Ernest Rutherford his work presentation. Presentation for the physics lesson "Rutherford's Atom Model"
He was one of 12 children of the wheel-builder and construction worker James Rutherford, of Scottish descent, and Martha (Thompson) Rutherford, a school teacher from England. At first, R. attended elementary and secondary local schools, and then became a fellow at Nelson College, a private high school, where he proved to be a talented student, especially in mathematics. Thanks to his academic success, R. received another scholarship, which allowed him to enter Canterbury College in Christchurch, one of the largest cities in New Zealand.
In college, R. was greatly influenced by his teachers: E.W., who taught physics and chemistry. Bickerton and mathematician J. Cook. After in 1892, Mr .. R. was awarded a bachelor of arts degree, he stayed at Canterbury College and continued his studies thanks to a scholarship in mathematics.
The following year, he earned a Master of Arts in Liberal Arts, excelling in mathematics and physics. His master's work dealt with the detection of high frequency radio waves. To study this phenomenon, he constructed a wireless radio receiver and used it to receive signals transmitted by colleagues from a distance of half a mile.
In 1894, Mr .. R. was awarded a bachelor's degree in natural sciences. There was a tradition at Canterbury College that any student who earned an MA and stayed in college was required to do further research and complete a Bachelor of Science degree.
At Cambridge, R. worked under the guidance of the English physicist J.J. Thomson. Their collaboration culminated in significant results, including Thomson's discovery of the electron, an atomic particle that carries a negative electrical charge. Based on their research, Thomson and R. put forward the assumption that when X-rays pass through a gas, they destroy the atoms of this gas, releasing the same number of positively and negatively charged particles. They called these particles ions.
In 1911 he proposed a new model of the atom. According to his theory, which has become generally accepted today, positively charged particles are concentrated in the heavy center of the atom, and negatively charged (electrons) are in the orbit of the nucleus, at a fairly large distance from it.
In 1919, Mr .. R. moved to the University of Cambridge, becoming Thomson's successor as professor of experimental physics and director of the Cavendish Laboratory, and in 1921 he was appointed professor of natural sciences at the Royal Institution in London. In 1930, Mr .. R. was appointed chairman of the government advisory board of the Office of Scientific and Industrial Research. At the height of his career, the scientist attracted many talented young physicists to work in his laboratory in Cambridge.
In 1900, during a short trip to New Zealand, R. married Mary Newton, who bore him a daughter. Almost to the end of his life, he was distinguished by good health and died in Cambridge in 1937 after a short illness. R. was buried in Westminster Abbey near the graves of Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin.
Ernest Rutherford
Completed by: Vasilyeva Lera
Grade 9 student
Ernest Rutherford is a British physicist of New Zealand origin.
Known as the "father" of nuclear physics. 1908 Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry. All of Rutherford's experiments were fundamental in nature and were distinguished by exceptional simplicity and clarity.
In 1911, with his famous experiment of scattering of α-particles, he proved the existence in atoms of a positive charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons around it. Based on the results of the experiment, he created a planetary model of the atom.
Biography
Rutherford was born in New Zealand in the small village of Spring Grove, located in the north of the South Island near the city of Nelson, the son of a farmer who grew flax. Father - James Rutherford, immigrated from Perth (Scotland). Mother - Martha Thompson, originally from Hornchurch, Essex, England. At this time, other Scots emigrated to Quebec, Canada, but the Rutherford family was unlucky and the government provided a free steamer ticket to New Zealand, not Canada.
Ernest was the fourth child in a family of twelve. He had an amazing memory, good health and strength. Graduated with honors from elementary school, earning 580 out of 600 points and a £ 50 bonus to continue his studies at Nelson College. Another scholarship allowed him to continue his studies at Canterbury College in Christchurch (now the University of New Zealand). In those days it was a small university with 150 students and only 7 professors. Rutherford is fond of science and begins research work from the first day.
Rutherford planned to study a radio wave or Hertz wave detector, take exams in physics and get a master's degree. But the following year, it turned out that the UK government post had allocated money to Marconi for the same job and refused to fund it at the Cavendish Laboratory. Since the scholarship was not even enough for food, Rutherford was forced to start working as a tutor and assistant for J.J. Thomson on the study of the process of ionization of gases under the influence of X-rays. Together with J.J. Thomson, Rutherford discovered the phenomenon of current saturation during gas ionization.
In 1898, Rutherford discovers alpha and beta rays. A year later, Paul Villard discovered gamma radiation (the name of this type of ionizing radiation, like the first two, was proposed by Rutherford).
In 1908, Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research in the field of the decay of elements in the chemistry of radioactive substances." In 1914, Rutherford was awarded a title of nobility and became "Sir Ernst". On February 12, at Buckingham Palace, the king ordained him a knight: he was dressed in a court uniform and girded with a sword. His heraldic coat of arms, approved in 1931, was crowned with the kiwi bird, the symbol of New Zealand, by the peer of England, Baron Rutherford Nelson (this was the name of the great physicist after elevation to the nobility). The coat of arms is an exponential representation of a curve characterizing the monotonic process of decreasing the number of radioactive atoms with time.
Ernest Rutherford coat of arms
Scientific activity
1904 - "Radioactivity".
1905 - "Radioactive transformations".
1930 - "Radiation of radioactive substances" (co-authored with J. Chadwick and C. Ellis).
Study of the phenomenon of radioactivity
After the discovery of radioactive elements, an active study of the physical nature of their radiation began. Rutherford was able to detect the complex composition of radioactive radiation.
The experience was as follows. The radioactive preparation was placed at the bottom of a narrow channel of a lead cylinder, and a photographic plate was placed opposite. The radiation leaving the channel was affected by a magnetic field. In this case, the entire installation was in a vacuum.
Diagram of an experiment for detecting a complex composition of radioactive radiation. 1 - radioactive preparation, 2 - lead cylinder, 3 - photographic plate.
Thus, it was found that with a charge equal to two elementary, an alpha particle has four atomic mass units. It follows from this that alpha radiation is a flux of helium nuclei.
In 1920, Rutherford suggested that there must be a particle with a mass equal to the mass of a proton, but without an electric charge - a neutron. However, he failed to find such a particle. Its existence was experimentally proven by James Chadwick in 1932.
In addition, Rutherford clarified the ratio of the electron charge to its mass by 30%.
Geiger - Marsden experiment with gold foil
Rutherford is one of the few Nobel laureates who has done his most famous work since receiving it. Together with Hans Geiger and Ernst Marsden in 1909, he conducted an experiment that demonstrated the existence of a nucleus in an atom. Rutherford asked Geiger and Marsden to look for alpha particles with very large deflection angles in this experiment, which was not expected from Thomson's atomic model at the time. Such deviations, although rare, were found, and the deviation probability turned out to be a smooth, albeit rapidly decreasing function of the deflection angle.
Rutherford was able to interpret the experimental data, which led him to develop a planetary model of the atom in 1911. According to this model, an atom consists of a very small, positively charged nucleus, which contains most of the mass of the atom, and light electrons orbiting it.
Scheme of the experiment on scattering of ɑ-particles. 1 - radioactive preparation, 2 - lead cylinder, 3 - foil from the material under study, 4 - semitransparent screen covered with ZnS, 5 - microscope.
Above: Expected results: α particles passing through the nucleus in the Thomson model. Bottom: Observed results: A small fraction of the particles deflected, indicating a small, concentrated positive charge. Note that the images are not to scale, and in reality the nucleus is much smaller than the electron shell.
Ernest Rutherford died on October 19, 1937, four days after urgent surgery for an unexpected illness - a strangulated hernia - at the age of 66 (although his parents lived to be 90). He was buried in Westminster Abbey, next to the tombs of Newton, Darwin and Faraday.
In honor of Ernest Rutherford are named:
chemical element number 104 in the periodic table - Rutherfordium, first synthesized in 1964 and given this name in 1997 (before that it was called "Kurchatoviy").
rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, one of the national laboratories of Great Britain, opened in 1957.
asteroid (1249) Rutherfordium.
Medal and Prize of the Rutherford Institute of Physics (Great Britain).
Sculpture of the young Ernest Rutherford. Memorial in New Zealand
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Presentation slides
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Ernest Rutherford
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Ernest Rutherford is considered the greatest experimental physicist of the twentieth century. He is the central figure in our knowledge of radioactivity, as well as the man who laid the foundation for nuclear physics. In addition to its enormous theoretical significance, its discoveries have received a wide range of applications, including: nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, radioactive calculations and radiation research. The impact of Rutherford's writings on the world is enormous. It continues to grow and is likely to increase further in the future.
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In New Zealand in 1889 he entered Canterbury College and by the age of twenty-three he had received three degrees (Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts). The following year he was awarded the right to study at the University of Cambridge in England, where he spent three years as a research student under the direction of J.J. Thomson, one of the leading scientists of the day. At twenty-seven, Rutherford became a professor of physics at McGill University in Canada. He worked there for nine years and returned to England in 1907 to head the physics department at the University of Manchester. In 1919, Rutherford returned to Cambridge, this time as director of the Cavendish Laboratory, and remained in this post for the rest of his life.
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One of Rutherford's first discoveries was that the radioactive radiation from uranium is made up of two different components, which the scientist called alpha and beta rays. Later he demonstrated the nature of each component (they are composed of fast-moving particles) and showed that there is also a third component, which he called gamma rays.
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But Rutherford found that some of the alpha particles deflected very strongly when passing through the gold foil. In fact, some even fly backwards! Sensing that there was something important behind this, the scientist carefully counted the number of particles that flew in each direction. Then, through a complex, but completely convincing mathematical analysis, he showed the only way that could explain the results of the experiments: the gold atom consisted almost entirely of empty space, and almost all atomic mass was concentrated in the center, in a small "nucleus" of the atom!
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Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience. Physics teacher Dundukova Olga Nikolaevna
Ancient Greek materialist philosopher, founder of the atomistic hypothesis of explaining the world (460-370 BC) Democritus The properties of a substance are determined by the shape, mass, and other characteristics of the atoms that form it. For example, the atoms of fire are sharp, so fire is able to burn, in solids they are rough, therefore they firmly adhere to each other, near water they are smooth, so it is able to flow. Even the human soul is made up of atoms. 13 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Substance Physical body Molecule Atom A logical chain was built It remained to answer the question - how is the atom arranged? ? 18 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
(1856-1940) English scientist who discovered the electron and proposed a sufficiently developed model of the atom Joseph John Thomson Thomson's model of the atom 20 The model did not explain the discrete nature of the radiation of the atom and its stability. An atom is like a positively charged body with electrons inside it. ... Models of atoms. Rutherford's Experience ("Pudding with Raisins")
Rutherford's experiment 21 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
(1871-1937) English scientist who laid the foundations of the doctrine of radioactivity and the structure of the atom Ernest Rutherford Discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements Drew a conclusion about the existence of a massive nucleus in the atom Discovered alpha and beta radiation Planetary model of the atom 22 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Alpha particles from a radioactive source, passing through the diaphragm, fall on a thin foil of gold. It has a thickness of about a micron, i.e. consists of approximately 3000 atomic layers. When an alpha particle hits the screen, a glow of the luminescent layer appears. Rutherford's experiment 23 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Rutherford's observations showed A certain amount of alpha particles are deflected at small angles There are negative particles in the atoms There are alpha particles deflected from the foil at angles more In the atom there are positive particles 24 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment Atom is not continuous, it contains voids Most alpha particles easily pass through the foil without deviating
Conclusions based on the results of the experiment: In the center of the atom there is a massive positively charged nucleus, which occupies a small volume of the atom. Electrons move around the nucleus, the mass of which is much less than the mass of the nucleus. The atom is electrically neutral, because the nuclear charge is equal to the modulus of the total charge of electrons 26 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 27 Rutherford's model of the atom Electrons Nucleus An atom is a positively charged particle (nucleus) around which negatively charged particles (electrons) revolve
28 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience This is the electron-nuclear model of the atom according to Rutherford Sometimes it is called planetary because of the similarity with the structure of the solar system
As a result, the experiment a on the scattering of alpha particles: It was proved the inconsistency of the Thomson model of the atom. The order of the diameters of atomic nuclei was determined.) The nuclear model of the structure of the atom was put forward. 29 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience Rutherford's experience allowed:
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 31 Make a logical diagram of the words: Molecule Field Electron Atom Nucleus Substance Matter
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 32 Correct answer: Molecule Field Electron Atom Nucleus Substance Matter
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 33 Gymnasium 1526. L.E. Zelen'kaya. Read the text, inserting the missing words In 1911, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford set up an experiment on the study of the atom. In his experiments he used: Source; Very thin foil; Particle-capable screen. He came to what resembles in structure our solar system. Just as the planets move around the massive, the atom moves around the massive. The created model of the atom was named. Missing words (in the nominative): sun, atom, conclusion, nucleus, Ernest Rutherford, glow, experience, composition, planetary, structure, metallic, charged, alpha particles, electrons.
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 34 Correct answer: In 1911, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford set up an experiment to study the composition and structure of the atom. In his experiments he used: Source of alpha particles; Very thin metal foil; A screen capable of glowing under the influence of charged particles He came to the conclusion that the atom resembles our solar system in structure. Just as planets move around a massive sun, electrons in an atom move around a massive core. The atomic model created by Ernest Rutherford was called planetary.
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience 35 Paragraph §56 (answer the questions to the paragraph). (Peryshkin A.V., Gutnik E.N. Physics Grade 9. -M.: Bustard, 2007.) Homework: Thank you for the lesson !!!
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In 1911, Rutherford experimentally tested Thomson's model of the atom. Passing a beam of α-particles through a thin gold foil, Ernest Rutherford found that some of the particles are deflected at a fairly significant angle from their original direction, and a small fraction of α-particles are reflected from the foil. But according to Thomson's model of the atom, these α-particles, when interacting with foil atoms, should be deflected at small angles, of the order of 2˚. The results of the experiment surprised Rutherford so much that he exclaimed: "... as implausible as if you fired a fifteen-pound projectile into the tissue paper, and the shell would bounce back and kill you." Rutherford showed that Thomson's model was in contradiction with his experiments. Rutherford's main experiment
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E. Rutherford was born on 30.08. 1871 in New Zealand, in a large family; He studied excellently at Canterbury College of the Humanities, University of New Zealand; 1892 - received a Bachelor of Arts degree; 1894 - received a bachelor's degree in natural sciences; 1895 - Master of Arts, the best passing exams in mathematics and physics .; 1895 - as the best student sent to England to the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge under the leadership of J. Thompson; Stages of life - the "father" of nuclear physics E. Rutherford Library in Cambridge
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Rutherford was born in New Zealand in the small village of Spring Grove, located in the north of the South Island near the city of Nelson, to the family of a flax farmer. Father - James Rutherford, immigrated from Perth (Scotland). Mother - Martha Thompson, originally from Hornchurch, Essex, England. At this time, other Scots emigrated to Quebec, Canada, but the Rutherford family was unlucky and the government provided a free steamer ticket to New Zealand, not Canada. Ernest was the fourth child in a family of twelve. He had an amazing memory, good health and strength. Sculpture of the young Ernest Rutherford. Memorial in New Zealand Biography
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Rutherford's main experiment Bombardment of a thin plate of gold with α-particles K - lead container with a radioactive substance, E - screen covered with zinc sulfide, F - gold foil, M - microscope 1-gold atom 2-α-particles
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Model of the atom At the center of the atom, like the Sun in the Solar System, is the core, in which, despite its relatively small size, the entire mass of the atom is concentrated. And around it, like planets moving around the Sun, electrons revolve.
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Colleagues and disciples of E. Rutherford In his work and life, E. Rutherford met with many scientists, physicists, chemists, future Nobel Prize winners: Joseph John Thomson Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa Maria Sklodowska-Curie Henry Moseley James Chadwick Enrico Fermi
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Public Recognition 1914 - Received a title of nobility and becomes "Sir Ernst" 1923 - President of the British Association 1925 - President of the Royal Society 1931 - Title of Baron, Lord Rutherford of Nelson 1931 - Peerage 1933 - President of the Academic Council to Aid Those Who Fled from Germany
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Rutherford's personality constantly amazed everyone who met him. He was a large man with a loud voice, boundless energy and a noticeable lack of modesty. When colleagues noted Rutherford's supernatural ability to always be "on the crest of the wave" of scientific research, he immediately replied: "Why not? After all, it was I who caused the wave, right?" Few scholars would object to this claim. Rutherford's personality
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Interesting facts For his kind disposition, the students nicknamed Rutherford the Crocodile. In 1931 "Crocodile" procured 15 thousand pounds sterling for the construction and equipment of a special laboratory building for Kapitsa. In February 1933, the laboratory was inaugurated in Cambridge. On the end wall of a 2-storey building, a huge crocodile was carved into stone. It was commissioned by Kapitsa by the famous sculptor Eric Gill. Rutherford himself explained that it was him. The front door was opened with a gilded crocodile key. E. Rutherford, who discovered the nucleus of the atom, spoke negatively about the prospects of nuclear power: “Everyone who hopes that the transformation of atomic nuclei will become a source of energy is nonsense.” When Peter Kapitsa came to work in Cambridge to Rutherford, he told him that the laboratory staff had already completed. Then Kapitsa asked: - What permissible error do you allow in experiments? - Usually about 3% - How many people work in the laboratory? - 30 - Then 1 person is about 3% of 30 Rutherford laughed and accepted Kapitsa as a "permissible mistake." After receiving the news in 1908 that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Rutherford said: "All science is either physics or stamp collecting." Ernest Rutherford's great-grandson, Michael Rutherford, -rock to Genesis and his band Mike & the Mechanics.
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List of Internet resources http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C0%F2%EE%EC http://www.edu.delfa.net/Interest/biography/biblio.htm http://textik.ru/ citations / topic / nauka /? fiz.1september.ru ›2006/21 / 12.htm http://class-izika.narod.ru/9_35.htm http://fizika.ayp.ru/9/9_1.html http: //www.newreferat .com / ref-12715-1.html
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