It refers to the Baltic Finnish language. Baltic-Finnish languages \u200b\u200b- Encyclopedia

16.12.2019

one of the branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages \u200b\u200b(see Finno-Ugric languages). The original territory of distribution is the Estonian SSR, part of the Latvian SSR, Finland, the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Leningrad Region. Toponymy P. I am. found east of Lake Peipsi and in the Arkhangelsk region. The total number of speakers is about 6 million, of whom 98% are Finns and Estonians.

P.-f. I am. divided into 2 groups: northernwhich includes Finnish, Karelian, Veps, Izhora, and southern, which includes Vodian, Estonian, Libyan languages. For phonological systems P.-f. I am. the presence of vowel phonemes a, o, u, ä, e, i, ö, ü is characteristic; in the languages \u200b\u200bof the southern group there is a vowel in the middle row of the middle lift e̮ (õ - in Estonian spelling). In Karelian, Vepsian, Izhora and Vodsky languages \u200b\u200bthere is a vowel of the upper middle-row i̮ (option i or diphthong component i̮a, i̮i). Common consonant phonemes are p, t, k, v, s, j, h, m, n, l, r. The consonants b, d, g, č, ǯ, ʒ, f, š, z, ž, η, as well as the palatalized consonants in some languages \u200b\u200bor dialects are absent as phonemes (i.e. categories of deafness / voicedness, hardness / Softnesses are not phonemic) or are found to be limited - in borrowings, onomatopoeic words. For phonological systems P.-f. I am. the abundance of diphthongs is characteristic, the contrast of long and short vowels, long (doubled) and short consonants. In all P.-f. I am. the main stress is on the first syllable; An exception may be the latest borrowing and interjections. P.-f. I also have features that are not characteristic of agglutinating languages \u200b\u200b- numerous cases of alternation in the basics play an important role. The most common alternation of steps of consonants, which historically was only a phonetic phenomenon, since the use of a strong and a weak step depended on the openness / closedness of the syllable: the syllable at the beginning of the closed syllable was less pronounced than at the beginning of the open syllable, for example, the Finnish seppä 'blacksmith' - sepän (genitive). As a result of sound changes, the phonetic conditions for the alternation of consonant steps partially ceased to exist. In Estonian, this alternation is used to distinguish morphemes, for example sõda ‘war’ - sõja (genitive), siga ‘pig’ - sea (genitive). In many P.-f. I am. doubling of consonants, for example Estonian tuba ‘room’ - tuppa ‘into room’. Grammatical relationships are expressed using inflectional suffixes, which in many cases are clearly delineated with the base and have no options that depend on the type of base.

To the oldest monuments P.-f. I am. Monuments of the 13th century belong. in Estonian (Latin) and Karelian (Cyrillic) languages \u200b\u200bin the form of separate phrases, personal names and place names. In the 16th century The first books in Finnish and Estonian have been published. In the 19th century the first books were printed in Karelian (based on the Russian alphabet) and Libyan (based on the Latin alphabet) languages. In the 1930s Latin script was created for the Karelians of the Kalinin region, Vepsians and Izhors, subsequently administratively canceled; since the late 80s A new alphabet is being developed. Finnish and Estonian languages \u200b\u200bhave a literary form. Karelian, Veps and Izhora languages \u200b\u200bfunction in everyday communication; Vodsky and Libyan almost ceased to fulfill this function. About the study P.-f. I am. see Finno-Ugric studies.

LaanestA., Baltic-Finnish languages, in the book: Fundamentals of Finno-Ugric linguistics. Baltic-Finnish, Sami and Mordovian languages, M., 1975 (lit.);
LaanestA., Einführung in die ostseefinnischen Sprachen, Hamb., 1982.

- Vepsian language (12,501 people according to the 1989 census, of which Russian Federation 12,142 people live), spread over the territory of Karelia (Prionezhie region), in the Leningrad and Vologda regions. In the formation of the Veps (annalistic all) In addition to the Baltic-Finnish ethnic groups, Sami and Volga-Finnish peoples participated, and the Vepsians took part in the ethnogenesis of the Komi-Zyryans. Veps self-designation - lüdinik, vepsläine. Until the beginning of the 20th century. the Russians called the Vepsians kaivans, chukhari, alright (the last term is a collective name for many ancient Finno-Ugric tribes). 50.8% of Vepsians consider Vepsian native; 48.5% call Russian their native language, but of these, 14.9% recognize Veps as their second language. Most Vepsians speak Russian. Veps is the language of oral communication mainly of the rural population. Attempts to create writing failed.

Water language

- the language of extremely small water calling itself vad "d" akko, vad "d" aëain, and your language vad "d" a tšeli"Language of the earth." Close to the northeast dialect of the Estonian language. In the list of peoples not identified by the 1989 census, the amount of vodi is estimated at 200; according to A. Laanest, there are 100 of them, and according to P. Ariste - about 30 (for comparison: in 1848 the number of water was 5148 people). Vod lives in several villages of Kingisepp district of the Leningrad region, in the territory of ancient Ingermanland. Vod was the first Baltic-Finnish tribe to come into contact with the Eastern Slavs (9th c.). The water language includes extinct in the first half of the 19th century. language of Krevin living in Latvia; Krevin were a water diaspora - they were prisoners of the military campaign of 1444–1447, taken out by the Germans from the Russian part of Estonia to the territory of modern Latvia. For 350 years, they existed surrounded by the Latvian-speaking population, which gave them the name Krevin, which in Latvian means "Russians." The Vodsk language functions as a means of verbal communication between representatives of the older generation, who also speak Russian and Izhora, moreover, according to Red Book of languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of Russia (1994), only a few people spoke Vodsky in the early 1990s. Vodskoy writing never existed, but in 1935 a collection of texts recorded in transcription was published.

Izhora

- the language of the ancient tribe Izhora (old names inkeri, karyala) Izhorians (820 people according to 1989, of which 449 in the Russian Federation) live in the villages of Kingisepp and Lomonosov districts of the Leningrad Region (historical Ingermanland, that is, the “country of Izhora”) and in neighboring regions of Estonia. 36.8% of them recognize Izhora as their relatives, only the older generation use it (for comparison: in 1848 there were 15,600 Izhors in 200 villages of Ingermanlandland, and 21,700 according to the 1897 census). Attempts to introduce written language in Izhora have failed. The first monuments in the form of lists of individual words written in Russian letters belong to the 18th century.

Liv language

(randakel " "coastal language" livеkel " "language of the Livs", in old Russian name livonian, him. Livisch Livonian) - the language of the Livs, whose ancestors are mentioned in Russian chronicles as libe, love. Livs (in 1852 there were 2394 people, in 1989 - 226 people) live on small islands among Latvians (135 people). In Russia, they are completely Russified. Among the Latvian Livs, 43.8% recognize the Livonian language as their native language; widespread Livonian-Latvian bilingualism. The Libyan language serves as the language of communication between older people and functions as the language of the works of national culture. In 1851, the literary Livonian language was created separately for the western and eastern dialects, the first book in Livonian (the Gospel of Matthew) appeared in 1863. The original phonetic spelling of the Livonian language by the end of the 19th century. under the influence of the German and Latvian languages, it diverged greatly with pronunciation, after 1920 its rapprochement with pronunciation norms began again. In 1920-1939 there was a written language on a Latin basis. Publications in the Livonian language were on the decline all the time; at school, Livonian was no longer taught as a subject of study.

Most Baltic-Finnish languages \u200b\u200bare characterized by vowel harmony, an abundance of diphthongs; phonological contrast in voicing / deafness is poorly developed, and in some dialects is absent. In the Libyan language influenced by Latvian vowels ö , ü replaced by e, i, since in Latvian ö and ü not. As in all Uralic languages, the genus category is absent. Names (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns) in most cases have the same case endings. When using nouns with numerals, the noun is in the partitive case of the singular. The sphere of use of personal possessive suffixes in the Veps and Izhora languages \u200b\u200bhas greatly narrowed, and their rudiments in dialects have been preserved in Vodsky and Livonian. There are no suffixes to express the plurality of the subject of possession. Adjectives and adverbs have degrees of comparison, but an excellent degree in all languages \u200b\u200b(except Finnish and Karelian) is expressed analytically. Postpositions are usually combined with the genitive case of the main word; unlike other Uralic languages, the Baltic-Finnish languages \u200b\u200bhave prepositions. The verb has four forms of time, from three to five moods, affirmative and negative conjugations are possible. Collateral contrasts are weak, usually in participles. There are no categories of the species, methods of verb action are expressed using suffixes. Infinitives and participles are inclined according to some cases. The syntax is characteristic, in contrast to other Finno-Ugric languages, the harmonization of the adjective in the case and number with the defined word. The word order is free, but the SVO order is preferable ("subject - predicate - addition"). Convergent constructions that replace subordinate clausesare rarer than complex sentences. In the field of vocabulary there are many borrowings from the Baltic and German languages \u200b\u200bthat are not typical for the Uralic languages.

BALTIC-FINNISH LANGUAGES

- one of the branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages \u200b\u200b(see Finno-Ugric languages). Aboriginal Terr. distribution - est. SSR, part of Latvia. SSR, Finland, Karel. ASSR, Leningrad. reg. Toponymy P.-f. I am. found east of Lake Peipsi. and in the Arkhangelsk region The total number of speakers is approx. 6 million people, of which 98% are Finns and Estonians. P.-f. I am. They are divided into 2 groups: northern, which includes Finnish, Karelian, Veps, Izhora, and Yu-y-u, which includes Vodian, Estonian, and Libyan languages. For phonological. systems P.-f. I am. the presence of vowel phonemes a, o, u, a, e, i, 6, d is characteristic; in languages \u200b\u200bsouth. group there is a vowel of the middle row of the middle rise e (6 - in Est. spelling). In Karelian., Veps, Izhor. and water. in languages \u200b\u200bthere is a vowel of the upper lift of the middle row i (variant i or diphthong component ia, ii). Common consonant phonemes are p, t, k, v, s, j, h, m, n, 1, d. Consonants b, d, g, 6, 3\u003e 3P f. Si z\u003e 2\u003e L, as well as palatalization. consonants are absent in IK-languages \u200b\u200bor dialects as phonemes (that is, the categories of deafness / sonorousness, hardness / softness are not phonemic) or are limited - in borrowings, sound-imitate. in words. For phonological. systems P.-f. I am. the abundance of diphthongs is characteristic, the contrast of long and short vowels, long (doubled) and short consonants. In all P.-f. I am. ch. stress - on the first syllable; An exception may be the latest borrowing and interjections. P.-f. I, also have features that are not characteristic of agglutinating languages, - the numbers play an important role. alternating cases in the basics. The most common alternation of steps of consonants, cut historically was only phonetic. phenomenon, because the use of a strong and weak stage depended on the openness / closeness of the syllable: the syllable one at the beginning of the closed syllable was pronounced weaker than at the beginning of the open syllable, e.g. fin. seppa "blacksmith" - sepan (genitive). As a result of sound changes phonetic. the conditions for the alternation of steps of consonants partially ceased to exist. In est. lang this alternation is used to distinguish morphemes, e.g. soda “war” is soja (genitive), siga “pig” is sea (genitive). The same function can perform in many. P.-f. I am. doubling of consonants, e.g. est. tuba "room" - tuppa "into the room". Grammatich. relationships are expressed using inflectional. suffixes, to-ry in many. cases are clearly delineated with the base and have no options depending on the type of base. The name has the categories of numbers (singular and plural), case (in the majority P.-F. I. the noun has more than 10 cases), personal possessiveness - an expression of the subject's affiliation with the help of personal suffixes (in est. , water. or in. languages \u200b\u200bpreserved only relics will attract. suffixes), degrees of comparison. The verb is conjugated in three persons. and many others h. Has a present, imperfect, perfect and plushquamperfect; Bud. time is expressed by present (present - future) and analytic. forms. There is indicative, conditional, imperative and probabilistic mood. There are 2 infinitives, active and passive participles nast, and past. vr., participle. In P.-f. I am. impersonal (indefinitely personal) forms (iaz. in physical and grammar passives) have special. index. Mn adverbs, as well as postpositions and prepositions are frozen case forms. The negation is expressed by the varying facial denial. verb. New words are formed using suffixes, as well as by compounding. The first component of complex names appears in the form of a nominative or genitive. Unlike other Finno-Ugric peoples. languages, the adjective definition is consistent with the defined noun in the case and number. A definition is always before a defined word. Specific case - partitive, Crimea direct object, subject, attribute, predicate can be expressed. Complicated and complex sentences are used. Except general-yrop. vocabulary in P.-f. I am. that means, the number of original words unknown in other Finno-Ugric. languages. The oldest layers of borrowings are vocabulary from the Baltic, Germanic and Slavic (other Russian) languages. The oldest balts. German, borrowing refers to the 2nd and 1st thousand BC. e. The existence of general or Western glories, borrowing is not proven. In glory, borrowings are reflected dr. nasal and reduced. vowels. To the vocabulary of fin. lang influenced by the Swede, ling., on vocabulary est. the poison is German, the vocabulary of the Libyan is Latvian, the vocabulary of Dr. P.-f. I am. strongly influenced by Rus. lang To the oldest monuments P.-f. I am. Monuments of the 13th century belong. on est. (Latin) and Karelian, (Cyrillic) languages \u200b\u200bin the form of otd. phrases, personal names and place names. In the 16th century published the first books in fin. and est. languages. In the 19th century the first books were printed in Karelian (based on the Russian alphabet) and Libyan (based on the Latin alphabet) languages. In the 1930s Latin script was created for the Karelians Kalinin, region, Veps and Izhora, subsequently administratively canceled; with koi. The 80s A new alphabet is being developed. Fin and est. languages \u200b\u200bhave lit. form. Karel., Veps, and Izhor. languages \u200b\u200bfunction in everyday communication; Vodsky and Libyan almost ceased to fulfill this function. On the study of P.-f. I am. see Finno-Ugric studies. About Laanest L., Baltic.-fin. languages, in the book: Fundamentals of Finno-Ugric. lang-knowledge. Baltic.-Fin., Saami, and muzzle, languages, M., 1975 (lit.); L a a n e s t L., Einfiihrung in die ostseefinnischen Sprachen, Harab., 1982. .A. X. Laanest.

Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. 2012

"BALTIC-FINNISH LANGUAGES" in books

"Finnish ballads"

From the book of J. R. R. Tolkien the author Alekseev Sergey Viktorovich

"Finnish ballads" Of the myth-makers of the first half of the XIX century. the creator of Kalevala, the Finnish poet and folklorist Elias Lönnrot, undoubtedly stands closest to Tolkien. First of all, the main similarity was the idea to recreate a holistic mythology in an artistic form based on

6 FINNISH BORDERS

From the book Escape from Paradise the author Shatravka Alexander Ivanovich

6 FINNISH BORDER GUARDS We all woke up from the noise of the propellers of a low-flying helicopter. “Yes, they are firemen, they are checking the forest,” Tolik muttered sleepily. The door suddenly opened and a Finnish border guard burst into the bathhouse with a dog. He said something in Finnish and, having been with us

ESTONIAN MYTHOLOGY AND MYTHS OF THE BALTIC-FINNISH PEOPLES

From the book Myths of the Finno-Ugric peoples the author Petrukhin Vladimir Yakovlevich

ESTONIAN MYTHOLOGY AND MYTHS OF THE BALTIC-FINNISH PEOPLES Estonian mythology is close to the Karelian-Finnish, as well as the myths of the Baltic-Finnish peoples: Livs, Vepsians and Vodians, but only fragments of it were preserved after Christianization. Based on Estonian folk traditions and songs by F.R.

5.2. “Languages \u200b\u200bfor one’s” and “languages \u200b\u200bfor strangers”

From the book Japan: Language and Culture the author Alpatov Vladimir Mikhailovich

3. Finnish houses

From the book A look at life from the other side. In the evening author Boris Dan

3. Finnish houses Seryoga brought revival to my life. He was a relative of the Fighter, one of my good friends. He came to visit and spent the night for several days in our village. At the end of the feast, he and I sat in the garden, a little off the table, and took turns singing songs, transmitting

Finnish features

From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) the author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Finnish features The question of the interaction of Russia and miracles, of how both tribes met, acted on each other, what one tribe borrowed from the other and what passed it to the other, is one of the curious and difficult questions of our history. But since this process

Finnish ciphers

From the book Russian saboteurs against "cuckoos" the author Stepakov Victor Nikolaevich

Finnish ciphers Finnish parachutists used ciphers to transmit information over the air. Most of Finnish military intelligence agents used cipher codes. Sometimes, with the accelerated training of radio operators, digital ciphers were used, which allowed

Baltic-Finnish peoples

From the book Introduction to Historical Uralistics the author Napolskikh Vladimir Vladimirovich

Baltic-Finnish peoples The peoples united by the name Baltic-Finnish (German: Ostseefinnen, F. it? Merensuomulaiset, etc.): Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhora, Vod, Estonians, Livs, are close to each other not only in terms of language (the degree of discrepancy between the Baltic-Finnish languages, perhaps

Finno-Ugric (Finno-Ugric) languages

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FI) of the author TSB

3. Languages \u200b\u200bin cultural cooperation in the process of globalization 3.1. Languages \u200b\u200band the global historical process

From the book Our Language: as an objective given and as a culture of speech the author USSR Internal Predictor

3. Languages \u200b\u200bin cultural cooperation in the process of globalization 3.1. Languages \u200b\u200band the global historical process The transition from the personal scale of consideration to the scale of consideration of the linguistic culture of society as a whole begins with the recognition of the fact that society

From the book of 100 great military secrets the author Kurushin Mikhail Yuryevich

BALTIC-SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCE AGAINST THE COUNCILS (Based on the materials of J. Leskinen, I. Amosov and A. Pochtarev.) For almost 60 years, the topic of military cooperation between Finland and Estonia between the two world wars has been shrouded in a veil of strict secrecy. Only recently

From the book of 100 great military secrets [with illustrations] the author Kurushin Mikhail Yuryevich

Baltic-Scandinavian Alliance against the Soviets Recently, the Finnish historian Jari Leskinen discovered new documents in the declassified funds of the State Archives of Estonia that shed light on the secret communications of the military departments of the two states, Finland and Estonia,

Finnish DB-3M

From the book of IL-4 author Ivanov S. V.

Finnish DB-3M The Red Army attacked Finnish troops on November 30, 1939. The Winter War began. The DB-3M bombers from the 6th, 21st and 53rd long-range bombing regiments and the 1st mine torpedo aviation regiment of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet took part in

Finnish IL-4

From the book of IL-4 author Ivanov S. V.

Finnish IL-4 Finns bought four IL-4 bombers from the Germans on October 2, 1942. The planes were handed over to the Finnish side in Bryansk on October 13, 1942. The bombers were temporarily repainted in Finland for a flight to Finland. yellow RLM-04. All four DB-3F carried identification marks

Finnish I-152

From the book Fighters of Polikarpov. Part 1 author Ivanov S. V.

Finnish I-152 For many months, USSR Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov put pressure on the Finnish government in order to get him to give the Soviet Union a strip of land in southern Finland, near Leningrad. Negotiations came to a standstill and November 30, 1939

⟩ Finnish 🇫🇮

One of the most comprehensive works on the Baltic-Finnish lexical borrowings is the work of Jalo Kalima under the title Die ostseefinnischen Lehnwörter im Russischen. In his book, published in the printing house of the Finnish Literary Society in 1915, Kalima presented the development of 520 etymological nests, as well as examined the history of the issue, the problems of phonetic substitution and identified thematic groups representing vocabulary of Baltic-Finnish origin. Subsequently, based mainly on this work and using in some cases the latest clarifications, Max Fasmer, in part of his Etymological Dictionary relating to the Baltic-Finnish borrowings, presented the following vocabulary:

aimistat, alody, angas, arai, arandat, arbuy, arda, juniper
barman, basque, bolok, bonga, bruze, tuber, mound, bay
valma, Van, Varaka, Varga, Watch, Wake, Wing, Veranduks, vergi, verga, wikluk, vilaydat, vigat, viranda, worga, vymba, vyranda, vychidchurda
gabuk, gavka, galaga, galadya, garba, garje, garyaka, gemeria, gigna, girvas, gargot, gorma, bitter, gudega, gumezhi, gungach, gurande
eat, eat, emand
zhigalitsa
ikumalka, ilmen
cabbage, cabra, cabbage, kabi, kavat, kavzak, kavra, kava, kagach, kaikarush, kakarusha, kalaydat, kalgi, kalega, kalka, kalkachi, kaltak, kaltus, kaluga, kaluzhina, calyun, flounder, caboose, cannabis, kara, karbas, karga, carriage, karega, karega, karzhina, karzha, karozha, karz, karzina, karnachi, karshaki, helmet, kachker, kayuha, kebrik, kegora, kedovina, keles, kenda, kengi, kerda, kerdega, kerevod, kerezha, kesos, kehtat, cyber, kivez, kivzha, kivishtat, kigacha, kilosa, kilandat, dagger, kipaka, kirsa, cobandan, cobra, kogma, code, kodan, coyba, koig, coca, kokitsa, kokora, pierce, kolaka, kolomishche, kombach, kompushki, konga, conda, contus, digging, shouting, shouting, Korba, Korbachi, Korbuks, Korvach, Korga, Korteg, Smelt, Cat, Kubaydat, Kubas, Kubacha, Kuva, Kuvoksa, Kuika, Kuyt, dolls, cookies, doll, Kuklina, Kukla, Kulaga, Kulgacha, Kulya, Kulizhka, trout, kundus, kupyshka, kurandat, kurva, chicken, kurpist, kurya, cook, kurzi, kyutitsa, kapichi, karba, kyarza, kurya, kyaryaydat
laiba, Laiba, Laida, Lalki, Lamba, Flipper, Latik, Lahti, Lema, mumble, lem, lamboys, lemboy, flat cake, linda, sticky, lobandan, lovdus, loyna, lokanitsa, goof, luda, ludega, ludoga, lusik, lulaki, luhta, liva, lyaypina, lanik
mayda, maymakala, maymuha, lane, max, malayduksa, maltat, mom, mamura, mandera, mardui, mariuksa, maselga, matura, meevo, merda, marshmallow, capelin, mug, mugachki, modega, muega, murde, musya, mutikushki, masturbate, manor, soap bar, murkyandat, grind, mellow, mända, frizzle
neglaga, nergas, nergach, seal, niva, nodya, mink, nugandat, nurma, chickpea, nyavga, nyavgat, nyartega, nyacha
olga, danger, org, otega, ohtega
pavna, pagna, page, pay, payyak, pakula, halibut, palya, panga, paniya, panga, paranda, parva, parzels, parmak, paskaraga, paskach, buttermilk, buttermilk, pelgas, pendera, penus, foam, peter, pehol, piedolki, phekta, picita, picnaya, pinda, fart, pierced, gun, pitkil, pikkil poig, cut, spoilage, pochus, straight, pugama, pudas, pujandat, puksha, bullets, pulkach, pulo, punda, punka, blizzard, path, putra, bunch, fawn, pyalusa, pyaraid
rabach, rabbi, ravushka, raga, work, razaga, raida, rayka, raypatusa, ratka, reili, rey, reycheydat, repaki, reps, reka, Ryoh, Rehkach, Recha, Ribandat, Ribat, Ribusha, Riga, Rigach, Rigma, Rinda, ripak, rip, ripus, Rovga, rogue, Rovda, Rivka, roving, horn, horn, rosmega, rooka, rocca, ropaska, roka, rokochag, rohkach, rocheka, hull, rugacha, rushaid, rjumega, runovazhenka, rupa, hacking, rudezhayat, ram, ruffle, ryuzh, rubyka, ripple, ripple ripple, rowega, ryandanat, dressing, ryam, ryand, ryanzh, ryapus, ryapuha, cassock, ryasin, ryagat
pollock, Pollock, Saipa, Herring, Salma, Hag, Seber, Seba, Sebe, Selga, salmon, senga, sepic, sister, sika, sim, singa, soima, sopets, soroga, sauris, soroga, suzem, surus, crunch, syaryandat
taibola, taimen, taipola, talyzin, tanik, taranta, tarja, tatoy, bodies, telgas, tigachi, tikach, tinda, tovkach, tonga, torbut, torpa, tugilazh, tukach, tuluksa, tundra, stupid, tour, turba, turbak, turutushki, carcass, bale, tyutyzhi, hauler, typasy, traction
uyga, Uyta, Ulander, Ulegi, Unga, Upaki, Urak, Uranda, Urba, Urda urdega, uti, ear, ear
hai, hail, harva, grayling, boars, huts, thimble, hosat, lackey, kholuynik, Hong, polecat, Hurpun
tsevka, ciglo, qigmar
chavrak, chanzh, chibaki, chibar, chiga, chigaydat, chigmen, chika, chilaydat, chimbitsa, chimer, chirandat, cheat, sneeze, chicha, chobeg, cholma, chorand, chuleydat, chumi, chunzhi, chupa, chupak, chura
shaybaid, shagaydayat, shagly, shaima, shaksha, shalga, shalgach, shalgun, sharak, Shelga, Shelga, Sheshka, Shibanka, Shizhlik, Shipsha, Shira, Shkoia, Shogla, Shoida, Sholenda, Shomba, Shora, Shorpa, Suga, Shugandan, Shunya, Shup
south, yudat, yuk, yukola, yulga, yunda, yura, yuraydat, yurik, nimble, yukhtega
reindeer, yamega, yanga, yatka, yatkovat

It is not necessary to have a philological education, to understand that the lion's share of these words has nothing to do with the common vocabulary of the Russian language, but is dialecticism that is not well known to anyone. In other words, from all the vocabulary presented by Vasmer, the general literary ones are only:

flounder, sprat, smelt, trout, laiba, capelin, seal, halibut, snowstorm, riga, vendace, pollock, pollock, salaka, taimen, tundra, grayling, yagel

At the same time, talking about their Baltic-Finnish origin is too reckless due to the absence of any evidence. If you familiarize yourself with Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch von Max Vasmer, you can see that when a Russian word is found that is similar in meaning and sound to the Baltic-Finnish, Max Fasmer, as a rule, recognizes it as borrowed from the Finns, without considering the version that this token could be, on the contrary , borrowed by the Chukhites from the Rus.

Since the etymological dictionary mentioned above is clearly biased, it would be useful to analyze the Fummer list of Chukhonisms, adding “Finnishisms” from other borrowing dictionaries to it: walrus, navaga, mink, dumplings, fir, sauna, smelt.

sprat (supposedly from fin. kilo) Is the common name of several species of small schooling herring fish of great commercial importance. Their name is associated with the presence of prickly scales in the fish on the abdomen, forming a keel, which makes the sprat more streamlined and less noticeable from below.

smelt (supposedly from fin. kuoreKarelsk. kuoreh, or Veps. koreh) - a small commercial fish with a unique taste and benefits for the body. Freshly smelt emits a characteristic smell of fresh cucumbers, for which it actually got its name: smelt ← smelt ← peanut ← peanut (dia. cucumber) [cf. with in-puddles. korka, N.-puddles. górka, polish ogórekRussian cucumber, gurk]. It will be useful to note that the smell of fish was also reflected in other languages: smelt, lat. osmerus.

layba (supposedly from fin. laiva) - the local name of the wooden vessels (or boats) of the Baltic basin, the Dnieper and the Dniester, which appeared as a result of the sound transformation of the word "boat" (vessel). This word originates from the ancient Russian root “lad / lod”, from which, among other things, came: rook (sailing boat) laida (type of ship) a boat, loiva (ship), etc.

capelin (supposedly from fin. maiva "Vendace", or Sami. maiv "Young whitefish") - a species of smelt that lives in the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This species is inferior to relatives in size, hence its name - capelin, resulting from the phonetic change of the word "molva" (small fish). Along with "Milk" and “Moth” the name of the fish goes back to the word "Mole", which in the North is called all kinds of small fish.

seal (supposedly from fin. norrra) - the pinniped mammal of the seal family, which was named for its valky shape. For the same reason, seals are also called seals.

mink (supposedly from fin. nirkka "Affection", or St. German. Nörz “Mink”) - a predatory fur animal with thick shiny hair from the marten family. The presence of membranes on the fingers allows minks to swim and dive well. It was for the ability to dive the animal that got its name, the literal meaning of which is “dive, diver”. Comp. from Czech norek (diver), Serbian. norac (diver), words. nork (diver).

halibut (supposedly from fin. pallas “Flounder”) - a valuable commercial fish of the order of the flatfish, living in the northern seas. Halibut has a flat body, thanks to which it got its name, the literal meaning of which is “flat fish”. Comp. from English flatfish. Similar names are also found in other European languages: platýs (Czech) Platteis (German) platessa (lat.) pladijs (Goal.), pladisse (senior french). They all go back to the common Indo-European root, from which, among other things, the words "Layer", "plateau" etc.

dumplings (allegedly from Udm. reľńаń “Ear-bread”, or fin. pelmeni "Dumplings") - a kind of dumplings stuffed with meat. In the manufacture of dumplings, meat filling is wrapped in dough, then the resulting product is subsequently subjected to freezing and heat treatment in water. Knowing the technology of making dumplings, it would be logical to assume that the word "swaddling" (or "dumplings") arose from the verb "swaddle" (wrap). However, this assumption rests on the fact that the names of other ravioli-like products of Russian cuisine (dumplings, sorcerers, ears) literally mean “cooked products” and go back to the corresponding roots - “var” (cf. warm), "Cold / Cald" (cf. caldus) and "ush" meaning " high temperature". So, in particular, the word "ears", which allegedly appeared due to the external similarity of dumplings with ears, is actually related to such words as “Ear”, “ear”, “yushka”, “southern”, उष्ण (Skt. "hot") and is directly related to fire (cf. lit. ugnìs et al. ug) It seems that we have a similar situation with dumplings (cf. firewood, fire, flame, ...) At the same time, bilingual morphemic reduction in the Komi-Permian language is very interesting. So, in the northern regions there is ethnography "Ushkies" (dumpling ears) and Peliez (literally - ears). Translated from the linguistic language into the historical one, this means that the Komi-Permyaks once borrowed the name of one of the dishes of their cuisine from the Russians, mistakenly interpreting the word “ears” as a derivative of "Ears" (organ of hearing).

fir (supposedly from fin. pihta, or dumb. Fichte) - an evergreen coniferous tree of the pine family with a pyramidal crown. Its name is a suffix derivative of the word "pih" (coniferous tree), from which, among other things, "Piha" (boron) cuddle (young fir tree) "Shove" (small frequent spruce; fir), "Puff" (thickets of conifers).

blizzard (supposedly from fin. purku) - a blizzard characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air. The name "snowstorm" was formed from the word "storm" in a suffix way, followed by stunning the initial consonant: snowstorm ← burga ← storm. Comp. from Slovak búrka (storm).

pollock (supposedly from fin. saita) - a flock of pelagic fish from the cod family (gadidae). The root from which the Russian name of the fish is derived is pan-European: γάδος (other Greek), gadus (lat.) cod (eng.). Finnish saita borrowed from the Russian language.

herring (supposedly from fin. salakkaest. salakas, or human., Veps. salag) - Baltic subspecies of the Atlantic herring. The name, apparently, is derived from the ancient name of fish. Comp. from salaka (Yanomamsk. "fish"), سَمَك (Arabic. "fish"), herring (Russian. "Young miracle whitefish"), salega (Russian dia. "Amur chebak"), sillock (SC), siļķe (latv.), silkė (lit.).

smelt (supposedly from fin. sintti, or dumb. Stint) - a shallow lake form of European smelt. The name of the fish was given for its dwarf size: smelt ← snet (fish trifle) ← snet (nothing) ← no. Comp. with verb. dream up (stop, disappear, come to naught).

sauna (fin. sauna) - a Finnish bath equipped with a steam room with dry steam. The name is actually a Finnish entity, which arose as a result of the loss of the letter “b” from the old Russian word “sabuna” (soap, bath). Being related to “sabun / saban” (soap), this word goes back to the Indo-European root “sab” (meaning “pure”), from which among others came: Tatar. safPers. صاف , ind. साफ़ , him. sauberHittites. suppi etc.

taimen (supposedly from fin. taimen “Trout”) is a fish of the salmon family, nicknamed “red pike” in the Urals. Its name is considered to be borrowed from the Finnish language, however, the Finns themselves have no explanation for where the word “taimen” came from in their vocabulary: «Sanan alkuperä on hämärän peitossa< … > molemmissa selityksissä on kuitenkin sekä semanttisia että johto-opillisia ongelmia, eikä niitä pidetä yleensä uskottavina ». Most likely, this word entered the Finnish language directly from Russian, where it was formed as a result of a phonetic change of an earlier "Tallmen".

tundra (supposedly from fin. tunturi “High treeless mountain, hill”, Sami. tundar, tuoddar “Mountain”) - the space of subarctic latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere with a predominance of moss-lichen vegetation, as well as low-growing perennial grasses and shrubs. The literal meaning of the word “tundra” is useless (or untouched) land. It arose on the basis of the addition of words. Tun / tun (useless) and "Der" (the top layer of soil densely overgrown with herbaceous plants and fastened by the interweaving of their roots) [cf. with lat. terra “Soil, earth”]: tundra ← tundra ← tun + der. It is also worth noting that in the Russian language there are such dialectisms as Tundra (turf layer) and "Tunka" (uninhabited, untouched valley)

reindeer moss (supposedly from fin. jäkäläKarelsk. jägälä “Lichen”) is a lichen that feeds reindeer. His name arose as a result of the loss initial letter in the word "angelica": reindeer moss ← angelica (sprout, shoots; grass) ← gravitate, stretch (grow, grow denser) ← arc (growth). Comp. with lyudikovsk. dägällit. ūglis (the escape). It is noteworthy that the name of the cladonia assigned to the reindeer genus in Greek also means Sprout.

As can be seen from the above analysis, the number of Baltic-Finnish borrowings in the Russian language is negligible. The Finnish language itself, despite the fact that it is considered purist, nevertheless contains whole layers of Russisms:

apea (← insult) , arbuusi (← watermelon) arssina (← arshin) artteli (← artel) akkuna (← window) , …
kanava (← ditch) kasku (← fairy tale) kauhtana (← caftan) kiisseli (← jelly) koni (← horse) , …
laatia (← get along) lavitsa (← shop) lotja (← boat) , lusikka, (← spoon) luuska (← horse) , …
maanitella (← beckon) määrä (← measure) mahorkka (← shag) majakka (← lighthouse) , musikka (← man) …
palttina (← canvas) , piirakka (← cake) pohatta (← rich) potra (← peppy) putka (← booth) , …
raja (← edge) remmi (← belt) risti (← cross) , rokuli (← absenteeism) , rotu (← gender) rusakko (← brown hare) …
sääli (← sorry) saapas (← boot) , sapuska (← appetizer) siisti (← purge) sirppi (← sickle) , …
taltta (← chisel) tavara (← product) , tolkku (← good) , tuumata (← think) tyrmä (← prison) , …
ukaasi (← decree) , urakka (← lesson) , …
varpunen (← sparrow) , värttinä (← spindle) viesti (← news) virpa (← willow) , vossikka (← cabman) , …

How many Finnish (Finougore) words are in Russian?

The origin of some Russian words considered Finnish borrowings.

A brief abstract presentation on the subject of “Finnish borrowing” with examples from the Finnish dictionary.

List (list) of all Finnish (Finno-Ugric) borrowings in Russian.