Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary 1986 read online. Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" has published a one-volume universal Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (SES). Its previous editions could not fully satisfy the numerous wishes of readers - to receive handbook, which would serve as a source of everyday information for every family on issues arising from reading newspapers, magazines, books, educational literature, listening to radio broadcasts, watching TV programs, etc.

The Dictionary contains about 80 thousand entries (words); they contain information from all areas of modern social and political life, economics, science, technology, literature and art; published geographical, historical and economic information about the Soviet Union, about the countries of the world, about the union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities of the USSR, as well as about large foreign cities. Biographies of statesmen, political and military leaders, scientists, writers, artists, actors, composers of all times and peoples, twice Heroes of the Soviet Union, twice Heroes of Socialist Labor, prominent party, Soviet, economic leaders, workers and collective farmers - innovators of socialist production have been published. The new edition includes some changes related to the events that have occurred after the previous editions were published, part of the statistical data was updated, many comments and suggestions of readers were taken into account. At the end of the volume statistical tables, additions to articles and other reference materials are given.

In 1979, the Soviet Government and the Central Committee of the CPSU made an unprecedented decision: to publish the Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (SES) for every family! The book was supposed to contain 80 thousand word articles and come out with a multimillion circulation. (Format 84x108 1/16, volume of 172 printed sheets, 1630 pages). This has never happened in the country! This was at a time when even books by Pushkin and other classics were bought in queues, by appointment or for waste paper. Printing the book was entrusted to the printing house No. 2 of the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". This required the technical re-equipment of the enterprise. SES participated in the preparation of materials large group prominent scientists, historians, and writers. Academician A.M. Prokhorov.
I then worked as deputy director of the All-Union Institute GiproNIIpoligraf of the USSR State Publishing House (Press Committee). Things went wrong from the very beginning: there was nothing but a high decision, and the problem did not budge. At one of the meetings with the participation of the instructor of the Central Committee of the CPSU, it was announced that GiproNIIpoligraf was to blame for everything - it was delaying the project, and therefore there was no implementation of an important matter. This reservation began to wander around the Committee and even in the Central Committee.
At the next meeting, they ordered our institute to explain the reason for the lag. The director of the institute asked me to take part in the meeting. I prepared myself thoroughly. The meeting began again with the Central Committee instructor declaring that the institute was delaying the project. I took the floor and saw from the face of the Central Committee official that he was retreating into a chair out of anger. And I calmly, but persistently, even instructively explained:
- For the development of the project, the customer did not provide any initial data. For the design, complete technical data of the equipment is required: their dimensions, weight, electrical and technological power. And since in this particular case, the equipment is not selected by us, but the customer decides to install SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRINTING, BOOKLING MACHINES, we do not have the technical ability to develop a project before handing over to us a TECHNICAL ASSIGNMENT WITH ALL MEMORED AND OTHER NECESSARY.
The Central Committee instructor jumped up:
- How so? We have been solving this issue for two months now, and you are setting us new tasks ?!
The Deputy Chairman of the Committee, our immediate supervisor, the only professional printer at the meeting besides me, supported me:
- Yes, you need a competent technical task.
The instructor of the Central Committee had not yet recovered from the unexpected knockdown, and I threw in a new question:
- Why are we making a book with 80 thousand articles in one volume? Because of this, it is necessary to develop special machines, special paints, special paper. If released in two volumes, everything can be done on existing equipment, using existing paints, paper and other materials. In addition, such a book is inconvenient to read: it will be heavy, loose, and unreadable. Two bindings will cost a little more, but due to the reduction in the cost of special equipment and materials, the project will be much cheaper. - With these words, I laid out a feasibility study of the proposed solution, developed by the specialists of our institute.
The instructor did not give up:
- You do not understand! Lenin said that he dreamed of the day when every Soviet person would have a TOM of an encyclopedic dictionary. TOM, not TOM!
- But you can't take these words literally!
- Comrade! Lenin's words SHOULD BE UNDERSTANDED AND PERFORMED ONLY LITERALLY!
But, despite this pathos, the instructor realized that I was right. Therefore, I added more calmly:
- There is a decision of the Party Central Committee, the Soviet Government, and we cannot change that. - I realized that he really couldn't change anything and didn't argue. But I also had other questions prepared. And I asked the next one:
- Adopted the maximum number of abbreviations to accommodate more words in the book, and at the same time there are excesses ...
- What are such excesses?
- In every second article, for example, we read: "Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, such and such, a member of the CPSU since such and such a year." If a person is a party worker, this postscript is understandable. But why does an academician need this? Wouldn't it be better to describe more broadly what this academician did ?! - This party instructor did not expect!
- Do you understand what you are saying ?! This is apolitical! And in general, this is not your business, do the project. - I had to obey, especially since the publishers fully agreed with the decision of the Central Committee. But I knew that a big mistake was being made.
Having received the necessary initial data, the project, the development of which I was in charge, was completed by our institute ahead of schedule. The book was published in one volume anyway. It was published for several years. They supplemented it, corrected it, changed the color of the binding, but the essence remained the same.
Today this book is simply a rarity, as it is full of communist ideology and less factual material than it should be. So the decision, made under ideological pressure, entailed colossal costs with mediocre content and quality of the publication. Although the idea itself was great.
I wanted to ask the instructor one more question, but I realized that after that there would be an explosion. And the question is so simple: "Why is there more article about Lenin in this huge book (four times more!) Than article about Pushkin?"
Why? It was such a time!
But time will put everything in its place!
I'm not sure that Lenin is alive and will live.
But Pushkin will always be Pushkin, and truly "The folk path will not grow to him."

BOLTSMAN'S PERMANENT

physical constant k, equal to the ratio of the universal gas constant R to the Avogadro number NA: k \u003d R / NA \u003d 1.3807. 10-23 J / K. Named for L. Boltzmann.

BOLTZMAN PRINCIPLE

the ratio S - k lnW between the entropy S and the thermodynamic probability W (k is the Boltzmann constant). The Boltzmann principle is the basis for the statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics: natural processes tend to transfer a thermodynamic system from less probable states to more probable states (i.e., bring the system to an equilibrium state for which the values \u200b\u200bof W and S are maximum).

BOLTZMAN DISTRIBUTION (Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution)

equilibrium energy distribution of particles of an ideal gas (E) in an external force field (for example, in a gravitational field); is determined by the distribution function f ~ e-E / kT, where E is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particle, T is the absolute temperature, k is the Boltzmann constant; is a generalization of L. Boltzmann (1868-71) of the Maxwellian velocity distribution of particles.

BOLTZMAN STATISTICS

a statistical method for describing an ideal gas in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium for particles moving according to the laws of classical mechanics.

BOLSHAKOV Vladimir Nikolaevich (b. 1934)

russian ecologist, theriologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Research in the population and evolutionary ecology of mammals.

BOLSHAKOV Gennady Fedorovich (1932-89)

russian chemist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1981). The main works are devoted to the development of high-energy liquid fuels, fuel additives, express methods for automatic quality control of petroleum products.

BOLSHAKOV Kirill Andreevich (b. 1906)

russian inorganic chemist, one of the founders of the Soviet industry of rare elements, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1958). Major works on the physical and chemical foundations of the extraction and purification of rare earth and trace elements. State prizes of the USSR (1941, 1953).

GREAT GUILD

a privileged estate association of large merchants and property owners (mostly Germans) in the middle. 14-19 centuries in the cities of the Baltic States (Tallinn, Riga, Tartu, etc.).

GREAT VALLEY

system of longitudinal valleys, separated by short ridges (altitude up to 1500 m) in the South. Appalachian (USA). Length 950 km. width 40-60 km. Rich agricultural area (wheat, corn; cattle).

LARGE CHECK

defensive line on the southern outskirts of the Russian state in the 16th century. from Ryazan to Tula. In the 17th century. replaced by the Belgorod line.

LARGE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (LSI)

an integrated circuit with a high degree of integration (the number of elements in it reaches 104), used in electronic equipment as a functionally complete unit of computing equipment, automation, measuring equipment, etc.

"GREAT CHINESE ENCYCLOPEDIA"

beijing publishing house. Founded in 1978. It publishes a universal encyclopedia of the same name, built on a thematic principle (since 1979; by the beginning of the 90s, about 40 volumes out of the planned 80 were published), other reference and popular science literature. Published in translation into Chinese "Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary" (1987). Branch in Shanghai.

BIG LIAHVI

river in Georgia, left tributary of the Kura. 115 km, basin area 2311 km2. Average water discharge 26 m3 / s. Rafting.

BIG BEAR (lat.Ursa Major)

constellation of the Northern Hemisphere, in which a group of 7 stars is distinguished Big bucket; the middle star of the bucket handle is called Mizar, next to it is the faint Alcor star.

GREAT NEWFUNDLAND BANK

extensive sandbank in the Atlantic approx., at about. Newfoundland. The prevailing depth is less than 100 m (the smallest is 5.5 m). One of the world's largest fishing areas (cod, herring, etc.).

GRAND OPERA

1) multi-act opera. 2) The operatic genre that developed in France in the 1920s. 19th century; it is distinguished by monumentality, drama, heroic pathos, romantic colorfulness, decorativeness, the use of a large orchestra and chorus, and the inclusion of ballet numbers. Large operas were created mainly on historical subjects. The most prominent representative of the great opera is J. Meyerbeer.

BIG HORDE

tatar state in 1433-1502 in the North. Black Sea region and N. Volga region. It stood out from the Golden Horde. Defeated by the Crimean Khanate.

GIANT PANDA

the same as the bamboo bear.

GREAT SANDY DESERT

in the northwest of Australia. 360 thousand km2. The average height is 400-500 m. Ridge sands prevail (the average height of the ridges is up to 15 m), separated by clay-saline plains. One of the hottest places on the mainland (average summer temperatures up to 30 ° C). Precipitation from 200 to 450 mm per year. Sod grass spinifex, acacia and undersized eucalyptus. Rudalp River National Park.

GREAT DESERT VICTORIA (Great Victoria Desert)

sandy desert in southern Australia. 350 thousand km2. The average height is 150-300 m. Ridge sands (height 10-30 m) predominate, fixed by the sod of the spinifex grass. Precipitation from 125 to 250 mm per year. Great Victoria Desert National Park.

"GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA"

scientific reference-encyclopedic publishing house, Moscow. Founded in 1925 as a joint stock company "Soviet Encyclopedia". Since 1930 State Dictionary and Encyclopedic Publishing House, in 1935-49 State Institute (in 1944-49 State Scientific Institute) "Soviet Encyclopedia", from 1949 State Scientific Publishing House (until 1959 "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", until 1963 "Soviet Encyclopedia"), from 1963 a publishing house of the same name (published encyclopedic reference and linguistic reference editions until 1974). The modern name since 1991. It publishes universal and industry encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries on different areas science, technology and culture, regional, biographical and other reference publications. In 1926-91, 635 volumes of publications with a total circulation of approx. 88.5 million copies.

GREAT SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA (TSB)

universal encyclopedic edition, published in the USSR (publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia"). 1st edition - 1926-47, 65 main volumes, a separate volume of the USSR, 65 thousand articles, circulation 50-80 thousand copies; chief editor O. Yu. Schmidt (until 1941). 2nd edition - 1950-58, 50 main volumes, 51st additional volume; OK. 100 thousand articles, circulation 250-300 thousand copies; index in 2 volumes. (1960); editor-in-chief S. I. Vavilov (until 1951), B. A. Vvedensky (from 1951). 3rd edition - 1969-78, 30 volumes; OK. 100 thousand articles, circulation 630 thousand copies; alphabetical index in 1 volume. (1981); chief editor AM Prokhorov (since 1969); translated and published in the USA, Greece. The BES methodological experience was used in the preparation of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions in 1928-60), other universal reference books, incl. a one-volume Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (4 editions in 1979-91), a two-volume Big Encyclopedic Dictionary (1991), and contributed to the development of encyclopedic science in the country. In 1957-90 the TSB Yearbook was published.

BIG HETA

river in the northeast. Zap. Siberia, left tributary of the Yenisei. 646 km, basin area 20.7 thousand km2. Into the bass. Big Kheta - approx. 6 thousand lakes.

BIG CHUKOCHIE (Ravum-Revu)

river in the northeast of Yakutia. 758 km, basin area 19.8 thousand km2. It flows along the Kolyma lowland, flows into the Vost. -Siberian m. Freezes in winter. In the pool of St. 11.5 thousand lakes.

BOLSHEV Login Nikolaevich (1922-78)

mathematician; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1974). Transactions on the theory of probability, mathematical statistics and their applications.

BOLSHEVIK

island arch. North. Land (Krasnoyarsk region). 11.3 thousand km2. Height up to 935 m. Approx. 30% of the territory is covered with glaciers; arctic desert.

BOLSHEVIK

representatives of the political trend (faction) in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (since April 1917 an independent political party), headed by V.I. Lenin (see Communist Party of the Soviet Union). The concept of Bolsheviks arose at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (1903) after Lenin's supporters received a majority of votes (hence the Bolsheviks) during elections to the party's governing bodies, while their opponents were a minority (Mensheviks). In 1917-52 the word Bolsheviks was included in the official name of the party - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), the Russian CP (Bolsheviks), All-Union CP (Bolsheviks). The 19th Party Congress (1952) decided to call it the CP of the Soviet Union.

Over the years of its existence, the Publishing House has changed its name several times: 1925 - founded as a joint stock company "Soviet Encyclopedia" for the release of the 1st edition of TSB; 1930-1935 - State Dictionary and Encyclopedic Publishing House; 1935-1949 - State Institute "Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1939 - incorporation of the Granat publishing house; 1949-1959 - State Scientific Publishing House "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1959-1963 - State Scientific Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1963 - merger with the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, editors of the scientific and technical dictionaries of Fizmatgiz; 1963-1991 - publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1974 - the dictionary editions are transferred to the Russkiy Yazyk publishing house; since 1991 - publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia".
Great Soviet Encyclopedia: "Soviet Encyclopedia", the largest publishing house of scientific reference literature in the USSR; enters into the system of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. Located in Moscow. Founded in 1925. Established as a joint stock company “S. e. " at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the release of the 1st ed. TSB, in 1930 it was transformed into the State Dictionary and Encyclopedic Publishing House, in 1935-49 - the State Institute “S. e. ", in 1949-1959 - State scientific publishing house" Great Soviet Encyclopedia ", since 1959 - State scientific publishing house" S. e. ", since 1963 after the merger with the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, the editors of scientific and technical dictionaries of Fizmatgiz - publishing house" S. e. " (in 1974 the dictionary editions became part of the Russkiy Yazyk publishing house).
"FROM. e. " publishes multivolume universal and branch encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries, one-volume encyclopedias, reference books on various branches of science, technology, culture. Universal encyclopedic editions - Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions), Small Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions), Encyclopedic Dictionary (2 editions), TSB Yearbook (since 1957). Industry-specific encyclopedias in social sciences - Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, Philosophical Encyclopedia, Pedagogical Encyclopedia, Economic Encyclopedia, Political Economy, Economic Life of the USSR.
Chronicle of events and facts. 1917-1965, Labor Law, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1917-1967, Africa, Leningrad, the Great October Socialist Revolution, a series of reference books on foreign countries (United States of America, Pacific countries, Latin American countries, Scandinavian countries, etc.); natural science and technical encyclopedias - Bolshaya medical encyclopedia (3rd edition), Small Medical Encyclopedia, Agricultural Encyclopedia, Veterinary Encyclopedia, Technical Encyclopedia, Physical Encyclopedia, Brief Chemical Encyclopedia, Brief Geographical Encyclopedia, Industrial Automation and Industrial Electronics, Construction Materials, Construction, Encyclopedia of Energy, Polymers, Atom Cosmonautics, Polytechnic Dictionary, etc .; encyclopedias on literature and art - Brief Literary Encyclopedia, Theater Encyclopedia, Art of Countries and Peoples of the World, Music Encyclopedia, Film Dictionary, Circus, Encyclopedic Music Dictionary. Reference publications - Brief encyclopedia household, Olympic Games. For 1926-74 "S. e. " 448 volumes of universal and industry encyclopedias with a total circulation of about 52 million copies were published. In 1975, the volume of publishing products amounted to 12 titles with a circulation of 3245.3 thousand copies, 225.6 million printed sheets-impressions.
Editions "S. e. " enjoy great prestige both in the USSR and abroad. In a number of countries (GDR, Great Britain, etc.) the one-volume "USSR" was translated and published, the third edition of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia was published in Greece, and in the USA (since 1973) the third edition of the Big Soviet Encyclopedia has been fully translated and published.
The publishing house was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975).

SOVIET
ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY

SCIENTIFIC EDITORIAL BOARD

A.M. PROKHOROV (CHAIRMAN), M. S. GILYAROV, E. M. ZHUKOV, N. N. INOZEMTSEV, I. \u200b\u200bL. KNUNYANTS, P. N. FEDOSEEV, M. B. KHRAPCHENKO.

PUBLISHING HOUSE "SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA"
MOSCOW 1980

1600 s. from Fig. The book contains 6 color cards of offset printing. Circulation 1,200,000 copies (2nd plant 100,001-225,000 copies). Price for 1 piece RUB 20 80 kopecks.

FROM THE PUBLISHER

The publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" is the first in the USSR to publish a one-volume universal Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (SES), containing about 80 thousand articles (words). The dictionary is designed to satisfy the numerous requests and suggestions of readers - to get a reference book, which would serve as a source of everyday information for every family on issues that arise when reading newspapers, magazines, books, educational literature, listening to radio broadcasts, watching TV programs, etc.

SES contains information from all areas of modern social and political life, economics, science, technology, literature and art. It contains geographical, historical and economic information about the Soviet Union, about the countries of the world, about union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities of the USSR, as well as about large foreign cities.

Biographies of statesmen, political and military leaders, scientists, writers, artists, artists, composers of all times and peoples, Twice Heroes of the Soviet Union, Twice Heroes of Socialist Labor, prominent party, Soviet, economic leaders, workers and collective farmers - innovators of socialist production have been published.

Not being an illustrated edition, the Dictionary nevertheless contains about 550 illustrations and diagrams explaining the text of the articles, and about 350 maps.

This Dictionary was prepared by a team of employees of the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" with the involvement of a wide range of scientists and specialists.

The scientific management of the compilation of the Dictionary was carried out by the Scientific Editorial Council headed by Academician A.M. Prokhorov. General editing of the text was carried out by an editorial board consisting of: S. R. Gershberg, A. A. Gusev, S. M. Kovalev, M. I. Kuznetsov, Ya. E. Shmushkis.

Since the signing of this publication to print, the editorial board had the opportunity to take into account in the entries of the Dictionary some of the most important changes in domestic and international life, mainly until the beginning of 1979.

The publisher will be very grateful to the readers for their feedback and wishes, which can be taken into account in subsequent editions of the Dictionary.

application

PROKHOROVAl-dr Micah. (b. 1916), owls. physicist, one of the founders of quantum electronics, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1969). Member CPSU since 1950. Created (jointly with N. G. Basov) the first quantum generator - a maser. Tr. by paramagnet. masers, open resonators, gas dynamics. and solid-state lasers, high-power IR and visible lasers, nonlinear optics, the interaction of high-power laser radiation with matter. Ch. ed. TSB (since 1969). Linen. Ave (1959), Nob. pr. (1964, jointly with N. G. Basov and C. Towns).

Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. 1980