On the modern political map of the world there are about 230 countries and territories, the overwhelming majority of them are sovereign states.

With such a large number of countries, there is a need for their grouping, which is carried out on the basis of various quantitative criteria. 1 Classification them takes primarily on the basis of political criteria, also a group of countries in the magnitude of their territory and population.

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Abstract on discipline

"Economic and social geography of foreign countries. Methods of teaching a course in high school "

On the topic: "Types of countries of the world in terms of their economic development"

Executor:

Zhbanova Elena Veniaminovna

Moscow 20 16

Introduction .............................................................................. 3.

Chapter 1 Typology of countries as the basis for the allocation of world economy subsystems. Criteria and value of classifications of countries .............................5

1.1 Developed countries; ................................................................7

1.2 Developing countries; ………………………………………………..8

1.3 countries with economies in transition. …………………………………....nine

Chapter 2. Classification of countries on economic potential and level of economic development ............................................................................10

2.1 low-income countries; …………………………………...eleven

2.2 middle-income countries, with a subdivision to subgroups with income below average and with income above average; ………………………12

2.3 High income countries. ……………………………….....12

Chapter 3. Classification of countries by the level of socio-economic development ..................................................................................................... 13

Conclusion .............................................................................15

List of used literature ............................................. 15

Introduction

On the modern political map of the world there are about 230 countries and territories, the overwhelming majority of them are sovereign states.

With such a large number of countries, there is a need for their grouping, which is carried out on the basis of various quantitative criteria.1 The classification of them takes primarily on the basis of political criteria, the grouping of countries in the magnitude of their territory and population is also distributed.

The seven largest countries are allocated to the territory of the territory, over 3 million km² each, which in the aggregate occupy 1/2 of the whole earthly sushi. This is Russia (17075 thousand km); Canada (9976 thousand km²); China (9561 thousand km²); USA (9364 thousand km²); Brazil (8512 thousand km²); Australia (7687 thousand km²); India (3288 thousand km). In terms of population, ten largest countries are distinguished, with the number of residents of more than 100 million people each, which accounts for 3/5 of the population of the globe. These dozen include China (1343 million); India (1205 million); USA (313 million); Indonesia (248 million); Russia (138 million) and others (data is given as of 2012).

Often, countries are grouped by the features of their geographic location: distinguish between seaside, peninsular, island countries and archipelago countries. Separately, countries that do not have exit to the sea are separate. They are about 40. .

World countries differ not only in size, population and geographical position. First of all, they are different in terms of socio-economic development, which characterizes the role and place in the world community at this stage of the World History. Determine the type of state - it means to attribute it to a particular socio-economic category.

To highlight types of countries, an index is an internal gross product (GDP) - the cost of all the final products of the material production and non-production sphere released in the territory of this country in one year per capita. The criteria for the selection of types of countries are the level of economic development, the country's share in world production, the structure of the economy, the degree of participation in the IHR.

The purpose of this work is to study the general, similar signs of countries underlying the typological approach and uniting countries in one group. The typological approach is an important cognitive tool that allows you to reveal the most important features of the economic and social specifics of countries and thereby distinguish the various subsystems of the world economy.

The UN currently adopted two classifications of countries. In the first, all countries of the world are divided into three types - 1) economically highly developed countries; 2) developing countries; 3) countries with economies in transition (from a planned to market). At the same time, the former socialist countries actually relate to the third type that exercise economic transformations on the construction of a market economy. According to the second classification of the UN, two large groups of countries are allocated: 1) economic developed countries and 2) developing. With this division into one group of countries, extremely different states are combined. Therefore, within each type of countries, smaller groups are distinguished - subtypes.

1. Typology of countries as the basis for the allocation of world economy subsystems. Criteria and value of country classifications

The main subject of the world economy is individual states, countries. The diversity of the modern world is most brightly manifested as a result of comparison of countries.

A typological approach to the study of countries as the subjects of the global economy allows us to evaluate the diversity of countries. General, similar signs of countries underlying the typological approach and uniting countries in one group are called typological features. The typological approach is an important cognitive tool that allows you to reveal the most important features of the economic and social specifics of countries and thereby distinguish the various subsystems of the world economy.

Any state, the country is a variety of socio-economic characteristics. Therefore, the variants of typologies of countries can be a lot. But all typologies can be reduced to two large types: quantitative and high quality.

The quantitative typologies of countries are carried out on the basis of formal external signs (the size of the territory, population) or digital indicators. To quantitative typologies, which at the same time reflect various qualities of the economy of countries, their groupings should be attributed to individual economic indicators. The most generalized classification in this sense is the classification of countries in the volume of the country's GDP produced over the year, or on GDP per capita. This allows you to allocate rich and poor countries.

Quality typologies of countries characterize more complex signs of countries. Such characteristics show the features of social development and its results. Moreover, with respect to quantitative features, they are causing a causal character. And to significantly reflect the essence of high-quality signs, a certain set of quantitative signs or their integral expression is required. To such a classification in terms of socio-economic development, which includes a system of indicators, such as GDP per capita, sectoral structure of GDP (economy), the level of literacy of the population, life expectancy. The classification of countries for this group of signs allows to allocate developed and developing countries.

Classifications are diverse. The most complete idea of \u200b\u200bgroups of countries in the global economy is given universal international organizations whose members are almost all countries of the world. These organizations include:

• Organization of the United Nations (UN)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World Bank (WB)

In international practice, there is a standard classification, in accordance with which all countries are divided into 3 main groups:4

• The developed countries
• Developing countries

Such a classification was chosen in 1980 by the Economic and Social Council of the UN (ECOSOC).

1.1 Developed countries

These are countries with a high level of economic development, the predominance of the scope of services and the manufacturing industries in the structure of the economy and employment of the population, with a high level and quality of life. They produce the main share of industrial and agricultural production. About 1 billion people live in economically developed countries. This is the so-called "golden billion". This category includes the 28 most developed countries of the world. : countries of Western Europe;

• seven countries and territories in Asia (including Xiangan (Sar China), Taiwan Island, Singapore, Republic of Korea - since 1997, Cyprus - since 2001);
• two - in America (USA, Canada);
• Australia and New Zealand.

Obviously, the developed countries include small countries of Western Europe - Andorra, Vatican, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and the Offshore - Bermuda (BR.) And Faroe Islands.

1.2. Requesting countries

The total number of developing countries - 172. In the statistics of the International Monetary Fund, 126 countries were attributed to the number of developing countries - former colonial possessions, as well as China, which, despite gigantic successes in the economy, the high growth rates of GDP and foreign trade volumes are still lagging behind developed countries on shower indicators; South Africa, Turkey. Based on the level and quality of life, there are also 46 small countries and dependent territories, countries with uncertain status - Western Sugar, Gibraltar, Falkland O-Wa, as well as Cuba and DPRK. For this group of countries, the colonial past, agrarian-commodity specialization of the economy, an unequal position in the global economy, lower than in the group of economically developed countries, are characterized by GNI indicators. Some countries related to the category of developing, for a number of indicators (per capita GDP, the development of high-tech industries) not only approach developed countries, but sometimes exceed them. The globalization of the global economy led to the dissemination of the achievements of the information society in less developed regions of the world.Differences between economically developed countries and developing countries are not so much in the field of economics, as in the peculiarities of the territorial structure of the economy. In the boundaries of the territory of developing countries, as a rule, aroles with various socio-economic techniques coexist - from a primitive assigning economy, natural economy, to modern industrial. Areas with a predominance of natural farm occupy significant on the territory area, but are practically excluded from the overall economic life of the country. Commodities are connected mainly with an external market. Thus, a multi-fashioned, disintegrated economy is the main distinguishing feature of developing countries.

1.3. Transitional economies

This type includes 28 countries - all former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, whose economy developed in the conditions of administratively command system and copying the experience of the USSR. Political and economic reforms of the end of the XX century. They were aimed at creating a market economy and included the introduction of multiparty, privatization, convertibility of national currencies, the elimination of centralized planning.

Countries with economies in transition

2 . Classification of countries on economic potential and level of economic development

The economic potential of the country shows such an indicator as the annual volume of the country's GDP. The differences in this indicator allocate, above all, the groupthe largest countries (over 1 trillion dollars): United States (11,6675 trillion), Japan (4,6234 trillion), Germany (2,7144 trillion), United Kingdom (2,1409 trillion), France (2,0026 trillion), Italy (1, 6723 trillion), China (1.6493 trillion).

They account for more than 60% of the global gross product. The economic power of these countries is based primarily on such advantages in the population, the size of the territory and natural resource potential, the economic and geographical position. The crucial value is a favorable combination of all factors. This dependence is traced in both other groups of this classification, especially in the next group of countries that havelarge volume of GDP (0.5 to 1 trillion. dollars).This includes 6 countries: Spain, Canada, India, Brazil, Russia, Republic of Korea (Y.Koreore). The following group is the average GDP volume (0.1 to 0.5 trillion. Dollars).- 30 countries. This is, for example, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey, Argentina, South Africa, Egypt, etc.

Small countries having GDP less than $ 100 billion,most countries of the world are dominant in the post-Soviet space, in Africa, Latin America, Oceania. However, the indicators of GDP do not allow to judge the level of economic development of the country. Therefore, to compare the levels of development of countries, economists most often use GDP indicators (GNP) per capita. The conventionality of this indicator is determined by the country's population, including not participating in the creation of GDP. These indicators are also called per capita income or shower income. Standard classification for this indicator is developed by the World Bank.

In its analytical and operating work, the World Bank Group classifies the economies of countries, depending on the annual income per capita, allocating the following groups of countries:

• Low income countries
• Middle-income countries, with a subsection for subgroups with income below average and with income above average,
• High income countries.

According to the classification of the World Bank - the country with a GNP per capita, equal or exceeding $ 9,386 from the calculation of the purchasing power of the dollar that existed in 1995.

2.1 low-income countries

Low-income countries - according to the classification of the World Bank - the country with a GNP per capita, not exceeding $ 765 at the calculation of the purchasing power of the dollar that existed in 1995.

This group, the World Bank includes 25 low-income countries and with the most acute problems of economic development and quality of life.

Almost 500 million people live in these countries, half of which has a daily income less than $ 1 per day. In these countries, internal political conflicts continue, there is no sufficient security, there is corruption, violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the growth rate of the economy is negative. On the other hand, in them the highest infant mortality rates in the world (1/3 above than in a low-income group), low life expectancy. All this is an obstacle to attracting investments and prevents economic growth.

Countries and low-income areas and unstable political situation, 2010-2011.

2.2 middle-income countries

Middle-income countries - according to the classification of the World Bank - the country with a GNP per capita, amounting to 766 to 9385 US dollars at the calculation of the purchasing power of the dollar that existed in 1995. Middle-income countries are divided:

On low middle-income countries: from $ 766 to 3035 dollars;

High middle-income countries: from 3036 to 9385 dollars.

2.3 High Income Countries

High income countries - according to the classification of the World Bank - the country with a GNP per capita, equal to or exceeding $ 9,3386 from the calculation of the purchasing power of the dollar that existed in 1995.

Countries with high income are all industrialized countries and developing countries with high income.

Countries and territories with high income per capita

3. Classification of countries in terms of socio-economic development

Socio-economic development of the country represents a complex phenomenonand represents a comprehensive characteristics of the country's socio-economic system.

Classification of countries on this criterion refers to high-quality typology. To conduct a classification of countries on socio-economic development, a set of detailed characteristics is required.

These include the following indicators and characteristics:

• Level of economic development
• Economy type (market economy, non-market, mixed, transitional)
• Sectoral structure of GDP
• Level and quality of life of the population.

This complex of criteria includes other economic signs, also social signs. Such a signas the level of economic developmentalready known and measured by the level of GDP / soul population.

The definition of a market economy states thatmarket economyit is such an economy that is based on free private entrepreneurship, there is a free pricing system under the influence of supply and demand and on the basis of competitive relations.

The determination of the type of economy in the form of a market / non-market is largely currently determined by political motifs and competitive struggle between countries and firms of these countries, it is often determined in the process of negotiations between countries between countries and international organizations, and can be determined unilaterally. Nevertheless, there is a classification of countries that can be used to determine the market nature of the economy. This is determining the economic freedom index.

Sectoral structure of economics It is an important indicator of the development of society, the country. Under the sectoral structure means the relationship between various industries or their groups.

In macroeconomic analysis, 3 sectors of the economy are distinguished:

1. Primary sector, comprising enterprises such as agriculture, forestry, hunting and fisheries.
2. Secondary sectorcomprising industry and construction
3. Tertiary sectorwhich includes industry services or industrial and social infrastructure branches. That is, it is trade, transport, communications, tourism, financial services, educational, consulting, research and other.

In accordance with such sectolation of the sectors of the economy, the following levels of development of society are distinguished:

1. Traditional society, if the primary sector prevails.

2. Industrial society, if the secondary sector prevails.

3. Post-industrial society, if the tertiary sector prevails.

But the prevalence of not all services is evidence of post-industrial society. There are countries that do not possess the developed industry, but their structure prevails such services such as trade, tourism or transport.

In the modern world there are several groups of states characterized by the similarity of these socio-economic indicators. The world is extremely heterogeneous in its socio-economic nature.

Currently, three groups of countries can be distinguished:

- industrially developed countries with market economies that form a framework of world economy;

- developing countries Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania (or third world countries);

- countries with economies in transitionpresented in the main states of Eastern Europe, as well as Russia in the way of developing new forms of management.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, the following conclusions can be drawn: industrial, industrial-agricultural, agrarian industrial and agricultural countries are distinguished from the analysis of the sectoral structure of production. This structure is mobile, since during the economic progress, many agrarian countries become first agrarous industrial, and with time - industrials. According to the degrees of integration into the world economy, integrated and weak-sensitive countries can be found.

The variety of countries belonging to the world economy cannot but cause its contradictory. First of all, a contradiction arises between developed and underdeveloped countries. If for developed countries is characterized by a relatively prosperous situation with the standard of living of the population, unemployment, inflation, health care and other problems, then in underdeveloped countries are acute problems. About 40% of the population of the Earth lives in the conditions of absolute poverty. More than 1.5 billion people Lained elementary medical care. Many of the underdeveloped countries have retained their monocultural economy, which have developed even during their colonial addiction. Most of them have raw materials specialization with a weakly developed processing industry.

At the same time, the tendency of "pull-ups" of underdeveloped countries is recently discovered with the help of developed. This is due to the corresponding interest of both parties. It became obvious that cooperation with a weak partner is beneficial for developed countries. On the one hand, a weak partner does not stimulate the growth of production efficiency, and, ultimately, and its profitability. On the other hand, underdeveloped countries often use environmentally harmful production technologies that violate an extremely important natural equilibrium not only in a given country, but also on the whole globe. Exactly important contradiction of modern world economy is a contradiction between the developed countries based on competition between with them. After World War II, the lion's share of world production was accounted for in the United States. At the same time, in the second half of the 50s, Western European countries, restoring their economy and united into the European Economic Community, significantly strengthened their positions, became equal to compete with the United States for the markets and the scope of the capital application. Since the late 60s, Japan joined the leaders. For this reason, the modern world economy is characterized by the presence of three rival centers.

Tsar, Paraguay, Nepal, Bhutan). Moreover, very often geographical on affects its socio-economic development. Some states occupy a whole continent (), and other are located on a small island or group of islands (, etc.).

These are the world's most developed in their economic and scientific and technical potential. They differ from each other with the peculiarities of their development and economic power, but all of them are united by a very high level of development and the role they play in.

This group of countries includes six states from the famous "Big Seven". Among them, the first place for economic potential is the United States.

These countries have achieved a high level of development, but each of them, in contrast to the main capitalist countries, has 28 much clink specialization in the world economy. At the same time, they send to the external market to half of their products. In the economy of these states, the proportion of non-production sphere (banking, the provision of various kinds of services, travel business, etc.).

1.3. Countries of "Migrating Capitalism": Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.

The first four countries are the former colonies of Great Britain. Capitalist relations arose in them as a result of economic activities of immigrants from Europe. But unlike the United States, who at one time were also a migrating colony, the development of them had some features.

Despite the high level of development, these states retain the agrarian-raw materials specialization that preserved them in their colonial period. But such specialization in the international division of labor is significantly different from such specialization of developing countries, as it combines with a highly developed internal economy.

Israel is a small state formed at the expense of immigrants after the Second World War in Palestine (who was held after the First World War on the Mandat on the League of Nations under the Office of Great Britain).

Canada is included in the "greater seven" of economically highly developed countries, but according to the type and features of the development of its economy, it belongs to this group.

The second group in this typology includes:

2. Countries with an average level of development of capitalism. There are few such countries. They differ from the states included in the first group and history, and in terms of their socio-economic development. Among them can also highlight subtypes:

2.1. A country that has reached political independence and an average level of economic development in the premium of the capitalist system: Ireland.

The modern level of economic development and political independence was achieved by the cost of extremely severe national struggle against imperialism. Recently, Finland also belonged to this subtype. However, this country has entered the group of "economically highly developed countries".

In the past, these states played an important role in world history. Spain and Portugal created huge colonial empires in the era of feudalism, but later lost all their possessions.

Despite the well-known successes in the development of the industry and the scope of services, in terms of development, these countries are generally lagging behind economically highly developed states.

The third group includes:

3. Economically less developed countries (developing countries).

This is the most numerous and diverse group of countries. For the most part, these are former colonial and dependent countries, which, having received political independence, have fallen into economic dependence on countries that were previously their metropolis.

Unites the countries of this group a lot, including development problems, as well as domestic and external difficulties associated with a low level of development of the economy and social sphere, disadvantage of funds, lack of experience in conducting capitalist commodity economy, disadvantage of qualified personnel, strong economic addiction, A huge external debt, etc. The situation exacerbates civil wars and inter-ethnic conflicts. In the international division of labor, they are far from the best position, being mainly suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to economically developed countries.

In addition, in all countries of this type, due to the rapid growth of the population, the social situation of large masses deteriorates, the excess of labor resources are shown, the demographic, food and others are especially acute.

But despite the overall features, the countries of this group are very different from each other (and about 150 of them). Therefore, the following subtypes are allocated:

3.2.2. Countries of large-channel development of capitalism:
, Chile, Iran, Iraq, (developed with a massive invasion of foreign capital associated with the export exploitation of large mineral deposits in these states).

It should be noted that the states of the world included in the first and second groups of the above-mentioned typology are pro-consistently developed countries of the world. All developing states have been attributed to the third group.

This typology was created when the world was two-pole (divided into capitalist and socialist), and characterized only the incomocialist countries of the world.

Now, when the world from the two-pole turns into one-pole, new typologies of the countries of the world are created or complemented and modified (as well as the typology of the MGU scientists).

Created as noted earlier, and other typologies. As a generalizing, synthetic indicator, the indicator of gross domestic or national product (GDP or GNP) is often used in the per capita. Such is, for example, a well-known typological classification of developing countries and territories (authors: B.M. Bolotin, V.L. Sheynis), emitting "echelons" (upper, intermediate and lower) and seven groups of countries (from countries of medium-breeding capitalism to the least developed ).

Scientists of the Geographical Faculty of Moscow State University (A.S. Fetisov, B.C. Tikunov) developed a somewhat different approach to the classification of non-socialist countries of the world - an estimated typological one. They performed a multidimensional statistical analysis of data on 120 countries based on many indicators reflecting the level of socio-economic and political development of society. They allocated seven groups of countries with a level of development from very high (USA, Canada, Sweden, Japan) to very low (Somalia, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Mali, Afghanistan, Haiti and others).

Famous scholar geographer Ya.G. Mashbits allocated the types of "developing world" countries, based on industrialization trends. To the first group in his classification, countries were classified where large and relatively diverse industrial production (, Mexico, India, etc.) were developed; to the second - industrial agent of average potential with a significant development of raw materials and processing industries (Venezuela, Peru, Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, etc.); to the third - small states and territories using the benefits of their economic and geographical position (Singapore, Panama, Bahamas, etc.); To the fourth - the countries of Oil Exporters (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc.). And the fifth group was attributed to the least industrialized countries with limited development prospects (i.e., the least developed countries: Haiti, Mali, Chad, Mozambique, Nepal, Bhutan, Somalia, etc.).

In some economic and geographical typologies among the developing world countries Allocate the group of "New Industrial Countries" (NIS). These are most often attributed to Singapore, Taiwan, the Republic of Korea. In recent years, the "NIS of the second wave" is added to this group - Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and some other countries. The economy of these countries is characterized by a high rate of industrialization, export orientation of industrial production (especially products of high-tech industries), active participation of them in the international division of labor.

Attempts by typological differentiation of countries of the world were made by geographers, economists, and other specialists. More details you will get acquainted with the characteristic of various tipologies of statesin further courses.

Countries differ among themselves not only by geographical location, the size of the territory, forms of the state device, but also on the levels of socio-economic development. Our world is extremely diverse, and in order to group countries on this basis, we must consider many factors. These include: the economic potential of the country, the country's share in global production, the structure of the economy, the degree of its involvement in international, territorial, demographic indicators, etc.

The most common quantitative indicators reflecting the level of socio-economic development:

• the gross domestic product (GDP) is the total value of all the benefits produced in the territory of a given country for the year (in monetary terms);
• the gross national product (GNP) is GDP minus the profits of foreign companies in a given country, but with the addition of profits received by citizens of the country beyond.

In order to be able to compare these indicators in different countries, the GDP data on GDP is fixed in a single monetary dimension - dollars. Important indicators are GDP and GNP per capita, testifying to the level of development of countries. With the highest and lowest GDP figures per capita are shown in the table.

For a long time, the development of society was measured by economic indicators and, above all, per capita income; At the same time, the main thing of the country's economy was intended to be the rapid growth of industry. Currently, social development factors are increasingly taken into account:

• availability of education and medical care,
• the level of development of science and transport,
• state environment and others.

UN International Organizations calculated the integral indicator of human development in which you can compare and compare the level and quality of life of the population. This indicator (index) includes many elements, but the main are:

• average;
• literacy and education level;
• the standard of living (the GDP per capita and the purchasing power of the population is taken into account).

For example: the average life expectancy in Afghanistan 42 years, in Japan - 82; literacy rate in 12%, in about 100%; GDP per capita in Zaire - 220 dollars, and in Denmark - 33300.

Given the many indicators, in statistical publications of specialized UN organizations adhere to the classification, according to which countries of the world are divided into a market economy and. However, due to the rapidly changing socio-political situation in the world, it is harder to carry out a clear boundary between them. We offer one of the classifications adopted by the UN.

Economically developed countries. This group includes countries foreign, and, the United States, (recently Turkey has become increasingly more common).

Countries "" - USA, Japan, Canada - have high economic potential and influence on the political and economic life of the planet.

Highly developed small countries in Europe:, etc. It is characterized by high GDP indicators per capita, stability, the management of the Services plays a leading role.

Mid-Developed Countries: ,. Loan from developed countries in terms of size and structure of GDP, as well as in terms of income of the population.

Countries of migrating capitalism. It is -, South Africa, Canada - practically not known feudalism and distinguished by the originality of economic development.

Postsocialist countries. Developing in the past on the socialist path, these countries on the collective sector, centralized planning of the economy and the priority development of basic industries.

In a special group, post-socialist countries are allocated in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The separation of world economy in economic activity and the definition of basic economic relationships between them allows not only to analyze the trends in the development of individual countries, but also compare them among themselves. However, in the world as a whole, about 200 countries that are very different in terms of economic development. And knowledge of classifications is extremely important for mutual study and exchange of economic development experience.

As economically developed countries, the International Monetary Fund allocates states: 1. Countries qualifying by WB and IMF as a country with a developed economy at the end of the XX - early XXI centuries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece , Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland ,.

2. Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Vatican, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino are also included in a more complete group of developed countries.

Among the main signs of developed countries it is advisable to allocate the following:

5. The economies of developed countries are characterized by the openness of the world economy and the liberal organization of the foreign trade regime. Leadership in global production determines their leading role in world trade, international capital movement, international monetary and settlement relations. In the field of international labor migration, developed countries act as a receiving party.

Countries with economies in transition

Countries with economies in transition usually include 28 states of Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR, moving from centrally planned to the market economy, as well as in some cases, Mongolia, China and Vietnam. In the number of countries with transitional economies, due to its political significance, it is usually separate, out of connection with other groups, Russia is considered (2% of world GDP and 1% exports). A separate group allocated once included in the socialist camp of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the countries of the former USSR, which are called the countries of the former "ruble zone".

Countries with economies in transition include:

1. Former Socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, the successors of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro;

2. Former Soviet republics - now CIS countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine;

3. Former Baltic republics: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.

The classification is particularly difficult, since the construction of capitalism, and therefore market relations, in the PRC occurs under the guidance of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The Chinese economy represents the symbiosis of the planned socialist economy and free entrepreneurship. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) refers China, as well as India, to developing Asian countries.

For the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries and some Balkan countries, it is characterized by an initially higher level of socio-economic development; radical and successful reform ("velvet revolutions"); A pronounced desire to enter the EU. Outsiders in this group are Albania, Bulgaria and Romania. Leaders - Czech Republic and Slovenia.

Former Soviet republics, with the exception of the Baltic countries, since 1993, since 1993, were merged into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The collapse of the USSR led to the discontinuity of the emerging decades of economic relations between enterprises of the former republics. One-time cancellation of state pricing (in the context of the deficit of goods and services), the spontaneous privatization of the largest export-oriented state enterprises, the introduction of parallel currency (US dollar) and the liberalization of foreign trade activities led to a sharp drop in production. GDP in Russia decreased almost 2 times. Hyperinflation reached 2000% or more per year.

There was a sharp drop in the course of the national currency, the deficit of the state budget, a sharp bundle of the population at the absolute impoverishment of its main mass. There was a formation of a oligarchic option of capitalism without creating a middle class. The loans of the IMF and other international organizations were sent to the "Latvia of Hill" in the state budget and unplanned uncontrolled. Financial stabilization due to budget restrictions and policies of restriction or compression of the money supply (increase interest rates) gradually reduced inflation, but had serious social losses (unemployment, the increase in population mortality, street children, etc.). The experience of "shock therapy" showed that in itself the introduction of private property and market relations is not a guarantor of creating an effective economy.

If we talk about the term "transition economy", it is used to characterize the transformations of the economy of socialist countries to the market. The transition to the market required a number of significant transformations to which include:

1) the denationalization of the economy, requiring privatization and stimulating the development of non-state enterprises;

2) the development of non-state forms of ownership, including private ownership of the means of production; 3) the formation of the consumer market and the saturation of its goods.

The first reform programs consisted of sets of stabilization measures and privatization. Monetary and fiscal restrictions had to bring down inflation and restore financial equilibrium, while liberalization of external relations - to bring the necessary competition to the domestic market.

Economic and social transition costs turned out to be higher than expected. The prolonged economic downturn, the high level of unemployment, the decline of social security system, deepening the differentiation of income and the decline in the well-being of the population became the first results of reforms.

The practice of reforming in various countries can be reduced to two main alternative paths:

1) the path of fast radical reforms ("shock therapy") adopted as a basis in many countries, including in Russia. The strategy was historically formed in the 1980s of the IMF for debtor countries. Its features began the oblivion liberalization of prices, incomes and economic activities. Macroeconomic stabilization was achieved by reducing the money supply and enormous inflation as a result.

Urgent system transformations included privatization. In foreign economic activity, the goal was to involve the national economy in the world economy. The results of "shock therapy" are rather negative than positive;

2) ways of gradual evolutionary transformation of the economy taken as a basis in China.

Already since the mid-1990s, and with the beginning of the reconciliation stage, the countries with transition demonstrated a good overall indicators of economic development and a market economy. GDP indicators gradually went up. However, the level of unemployment remains high. Taking into account the different starting conditions of different times of the beginning of the transformation, their results turned out different. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Estonia, Slovakia have achieved the greatest success.

In many countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the proportion of government spending in GDP is large: at least 30-50%. In the process of market reform, the standard of living of the population has decreased and inequality in income distribution increased: approximately 1/5 part of the population was able to raise the standard of living, and about 30% turned into poor. In one group, the former Soviet republics can be distinguished, which are now united in the CIS. Their economies demonstrate different speed of market transformations.

Developing countries

Developing countries - 132 countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, characterized by low and middle income. By virtue of a wide variety of developing countries in international economy, they are customary to classify both by geographical features and in various analytical criteria.

There are certain reasons for the allocation of yesterday's dependent and colonial countries who have segained in their economic and social development and conditionally integrated term "developing" into a special group of states. In these countries, 80% of the world's population live, and the fate of this region will always significantly affect world processes.

The most important criteria for the separation of developing countries are a special place in the system of economic and political ties, the level of economic development and specific features of the reproduction and features of the socio-economic structure.

The first and most significant feature of developing countries is their place in the global economy and politics. Today, they are part of the global capitalist system and are more or less exposed to the action of dominant economic laws and world economic trends. Staying the world of the global economy, the trend in the deepening of economic and political dependence on the economies of developed countries continues to operate in these countries.

Developing countries are still large suppliers of raw materials and fuel to the global market, despite the fact that the share of developing countries in imports of the West of the Western fuel in recent years has decreased somewhat. As suppliers of raw materials, they depend on the import of finished products, so today the proportion of developing countries in world exports is only about 30%, including in the supply of industrial products - 21.4%.

The dependence of the economy of this group of countries from TNC, as well as financial dependence. TNK with the most advanced technology does not go to its transfer when creating joint ventures in developing countries, preferring their branches there. In developing countries, at least 1/4 of foreign investment TNK is concentrated. Private capital today has become the main element of foreign revenues in developing countries. Direct foreign investment today accounts for more than half of all funds coming from private sources.

The level of economic development of developing countries can be characterized as an economic backwardness from the most developed part of the world. The low level of development of the productive forces, the backwardness of the technical equipment of industry, agriculture and social infrastructure is the main features of the economy of these countries as a whole. The most characteristic sign of the backwardness is the agricultural profile of the economy and the share of the population engaged in agriculture. Industrial-agricultural profile of the economy is not typical for developing countries. It developed only in the most developed countries of Latin America and several Asian states. In the overwhelming majority of countries, agricultural employment and today 2.5 times, and sometimes 10 times the industrial. In this regard, many oil-producing countries are closer to developing countries than developed.

The features of the socio-economic structure of developing countries are associated with the multipleness of the economy. Developing countries are inherent in a significant set of production forms: from patriarchal-communal and small-turn to monopolistic and cooperative. Economic ties between protections are limited. Studies are characterized by their system of values \u200b\u200band lifestyle of the population. Patriarchal estate is characteristic of agriculture. Private -ital security includes various forms of ownership and exists in trade, service sector.

The emergence of capitalist defendants has its own characteristics here. First, it is often associated with the export of capital from more developed countries, and in conditions of an unprepared economy, an "enclave" character is.

Secondly, capitalist way, developing as a dependent, cannot eliminate multipleness and even leads to its expansion. Thirdly, there is no consistent development of one form of ownership from another. For example, monopolistic property, which is most often represented by TNC branches, is not a product of development of joint-stock ownership, etc.

Social structure of society reflects the multipliness of the economy. The community type dominates in public relations, civil society is only formed. For developing countries, poverty, overcrowding, high unemployment rate are characteristic.

The economic role of the state in developing countries is very large and along with traditional functions includes: implementation of national sovereignty over natural resources; control over foreign financial assistance to use it for the implementation of projects provided for in the social and economic development programs of the state; Agricultural transformations associated with an increase in the production of agricultural products, the creation of cooperatives, etc.; Preparation of national personnel.

There is a classification of developing countries depending on the level of economic development, measured by the GDP indicator per capita:

1) high income per capita, comparable with income in developed countries (Brunei, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Singapore);

2) Patterns with average GDP indicators per capita (Libya, Uruguay, Tunisia, etc.);

3) poor countries in the world. This group includes most countries of tropical Africa, countries of South Asia and Oceania, a number of Latin America countries.

Another classification of developing countries is associated with the level of development of capitalism as a household text. From this point of view, the following groups of developing countries can be distinguished:

1) These are states where the state, foreign and local capital prevails. The economic activity of the state is a state-capitalistic content. In these countries, the inclusion of foreign capital in the local one is high. These countries include Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, as well as a number of small states of the Asia-Pacific region.

2) The second group of states is the largest. Their feature is that capitalism here is represented by "enclaves", and sometimes very isolated. This group includes countries such as India, Pakistan, the countries of the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, North Africa, nearby countries of Southeast Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia).

3) The third group is the least developed states of the world, about 30 countries with a population of about 15% of the population of the developing world. Capitalistic installation in them exists in the form of fragments. These capitalist "enclaves" are mainly represented by foreign capital. 2/3 of the least developed countries is in Africa. In the prepalistic sector, natural relations are dominated. Almost all areas of employment of the population are traditional injections. The only motor development force in most of them is a state. The share of the manufacturing industry in GDP is not more than 10%, the GDP per capita is no more than $ 300, and the literacy rate is not more than 20% of the adult population. These countries have little chance to improve their position on their own, relying only on domestic strength.

Source - World Economy: Tutorial / E.G.G.Guzhva, M.I.Lesna, A.V. Kontraratiev, A.N.Gorov; SPbgas. - St. Petersburg., 2009. - 116 p.

Discipline "Basics of Country Studies" Lecture 3.

Typology of countries

Typology of countries - Allocation of groups of countries with similar type and level of socio-economic development. The type of country develops objectively, this is a relatively sustainable complex of development characteristics of it, characterizing its role and place in the world community at this stage of the world history. Determine the type of state - it means to attribute it to a particular socio-economic category.

To highlight types of countries, the indicator is gross domestic product (GDP) - the value of the entire final products of the material production and non-production sphere released on the territory of this country in one year per capita. The criteria for the selection of types of countries are the level of economic development, the country's share in world production, the structure of the economy, the degree of participation in the IHR.

The UN currently adopted two classifications of countries. In the first, all countries of the world are divided into three types - 1) economically highly developed countries; 2) developing countries; 3) (from a planned to market). At the same time, the former socialist countries actually relate to the third type that exercise economic transformations on the construction of a market economy. According to the second classification of the UN, two large groups of countries are distinguished: 1) economic developed countries and 2) developing. With this division into one group of countries, extremely different states are combined. Therefore, within each type of countries, smaller groups are distinguished - subtypes.

Economically developed countries

TO economically developed countries The UN refers about 60 states: all Europe, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. For these countries, as a rule, a high level of development of the economy is characterized, the predominance of the manufacturing and services of the manufacturing industry, the high standard of living of the population. But the group includes Russia, Belarus, the Czech Republic, etc. due to heterogeneity, economically developed countries are divided into several subtypes:

Economically developed countries:

1. main countries - USA, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Canada. They give more than 50% of the production of all industrial and more than 25% of the agricultural products of the world. The main countries and Canada (with the exception of China) are often called "Countries of Big Seven". (In 1997, Russia was adopted in a large seven, which turned into a "G8".)
2. economically developed countries of Europe - Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Scandinavian countries, etc. For these countries, political stability is characterized, the high standard of living of the population, high GDP and the highest indicators of exports and imports at the per capita. Unlike main countries, they have a significantly narrower specialization in the international division of labor. Their economy more depends on the revenues received from banking, tourism, intermediary trade, etc.;
3. countries "Migrating Capitalism" - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former colonies of Great Britain - and the state of Israel formed in 1948 by decision of the UN General Assembly. A characteristic feature of these countries (except Israeli) is the preservation of international specialization in the export of raw materials and agricultural products. In contrast to developing countries, this agrarian-raw material specialization is based on high productivity and combined with a developed internal economy.

Mid-Development Countries:

1. midwitched countries of Europe: Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland. In terms of the development of productive forces, they are somewhat lagging behind the modern technical progress. Spain and Portugal in the past were the largest colonial empires, played a big role in world history. But the loss of the colonies led to the loss of political influence and the weakening of the economy, which before that kept on the wealth of colonies;
2. countries with economies in transition - CIS countries, countries of Eastern Europe. They conduct transformations aimed at developing market relations in the economy instead of centralized planning. This subgroup of countries has been separated in the 1990s due to the collapse of the global socialist system. The subgroup includes countries that significantly differ in each other (see Note).

Developing countries

TO developing countries The UN Classification refers all other countries of the world. Almost all of them are located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. More than ¾ of the world's population live in them, they occupy more than ½ Sushi Square, but their share accounts for less than 20% of the manufacturing industry and only 30% of agricultural world products (1995 data). For developing countries, the focus on exports is characterized, which puts the national economy of countries dependent on the global market; Multipleness of the economy; Special territorial structure of the economy, scientific and technological dependence on developed countries, sharp social contrasts. Developing countries are very diverse. There are several approaches to highlight subtypes within this group of countries.

The place of any country in typology is not constantly and can change over time.

Problems of allocation of developed and developing countries

The border between developed and developing countries, UN experts usually determine the criterion of $ 6,000 per capita per year in the country. However, this indicator does not always allow to objectively classify countries. Some states relating to the UN classification to developing, for a number of indicators (per capita GDP, the level of development of advanced high-tech industries) closely approached economically developed countries or have already surpassed them. So, in 1997 Singapore, Taiwan and the Republic of Korea were officially translated from the group of developing countries to the group developed. But at the same time, other indicators of the socio-economic and political development of countries - the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, dependence on foreign capital - still remain more characteristic of developing states. Russia, with this classification, having an indicator of shower GDP about 2500 dollars. per year, formally enters a group of developing countries.

Considering such difficulties with the classification of the countries of the world on GDP, others are now trying to allocate other, more objective criteria for determining the level of socio-economic development of countries. For example, based on the average life expectancy, the level of education, the real magnitude of the average income of the population is determined by the human development index (IRCHP). Applying this criterion, UN experts divide the countries of the world into three groups - with high, medium and low irr. Then the first ten of the most developed countries of the world turns out to be another than, when considering GDP per capita per year, and Russia and the CIS countries fall into the second group, Russia is in 67th place between Suriname and Brazil.

Note

The inclusion in the bicked typology of the former socialist countries is rather difficult. The level of their socio-economic development is different: most countries, such as Eastern Europe, the Baltic States, Russia, Ukraine, are economically developed, but other countries occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing. China also can also be attributed to various criteria, and to developing states.