a developing category and since its occurrence has undergone significant changes, which manifested in the transition from the use of one types of money to others, as well as in changing the conditions for their functioning and in increasing their role.

In some areas of money circulation and at various periods under certain conditions, various types of money are applied.

Types of money:

• Full:
  • Commodity;
  • Metal money;
• Infectious:
  • Paper money;
  • Credit money.

Full money - Money from which the nominal value (the cost indicated on them) is equal to the real value of this money, that is, the cost of their production.

Defective - Money, the nominal value of which is more real. Their purchasing power exceeds their production costs. So, the first type of money is commodity money.

In ancient times, the only way to get the desired, without resorting to force or theft, was Barter, that is, the exchange of goods without intermediaries (in our time, the exchange of money is considered to be a mediator). Suppose that some settlement in one year was a big grain harvest, and they exchanged this grain for metal, obtained by people from the neighboring settlement. And everything seems to be good. But it can happen such that the neighbors do not need so much grain, and then the grain will not be demanded and will disappear. And if the sides of the exchange will be not two, and more, and each side with its product. Exchange will be almost unreal.

The inconvenience of barter exchange led to the emergence of intermediaries capable of satisfying a wide range of requests. These intermediaries became grain and domestic cattle. So there were commodity money.

Metal money

Metal money or coins (copper, silver, golden) made different shapes: they first were piece, then weight. Later, the coin began to have distinctive features established by the state: the appearance of the coin, its weight. The most convenient in circulation turned out to be a round shape of the coin, its front side was called - Avers, turnover - reverse, edge - Gurt.

The first round coins appeared in Lydia, in the 7th century BC, in the territory of the current Turkey, they were made from the electro (a variety of gold with a large content of silver). From Lydia Checkanka, coins quickly spread to Greece. On each coin there was an image of a patron of the city. Somewhere in the middle of 5th century to our era, the coins led to a single standard and minted only from silver and gold. It was done to facilitate trade and in order to more accurately determine the value of coins. Each coin existed symbols indicating the place of production.

Greek mint culture has had a huge impact on modern money. It was the Greeks who were the first to beat the image of living people on the coins. After the conquests of Alexander Macedonsky, the technology of chasing using two molds for the obverse and reverse was distributed to all territory subject to it. On the basis of this technology, Rome coins and later Western Europe began to focus. In Kievan Rus, the first chased coins appeared in the 9-10 centuries. In the circulation at the same time there were sovereigns - coins of gold, and Srebreniki - silver coins.

Huge popularity received coins of gold. Fully, the country has moved to the golden appeal in the middle of the 19th century. The leader among these countries was the United Kingdom. As you know, she had a huge number of colonies and dominions, so the United Kingdom ranked first in gold mining. The reasons for the transition to the gold appeal were the properties of a noble metal:

• Homogeneity in quality;
• Discussion and coupling without losing their properties;
• Large cost concentration;
• Persistence;
• The complexity of mining and processing.

Gold properties made this metal most suitable for making money. But the gold appeal existed in the world for a short time. After the First World War, the Deleting Gold began - the process of gradual loss of gold functions. Gold was a competitor to the dollar, so the United States tried to cancel gold as the basis of the global monetary system. After World War II, the United States established a collaborated course for foreign central banks, according to which the dollar changed to gold. It strengthened the world's dollar positions. In the 70s, the Jamaican Conference decided to exclude gold from turnover.

Paper money

Paper money is the most important discovery of humanity. The method of production of paper money connected both of these discoveries. The first paper money appeared in China back in the 800s of our era. Metal coins were very hard to carry on long distances, so the government was thinking about creating paper money. It began to pay the merchants not with coins, but by special certificates that easily exchanged on "solid" money. These certificates depicted people, trees, officials put their signatures and prints. Paper money, most likely, travelers who returned from China were brought to the West. In Russia, they appeared in 1769.

Paper money is very convenient in circulation. Compared to coins, they are easier to store them, and they are convenient when calculating. The issue of this money is engaged in the state. Paper money is protected by special signs, such as watermarks, various colorhouses, etc. This is done to protect government money. Fake such money is very difficult.

Paper money performs two functions: means of handling and means of payment. They cannot be exchanged for gold, so do not go out of circulation. Sometimes, the state, experiencing a lack of funds, produces more and more paper money. But it can be dangerous if you do not take into account the commodity in the country. As a result, paper money is "stuck" in circulation, and their impairment occurs.

So, the essence of paper money is that they are issued by the state, do not exchange on gold, and are endowed with a certain course.

Credit money

Credit money arise when buying and selling is made on credit. Their appearance is associated with the money function as a means of payment, where money is committed to the obligation to be repaid through a predetermined period of valid money. At the very beginning of the development of credit money, their goal was: save paper and metal money; Contribute to the development of credit relations.

Bill - Written unconditional debtor's obligation to pay some amount after a certain time in the established location. There is a simple bill issued by the debtor, and the transferd by the creditor and the sent to the debtor to sign the creditor.

At the moment there are treasury bills manufactured by the state to cover the budget deficit and cash rupture. Friendly bills discharged by one person on the other with the goal of accounting for them in the bank.

The bill is characterized by the following features:

• contribution, i.e. transfer of bills as a means of payment to other lenders, which creates the possibility of mutual credit bills;
• there is no information about the transaction on the document;
• payment bill is required.

The bill of exchange exists certain boundaries of the appeal:

• used by people who know each other's financial position;
• serves mainly wholesale trade;
• it is repaid between the participants of the bill of interest in cash.

Commercial bill is issued secured by the goods. The bank bill is issued by the Issuer Bank in the presence of a certain amount of the client on the deposit. Unlike the commercial bank bill in its Russian version has a deposit form. This is essentially a simple bill, as it is written out by the Bank by the Bank's customer to pay for goods, but it can be indisted to a third party. Bank bill will provide an enterprise a new payment agent guaranteed by the Bank.

Banknote - Money produced by the Central Bank. They began to be issued in the 17th century. Unlike the bank notch, there is an indefinite debt obligation, ensures a guarantee of the Central Bank, which in many countries is state. Central banks of countries produce banknotes of a certain species and size. Banknotes are national money in the territory of this country. For the manufacture of banknotes, special paper is used, measures are also taken to protect banknotes from fakes.

The banknote enters the appeal when the banks provide loans to the state and when exchanging foreign currency on banknotes, given the country. Banknotes can not be exchanged for gold.

Receipt - A document of a specific form, which contains an order emanating from the legal owner of the account, on the payment of the bearer of this check indicated in it amounts. The appeal of such checks is called Checks. The following persons take part in the checkpoint: the owner of the account, the person taking the credit owner, that is, his lender, and the payer for this check, most often the bank, or other credit institution.

Checks appeared for the first time in England, about the 16th century. Over time, the credit system began to develop, therefore, and the checks were widespread.

• Name - on a separate person who has no right to transfer a check to anyone;
• Bearer- a check in which the name of the recipient does not specify;
• ORDER - issued to a certain person who has the right to transfer to another person.

Basically, checks are used to receive cash paper money, in a bank or in another credit institution. The most difficult operation is the calculation between the clients of one bank, in the calculations between the clients of different banks checks are taken into account by the computational chamber. Bank checks are also used primarily in international calculations. They carry out commercial payments.

In 1992, a provision on checks was taken in Russia. It determined the rules for checking. A special check syndicate has been created, which unites the largest commercial banks. The procedure for obtaining a check is as follows: the client concludes a contract with a specific bank included in the Syndicate, pays the bank to the amount on which the account opens, and receives a checkbook.

Electronic money

In connection with the expansion of checking in the second half of the 20th century, new forms of payments were required. Thanks to scientific and technical progress and the development of computing equipment, it became possible to create automated electronic installations for processing checks. These electronic devices and the ability to transmit signals at a distance without the participation of paper blanks contributed to the appearance of electronic money.

What are electronic money for? Such money, like any others, are needed to perform the functions of money as the payment tools. That is, it is possible to pay with paper money, but can also be electronic.

Electronic money is very convenient in circulation. Currently, most of the interbank operations are carried out with their help. And all this at the World Level. Already in more than two hundred countries e-payments are carried out, and electronic money is in circulation. This suggests that electronic money won confidence in themselves.

Electronic plates

There are many electronic payment systems that conduct electronic payments. These payments are very comfortable.

Most people in Russia are already using these electronic wallet. With the help of electronic payments, a person can pay mobile communications for himself and for my family, satellite TV, internet access, utilities and much more. Of course, such electronic money differ from the usual, but they can also be bought on them too, as for ordinary. Of course, all these payments (well, or almost all) are made via the Internet.

But the whole power of electronic money is not only in this. They allow you to make instantaneous translations between individuals at any time and anywhere, with the minimum commission.

Sources of information:

• bibliotekar.ru - types of money;
• fingramm.ru - What are the types of money;
• money.Banks-credits.ru - Link to the article "Types of Money".

In this article, we will look at what kind of money is that their essence is, consider some examples, as well as the evolution of the types of money.

Main types of money

Globally, allocate two main types of money:

1. Full money. Money, the denomination of which corresponds to their real (internal) cost. An example of this type of money is money in the form of ingots and coins made of gold (see Golden Standard). The overwhelming majority of monetary systems of early epochs functioned on the basis of real money (see Forms of Money and their Evolution).
2. Fitate money. Money, the real value of which, as a rule, is significantly lower than their nominal. For example, the cost of manufacturing 100 dollar bills is less than 10 cents. Fitate money is the basis of all modern monetary systems.

Money arose at a certain stage of the development of society (see the origin of money), when a certain product intermediary was separated in the commodity exchange process, who began to fulfill the role of universal measure or, so to speak, the equivalent of the value of exchanging goods. So there was a historically the earliest kind of money - commodity money.

Commodity money

In different historical epochs and from different peoples as money (i.e., the mediator goods) performed various goods and items: cattle, grain, salt, tea, tobacco, decorations, arrows and copies, and copies, and very "exotic" objects , for example, Cauri seashells, etc. At a higher level of development of our civilization to replace the above items, precious metals came - predominantly gold and silver.

Commodity money (They are still quite often called real money, natural money, valid money or real money) - this kind of money, which is the role of a certain product that has internal cost and has some utility. Therefore, such a product can be used as money, and directly as a product (according to its main target destination). For example, salt could be used both as money (for carrying out commodity exchange operations) and as a product for personal consumption - direct eating, salting meat, for schurware, etc.

As the exchange for the exchange, the role of money was entrenched in one product - noble metals (gold and silver). This was due to their physical and chemical properties, such as:

• portability (in a small weight enclosed great value - in contrast, for example, from salt);
• transportability (convenience of transportation - in contrast to tea);
• dividability (separation of the gold ingot into two parts does not lead to loss of value - in contrast to livestock);
• comparability (two gold bars of the same weight have the same value - unlike the fur);
• awareness (gold and silver is easy to distinguish from other metals);
• relative rarity (which provides for noble metals quite greater value);
• wearness resistance (noble metals are not subject to corrosion and do not lose their value over time - unlike furs, skin, seashells).

On the basis of precious metals in different countries there were different types of monetary systems:

• monometallism (when only one metal was used as money - either gold or silver);
• bimetallism (when both metal used as money).

At first, noble metals were used in the form of ingots. Maintenance of exchange required permanent weighing and dividing ingots. Therefore, in the VII century BC. In ancient Rome, in the temple of the goddess of the coin, the ingots began to give a flat shape, to put the weight of the metal and the portrait of the ruler. So the first coins and cash circulation based on coins appeared.

Although commodity money has long come out of the consideration, at the moment on certain conditions, some goods continue to perform money functions. For example, in prisons in prisoners with such a commodity are cigarettes, weapons and ammunition can be used in the venues of hostilities, during heavy economic crises - sugar, salt, tea, matches, etc.

Commodity money came out of turnover due to the fact that they had a number of shortcomings. As a rule, this is:

• incortive (noncompact): occupied a lot of space (large volume) - inconvenient when stored;
• severe - inconvenient during transportation;
• indivisible (for example, live livestock);
• deteriorate when stored;
• too expensive in the manufacture (because the real value of money (product) must correspond to the nominal value, otherwise such a product will not be able to perform the functions of money);
• insufficiency of the amount of money (product) to meet the needs of the country's economy as the production and level of economic development increases.

Currently, investment coins made of precious metals, which have the power of a legitimate payment tool within the country can be in the role of commercial money.

Fig. Types of money-added money

Secured money - Evolutionary the following type of money after commodity. Secured money (they are also called exchangeless money, representation money) is money, as signs of signs or certificates that can be exchanged for a fixed amount of a certain product or commodity money, for example, on gold or silver. In fact, secured money is representatives of commodity money.

The appearance of secured money was due primarily by simplicity of use - the convenience and greater safety of transportation, the lack of real damage and erasing of gold in the process of circulation.

It is believed that the first secured money appeared in ancient Sumer, where sheep figures and goats from burned clay were used to pay. These figures could be exchanged at the presentation of live sheep and goats.

Initially, banknotes certified the presence of an appropriate amount of the full coin and were secured money. However, today, after the cancellation of the Gold Standard, banknotes are no longer guaranteed to exchange for a fixed product, so such a kind of money as "secured money" has become a new type of money - "symbolic money" (or "fate money"), while maintaining the previous name.

Fitate money

Fitate money (They are also called symbolic money, paper money, decreated money, fake money) - this is money that does not have an independent cost or it is significantly lower than the nominal. On the one hand, fate money does not have value (internal real value), but on the other, they are able to perform the functions of money, since the state takes them as payment of taxes, and also declares the legitimate payment tool on its territory.

Today, the main form of fate money is banknotes and non-cash money on the bank. At the same time, the concept of "non-cash money" is conditionally, as it is essentially about non-cash (mutually) calculations, that is, the calculations of debtors with creditors without the use of cash. When calculating cash, the owner of cash bills (banknotes) directly uses them at its discretion, and in case of non-cash calculations, the controlled person presents the relevant requirements for the bank, the execution of which is no longer dependent. The same applies to the units of the value of electronic non-pole payment systems (a variety of electronic money).

As a rule, the emission of money is carried out by the state represented by the Central Bank of the country. The release of fate money allows you to receive two types of income: seniority and inflation tax. Senorazh - This is a profit due to the price difference between the cost of manufactured money and their market, exchange cost. Inflation tax - The income received by the issuing bank or state by issuing additional money to finance its expenses. These actions cause inflation, therefore, it is customary to call such an inflationary profit.

With the distribution of payment cards and electronic money, banknotes are gradually displaced from circulation, especially for developed countries, where the proportion of cash circulation takes a minor part.

Fig. Modern types of moneymakers

Modern economic science highlights such a type of money into a separate group as "credit money." Credit money - These are the right requirements in the future in relation to individuals or legal entities, specially decorated debt, usually in the form of a transmitted security that can be used to buy goods (services) or pay for their own debts. Payment for such debts is usually made on a certain period, although there are options when payment is made at any time on the first requirement. Credit money carries the risk of non-fulfillment of the requirement.

Examples of credit money are bill and check.

Credit money arise with the development of commodity production, when buying and selling is carried out with installment payment (on credit). Their appearance is associated with the money function as a means of payment, where they act as a commitment to be repaid within the prescribed period.

A feature of credit money is that their release is linked to the actual turnover needs. The loan is issued to provide certain types of stocks, and the repayment of loans occurs when the remnants of values \u200b\u200bdecrease. Due to this, the linkage of the volume of payment facilities provided to borrowers can be achieved with the actual need for money turnover.

Credit money does not have their own value, they are a symbolic expression of the cost, which is enclosed in the Equivalent product. Their release is usually produced by banks when completing credit operations. Credit money passed the following development path: bill, acceptance bill, banknote, check, electronic money, credit cards.

There is another money classification system: Cash and non-cash.

And to cash, it is customary to attribute not only assignments and treasury tickets, but also such credit money: both bills, checks and banknotes.

Cashless money includes records in bank accounts, including payment plastic cards, credit plastic cards and electronic money.

Money is a developing category and since its occurrence has undergone significant changes, which manifested in the transition from the use of one types of money to others, as well as in changing the conditions for their functioning and in increasing their role. In some areas of money circulation and at various periods under certain conditions, various types of money are applied.

Types of money:

• Full:
  • Commodity;
  • Metal money;
• Infectious:
  • Paper money;
  • Credit money.

Full money - money that has a nominal value (the cost indicated on them) is equal to the real value of this money, that is, the cost of their production.

Incompresented - money, the nominal value of which is more real. Their purchasing power exceeds their production costs. So, the first type of money is commodity money.

In ancient times, the only way to get the desired, without resorting to force or theft, was Barter, that is, the exchange of goods without intermediaries (in our time, the exchange of money is considered to be a mediator). Suppose that some settlement in one year was a big grain harvest, and they exchanged this grain for metal, obtained by people from the neighboring settlement. And everything seems to be good. But it can happen such that the neighbors do not need so much grain, and then the grain will not be demanded and will disappear. And if the sides of the exchange will be not two, and more, and each side with its product. Exchange will be almost unreal.

The inconvenience of barter exchange led to the emergence of intermediaries capable of satisfying a wide range of requests. These intermediaries became grain and domestic cattle. So there were commodity money.

Money Types - Metal Money

Metal money or coins (copper, silver, golden) made different shapes: they first were piece, then weight. Later, the coin began to have distinctive features established by the state: the appearance of the coin, its weight. The most convenient in circulation was the round shape of the coin, its front side was called - Avers, a turnover - reverse, criterion - Gurt. The first round coins appeared in Lydia, in the 7th century BC, in the territory of the current Turkey, they were made from Elektrum ( Gold variety with high silver content). From Lydia Checkanka, coins quickly spread to Greece. On each coin there was an image of a patron of the city. Somewhere in the middle of 5th century to our era, the coins led to a single standard and minted only from silver and gold. It was done to facilitate trade and in order to more accurately determine the value of coins. Each coin existed symbols pointing to the place of production. The grinding mint culture had a huge impact on modern money. It was the Greeks who were the first to beat the image of living people on the coins. After the conquests of Alexander Macedonsky, the technology of chasing using two molds for the obverse and reverse was distributed to all territory subject to it. On the basis of this technology, Rome coins and later Western Europe began to focus. In Kievan Rus, the first chased coins appeared in the 9-10 centuries. In the circulation at the same time there were sovereigns - coins of gold, and Srebreniki - silver coins. Coins made of gold. Fully, the country has moved to the golden appeal in the middle of the 19th century. The leader among these countries was the United Kingdom. As you know, she had a huge number of colonies and dominions, so the United Kingdom ranked first in gold mining. The reasons for the transition to the gold appeal were the properties of a noble metal:

• Homogeneity in quality;
• Discussion and coupling without losing their properties;
• Large cost concentration;
• Persistence;
• The complexity of mining and processing.

Gold properties made this metal most suitable for making money. But the gold appeal existed in the world for a short time. After the First World War, the Deleting Gold began - the process of gradual loss of gold functions. Gold was a competitor to the dollar, so the United States tried to cancel gold as the basis of the global monetary system. After World War II, the United States established a collaborated course for foreign central banks, according to which the dollar changed to gold. It strengthened the world's dollar positions. In the 70s, the Jamaican Conference decided to exclude gold from turnover.

Types of Money - Paper Money

Paper money is the most important discovery of humanity. The method of production of paper money connected both of these discoveries. The first paper money appeared in China back in the 800s of our era. Metal coins were very hard to carry on long distances, so the government was thinking about creating paper money. It began to pay the merchants not with coins, but by special certificates that easily exchanged on "solid" money. These certificates depicted people, trees, officials put their signatures and prints. Paper money, most likely, travelers who returned from China were brought to the West. In Russia, they appeared in 1769g. The money is very convenient in circulation. Compared to coins, they are easier to store them, and they are convenient when calculating. The issue of this money is engaged in the state. Paper money is protected by special signs, such as watermarks, various colorhouses, etc. This is done to protect government money. To fake such money is very difficult. The money is performed by two functions: means of circulation and means of payment. They cannot be exchanged for gold, so do not go out of circulation. Sometimes, the state, experiencing a lack of funds, produces more and more paper money. But it can be dangerous if you do not take into account the commodity in the country. As a result, paper money is "stuck" in circulation, and their impairment occurs.

So, the essence of paper money is that they are issued by the state, do not exchange on gold, and are endowed with a certain course.

Types of money - credit money

Credit money arise when buying and selling is made on credit. Their appearance is associated with the money function as a means of payment, where money is committed to the obligation to be repaid through a predetermined period of valid money. At the very beginning of the development of credit money, their goal was: save paper and metal money; Contribute to the development of credit relations.

Gradually, with the development of capitalist commodity-money relations, the essence of credit money is changing. Credit money developed gradually: bill, acceptance bill, banknote, check, electronic money, credit cards.

A bill of exchange is a written unconditional debtor's obligation to pay some amount after a certain time in the established location. There is a simple bill issued by the debtor, and the transferd by the creditor and the sent to the debtor to sign the creditor.
At the moment there are treasury bills manufactured by the state to cover the budget deficit and cash rupture. Friendly bills discharged by one person on the other with the goal of accounting for them in the bank.

The bill is characterized by the following features:

• contribution, i.e. transfer of bills as a means of payment to other lenders, which creates the possibility of mutual credit bills;
• there is no information about the transaction on the document;
• payment bill is required.

The bill of exchange exists certain boundaries of the appeal:

• used by people who know each other's financial position;
• serves mainly wholesale trade;
• it is repaid between the participants of the bill of interest in cash.

In Russia, in different areas there are commercial, banking, treasury bills, etc. its views.
Commercial bill is issued secured by the goods. The bank bill is issued by the Issuer Bank in the presence of a certain amount of the client on the deposit. Unlike the commercial bank bill in its Russian version has a deposit form. This is essentially a simple bill, as it is written out by the Bank by the Bank's customer to pay for goods, but it can be indisted to a third party. Bank bills will provide an enterprise a new payment facility guaranteed by the Bank. Banknote - money produced by the Central Bank. They began to be issued in the 17th century. Unlike the bank notch, there is an indefinite debt obligation, ensures a guarantee of the Central Bank, which in many countries is state. Central banks of countries produce banknotes of a certain species and size. Banknotes are national money in the territory of this country. For the manufacture of banknotes, special paper is used, measures are also taken to protect banknotes from counterfeit. Banknote enters the appeal at the time when banks provide loans to the state and with the exchange of foreign currency on banknotes, given the country. Banknotes can not be exchanged for gold. Schedule - a document of a particular form, which contains an order emanating from the legal account holder, to pay the bearer of this check indicated in it amounts. The appeal of such checks is called Checks. The following persons take part in the checkpoint: the owner of the account, the person taking the owner of the account of the loan, that is, his lender, and the payer for this check, most often the bank, or another credit institution. Schemes appeared for the first time in England, about the 16th century. Over time, the credit system began to develop, therefore, and the checks were widespread.

Highlight three main types of checks:

• Name - on a separate person who has no right to transfer a check to anyone;
• Bearer - a check in which the name of the recipient does not specify;
• ORDER - is issued for a certain person who has the right to transfer to another person.

Basically, checks are used to receive cash paper money, in a bank or in another credit institution. The most difficult operation is the calculation between the clients of one bank, in the calculations between the clients of different banks checks are taken into account by the computational chamber. Bank checks are also used primarily in international calculations. They carry out commercial payments.

In 1992, a provision on checks was taken in Russia. It determined the rules for checking. A special check syndicate has been created, which unites the largest commercial banks. The procedure for obtaining a check is as follows: the client concludes a contract with a specific bank included in the Syndicate, pays the bank to the amount on which the account opens, and receives a checkbook.

Money Types - Electronic Money

In connection with the expansion of checking in the second half of the 20th century, new forms of payments were required. Thanks to scientific and technical progress and the development of computing equipment, it became possible to create automated electronic installations for processing checks. These electronic devices and the ability to transmit signals at a distance without the participation of paper blanks contributed to the appearance of electronic money. What do electronic money need? Such money, like any others, are needed to perform the functions of money as the payment tools. That is, it is possible to pay with paper money, but can also be electronic.

Easy use - electronic money is very easy to use. There are a large number of payment systems that cash electronic money. We will talk about them later. But one thing is important: today, working with these systems is so simple that even a child probably could cash money.

Electronic money is very convenient in circulation. Currently, most of the interbank operations are carried out with their help. And all this at the World Level. Already in more than two hundred countries e-payments are carried out, and electronic money is in circulation. This suggests that electronic money won confidence in themselves.

Money Types - Electronic Payments

There are many electronic payment systems that conduct electronic payments. These payments are very comfortable. Most people in Russia are already using these electronic wallet. With the help of electronic payments, a person can pay mobile communications for himself and for my family, satellite TV, internet access, utilities and much more. Of course, such electronic money differ from the usual, but they can also be bought on them too, as for ordinary. Of course, all these payments (well, or almost all) are made via the Internet.
But the whole power of electronic money is not only in this. They allow you to make instantaneous translations between individuals at any time and anywhere, with the minimum commission.

Thanks to the development of electronic calculations, people can not only communicate at a distance, but also to perform real cash transactions. So people can work at home, send the results of their work via the Internet, and receive wages through payment systems. Agree, it's convenient! This phenomenon becomes mass. In Russia, the development of payment systems occurs even faster than in the West. But it is worth saying about the lack of electronic payments. For their implementation, access to the Internet is required, and cheap mobile communications.

1. How did the money appear? 2. Name the foundations of money functions. 3. What types of money exist in our time? 4. Why do coins differ from banknotes?

Answer:

The main functions of the money The essence of money is that this is a historical category that resolves the contradiction of commodity production between consumer cost and cost due to the fact that they are a specific product, with a natural form of which the public function of the universal equivalent will grow. The essence of money finds its direct expression in the functions performed. Speaking measure of value, money thereby measures the cost of all other goods as universal equivalent. The cost of goods expressed in money is called its price. In the market prices may deviate up or down from the cost, depending on the ratio of supply and demand. As a means of circulation (purchasing agent), the money is serviced by trade turnover, that is, they perform the mediator in the acts of purchase and sale of goods. The participation of money in the exchange is only the moment of treatment (it is fleeting). Therefore, this function can perform defective paper and credit money. The function of money as a means of payment (payment means) appeared in connection with the development of credit relations, that is, with the possibility of delaying the payment. There is a gap between the sale (purchase) of the goods and its monetary payment. The money is one of the greatest human inventions. The origin of money is associated with 7 - 8 thousand BC, when the primitive tribes appeared excess some products that could be exchanged for other necessary products. Historically, the means of facilitating the exchange was used - with variable success - cattle, cigars, sinks, stones, slices of metal. But to serve as money, the subject should get overall recognition and buyers, and sellers as a means of exchange. Money is determined by the Society itself; Everything that society recognizes as an appeal is money. Indeed, money is a product acting as a universal equivalent that reflects the cost of all other goods. Basic money in our time: full-fledged money; Metal money; defective money; credit money. Banknote from coin: The cost of production of gold and silver coins increases due to the value of the metal, which is used for their chasing. In this regard, their release is always carried out with great care. Unlike them, paper money, without having its own value, can be produced in large quantities. When the number of banknotes in circulation becomes redundant - which can occur at the moments of serious political and economic crises, the purchasing power begins to fall, and prices grow. In the most serious cases, inflation can lead to the collapse of entire public institutions, as happened, for example, in Germany, in the 20s of the XX century.