Poplar fluff got into the eye what to do. Allergy to poplar fluff
The new site should become a guide to the Muslim space of the Commonwealth of Independent States. At present, the countries where the members of the ummah are the historical majority are numerically predominant in the CIS. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan make up 6 out of 11 CIS states. And in Russia itself there are regions with a Muslim majority in the person of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the republics of the North Caucasus; the seven-digit figure expresses the number of Muslims in the Volga-Ural region and Western Siberia. Historically, most of Ukraine and Moldova were part of the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Tatars, despite all the tragedies, returned to their native peninsula. The formation of the community of Belarusian Tatars also belongs to the Middle Ages. It is impossible not to mention the massive and not always voluntary movement of Muslims as a result of industrialization processes in the Russian Empire, and then in the USSR, migrations after the collapse of the USSR.
Millions of people travel in the CIS countries under the visa-free regime. Some of them make short trips for the purpose of tourism or visiting friends and relatives, some go to study and work, some of them settle in a new place, family reunification takes place. The steady process of reducing the Russian population requires more and more migrants for our Fatherland. At the same time, immigrants from their CIS countries, due to the similarity of language and religion, the general experience of living in the Russian imperial and Soviet space, are the preferred option.
The study of the situation in the CIS countries should not be limited only to the problems of migration and relations between citizens. Due to their natural resources and the benefits of their geographical location, the CIS countries, especially with a Muslim majority, are currently an important factor in world politics and the global economy. The place of the "Great Silk Road" and "Great Volga Road" was taken by main gas and oil pipelines connecting them with Russia, Western Europe, China, Iran. However, the presence of unstable neighbors, primarily in the face of Afghanistan, in some places internal instability, the unsettledness of a number of international disputes and the intervention of foreign states, do not provide an opportunity to use the full potential. In turn, this leads to the poverty of citizens, the growth among them of feelings of oppression and radical sentiments.
Therefore, for the sake of the common good, it is necessary to continue and expand stable cooperation in the Eurasian space of the CIS. The "Great Silk Road" from China to the Black Sea and the "Great Volga Road" from the Baltic to the Caspian Seas took shape more than a thousand years ago. Here the states of the Huns, the Great Turkic Kaganate, the Khazar Kaganate, the Golden Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Russian state played a connecting role to ensure mutually beneficial relations between the West and the East. Fairs in Itil, Sarai, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod were at one time the most important barometer of the development of the Eurasian economy. Now the integrating role is being transferred to the CIS within the framework of the emerging common customs space. Our site will try to highlight the historical roots, the current state and prospects for the development of Muslim, and indeed everything common space in the CIS countries.
Image caption Even from non-religious families are now sent to theological schools in Tajikistan
The Islamic Council of Tajikistan, the republic's highest religious body, has demanded that the government take tough measures against some Shiite theologians.
A harsh statement by Tajik ulema could split society and spoil relations between Tajikistan and Iran, local analysts and religious leaders say.
According to the official clergy, the accused clergy are promoting religious movements that are not traditional for the country's Sunni majority.
The discontent of the clergy was caused by the holding of memorial events on the day of Ashura in one of the mosques in the Vakhdat region near the capital Dushanbe.
The Turajonzoda brothers, well-known religious figures in the republic, in Friday prayers honored the memory of the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad Imam Hussein, who was killed in Karbala 13 centuries ago.
The assassination of Imam Hussein exacerbated controversy among Muslims and eventually led to a division into Sunnis and Shiites.
The Council of Ulema of Tajikistan believes that the celebration of Ashura, sacred for the Shiites, may cause religious strife between the believers of the republic.
Today Ashura is honored in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Syria.
Shiites usually dress in black on this day, and many of them beat themselves with chains and cut themselves in memory of the suffering Imam Hussein went through.
Political persecution
According to theologian Khoja Akbar Turajonzoda, no special ceremonies were held at the Friday service on Ashura's day in the mosque. The parishioners only honored the memory of the innocently murdered imam.
Image caption The renowned theologian considers the decision of the Council of Ulema political and directed against him personally"For almost 12 years, we honor the memory of Imam Hussein on Ashura Day. And during this time, no one has ever accused us of inciting religious enmity. The murdered grandson of the Prophet Muhammad is equally revered by both Sunnis and Shiites. It was a tragic fact in history. Islam, and we tell young people about it, "Turadzhonzoda said.
The theologian believes that the decision of the council of ulema can be directed personally against the family of the well-known priests of Turajonzoda in Tajikistan and is political in nature.
The priests of Turajonzoda are known for their critical remarks against the Tajik authorities and the clergy under their control.
Akbar Turajonzoda is convinced that the country's Sunni majority should respect the rights of religious minorities living in Tajikistan and not interfere with the holding of various religious events in the country.
At the same time, the state should act as a guarantor of security for all residents of the country, regardless of their religious affiliation, and not single out the leadership of one of them, says Turajonzoda.
Many observers emphasize that interest in religion in Tajikistan in last years has grown significantly. Even children from non-religious families are sent to study the basics of Islam in theological schools.
This circumstance causes serious concern for the authorities, which cannot control the activities of theologians who do not obey the officials.
Risk of spoiling relations with Iran
"There is a struggle for influence between religious leaders. On the one hand, it is the Islamic Council of Tajikistan, which is practically controlled by the state, and on the other, authoritative theologians who are not controlled by the authorities, but have a huge influence on the country's inhabitants," political scientist Parviz Mullojanov noted.
Image caption Political scientist Mullojanov fears aggravation of relations with Iran"It is alarming that such not very careful and illiterate decisions spur anti-Shiite sentiments in society and, as a result, may lead to an aggravation of relations with Iran. Given the current difficult situation in Tajikistan, the authorities should respond to the statement of the ulema, who did not have the right to make such assessments pressure on representatives of other religious movements existing in the country, "Parviz Mullojanov said.
Meanwhile, Islamic scholar Farrukh Umarov is convinced that the strained relations between the official clergy and officially unrecognized theologians speaks not only of the difficult relations between the clergy themselves, but it is a political game in which a number of countries are involved.
"A political game is being played here to advance Iran's interests. Agents and lobbyists are actively working in the country. It is possible that some clergy are involved in this. But we, in fact, do not know what is happening in the country," Farrukh Umarov stressed.
According to official data, 99% of Tajiks are Muslims. And most Muslims in Tajikistan, with the exception of a small community of Shia Ismailis Gorny Badakhshanare Sunnis of the Hanifite persuasion.
Despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of the country's inhabitants are Muslims, many of them oppose the creation of an Islamic republic in the country and are in favor of maintaining a secular system.
At the same time, residents of the country criticize the authorities for making a number of unpopular decisions that limit the rights of believers.
In particular, the decision to close mosques, the ban on wearing the hijab in state educational institutions, the adopted law on religion, as well as the decision to prohibit women and children from appearing in mosques during public prayers, caused a mixed reaction among the residents of the Central Asian republic.
Tajiks
TAJIKI -ov; pl. Nation, the main population of Tajikistan; representatives of this nation.
◁ Tajik, -a; m. Tajichka, -and; pl. genus. -check, dates. -check; g. Tajik, th, th. T. language. T-th culture.
Tajikipeople, the main population of Tajikistan (3172 thousand people), in Russia 38.2 thousand people (1992). They also live in Afghanistan and Iran. Total population 8.28 million (1995). The language is Tajik. The believers are mostly Sunni Muslims.
TAJIKITAJIKI, people in Central Asia (cm. MIDDLE ASIA), the main population of Tajikistan (4.898 million people, 2000), also live in Afghanistan (7.698 million people, mainly in the north of the country), Uzbekistan (1.32 million people), in the Russian Federation (120.1 thousand, 2002). The total number of Tajiks in the world is about 14 million people (2004). The overwhelming majority of Tajiks speak Tajik, belonging to the Western Iranian group indo-European languages; the Pamir peoples and Yagnobians speak special languages \u200b\u200band dialects that are part of the Eastern Iranian group of the same language family. Believers Tajiks are Muslims (mostly Sunnis, partly Shiites, Pamir Tajiks are Ismailis).
The formation of the Tajik people was preceded by long ethnogenetic processes dating back to the end of the second - beginning of the first millennium BC, when Iranian-speaking tribes came from the Eurasian steppes to Central Asia. They mixed with the local tribes of the Late Bronze Age and the main population of Central Asia became Iranian-speaking. In Ancient Bactria (Amu Darya basin), Sogd (Zeravshan and Kashkadarya basin), Fergana Valley, agricultural tribes of Bactrians, Sogdians, Parkans (ancient Ferghans) lived, on the northern and eastern outskirts of Central Asia the Saks roamed. The Yagnobis are considered the descendants of the Sogdians (according to linguistic data); Saka tribes played an important role in the formation of the Pamir Tajiks. In the second century BC, the Yuezhi, or Tochars, which included the Saka tribes, penetrated into Bactria. With the formation of the Turkic Khaganate in the 6th century, the penetration of Turkic ethnic elements into Central Asia increased.
By the time of the Arab conquest (8th century), three main ethnic regions of the future Tajik people had emerged: Sogdian in the north, Fergana in the northeast, and Tocharian in the south, whose population for many centuries retained its peculiarities in culture and life. The Arab invasion slowed down the formation of the Tajik people. But with the formation of an independent state of the Samanids in the 9-10 centuries, the process of the formation of the ethnic core of the Tajiks was completed, which was associated with the spread of the common Tajik language, which became dominant in the Samanid era. In this language, Tajik culture and science develop, and a rich literature is formed. From the end of the 10th century, the political dominance in Central Asia passes to the Turkic-speaking peoples, new waves of Turkic and later Mongolian tribes penetrate into the area of \u200b\u200bthe sedentary Tajik population; the centuries-old process of Turkization of the Tajiks began, especially on the plains, to a lesser extent in the mountains and big cities. However, the Tajik language not only survived, but was also the state language of the Turkic rulers. In 1868, the northern regions inhabited by Tajiks became part of the possessions of Russia, and the population of southern Tajikistan remained under the rule of the Bukhara Emirate.
The primordial occupation of the Tajiks was agriculture, based largely on artificial irrigation, and gardening; cattle breeding was of an auxiliary nature. The Tajiks have developed crafts, including artistic ones, many of which had ancient traditions (woodcarving and alabaster, decorative embroidery). The Tajik people developed in close connection with other peoples of Central Asia. The medieval history of Tajiks and Uzbeks, peoples with common ethnic elements, is especially close.
encyclopedic Dictionary . 2009 .
See what "Tajiks" are in other dictionaries:
Tajiks ... Wikipedia
- (Persian tadschik conquered). Descendants of the ancient Persians, Medes and Bactrians, constituting the indigenous population of Central Asia of Aryan origin. Dictionary foreign wordsincluded in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. TAJIKI pers. tadschik. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Modern encyclopedia
The people, the main population of Tajikistan (3172 thousand people), in the Russian Federation 38.2 thousand people (1992). They also live in Afghanistan and Iran. Total population 8.28 million (1992). The language is Tajik. Believers are mostly Sunni Muslims ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
TAJIKI, Tajiks, ed. Tajik, Tajik, husband. The people of the Iranian language group, constituting the main population of the Tajik SSR. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
TAJIKI, s, units uk, ah, husband. The people that make up the main indigenous population of Tajikistan. | wives Tajik, and. | adj. Tajik, oh, oh. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (self-name tojik), people. There are 38.2 thousand people in the Russian Federation. The main population of Tajikistan. They also live in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran. The language is Tajik Iranian group of Indo-European family of languages. Believers in ... Russian history
Tajiks - (self-name tojik) people with a total number of 8280 thousand people. The main countries of settlement: Afghanistan 4000 thousand people, Tajikistan 3172 thousand people, Uzbekistan 934 thousand people. Other countries of settlement: Iran 65 thousand people, Russian Federation 38 thousand ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
tajiks Ethnopsychological Dictionary
TAJIKI - representatives of the indigenous nation of the Republic of Tajikistan. Special studies show that Tajiks are most characterized by such national psychological qualities as a practical mindset, a rational way of thinking, based on ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Sunnis, Shiites, Alawites - the names of these and other religious groups of Islam can often be found in the news today, but for many these words do not mean anything.
The broadest trend in Islam.
What does the name mean
In Arabic: ahl as-sunna wal-jamaa ("people of the Sunnah and the consent of the community"). The first part of the name means following the path of the prophet (ahl as-sunna), and the second - recognition of the great mission of the prophet and his companions in solving problems, following their path.
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The Sunnah is the second foundational book of Islam after the Koran. This is an oral tradition, later formalized in the form of hadiths, sayings of the prophet's associates about the sayings and actions of Muhammad.
Although originally oral in nature, it is the main guide for Muslims.
When did it arise
After the death of Caliph Uthman in 656.
How many adherents
About one and a half billion people. 90% of all Muslims.
Main areas of residence
Ideas and customs
Sunnis are very sensitive to following the sunnah of the prophet. The Qur'an and Sunnah are the two main sources of faith, however, if life problem is not described in them, you should trust your reasonable choice.
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Six collections of hadiths (Ibn-Maji, al-Nasai, Imam Muslim, al-Bukhari, Abu Daud and at-Tirmidhi) are considered reliable.
The reign of the first four Islamic princes - the caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali is considered righteous.
In Islam, madhhabs - legal schools and akids - "concepts of faith" are also developed. The Sunnis recognize four madhhabs (Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanafi, and Shabali) and three concepts of faith (Maturidism, Ash'arite teachings and Asariyah).
What does the name mean
Shiya - "followers", "followers".
When did it arise
After the death of Caliph Uthman, revered by the Muslim community, in 656.
How many adherents
According to various estimates, from 10 to 20 percent of all Muslims. The number of Shiites may be around 200 million.
Main areas of residence
Ideas and customs
The only righteous caliph is the cousin and uncle of the prophet - Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib. According to the Shiites, he is the only one who was born in the Kaaba - the main shrine of the Mohammedans in Mecca.
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Shiites are distinguished by their conviction that the leadership of the ummah (Muslim community) should be carried out by the highest clerics chosen by Allah - imams, mediators between God and man.
The first twelve imams from the clan of Ali (who lived in 600-874 from Ali to Mahdi) are recognized as saints.
The latter is considered to have mysteriously disappeared ("hidden" by God), he must appear before the End of the World in the form of a messiah.
The main stream of Shiites is Twelver Shiites, who are traditionally called Shiites. The school of law that corresponds to them is the Jafarite madhhab. There are a lot of Shiite sects and trends: they are Ismailis, Druze, Alawites, Zaidis, Sheikhites, Kaisanites, Yarsan.
Holy places
Mosques of Imam Hussein and al-Abbas in Karbala (Iraq), Imam Ali Mosque in Al-Najaf (Iraq), Imam Reza Mosque in Mashhad (Iran), Ali-Askari Mosque in Samarra (Iraq).
What does the name mean
Sufism or tasawwuf comes according to different versions from the word "suf" (wool) or "as-safa" (purity). Also, originally the expression "ahl al-suffa" (people of the bench) meant the poor companions of Muhammad who lived in his mosque. They were distinguished by their asceticism.
When did it arise
VIII century. It is divided into three periods: asceticism (zuhd), Sufism (tasawwuf), and the period of Sufi brotherhoods (tarikat).
How many adherents
Today's followers are few in number, but they can be found in a wide variety of countries.
Main areas of residence
Ideas and customs
Muhammad, according to the Sufis, indicated by his example the path of spiritual education of the individual and society - asceticism, contentment with little, contempt for earthly goods, wealth and power. The Askhabs (companions of Muhammad) and Ahl al-Suffa (people of the bench) also followed the right path. Asceticism was inherent in many subsequent hadith collectors, Qur'an readers and jihadists (Mujahideen).
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The main features of Sufism are very strict adherence to the Koran and Sunnah, reflections on the meaning of the Koran, additional prayers and fasting, renunciation of everything worldly, the cult of poverty, refusal to cooperate with the authorities. Sufi teachings have always focused on the person, his intentions and awareness of truths.
Many Islamic scholars and philosophers were Sufis. Tariqats are real monastic orders of Sufis, sung in Islamic culture. Murids, students of Sufi sheikhs, were brought up in modest monasteries and cells scattered across the deserts. Dervishes are hermit monks. Among the Sufis, they could be found very often.
Sunni school of belief, most adherents are Salafis.
What does the name mean
Asar means "trace", "legend", "quote".
When did it arise
They deny kalam (Muslim philosophy) and adhere to a strict and direct reading of the Qur'an. In their opinion, people should not come up with a rational explanation for unclear places in the text, but accept them as they are. It is believed that the Koran was not created by anyone, but is the direct speech of God. Anyone who denies this is not considered Muslim.
Salafis
They are most often associated with Islamic fundamentalists.
What does the name mean
As-salaf - "ancestors", "predecessors". As-salaf al-salihun - a call to follow the lifestyle of righteous ancestors.
When did it arise
It takes shape in the IX-XIV centuries.
How many adherents
According to American Islamic experts, the number of Salafis around the world may reach 50 million.
Main areas of residence
Belief in unconditionally one God, rejection of innovations, alien cultural admixtures in Islam. Salafis are the main critics of the Sufis. It is considered a Sunni movement.
Notable representatives
Salafis classify the Islamic theologians as Ash-Shafi'i, Ibn Hanbal and Ibn Taymiyyah as their teachers. The well-known organization “Muslim Brotherhood” is cautiously ranked among the Salafis.
Wahhabis
What does the name mean
Wahhabism or al-Wahhabiyya is understood in Islam as the rejection of innovations or everything that was not in the original Islam, the cultivation of decisive monotheism and the rejection of the worship of saints, the struggle for the purification of religion (jihad). Named for the Arab theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
When did it arise
In the 18th century.
How many adherents
In some countries, the number can reach 5% of all Muslims, however, there are no exact statistics.
Main areas of residence
Small groups in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula and dotted throughout the Islamic world. Region of origin - Arabia.
They share Salafi ideas, which is why names are often used interchangeably. However, the name "Wahhabis" is often understood as derogatory.
Mutazilites
What does the name mean
"Separated", "retired". Self-name - ahl al-adl va-tawhid (people of justice and monotheism).
When did it arise
VIII-IX centuries.
One of the first major directions in Kalama (literally: "word", "speech", reasoning on the topic of religion and philosophy). Basic principles:
justice (al-adl): God gives free will, but cannot violate the established best, just order;
monotheism (al-tawhid): denial of polytheism and human likeness, the eternity of all divine attributes, but the absence of the eternity of speech, from which the creation of the Koran follows;
fulfillment of promises: God will certainly fulfill all promises and threats;
intermediate state: a Muslim who has committed a grave sin leaves the number of believers, but does not become an unbeliever;
command and approval: a Muslim must fight evil by all means.
Houthis (zeidis, jarudis)
What does the name mean
The name "Jarudites" comes from the name of Abul-Jarud Hamdani, a disciple of Ash-Shafi'i. And the "Houthis" on the leader of the group "Ansar Allah" (assistants or protectors of Allah) Hussein al-Husi.
When did it arise
The teachings of the Zeidis - the 8th century, the Jarudites - the 9th century.
The Houthis are a movement at the end of the 20th century.
How many adherents
Estimated around 7 million.
Main areas of residence
Ideas and customs
Zeidism (named after the theologian Zeid ibn Ali) is the original Islamic trend to which the Jarudites and Houthis belong. The Zeidis believe that the imams must be from the clan of Ali, but reject his divine nature. They reject the doctrine of the "hidden" imam, the "prudent concealment of faith", the human likeness of God and absolute predestination. The Jarudites believe that Ali was chosen as the caliph for descriptive reasons only. The Houthis are the modern organization of the Jarudite Zeidis.
Kharijites
What does the name mean
“Speakers”, “left”.
When did it arise
After the battle between Ali and Mu'awiya in 657.
How many adherents
Small groups, no more than 2 million worldwide.
Main areas of residence
Ideas and customs
They share the main views of the Sunnis, however, they recognize only the first two righteous caliphs - Umar and Abu Bakr, advocate the equality of all Muslims of the Ummah (Arabs and other peoples), for the election of the caliphs and their possession of only executive power.
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In Islam, there are great sins (polytheism, slander, murder of a believer, fleeing the battlefield, lack of faith, adultery, committing a minor sin in Mecca, homosexuality, perjury, living on interest, drinking alcohol, pork, carrion) and minor sins (not recommended and prohibited actions).
According to the Kharijites, for great sin a Muslim is equated with an infidel.
One of the main "primordial" directions of Islam, together with Shiism and Sunnism.
What does the name mean
By the name of the theologian Abdullah ibn Ibad.
When did it arise
At the end of the 7th century.
How many adherents
Less than 2 million worldwide.
Main areas of residence
Ideas and customs
According to the Ibadis, any Muslim can be the imam of the community, referring to the hadith about the prophet, in which Muhammad argued that even if the “Ethiopian slave with his nostrils pulled out” establishes the law of Islam in the community, he must be obeyed.
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Abu Bakr and Umar are considered righteous caliphs. The Imam should be the full-fledged head of the community: a judge, a military leader, and an expert on the Koran. Unlike the Sunnis, they believe that hell lasts forever, the Koran was created by people, and God cannot be seen even in Paradise or imagined like a man.
Azrakites and Najdites
It is believed that the Wahhabis are the most radical branch of Islam, but in the past there were much more intolerant trends.
What does the name mean
The name of the Azrakites by the name of the spiritual leader is Abu Rashid Nafi ibn al-Azraq, the Najdites are named after the founder of Nadzhda ibn Amir al-Hanafi.
When did it arise
Azarkite ideas and customs
A radical offshoot of Kharijism. They rejected the Shiite principle of "prudent concealment of one's faith" (for example, on pain of death and other extreme cases). Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib (revered by many Muslims), Uthman ibn Affan and their followers were considered non-believers. The Azrakites considered the uncontrolled territories to be the "land of war" (dar al-harb), and the population living on it was subject to destruction. The Azrakites tested those who had migrated to them by offering to kill the slave. Those who refused were killed themselves.
Ideas and customs of the Najdites
The existence of a caliph in religion is not necessary; self-government can be in the community. The murder of Christians, Muslims and other non-Christians is permissible. In Sunni territories, you can hide your beliefs. The one who committed sin does not become unfaithful. Only those who persist in their sin, committing it repeatedly, can become unfaithful. One of the sects, which later broke away from the Najdites, even allowed marriages with granddaughters.
Ismailis
What does the name mean
By the name of the son of the sixth Shiite imam Jafar al-Sadiq - Ismail.
When did it arise
End of the 8th century.
How many adherents
About 20 million
Main areas of residence
Ismailism carries some of the features of Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and small ancient cults. Adherents believe that Allah inspired his divine spirit in the prophets from Adam to Muhammad. Each prophet is accompanied by a "samit" (silent), which only interprets the words of the prophet. With each appearance of such a prophet, Allah reveals to people the secrets of the universal mind and divine truth.
Man has complete free will. 7 prophets should come to the world, and between their appearances the community should be ruled by 7 imams. The return of the last prophet - Muhammad, the son of Ismail, will be the last incarnation of God, after which divine reason and justice will reign.
Notable Ismailis
Nasir Khosrov, Tajik philosopher of the 11th century;
Ferdowsi, the great 10th century Persian poet, author of the Shahnameh;
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Rudaki, Tajik poet, IX-X century;
Yakub ibn Killis, Jewish scholar, founder of the Al-Azhar University of Cairo (X century);
Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician, mechanic and astronomer.
It was the Nizari Ismailis, who used individual terror against the Turks, who were called Assassins.
What does the name mean
Named after one of the founders of the movement, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ismail ad-Darazi, an Ismaili preacher who used the most radical methods of preaching. However, the Druze themselves use the self-designation “muvahhidun” (“united” or “monotheists”). Moreover, they often have a negative attitude towards ad-Darazi and consider the name "Druze" offensive.
When did it arise
How many adherents
More than 3 million people. The origin of the Druze is controversial: some consider them the descendants of the oldest Arab tribe, others - a mixed Arab-Persian (according to other versions, Arab-Kurdish or Arab-Aramaic) population who arrived in these lands many centuries ago.
Main areas of residence
The Druze are considered an offshoot of the Ismailis. Druz is considered a person by birth, and he cannot switch to another religion. They accept the principle of "prudent concealment of faith", while deceiving the Gentiles for the sake of the interests of the community is not condemned. The highest spiritual persons are called "ajavid" (perfect). In conversation with Muslims, they usually position themselves as Muslims, however, in Israel, they often define doctrine as an independent religion. They believe in the transmigration of souls.
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The Druze do not have polygamy, prayer is not required and can be replaced by meditation, there is no fasting, but is replaced by periods of silence (refraining from revealing the truth to the uninitiated). Zakat (charity in favor of the poor) is not provided, but is perceived as mutual assistance. Of the holidays, Eid al-Adha (Eid al-Adha) and Ashur's day of mourning are celebrated. As in the rest of the Arab world, in the presence of a stranger, a woman must hide her face. Everything that comes from God (both good and evil) must be accepted unconditionally.
The school of religious philosophy, on which the legal schools of the Shafi'i and Maliki are based.
What does the name mean
By the name of the philosopher of the IX-X centuries Abul-Hasan al-Ashari
When did it arise
They are located between the Mu'tazilites and the supporters of the Asari school, as well as between the Qadarites (supporters of free will) and the Jabarites (supporters of predestination).
The Quran was created by humans, but its meaning is the creation of Allah. Man only appropriates the actions created by God. The righteous can see Allah in Paradise, but this cannot be explained. Reason is more important than religious tradition, and Sharia only regulates everyday issues, but still any reasonable evidence is based on the basic dogmas of faith.
Alavites (Nusayrites) and Alevis (Kyzylbashi)
What does the name mean
The movement received the name "Alawites" by the name of the Prophet Ali, and the "Nusayrites" by the name of one of the founders of the sect, Muhammad ibn Nusayr, a disciple of the eleventh Imam of the Shiites.
When did it arise
How many adherents
About 5 million Alawites, several million Alevis (no exact estimates).
Main areas of residence
Ideas and customs of the Alawites
Like the Druze, they practice takiya (concealment of religious views, mimicry under the rites of another religion), they consider their religion a secret knowledge accessible to the elect.
Alawites are similar to the Druze also in that they have gone as far as possible from other directions of Islam. They pray only twice a day, they are allowed to drink wine for ritual purposes and fast for only two weeks.
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The picture of the religion of the Alawites is very difficult to compose for the above reasons. It is known that they deify the family of Muhammad, consider Ali the embodiment of Divine Meaning, Muhammad - the Name of God, Salman al-Farisi - the Gateway to God (a gnostically meaningful idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Eternal Trinity"). It is considered impossible to know God, but he was revealed by the incarnation of Ali in the seven prophets (from Adam, including Isa (Jesus) to Muhammad).
According to Christian missionaries, Alawites venerate Jesus, Christian apostles and saints, celebrate Christmas and Easter, read the Gospel at services, partake with wine, and use Christian names.
The difference between Shiites and Sunnis. Are Shiites or Sunnis in Russia?
In connection with the conflicts in the Arab world, which have recently been the focus of media attention, the terms “ shiites"And" sunnis”, Meaning the two main branches of Islam, are now well known to many non-Muslims. At the same time, not everyone understands how some differ from others. Consider the history of these two directions of Islam, their differences and the territory of distribution of their followers.
Like all Muslims, Shiites believe in the messenger mission of the Prophet Muhammad. This movement has political roots. After the death of the prophet in 632, a group of Muslims was formed who believed that power in the community should belong exclusively to his descendants, to whom they attributed his cousin Ali ibn Abu Talib and his children from the daughter of Muhammad Fatima. At first, this group was only a political party, but over the centuries, the initial political divisions between Shiites and other Muslims grew stronger, and it grew into an independent religious and legal movement. Now Shiites make up about 10-13% of 1.6 billion of all Muslims in the world and recognize the authority of Ali as a divinely appointed caliph, believing that imams with legitimate divine knowledge can only come from among his descendants.
According to the Sunnis, Muhammad did not appoint a successor, and after his death, the community of Arab tribes, shortly before that converted to Islam, was on the verge of collapse. The followers of Muhammad hastily chose his successor themselves, appointing Abu Bakr, one of Muhammad's closest friends and father-in-law, as caliph. Sunnis believe that the community has the right to choose a caliph from among the best representatives of it.
According to some Shiite sources, many Muslims believe that Muhammad appointed Ali, the husband of his daughter, to succeed him. The division began around that moment - those who supported Ali, not Abu Bakr, became Shiites. The name itself comes from the Arabic word meaning “party” or “adherents”, “followers”, or rather “Ali's party”.
The Sunnis consider the first four caliphs to be righteous - Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib, who held this position from 656 to 661.
The founder of the Umayyad dynasty Muawiya, who died in 680, appointed his son Yazid as caliph, turning the reign into a monarchy. Ali's son, Hussein, refused to swear allegiance to the Umayyad house and tried to oppose. On October 10, 680, he was killed in Iraqi Karbala in an unequal battle with the Caliph's troops. After the death of the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, the Sunnis further strengthened their political power, and the adherents of the Ali clan, although they rallied around the martyr Hussein, significantly lost their positions.
According to the Research Center for Religious and Social Life Pew ResearchAt least 40% of Sunnis in most of the Middle East believe that Shiites are not true Muslims. Meanwhile, Shiites accuse the Sunnis of excessive dogmatism, which could become fertile ground for Islamic extremism.
Differences in religious practice
In addition to the fact that Shiites perform 3 prayers a day, and Sunnis - 5 (although they both say 5 prayers), there are differences between them in the perception of Islam. Both branches are based on the teachings of the Holy Quran. The second most important source is the Sunnah, a sacred tradition that sets out examples of the life of the Prophet Muhammad as a model and guide for all Muslims and is known as hadiths. Shia Muslims also consider the words of the imams as hadiths.
One of the main differences between the ideologies of the two sects is that the Shiites consider imams to be intermediaries between Allah and believers who have inherited virtues through divine command. For Shiites, the imam is not just a spiritual leader and the chosen one of the prophet, but his representative on Earth. Therefore, the Shiites not only make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, but also to the graves of 11 out of 12 imams who are considered saints (the 12th Imam Mahdi is considered “hidden”).
Sunni Muslims do not treat imams with such reverence. In Sunni Islam, the imam runs a mosque or is the leader of the Muslim community.
The five pillars of Sunni Islam are declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, charity and pilgrimage.
In Shiism, the five main pillars are monotheism, faith in divine justice, faith in the prophets, faith in the imamat (divine leadership), faith in the Day of Judgment. The 10 other pillars include the ideas laid down in the five Sunni ones, including prayers, fasting, Hajj, and so on.
Shiite crescent
Most Shiites live in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Bahrain, making up the so-called "Shiite crescent" on the world map.
In Russia, almost all Muslims are sunnis
In Syria, Russia is fighting on the side of the Alawites (an offshoot of the Shiites) against the Sunni opposition.