All vocal genres. Genres according to the method of execution: vocal and instrumental

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Vocal music

vocal Music Song Romance

Vocal music is the music in which the voice is dominated, or equal to the tools, with the accompaniment or a Cappella. Large genres - musical and dramatic work, oratorio, medium genres - cantata, vocal cycle, liturgy, choral concert, small - vocal miniature (song, romance). There are also works in which the human voice is used as an orchestral paint ("Nutcracker" of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky), a voice is involved in it accompanied by a melody.

Vocal music genres:

· Opera,

· Oratorual,

· Chamber,

· Operetta,

Cantata is a work of a solemn or limier warehouse. It is inherent in a small size and homogeneity of the content (one topic is expressed). Opera (C Latin - Labor, Product) View of synthetic art. The artwork, the content of which is embodied in the stage and musical and poetic images.

Opera connects in a single theater action: vocal (solo) ensemble (choir), instrumental music (symphony orchestra), dramaturgy, visual art (scenery, suit) choreography (ballet). In the opera, all forms of vocal music are embodied: (Aria, Arioso, Song, Monologue, Rechitative, Duet, Trio, Quartet, Big Finals with Choir).

Opera one is divided into genres

· Historical and heroic;

· Historical and romantic;

· Heroic poetic;

· People's fabulous;

· Lyrical;

· Dramatic;

· Comedy;

· Satirical.

Oratoria is a major musical work for singers choir and symphony orchestra. Chamber genre is a very extensive reservoir of vocal music, which emerged in the Renaissance and Baroque era. At this time they are written: Madrigals, Cantata, Mass. Baroque style is characteristic of the pomp, effects, striving for the combination of reality with the illusion. In singing next to Cantilena sophisticated cadenzia. Madrigal - a short poem, laudatory, flattering, love, gentle, thin and sharp. Cantata-Governorates a solemn or lyrical-epic character differs from the Orator with a smaller component of the orchestra, a less developed plot. Contents secular and spiritual church. Romances - occupy a very large place in the chamber vocal genre. Romance-Span. Began to develop intensively in 18? 19V, elegances, ballads, dramatic monologues appear. A little later, songs of love, comic, satirical and tragedy content appear. The best examples of the classic romance are composers: Schumannov, Schubert, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Roman Korsakov, Dargomyzhsky. The operetta-musical and scenic work of comedy character, combining in its drama: music, dance, conversational, dialogue. Soloists, choir, orchestra in a small amount of ballet are involved in the performance. Operetta as an independent genre formed in France in the middle of 19 century. The creators were playwright F. Erwe, and Composer J. Offenbach. Family Operette was brought by composers: Strauss, Leutar, Kalman, Dunaevsky, Langerbelli.

Vocal musicthis is a synthesis (relationship) of music and literature. Vocal music is fulfilled by voice. This is the most ancient type of art.

Vocal music genres:(basic)

Song

Romance

Cantata

Oratorio

Opera.

The song is the source, the top of the music. Song -inclusive connection of the word, sound, rhythm, intonation. Song without words is called - vocalize.Vocalize -from Latin (Vocalis) - sounding, singing.

Romance is a musical and poetic work for voice accompaniment (piano or guitar, harp), in which huge importance has both text and escort. Accompanying helps to fully reveal the content. IN romance reveal very thin and deep personal experiences. Romance - From the Spanish word (Romance) - Romanesque. In medieval Spain, the Word meant a secular song in Romanesque language, that is, Spanish, unlike church, who sang in Latin.

Cantata -from the Italian Word (Cantare) - sing. Cantata is quite large, most often a variety of work intended for the choir, singers-soloists and a symphony orchestra. Cantata was born at the end of the XVI century in Italy. It is transmitted very significant for all people thought and feelings.

Oratoria - Otlatin words (Oratoria) - eloquence. Oratoria is a large many musical work for soloist singers, choir and symphony orchestra. The genre of the orator was originated at the end of the XVI century in Rome. Oratoria - a musical representation in which the story of a religious topic unfolded.

In the XVIII century, an oratorio of non-religious, and secular content appeared.

Opera -from the Italian word (Opera) - an essay, work. Opera is a dramatic musical work, where all heroes sing. Operait has solo numbers: aria, aryetta, aryozo.

Aria -(from Ital. Sl. - Song, Breathing, Driving Breathing.) - Solo Music Number.

Aryetta -little aria.

Arioso -like an aria-solo musical number in the opera.

Large importance in the opera plays the opera ensemble (it means together), the opera response

(Heroes are talking on the Opera - Naraspov), choir.

Librettist- The one who composes the text of the opera in verses or in prose. Libretto -from the Italian word (Libretto) - a book. Libretto- Piece, designed for scene. Libretto -this is the full text of the musical and scenic composition, the original source of which is a literary or dramatic work, a historical event, a folk legend.

Composers also began to compose songs and perform them in concerts. So the song becomes a piece of chamber genre.

What is a chamber? Many centuries ago there were music performed on the squares. These were a choir in pompous Greek tragedies, military marches that are visiting in battle. This music was distinguished by mass. It was performed by a large number of musicians and listeners were going pretty. For her, they needed large spaces: square, huge halls.

In contrast to the massive music of the squares and huge premises, there is room music when listeners were gathered in a small indoor and one or two artists delayed their rumor. This music, performed by one or two performers or small ensembles of musicians, could only sound in small rooms (then there were no radio plants) and had the nature of intimate narration.

Such music began to be called a chamber from the Italian word Camera, which means the room. Along with the concept of "chamber song" at the end of the XVIII and in the XIX century, the "Romance" began to spread widely.

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Grade 5.

Theme lesson: Vocal music genres.

Music in which the leading role belongs to voice is called vocal . It can be written for one, two or many performers, and both accompanied and without it. Genres of vocal music, as well as instrumental, having passed a long way of development, were formed under the influence of social functions of art.

Vocal music genres:

• Ensemble

Song(Fragment of M \\ f "Cheburashka" - Song "Blue Wag")

It appeared in time immemorial. It combines literary text with a fairly simple memorable melody. This most ancient and primary genre, during its evolution, was widely differentiated. The first songs created by the people passed all the variety of rural life (calendar and ritual, family-household, dance and dance). Over time, more professional authorifications appear.

Romance("And lastly I will say a fragment from K \\ f" Cruel Romance ")

This chamber vocal music genre was formed in the second half of the nineteenth century. Romance is called a musical work written for voice accompanied (harp, piano, guitar). In this case, the task of the accompaniment lies in a more complete disclosure of the composition of the composition, transmitting deeply lyrical and subtle experiences of the author. Such famous composers as P. Tchaikovsky, M. Mussorgsky, A. Alyabyev, M. Glinka, S. Rachmaninov, and others applied to this genre.

Ballad(Vladimir Vysotsky "Ballad of Love")

This is the name of a musical work written on the legendary or historical plot. It carries a narrative, epic and at the same time lyrical beginning. The first musical ballads appeared in Scotland and England. They were performed by a soloist accompanied by choir, narrating various historical, satirical or dramatic events. F. Schubert is considered the founder of this genre in vocal art.

Aria(Aria Prince Igor from the opera "Prince Igor")

Vocaliz(Vocalize from K \\ f "Mermaid, Anna Rudneev)

Previously, vocalizes were composed of singing teachers for educational purposes, as sketches for voice, and did not have an artistic meaning. Now it is independent artwork for voice accompanied (for example, a concert for voice with orchestra). They are enjoyed to vocalize into several votes.

Ensemble(IT`s Sand, Man - Vocal Ensemble Eva)

Ensemble (from the French Word Ensemble, which means "together") - this is primarily a joint execution of the music work by several participants. But the so-called musical work for a small composition of the performers. In action

for two performers - duet,

for three - trio, or Terzet,

for four performers - quartet,

for five performers - quintet,

for six - sextet,

for seven - septet,

for eight - octet, etc.

They sing also together for 20 - 30 people and this is already called the choir.

Khor.(Jingle Bells Performance of the Choir of the Ministry of Internal Affairs)

Choir is primarily a singing team that performs vocal music. But the choir is both a musical work written for choral performance.

The choirs are different primarily in the composition of performers: homogeneous - separately children's, female or male, and mixed, when both children and female, and men's voices are also involved in the choir at the same time or in different combinations.

The choirs are singing and Capella, that is, without accompaniment, and with instrumental support.

Canon(V. A. Mozart. Canon "Alliluya". Performed by the youth vocal choir ensemble "Iris")

It is such an execution of one melody in chorus, when each voice (and there are two, three, four, or even more) begins to sing the same melody, with deliberate delay, one by one.

Reflection.

What new did you find out in the lesson?

What interesting did you find out in the lesson?

And what was not interesting in the lesson today?

What kind of vocal music genres did you know? And what genres recognized?

What genre of vocal music seemed to you the most interesting? Why?

Homework: Prepare not a big message about any great vocalist 19-21th century (www.muz-urok.ru)

Continuing the cycle of articles on the theory of music, we would like to tell you about how the genres in music were formed and developed. After this article, you will never confuse the musical genre with a musical style.

So, first let's look at what the concepts "genre" and "style" differ. Genre - This is the type of work that has developed historically. It implies the form, content and purpose of music. Music genres began their formation at the early phase of the development of music, in a strict primitive community. Then the music accompanied every step of human activity: life, work, speech, and so on. Thus, the main genre principles were formed, which we will look further.

Style It also implies the amount of materials (harmony, melody, rhythm, polyphony), how they were used in a musical work. Usually, the style is based on the trends of a certain era or classified by composers. In other words, style is a set of means of musical expressiveness, which defines the image and idea of \u200b\u200bmusic. It may depend on the individuality of the composer, its worldview and tastes, the approach to music. Also style determines the flows in music, such as jazz, pop, rock, folk styles, and so on.

Now back to the genres of music. There are five basic genre principles, which, as we said, originated in primitive communities:

• Motority
• Reclamation
• Melting
• Signal
• Sound image

It was they who became the basis of all subsequent genres that appeared with the development of music.

Pretty soon after the formation of the main genre began, the genre and style began to goss out into a single system. Such genre-style systems were formed depending on the case to which music was created. So the genre-style systems appeared, which were used in certain ancient cults, for ancient rites and in everyday life. The genre was more applied, which formed a certain image, style and composite features of ancient music.

On the walls of the Egyptian pyramids and in the preserved ancient papyrus, rods of ritual and religious anthem were found, which most often told about the ancient Egyptian gods.

It is believed that its highest point of development ancient music received in ancient Greece. It was in ancient Greek music that certain patterns were discovered, on which her system was based.

With how the company has developed, music developed. In medieval culture, new vocal and vocal instrumental genres have already been formed. In this era, such genres were born in Europe as:

• The organs are the earliest form of multifaceted music in Europe. This genre was used in churches, and I received his flourishing in the Paris school notre-ladies.
• Opera - musical and dramatic work.
• Choral is a liturgical Catholic or Protestant singing.
• Motet is a vocal genre that was used both in the Church and in secular events. Style it depended on the text.
• Conduct is a medieval song, the text of which was most often spiritual and moralizing. Until now, cannot accurately decipher medieval sheet music notes, as they did not have a certain rhythm.
• Mass - liturgical service in Catholic churches. To this genre attribute and requiem
• Madrigal is a small work on lyrical-love topics. This genre originated in Italy
• Chanson - this genre appeared in France, and originally belonged to choral peasant songs.
• Pavana - Smooth dance that opened holidays in Italy
• Galjard - cheerful and rhythmic dance also come from Italy
• Allemanda - a dance procession that appeared in Germany

IN XVII-XVIII For centuries in North America, rural music - Country has quite actively developed. The Irish and Scottish folk music affected this genre. Texts of such songs often told about love, rural life and cowboy life.

At the end of the XIX century, and at the beginning of the twentieth century in Latin America and Africa quite actively developed folklore. In the African American community, the blues originates, which was originally a "working song", accompanied by work in the field. Blinds and religious chants were also based on blues. Blues lay down the new genre - jazz, which is the result of the mixing of African and European cultures. Jazz got quite widespread and widespread recognition.

Based on jazz and blues, at the end of the 40s, rhythm-n-blues appears (R'n'B), a song-dance genre. It was rather popular in a youth environment. Subsequently, funk and soul appeared within this genre.

It is curious that along with these African American genres in the 20s of the twentieth century, a genre of pop music appeared. The roots of this genre go to folk music, street romances and ballads. Pop music has always been mixed with other genres, forming rather interesting musical styles. In the 70s, a "disco" style appeared within the framework of pop music, which became the most popular dance music at a time, moving to the back plan of rock and roll.

In the 50s, rock, the origins of which are in blues, folke and country are broken into the ranks of the existing genres. He quickly gained mad popularity and scolded on many different styles, mixing with other genres.

Ten years later, a genre of reggae is formed later on Jamaica, which was widespread in the 70s. The basis of reggae is a mentor - genre of People's Music of Jamaica.

In the 1970s, rap appears, which "exported" Yamaici DJs to Bronx. The founder of the rap is considered to be DJ KOOL HERC. Initially, rap read pleasure to spill their emotions. The basis of this genre is the bit, which sets the rhythm to the speaking.

In the second half of the 20th century, electronic music approved itself as a genre. It is strange that she did not receive recognition even at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the first electronic tools appeared. This genre involves creating music using electronic musical instruments, technologies and computer programs.

Genres formed in the twentieth century have many styles. For example:

Jazz:

• Novorlean jazz
• Dixieland
• Swing
• Western Swing
• Bop
• Hard Bope
• Boogie Woogie
• Cool or cool jazz
• Modal or swarm jazz
• Avant-garde jazz
• Soul jazz
• Fri Jazz
• Boss Nova or Latino Jazz
• Sympho jazz
• Progressive
• Fusion or Jazz Rock
• Electric jazz
• Acid Jazz.
• Crossover.
• Smooth Jazz.

• Cabaret
• Menestrel Show.
• Music Hall
• Musical
• Ragtime
• Lounge
• Classic crossover
• Psychedelic Pop
• Italo-disco
• Evroodisian
• High Energy
• NU-DISCO.
• Space Disco.
• Ye-ye
• K-Pop.
• Europrop
• Arab pop music
• Russian pop music
• Rigsar
• Laika
• Latin American pop music
• J-Pop

• Rock'n'roll
• Big Bit
• Rocabilly
• Saikobilli
• Neorocabilly
• Skiffle
• Do-th
• Twist
• Alternative Rock (Indi-Rock / College Rock)
• Mat-Rock
• Madcester
• Grunge
• Shuegising
• Brit Pop
• Noise Rock
• Noise Pop
• Post-grunge
• LO-FI
• Indie pop
• Twi-Pop.
• Art Rock (Progressive Rock)
• Jazz Rock
• Crate Rock
• Garage Rock
• Fricbit
• Glam Rock
• Country Rock
• Mercybit
• Metal (Hard Rock)
• Avant-garde metal
• Alternative metal
• Black-metal
• Melodic black metal
• Symphonic black metal
• Ter-black metal
• Viking-metal
• Gothic Metal
• Dum Metal
• Dat metal.
• Melody-Dat Metal
• Metal
• New metal
• Power Metal
• Progressive metal.
• AIDS Metal
• Stone Rock
• Tresh metal
• Folk metal.
• Heavy metal
• New wave
• Russian rock music
• Pub Rock
• Punk rock
• Ska Punk
• Pop punk
• Crust-punk
• Hardcore
• Crossover
• Riot Folk.
• Pop Rock
• POSEPANK
• Gothic Rock
• No wave.
• Price
• Psychedelic rock
• Soft Rock
• Folk Rock
• Techno-rock

As you can see, set styles. There will be a lot of time to enumerate the full list, so we will not do this. The main thing you now know how modern popular genres appeared and just no longer confuse genre and style.

Vocal music. Vocal music genres.

Vocal musicthis is a synthesis (relationship) of music and literature. Vocal music is fulfilled by voice. This is the most ancient type of art.

Vocal music genres:(basic)

ü Song

ü Romance

ü Cantata

ü Oratorio

ü Opera.

Song is the source, the top of the music. Song -inclusive connection of the word, sound, rhythm, intonation. Song without words is called - vocalize. Vocalize -from Latin (Vocalis) - sounding, singing.

Romance is a musical and poetic work for voice accompanied (piano or guitar, harp), in which huge importance has both text and escort. Accompanying helps to fully reveal the content. IN romance reveal very thin and deep personal experiences. Romance - From the Spanish word (Romance) - Romanesque. In medieval Spain, the Word meant a secular song in Romanesque language, that is, Spanish, unlike church, who sang in Latin.

Cantata -from the Italian Word (Cantare) - sing. Cantata is quite large, most often a variety of work intended for the choir, singers-soloists and a symphony orchestra. Cantata was born at the end of the XVI century in Italy. It is transmitted very significant for all people thought and feelings.

Oratoria - Otlatin words (Oratoria) - eloquence. Oratoria is a large many musical work for soloist singers, choir and symphony orchestra. The genre of the orator was originated at the end of the XVI century in Rome. Oratoria - a musical representation in which the story of a religious topic unfolded.

In the XVIII century, an oratorio of non-religious, and secular content appeared.

Opera -from the Italian word (Opera) - an essay, work. Opera is a dramatic musical work, where all heroes sing. Operait has solo numbers: aria, aryetta, aryozo.

Aria -(from Ital. Sl. - Song, Breathing, Driving Breathing.) - Solo Music Number.

Aryetta -little aria.

Arioso -like Aria – solo musical number in the opera.

Large importance in the opera plays the opera ensemble (it means together), the opera response

(Heroes are talking on the Opera - Naraspov), choir.

Librettist- The one who composes the text of the opera in verses or in prose. Libretto -from the Italian word (Libretto) - a book. Libretto - Piece, designed for scene. Libretto -this is the full text of the musical and scenic composition, the original source of which is a literary or dramatic work, a historical event, a folk legend.

SYMPHONIC MUSIC. Genres of symphonic music.

Symphonic music -there are almost three centuries. Musical works in which composers in one form or another clarify the listeners their content.

Symphonic music genres:

ü Symphony

ü Suite

ü Overture

ü Symphony fantasy

ü Symphony poems

ü Symphony paintings

ü Concert.

Symphony -from the Greek Word (Symphonia) - consonance, a beautiful combination of sounds, timbres, votes. - classic.

First part - Fast, active, sometimes with slow accession. It is written in a sonate form.

The second part of - Slow - Usually thoughtful, Elegy (dedicated to the peaceful paintings of nature).

The third part - Menuet, and later, Beethoven - Scherzo.

Fourth part - Final, total cycle.

There are symphonies and smaller and with a large number of parts. Symphony as an independent music genre originated at the end of the XVIII - early XIX century. Sometimes the symphony is used chorus, singers soloists. There are symphonies and for string orchestra, the brass orchestra and for the orchestra of folk instruments.

Suite - Ot French Word (Suite) - sequence. Suite - Music Work (orchestral, instrumental, or vocal-choral) which consists of several contrasting characters and the content of parts.

Initially, there were four different characteristic dances in Suite. Sometimes appeared in the suite and non-resident part-preludes, Aria, Kapricchio, Rondo. Later appeared suite from music to theater performances, movies.

Overture -from french word (ouverture) - Opening, beginning. Overture -the opera performs when the curtain is closed and in general, it tells the listeners, what kind of performance will unfold in front of us: with light experiences or serious, turbulent or fairly calm. Overtureit is found not only in the opera. With Overturebegins the operetta, often a dramatic performance, movie.

Symphonic fantasy is a kind of symphonic music. Symphonic fantasy is characterized by greater freedom of construction, often - presence in the program of fantastic elements.

The symphonic poem is a software musical work, which is closely related to its content with poetry.

Symphonic picture - a genre common in Russian music. His programming is not related to the plot, and draws a landscape, a portrait, genre or battle scene.

Concert - Ot Latin words (concertare) compete. The concert is a musical work for a symphony orchestra and a soling tool. Tool concerts usually consist of three parts .

First part -fast, with stormy events.

The second part of -slow, with deep experiences .

The third part -fast, festive again.

There are also found Concertsfrom more parts, they are alone . There are concerts and for voice with the orchestra.

CHAMBER MUSIC.

CHAMBER MUSIC -from the Latin word (Camera) - room. Chamber music -music works intended for a small number of listeners and performers. Chamber music includes:

ü solo instrumental plays,

ü duets,

ü trio,

ü quartet

ü songs,

ü romances.

Solo instrumental plays - Musical works for one tool

Duet is a musical work for two performers. There can be both vocal and instrumental. Chamber music includes instrumental duets.

Trio - musical works for three performers.Most often composers write a trio for violin, cello and piano. There are a trio for another composition of the tools: clarinet, fagot and piano.

Quartet is a musical work, performed by four musicians.The most common string quartets (two violins, alto and cello). Quartets for another tool composition are much less likely

(Violin, Alto, Cello, Piano).

Quartet number 2 A. Borodin -the product is software, that is, it is based on the program:

1st Part - no name, but there is a tempo designation.

The 2nd part is scherzo (joke).

The 3rd part is nocturne (a work, whose music creates night images).

4th part - Final.

Musical terms

ü POLYPHONY

ü Gomophony

ü Rondo

ü BALLAD

ü SERENADE

ü SYMPHONY

ü SCHERZO

ü SONATA

ü SUITE

ü NOCTURNE

ü RHAPSODY

ü REQUIEM

ü Caprchichio

ü PRELUDE

ü ELEGY

ü ETUDE

ü Fuga

ü Choral

Definitions of the following concepts:

Gomophony - a type of polyphony, in which one voice is the main (melody), and all other voices are dependent on it ( accompaniment). Homophony (from the Greek wordhOMOS - smooth,phone - voice).

Rondo is a musical form where the main theme alternates with episodes. Episodes are contrasting each other (different in content). The main theme is repeated at least three times. Rondo - (from French Word roundeau - Circle). A lot of instrumental plays are written in the form of Rondo.

Ballad is a story. But the narrative is not simple. The elements of fiction should be present in it. For an outwardly calm form, great internal drama is always hidden. In modern music ballad It is interpreted as narrative and dramatic and heroic genre. Ballad - (from the Italian word Ballere - dance).

Serenade - a musical work performed in the evening or night in front of the house of some person in honor or love (song in honor of the Beloved) Serenade - (from Italian expression alsereno, which means outdoors).

Symphony - from the Greek word (symphonia) - consonance, beautiful combination of sounds, timbres, votes. Symphony is a musical work for a symphony orchestra. Symphony, which has four parts – classic.

First part - fast, active, sometimes with slow access. She is written in sonate form.

The second part of – slow - usually thoughtful, Elegy (dedicated to the peaceful paintings of nature).

The third part - Menuet, and later, Beethoven - Scherzo.

Fourth part – final, total cycle.

There are symphonies and smaller and with a large number of parts. Symphony as an independent music genre originated at the end XVIII - earlyXIX century. Sometimes the symphony is used chorus, singers soloists. There are symphonies and for string orchestra, the brass orchestra and for the orchestra of folk instruments.

Scherzo - musical works that possess a rapid pace, a perky melody. From the endXVIII century Scherzo is a composite element of symphony or sonata. Works written in this genre are quite large in volume. Some of them are merry and cheerful, and others are filled with drama. Scherzo - (from the Italian word scherzo - joke)

Sonata is a musical work, in several parts, similar to the symphony difference in the fact that the symphony for the symphony orchestra, and the sonata is a piece for one or two tools. Sonata - (translated from Italian - sound).

Suite is a musical work (orchestral, instrumental or vocal-choral), which consists of several contrasting characters and the content of parts. Suite (from French Word sUITE - sequence).

Nocturne - appeared inXVIII century So called the plays designed to perform outdoors at night. INXIX. There was a completely different nocturne: a dreamy, singing piano play, inspired by images

nights, night silence. Nocturne reveals a picture of calm nightlife.

Nocturne - (from French Wordnocturne - night).

Rhapsody is a musical product of a free form, as if recreation of the execution of the rape. For this genre is characterized by the use of national-songs, epic. One of the first to turn the Rhapsody into an independent genre of the Hungarian pianist and the composer Ferenz Leaf. The name of the genre comes from the word "Rhapsod". So called folk singers in ancient Greece.

Capricchio is the name comes from the word "Capris", which means Caprice, whim. This genre met in music XVII-XVIIIIV. Then it was an instrumental play in which unexpected musical surprises turned out. The world fame won the "Spanish Capricchio" Roman Corsakov and "Italian Capricichio" Tchaikovsky. Both works are built on the topics of genuine Spanish and Italian melodies.

Requiem is a large vocal or vocal-instrumental work written in memory of the dead who died. Originally - a memorial Catholic Mass. Then - the work like cantat or orals dedicated to the memory of heroes. Requiem - (from Latin word reguiem - peace)

Prelude is a small product with a single mood. It reveals a single emotional and expressive image - from light contemplative lyrics to a high tragic pathos.

Elegy - Greek in Greek means a "plaintive song". The instrumental elegy is a small work, written by certainly in a restrained pace, with thoughtful and sad, and sometimes sorrowful melody.

Etude is a musical work that develops musician technique. Each of the etudes is designed to master some technical reception of the game. Etudes exist for all musical instruments. Etude - (from French Word etude - learning).

Fugue is a polyphonic polyphonic work, composed of special, strict laws. There is one musical theme in the heart - bright, well-memorable. The topic sounds consistently in different voices. Fugue - (from Latin word fuga - Run)

Choral - choir church chant. In the Catholic Church, the chorala were many-haired, as a rule, four-voice. Choral melodies are distinguished by an elevated character. Choral - (from the Greek Word choros - Choir)

DANCING. Names and characteristics of dances.

ü BOLERO

ü WALTZ

ü GAVOTTE

ü GALLOP

ü Hopak

ü QUADRILLE

ü Kolo.

ü Krakowak

ü Lezginka

ü MAZURKA

ü MINUET

ü Moldavenaya

ü POLONAISE

ü POLKA

ü TARANTELLA

ü Trepak

ü Khota

ü Horticulture

Brief characteristic of dancing:

Bolero - Spanish dance (from Spanishvoler - fly). The dance is moderate, with a rhythm resembling the rhythm of Polionize. It is accompanied by a guitar and cacadets, but often and singing.

Waltz - at the beginningThe XIX in the dance was performed in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany. Dance that performed the peasants on the festive parties fun circling couples (hence the origin of the dance name is Germanwalzen - roll). Gradually, the dance movement was becoming more and more smooth, circular, it was typical of the folk dance of bouncing and pouring. Waltz born. On the edge XVIII I.XIX centuries Waltz quickly spread through many countries.

Gavot - B.XVII -XVIII centuries gallant court dance. The name of the dance occurred from the old nickname of the inhabitants of some southern provinces of France (Gavotos)

Gallop - cheerful dance scraping. Appeared in Paris Bals inXIX century.

Hopak - Ukrainian dvostol dance of improvisational nature, in which the partner repeats the movement of his girlfriend.

Kadril - from a French word that translates - four. This is because the dancing was located square. Movable dance. On the balas became fashionable from the beginningXIX century. Received distribution from different nations. Well known, for example, Russian cadrill.

Kolo - Moldavian dance dance. Kolo dancing in Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia and Poland.

Krakowak - Polish dance (originated in Krakowsky voivodeship) - It has a clear disadiccleal size. Initially, he danced only men: couples in which one depicted a knight, and the other is his squire. Then Krakowak began to dance in a pair with the lady: it smoothly, elegant, it is with sharp sacrifices.

Lezginka - Georgian dance. Fast and temperamental dance music, requiring strength and agility from the young man, smoothness and grace from the girl. As it were, their peculiar competition. Lezginka - with a clear rhythm, two-hearted size and energetic movements.

Mazurka - a favorite Polish dance (more precisely Mazur, from the name of one of the field of Poland - Mazovia). Folk Mazurka - with a fun, perky, sharply accented melody in a three-dollar size is a pair dance in which there are no in advance of invented figures. IN The XIX century Mazurka became one of the most popular ballroom dancing.

Menuet is an old french dance. Before the appearance of Waltz was the king of ballroom dancing. Excess, skillful technique of gallant intricate greetings: Cavalers are bowed, ladies are squatted in a reneranous. Everything is chinno moving a leisurely small step, writing out a beautiful figure S. For a small step, he and novel Menuet.

Moldavenaya - Support Moldavian dance.

Polonaise is the most ancient dance. In the old days he was called "Great" or "hiking" dance. The current name is French, in translation means "Polish". As the court dance march was known in the XVI century. At first, only men danced it. Polonais opened court balls. In addition to the courtroom, there was a peasant polonais - more calm and smooth.

Polka - Czech dance. His name comes from the wordpulka - Half, because they danced with small chambers. This is a lively relaxed dance in a dismissed size that dance couples in a circle. Polka is one of the favorite Czech folk dances.

Tarantella - Italian national dance (in honor of the Italian southern city of Taranto). A rapid, cheerful dance, performed under the guitar and cassays, pronounced the character of temperamental southerners. The cheerful rhythm of Tarantella attracted many composers of different countries.

Trepak - Russian folk dance. Cheerful in character, fast paced, two-dollars. In the dance prevails wide scope, delets, dashing pads. Men dancing this dance, as if compete with each other in speed and dexterity.

Hota is a very colorful dance of Spain. Khota - it is distinguished by a rapid pace, three-dollar size, sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the Kastannet click. This is a pair dance, performed under the guitar or mandolin.

The dance is a Russian smooth dance, often executed under singing.

Chardash - Hungarian dance (his name happened from the wordcsarda - Tavern, Korchma). Chardash arose not in a peasant or court environment, but in the city, at the beginningXIX century Dance This doubtic and consists of two parts - quite slow and rapid.

New and newest dances.

ü BLUES

ü BRAKEDANCE

ü BOOGIE WOOGIE

ü Waltz Boston

ü Pasodobl

ü ROCK'N'ROLL

ü RUMBA

ü SAMBA

ü TANGO

ü TWIST

ü FOXTROT

ü CHARLESTON

ü Shake

Blues - the name of the dance went from the songs of American blacks, slow and melancholic. Such and this dance.

Break Dance is a fashionable dance of the 1980s with twitching movements, which is reflected in his English name ( break - Broke).

Bougie-WGOs - jazz dance, free sports. At first, it seemed too daring for ballroom dance. However, once the waltz seemed like that.

Waltz-Boston - Slow Waltz. Appeared on the bala at the beginning of our century. The name will be mentioned by the American city of Boston. But the fashion for this dance was established in England. That is why it is also called the English Waltz.

Pasodobl - Dance came from Latin America. His movements imitate the behavior of proud bullfighter.

Rock and Roll - Translated from English swing and roll. Dance in which dancing show themselves sometimes with real acrobats. Popular since the 50s.

Rumba - the dance of Cuban descent acute rhythm. He fell into the dance halls in the 30s.

Samba - energetic dance come from Brazil.

Tango - one of the most popular dancesXX century. His story goes deep in centuries to Spain. But in our century he spread through the light from Argentina.

Twist - this word in English means twisting. Dance of the 60s. Dancing diligently work their feet, as if they drag the spot on the floor.

Foxtrot is one of the first jazz dances. The name means Lysiy Step.

Charleston - dance of the 20s. Named by the name of the American city.

Shake - fashion dance of the 60s.

Expressive music:

ü MELODY

ü DYNAMICS

ü RHYTHM

ü REGISTER

ü PACE

ü TIMBRE

ü LAD

Melody - the basis of musical art. Melody - "Soul of the Musical Work". Greek word "mELOdia "means singing songs. The melody (entanglement) consists of a sequence of sounds in one vote, different in height and duration. Melody expresses a certain musical thought. Already on itself the finished melody can be an artistic work, such as a folk song.

Dynamics - from the Greek worddinamicos - power, that is, the power of the sound. Musical terms that determine the volume of the volume of music execution are called dynamic shades.

Dynamic shades:

pp -pianissimo (Pianissimo) is very quiet; p -piano (Piano) - quietly;

mP -mEZZO.piano (Matso Piano) - moderately quiet, slightly louder than Piano;

mF -mEZZO.forte (Mezzo Forte) - moderately loud, louder than mezzo piano;

f -forte (Forte) - loud;

fF -fortissimo (Fortissimo) is very loud.

Diminuendo (Diminoendo) - or icon shows on a gradual weakening of sound.

Cresc. (Krefesedo) - or the icon shows the gradual gain of the sound.

Rhythm - from the Greek wordrythmos means a measuring flow. Rhythm is an alternation and the ratio of various musical durations and accents. Rhythm is a vivid expressive agent. Thanks to the rhythm, we can, for example, to distinguish the march from the Waltz, Mazurka from Polka. For each of these genres, certain rhythmic figures are characterized, which are repeated during the entire work.

Register - different segments of the range that distinguish from each other with the quality of sound. Typically distinguish three registers - lower, medium, top. Middle register most used in most tools and singing voices.

Temp - Music speed. This term is not from the word speed, but from the word time (Latintempus). In music from the speed depend on the nature, mood of the play.

Main music pace:

largo (Largo) - very slow and wide;

adagio (adagio) - slowly, calmly;

andante (andante) - at a tone of a quiet step;

allegro (allegro) - fast;

presto (presto) - very quickly.

In addition to these, main pace, are often found like:

moderato (moderato) - moderately, restrained;

allegretto (allegretto) - quite lively;

vivaCha (vivace) - alive.

The timbre is a specific coloring of the sound of musical instrument and human voice. The timbre from the French word Timbre, which means the bell. The role of timbre in music is very large. Composers take it into account when the instrument of their writings.

Lad - combining sounds, different in height and over to each other. The main sound of Lada is the most steady, to which everyone else is called, is called tonic. The most common are the Lada: Major and Minor.

Major - bright, bright, joyful, fun way.

Minor - sad, sad, dark switches.

VOCABULARY

Emotional-shaped music content.

Cheerful: Gentle: sad:

Joyful gentle sad

Playful thoughtful complaint

Lady dreamer dreamed

Mowing light mournful

Naughty light chmurai

Judging transparent offended

Big crying

Funny causing

Funny

More thanScary: Serious:

Jumping

Hanging evil context

Solar coarse

Sparkling hard

Dance angry

Dance dishwashed

Smiling dark

Calm: solemn: mysterious:

Good festive fabulous

Friendly cheeky magic

Leisurely important prickly

Bylukivaya marching buggy

Lullaby clear dangerous

Soft repetitive careful

Smooth proud delayed

Smooth mighty mysterious

Funny Victory Ottby

Stretched acute

Horovodnaya sneakers

Courageous: excited:

Miffaney alarmed

Fight swift

Bold believer

Brave blizzard

Resolute insatiable

Strong anxious

Bogatyrsky Restless

Grozny Toroppy

Military

Soldier

Harsh

Strict

Confident

Brave

Solid

Emotional terms

(from the dictionary)

Ringing Sparkov Bodro PLAYFULLY Boyko EASILY Flight Zadornna Bright Radiant Uncommon MUCH Life-affirming Overall Confident Cherry Entoraries Vlant Militant Surgo FIRMLY Chekhanno Abradiantly Volve EnergeticABOUT Courageously Decisive BOLDLY FIRMLY Elastic PROUDLY Confident With dignity Persistently Brave Ninestically Unfortunately Merciless Viciously DRAKE Unceremonious Defiantly Cheeky Indestine Intenitious Invasive Annoying	Passionate Pustvisto HOT Burly Swift Impatient Buyne Merya Mighty Carsky Concentrate Restrain Stepwise Measured SERIOUSLY STRICTLY Poetic DREAMILY CORDIALLY Sincere Hango Chutko Warrelly Grozno Tragic Ominous Mourning GENTLY Laskovo Love Raddle SOFT Noble Friendly Gruppiously Quietly Peaceful Serene Goodova SIMPLY Light Transparent Careless Nonposhatim Submount	With Bravadoy Arrogant Sprayed Worship Sleepy Slid Dormant Osweep Lazily Sanless MYSTERIOUSLY Skratchivo Mysterious Zatano Koldovsky Food Excitedly Concerned Anxious With despair HEAVY Grozno Power Clumsy Tense Tie Awkward Bearless Indifferently Abstract Indifferent ABSENTLY PIOUSLY Merciful Prayerly Ponayanno HUMBLY Summary Khmuro. Sullen Sadly
Timid SHYLY Embarrassed Shy CAUTION Fearless Confused Irritably Angry Rebel ROUGH ANGRILY Violently Crucial ANGRILY Fierce AGGRESSIVELY Ruthless Merciless Viciously Repentable FEVERISHLY	Jelly Mockingly Shutovsky Shooting Funny Echozy PLAYFULLY Mocking Lukavo ELEGANTLY THIN Elegant GRACEFULLY Skillful Caprice Fragile Ready

Names of outstanding Russian composers:

ü M. Glinka

ü P. Tchaikovsky

ü A. Borodin

ü M. Mussorgsky