Study of scraping with cervical cervix on papanicolau. Women Health
Papinicolau smear, Papanicolau test or dad-test is a diagnostic procedure, during which the doctor checks the woman's cervix for the presence of cancer or precancerous cells.
Papenikolau smear assumes the collection of cells from the cervix - the lower narrow end of the uterus, which is located on top of the vagina.
Early detection of cervical cancer with a dad-test gives a woman a high chance of successful treatment. In addition, with the help of a smear, you can identify such changes in the cervical cells that can cause cancer in the future. Detection of anomalous cells at an early stage with a smear of Papanicolau - the first step in the fight against the development of cervical cancer.
The content of the article:Why is Pap-test?
Pap-test allows you to identify cervical cancer at an early stage, so abruptly increases the chances of a woman for successful treatment
The papanicolau test is used to detect cervical cancer or precancerous states. This procedure is usually carried out during. In women, older than thirty years old, the smear can be taken simultaneously with the analysis of the human papilloma virus (HPV) - a common infection that is transferred to the sexual way and some women can cause the development of cervical cancer.
Who needs to take a smear Papnikolau?
A woman and her attending physician can decide when it comes to start testing tests and how often this procedure should be performed.
How often do you need to pass the dad test?
Women aged 21 to 65 years old doctors recommend repeating dad test every three years.
Women aged 30 years and older can take the test once every five years, provided that the procedure is associated with the analysis of the human papilloma virus.
If a woman has an increased risk of cancer development, her doctor can recommend more frequent dadnikolau tests. In this case, the frequency of checking will depend on age.
Increased risk factors for the development of cervical cancer may include the following.
- diagnostics of cervical cancer or detection during the dough papanicolau of precancerous cells;
- finding a woman under the influence of d iethylstilbstrol.and before one's birth;
- infection with the human papilloma virus;
- immune system, weakened by transplantation of organs, chemotherapy or regular use of corticosteroids.
You can read more about the risks of cancer development.
Who can stop the passage of dad test?
After hysterectomy, not related to cancer treatment, a woman can stop regular passage of dad tests
In some situations, a woman and her doctor may decide to stop performing Papanicolane tests. Such situations may include the following.
Hysterectomy
After complete, that is, the surgical removal of the uterus, including the neck of the uterus, the woman should ask the doctor if it needs to continue the regular survey. If hysterectomy has been carried out for reasons that are not related to cancerous diseases, for example, because of Miom, the doctor may cancel the obligatory dad-tests. But if the patient was subjected to hysterectomy in connection with the detection of cancer or precancerous formations on the cervix, the doctor can recommend continuing the regular surveillance of smears.
Age
Typically, doctors consider the possibility of stopping the passage of the woman of smears after 65 years, if its previous checks on cervical cancer gave negative results, that is, they did not point to cancer. A woman should discuss this issue with a doctor and with him to make a decision based on individual risk factors. If the patient continues to lead an active sex life, and this makes it with several partners, the doctor can recommend continuing to pass Papanicola's smears.
What risks are pa-test?
By and large, medicine does not know the risks associated with dad-test. However, there are significant risks for those women who do not pass this procedure. The maximum of what a woman can detect is small allocations immediately after passing the smear. Middle and strong bleeding after dad test are not the norm.
That is, a dad test is a safe way to check on cervical cancer. However, its results may be ambiguous. When passing the smear, false negative results are possible, that is, situations where the smear does not show the presence of deviations that are actually available.
A false negative result does not mean that medical personnel made a mistake. The number of factors that can lead to a false negative result include the following:
- collecting insufficient cells;
- a small amount of abnormal cells on the studied area;
- hiding anomalous cells with blood or inflamed cells.
It is important!
Even in those situations where the anomalous cells from the first time cannot be revealed, the time will be on the side of the woman. The cervical cancer is developing several years, and if one check cannot detect cancer, then the next time it will happen with more probability.
How to prepare for the surcharge of Papanikolau?
To ensure the greatest effectiveness of PAP test, a woman can follow the recommendations that are shown below:
- avoid sexual activity, scrustling, using vaginal drugs, spermicidal foam, creams or jelly in two days before the procedure. All of the above can clean or hide abnormal cells;
- try not to plan a dad test during the menstrual cycle. The smear can be taken, but it is better not to perform the procedure at this time, if such an opportunity is available.
What to expect from the dough Papanicolau?
What happens during dad dough?
With the help of a speculator, the doctor expands the vagina to get free access to the cervix
Pap-test is usually performed in the doctor's office and it takes just a few minutes. A woman can ask a doctor about whether it needs to be undressing completely or only below the belt.
The patient falls on his back with bent legs. The body body at the time of procedure is placed on the table, and the feet remain on special support supports.
The doctor gently enters the tool in the vagina, which is called a speculaum. This fixture holds the walls of the vagina at a distance from each other to allow the doctor to clearly see the neck of the uterus. Entering speculaum can cause a pressure sensation in the pelvic area.
The doctor then takes a sample of the cervical cells using a soft brush or a flat object, called a spatula or a buatard. As a rule, this procedure does not cause painful sensations.
What happens after passing the dough Papinicolau?
After the smear is taken, a woman can continue the day without restrictions.
Depending on the type of test, the doctor may place the cell collected during the procedure in a container filled with a special fluid (liquid dad-test), or on the slide glass (cytological smear).
Samples are given to the laboratory, where they are checked under the microscope in order to search in cells of such characteristics that sign about cancer or precancerous states.
Upon completion of the procedure, a woman should learn from a doctor when results will be prepared.
Padnicolau test results
Pap-test can suggest a doctor about the presence of suspicious cells that need further examination.
Negative result
If only normal cells were discovered during Papnicolau dough, the doctor will inform the woman about the negative result.
In this case, there will be no further treatment and no further diagnostic procedures until the woman comes to another gynecological examination.
Positive result
If there will be unusual cells during the dough, the doctor will tell the patient about the positive result. A positive result does not mean that a woman has cancer. What does a positive result indicate, depends on the type of cells that were discovered.
Below are the terms that the doctor can sound, as well as the further steps of a woman and its medical team.
Atipia flat cells of uncertain significance
Flat cells are thin and literally flat cells that are on the surface of a healthy cervix. In this case, the Pap-test revealed a small anomaly of these cells, but the changes clearly indicate the presence of a precancerous state.
With a liquid test, the doctor may re-analyze the sample taken to check the presence of viruses in the body, which are known for its ability to promote cancer development. One of these viruses is the human papilloma virus (HPV).
If there are no such viruses, then the abnormal cells found as a result of the test will not be a big problem. If there are viruses, a woman will have to go further checks.
Plottle intraepithelial lesions
This term is used to identify that the cells obtained as a result of Papanicola dough may be predict.
When the degree of cell change is low, it means that the form, dimensions and other characteristics of the cells suggest that if the precancerous lesions are presented, then until the moment they are cancer, can pass for several years.
If the degree of cell changes is high, there is a high probability that these lesions can develop in cancer far earlier. In this case, additional diagnosis will be required.
Atipia of ferrous cells
Irony cells produce mucus and are located on the inbox of the cervix, as well as in the most uterus. Atypical glandular cells may have small anomalies, but it is almost always difficult to understand whether they are cancer.
To determine the source of such cells and their significance, further expertise will be required.
PlateLock carcinoma or adenocarcinoma
This means that the cells obtained as a result of dad dough look so anomalously that the pathologist is almost confident in their cancer origin.
PlateLoth carcinoma is characterized by the occurrence of cancer in a flat epithelium of the vagina or cervix. Adenokarcinoma is characterized by the presence of cancer in ferrous cells. If such cells are detected, the physician will recommend their further evaluation.
If the results of the PAP test were positive, that is, the doctor may offer to perform a procedure called Colposcopy, during which a special tool with magnifying glass (colposcope) is used to test the tissues of the cervix, vagina and vulva.
The doctor can also take a fabric sample (perform a biopsy) from any site that seems suspicious. Then the sample of the fabric is sent to the laboratory for analyzing and setting an accurate diagnosis.
Padnicolau smear, or Papanicola Test and (English, Pap Test)- A test with which you can define precancerous or cancer cells in the vagina and the cervix. The main difference from the standard cytological study is to further fix the material with alcohol when cooking glass, which increases the accuracy of the analysis.
Scrap is performed from two points: cervical canal and cervix.
Pap testt. It makes it possible to effectively effectively identify the prejudition changes of the epithelium - cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of varying severity.
This type of study is mandatory for women older than 30 years, especially those who have previously been detected or currently detected by human papillomavic viruses of high-oncogenic risk, as well as for women who have discovered the zones of the altered epithelium with a coloscopic examination of the cervix.
The number of drugs (glasses) can be from 1 to 3. Most often it is necessary to explore two drugs - epithelium from endocervix and extocereservix. Material fence must be made using special calves.
Indications:
- screening cervical cancer.
In women reproductive age, the smear is desirable to take no earlier than the 5th day from the beginning of the menstrual cycle or no later than 5 days before the alleged start of menstruation.
24 hours before taking, it is necessary to abandon the use of vaginal medicines, spermcides, lubricants, exclude sexual contacts. You can not paint on the eve of the smear.
If there is a visual pathology on the cervix, the smear must be taken regardless of the above factors.
* Please note that children under 16 gynecological analyzes are taken only in the presence of parents. In medical offices, do not make scraping and smears from the cervical canal to pregnant women with a period of 22 weeks or more, since this procedure can cause complications. If necessary, you can refer to your doctor.
Interpretation of results
First, the quality of the smear is estimated: high-quality, poor quality. If the quality of the smear is unsatisfactory, the smear must be repeated. Papinicolau smear can be positive or negative (I class on Papanicolau).
There are no atypical cells, all cells of the same shape and sizes (negative dad-smear). The presence of different cell form and sizes, their pathological position is characterized as a positive smear by papanicolau. The results of these analyzes show the presence of atypical cells, which often sounds frightening for women who do not understand what it means.
A positive result of the smear on atypical cells means not that you have cancer or a precancerous condition, but only indicates the need for further research. The reason for the appearance of atypical cells may be inflammation (chlamydia, herpetic infection, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis), infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). These changes are more often characterized as dysplasia II degree. In this case, it is necessary to carry out the necessary treatment and repeat the smear in 3-6 months. When papillomavirus infection is often detected by cellocytosis of cells. Coilocyte 3 cells of the flat epithelium of irregular shape, with clear boundaries. The sizes of coylocyte various, usually they are greater than normal cells. The nuclei is increased in different degrees, the nuclear membrane is uneven, folded. Around the core marks the enlightenment of the cytoplasm.
Cytological classification by Papanicolau
1st grade is a normal cytological picture;
2nd class - change of cell morphology due to the inflammatory process in the vagina and (or) cervix;
3rd grade - single cells with nuclei anomaly and cytoplasm (suspicion of malignant neoplasm);
4th grade - individual cells with obvious signs of illustrative;
The 5th grade is a large number of typical cancer cells. The diagnosis of malignant neoplasm is no doubt.
Bethesda classification
When classified by the BetheSda system (The Bethesda System-TBS), the following terms may meet in conclusion of a cytologist:
- ASCUS (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance) or APPS (atypics PlateClaid uncertain significance);
- CIN (CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA) or QIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) (term is used as synonymous cervical dysplasia);
- LSIL (LOW-GRADE Squamous IntraePitelial Lesions) or H-PIP (flat-butter intraepithelial lesion of low severity);
- HSIL (High-Grade Squamous IntraePitelial Lesions) or B-PIP (flat-belling intraepithelial damage to high severity).
The protocol of standardized cytological conclusion consists of the following sections:
1. Quality of the drug:
- adequate;
- inadequate.
- epithelial cells within the normal range are replaced by negative in intraepithelial pathology or malignation;
- describes the pathological changes of the epithelium.
a) Atypic flat cells (ASC):
- PKNS (ASC-US) of an indefinite value - reactive changes or dysplasia I-weak-Qing-1, most often associated with inflammation;
- non-exclusive in PIP (ASC-H);
- low degree of flat-belling intraepithelial lesions (Lsil);
- H-PIP-Qing 1 (I-light dysplasia), papillomavirus infection-HPV;
- high degree of flat-belling intraepithelial lesions (HSIL);
- Qing 2 (dysplasia II-moderate), Qing 3 (dysplasia III-pronounced), cancer in situ;
- flake carcation cancer.
- without additional characteristics;
- cells are suspicious on invasion;
- endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ; - adenocarcinoma.
5. Additional refinements: indicate a specific infectious agent (when discovered).
Doctors regularly take in female patients during planned inspections of dad-smear (dad-test) for analysis to check the presence of abnormal cell changes in the cervix. In the absence of treatment, such changes can lead to cervical cancer. Negative (normal) test results indicate the absence of abnormal cells. This means that it is not necessary to undergo additional surveys before the next scheduled inspection. Positive (abnormal) results indicate a potential problem.
Steps
Part 1
Decoding results of analyzes- There are many different types of HPV, some of which can lead to cervical cancer. Many people have this virus will never develop and take place by itself. The presence of HPV does not mean that you have or will once be cervical cancer.
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Take into account other possible causes of abnormal smear analysis results. When taking contraceptive tablets, the analysis of the smear may be false positive. Some women may have cellular changes in the cervix, which are not caused by HPV. Hormonal imbalance, fungal infections, vaginal sex, the use of tampons, shower or vaginal cream 48 hours before putting the smear can lead to incorrect results.
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Decipher your test results. There are a number of "positive" or "abnormal" indicators, and some of them are more important than others. The next step depends on the specific results of the cytological smear.
- Atypical cells of the flat epithelium of an indefinite value (ASC-US) are cervical cells that look abnormal, but they are not necessarily cancer or precancer.
- Flat-cell intraepithelial lesions are cells that may be precancer. Their presence is called the cervical dysplasia (CIN), which has several degrees: CIN 1 (weak), CIN 2 (medium) and CIN 3 (heavy).
- Atypical glandular cells are ferruginous cells (cells that produce mucus in the uterus and cervix), which are anomaly, but are not necessarily cancer or prejudice.
- Flat-cell cancer cells may indicate that cancer is already present in the cervix or vagina. These cells, along with adenocarcinoma, are one of the most potentially dangerous results of a dad-smear.
- Adenocarcinoma means that cancer may already be present in ferruginous cells. Along with flat-cell cancer cells, this is one of the most potentially dangerous smear. It may indicate the presence of body cancer (endometrial carcinoma), so the doctor can direct you on the endometrium biopsy.
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Ask Colposcopy. Your doctor can also offer you a colposcopy - a procedure, in the process of which a magnifying device called Colposcope is used for a more detailed study of the cervix. If your doctor sees any potential problems, it can also direct you on the cervix biopsy for further research.
- If you assume that you can be pregnant, tell your doctor before Colposcopy. The risk of miscarriage is small, but after the procedure it is possible to bleeding.
- Do not insert anything into the vagina (avoid tampons, do not take shower, drugs, eliminate the sexual contact) at least 24 hours before colposcopy.
Observe calm. Many women are very worried when receiving a positive test result, but at this stage there are no reasons for panic. In most cases, positive results do not indicate the cervical cancer. You will need to perform the directions of the doctor and, possibly, pass an additional examination to determine why it was in the smear that suspicious changes in the cellular level in the cervix were found.
Read the information about HPV. Most often, abnormal smear results are caused by a human papilloma virus (HPV). This virus is sexually transmitted, and it is so common that most of sexually active people are sooner or later faced with this problem.
Part 3.
Treatment-
Find out whether you need any treatment. In most cases, doctors simply recommend regular inspections and dad-smear to keep the situation under control. However, you may need an additional examination.
- Keep in mind that Pad-smear will allow you to identify those or other anomalous cells, but the doctor cannot be diagnosed only on its basis. If he sees a potential problem, he will send you to colposcopy or biopsy to learn its cause.
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Choose a suitable treatment for you. If the doctor recommends the removal of precancerous cells, there are several treatment options ,. These procedures may seem frightening and painful, but keep in mind that they are carried out under anesthesia so that you can feel comfortable.
- The procedure of electrosurgical excision using a loop (LEEP) is a process in which the doctor cuts out an abnormal cloth with a small wire under electrical voltage. This procedure is performed in the doctor's office under local anesthesia and takes only a few minutes. This is the most common method of treatment.
- Cryotherapy is another procedure performed in the doctor's office using a cold probe for freezing anomalous cells. This procedure is very fast and does not require anesthesia.
- Conization - a procedure in which the doctor removes abnormal cells with a scalpel. This procedure requires common anesthesia, so you have to go to the hospital.
- Laser therapy is a procedure at which a doctor with a laser removes abnormal cells. Like conization, this method is performed in the hospital under general anesthesia.
- Pass regular inspections, hand over the smear, including dad-smear. This process may seem unpleasant, especially if you have anomalous test results, but this procedure is the best protection against cervical cancer.
- The most common cause of the development of the cervical cancer is the human papilloma virus (HPV). This virus is widespread, but often passes asymptomatic, so do not think that you will not affect the problem of HPV or cervical cancer, if you do not feel any discomfort. Regular examination is very important.
- Stop smoking. In addition to HPV, smoking is another factor in the risk of developing cervical cancer.
- Women under the age of 27 should think about Vaccination against HPV. Vaccine against HPV will not cure the virus and will not change the result of an analysis of the smear, but it can protect you from future HPV infections and caused by the development of cervical cancer. HCV vaccine is a very controversial issue, so consult your doctor and take a weighted solution.
- It is completely normal to feel concern and disorder when you get anomalous test results. Talk to a partner, friend or relative. Tell us about your feelings and problems. If you release your emotions out, it may be easier for you.
Description
Definition method Microscopy
The material under study See the description
Available Departure to the house
Padnicolau staining method is a specially designed method, allowing the greatest degree of reliability to identify early precancerous diseases of the cervix.
The cervical cancer in the structure of malignant neoplasms of the reproductive system ranks third. Until 1992, the incidence of cervical cancer decreased, but now the tendency to increase this pathology is again observed. The development of the tumor occurs gradually for several years, therefore, preventive inspections of women using the cytological method of research are very important.
Currently, when conducting screening programs for the detection of cervical cancer, precancerous and background states, the cellular material for papanicolau - RAP test is used. Padnicolau staining method allows you to evaluate the degree of ripening of the cytoplasm, well stains the kernels with atypics. The term "Atiphy" has different interpretation in different countries: in Central Europe, it determines as malignant, in the WHO nomenclature - "less than dysplastic intraepithelial changes".
Conducting a rar test has a number of features. An important point is the correct taking of the material and its fixation. Cellular material is taken by brushes of a special configuration in "mirrors" to avoid hindrances. Material transfer must occur quickly, without drying; Fast fixation of a wet smear of 96% ethanol is necessary. Padnikolau smears staining passes a number of stages, then the cellular material imprisoned in balm is subjected to cytological analysis.
The material under study: ignitions from endocervix, extocereswix, as well as mixed scales applied to the glass glass.
Literature
- Kulakov V.I. et al. "Modern approaches to the diagnosis of papillomavirus infection in the genitals of women and their importance for screening cervical cancer. Gynecology". 2000; 1 (2): 4 - 8.
Preparation
No special preparation for research is not required. Please note that children under 16 years old gynecological analyzes are taken only in the presence of parents. In medical offices, do not make scraping and smears from the cervical canal to pregnant women with a period of 22 weeks or more, since this procedure can cause complications. If necessary, you can refer to your doctor.
Interpretation of results
The interpretation of research results contains information for the attending physician and is not a diagnosis. Information from this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment. The exact diagnosis is made by the doctor using both the results of this survey and the necessary information from other sources: anamnesis, the results of other surveys, etc.
The protocol of standardized cytological conclusion, based on the classification of Bethesd (revision of 2001), as well as on a standardized cytological description according to the order of the Ministry of Health, consists of the following sections:
- quality of the drug: - adequate;
- citogram / Description: - epithelial cells within the norm replaced by - negative on intraepithelial pathology or malignancy;
- cytogram / Features: The main categories of pathological changes of the epithelium:
- cytogram / Other types: Other non-torrent changes (when detected);
- additional refinements: A specific infectious agent is indicated (when it is detected).
- inadequate.
Either described the pathological changes of the epithelium.
a) atypical flat cells (ASC)
- PKNZ (ASC-US) - undefined value - reactive changes or dysplasia I-weak-Qing-1, most often associated with inflammation;
- non-exclusive B-PIP (ASC-H);
- Low degree of flat-belling intraepithelial lesions (Lsil): - H-PIP (ASC-H) - Qing 1 (dysplasia I - light);
- Papillomavirus infection - HPV;
- High degree of flat-belling intraepithelial lesions (HSIL): - B-PIP (ASC -B) - Qing 2 (dysplasia II -ymal), Qing 3 (dysplasia III-pronounced), cancer in situ. - flat-belling cancer;
b) Atypic glands (AGS)
- without additional characteristics;
- Suspicious cells for invasion;
- endocervic adenocarcinoma in situ;
- adenocarcinoma;
Dad - test is the taking of a sample for analysis to identify gynecological diseases in a woman. Dad - test, smear on cytology, cervical smear, cytological smear, analysis of Papanicolau are all the names of the name of the same gynecological study, very important, informative and at the same time very simple. Pap - a test or smear on cytology is carried out at the gynecological examination of each woman.
· why do you need dad - test?
PAP - the test allows you to detect the slightest changes in the microflora and the cellular composition of the vagina, the cervical channel and the cervix, which are able to subsequently lead to dysplasia and the development of the cancer process. In the case of regular inspections from the gynecologist and the dad - test, such changes will be found at the earliest stage, allowing to assign and carry out the most efficient treatment. This is very important, since only in one Ukraine, for example, cervical cancer is the second prevalence cause of female mortality from cancer. The only way to identify the prejudice process is a regular gynecological examination, a smear for cytology, and
Pap - the test is used for early diagnosis of dysplasia () and cervical cancer. At the same time, one of the smear on the cervical cervical cytology can not always be a confirmation of cancer, the coloscopic picture is important for diagnosis and the results of HPV analysis (Papillomavirus, human papilloma virus). The final reliable diagnosis gives a biopsy - a laboratory study of a fragment of suspicious on tissue cancer taken to analyze.
The smear on cytology, according to the rules, is taken from the channel and the surface of the cervix with a special spatula. The material taken is applied to the glass and sent to the cytological laboratory. In the laboratory, the cytological smear is painted according to the Papanicolau method, and then doctors - the laboratory technicians carefully study the sample for the presence of any deviations in its cellular structure, evaluating the reaction of the material under study to the reagents.
· When and who needs dad - test?
1. Cytological smear need to spend each woman at least once a year since the 18 years of age or the beginning of sex life. In the absence of sex contacts, the analysis of papanicola is permissible 1 time over 3 years.
2. Twice a year, the cytological smear is recommended when using hormonal contraception, as well as women who suffer from genital herpes.
3. The reason for more frequent cytological studies is a frequent change of a woman of sexual partners, overweight (obesity), infertility, the presence of genital bodies.
The incidence of the oncology of the cervix increases with age, so the smear on cytology should be done regularly, throughout life. Systematically making cytologic smear and analysis of Papanicolau The woman should even after menopause came.
· Risk factors for the development of cervical cancer:
1. Early start of sexual life;
2. Several sexual partners;
3. Viral infections, in particular HPV, herpes virus (HSV), or HIV;
4. The presence of sexual cancer in the past;
5. Weakened immune system;
6. Smoking.
· preparation for a cytological smell
The only obstacle in order to carry out PAP - the test is menstruation, in its absence, the cytological smear is taken into any. 48 hours before delivery from sex contacts it is recommended to refrain, you should not use vaginal creams and candles, paint and taking baths and vaginal shower.
· dad Test: Results and Analysis Evaluation
In gynecology distinguish five different stages of the development of pathology. At the first stage Dad - the test is negative - that is, health is normal. Positive results of the Pap - the test gives 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the pathology stages.
1 Stage: Means a normal cytological picture (no deviation cells, which are characteristic of healthy women in the gynecological terms.
2 Stage: Morphological changes of cells are observed, which are due to the inflammatory process. This stage is in a general version of the norm, but requires a more thorough examination of a woman to identify the causes of inflammation, pre-imposition, etc.
3 Stage: Detection of single cells with anomalies existing in the structure of nuclei and cytoplasm. This stage means suspicion of the presence of a malignant process. In this case, it is necessary to repeatedly take a cytological smear and conducting a histological research and aiming biopsy, to confirm or withdraw suspicion.
4 Stage: This stage means that individual cells are detected with obvious malignant changes. In this case, the conduct is mandatory !!!
5 Stage: At this stage, a large number of obvious typical cancer cells are determined. Such results of dad - test mean that the diagnosis of the malignant process, that is, cancer does not cause any doubt.
Despite the fact that the smear on the cervical cylinder has a fairly high reliability, the final diagnosis is established solely after colposcopy and the results of the cervix obtained during biopsy.
Among other things, dad - test does not provide any information on the state of ovaries and uterus, and they are also subject to cancer risk. Therefore, in suspected cancer and negative dads - the test is obligatory to carry out a vaginal ultrasound from a woman, studying the organs of a small pelvis.
Yana Lagidna, especially for the site
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