Presentation on causative agents of infectious diseases. Prevention of infectious and non-infectious diseases

Asbestos-Sukholozhsky branch

GBPOU "SOMK"

Topic 1.5 Infectious diseases, their classification and prevention .

• Scientists who contributed to the study infectious diseases
• Infectious diseases concept
• Classification.
• Antiepidemic (antiepizootic) and sanitary and hygienic measures

Tsykarev Anton Yurievich

Teacher

1. Scientists who contributed to the study

infectious diseases

• Louis Pasteur
• Robert Koch
• Dmitry Ivanovsky
• Alexander Fleming
• Ilya Mechnikov

• He established the participation of microbes in fermentation and decay, scientifically substantiated and introduced sterilization and pasteurization into practice.
• Developed a method for preparing vaccines. He prepared vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

Louis Pasteur

(1822-1895)

• Discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis (Koch's bacillus; 1882)
• Received (1890) the bacterial preparation tuberculin, which is used for diagnostic purposes.
• Developed general methods of bacteriological research, including the method of cultivating microorganisms in biological fluids and solid nutrient media.
• Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1905).

Robert Koch

(1843 -1910)

• He discovered viruses - the smallest pathogens of infectious diseases that penetrate through filters that trap other types of microorganisms.

Dmitry Ivanovsky

(1864 -1920)

• For the first time, penicillin was isolated from molds, historically the first antibiotic.

Alexander Fleming

(1881-1955)

• Discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, which laid the foundation for the doctrine of immunity.

• Immunity-immunity in infectious diseases

Ilya Mechnikov

(1845 -1916)

2. The concept of infectious diseases

Infectious (contagious) diseases - diseases arising from the introduction into a macroorganism (person, animal, plant) of a living specific causative agent of infection (bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.)

Are characterized by

intensity

spreading

development

epidemic process

Epidemic process

continuous process

emergence

spreading

infectious diseases

supported by the presence and interaction of three building blocks

• Anthroponoses - diseases peculiar only to humans and transmitted from person to person (from the Greek words: anthropos - person, nosos - disease).

• Zoonoses - (from the Greek word zoon - animals) - diseases inherent in animals and humans and transmitted from animal to person, from person to person are not transmitted.

3. Classification of infectious diseases .

• Intestinal infections
• Infections respiratory tract, or airborne infections
• Blood infections
• Zoonotic infections
• Contact and household

Group of infectious diseases

Intestinal infections

Brief

Respiratory tract infections, or airborne infections

Infections included in the group

The pathogen is excreted in feces or urine. Transmission factors are food, water, soil, flies, dirty hands, household items. Infection occurs through the mouth.

characteristic

Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B, dysentery, cholera, foodborne diseases, etc.

The transmission is carried out by airborne droplets or airborne dust.

Blood infections

Zoonotic infections

Influenza, measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, smallpox, etc.

The pathogen is transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, etc.)

Typhus and relapsing fever, malaria, plague, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis and etc.

Diseases transmitted through animal bites

Contact and household

Rabies

Diseases are transmitted by direct contact healthy person with a patient in which the causative agent of the infection passes to a healthy organ. No transmission factor

Sexually transmitted infectious skin and venereal diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.)

early identification of sick and suspicious of the disease by visiting courtyards;

enhanced medical and veterinary surveillance of the infected, their isolation and treatment;

disinfection of clothing, shoes, care items, etc .;

4. Antiepidemic (antiepizootic) and sanitary and hygienic measures

sanitization of people

disinfection of territory, structures, transport, residential and public premises

disinfection of food waste, waste water and waste products of sick and healthy individuals;

establishment of an anti-epidemic mode of operation of medical and preventive and other medical institutions;

carrying out sanitary and educational work

Source of the causative agent

sick organism

bacteria carriers

in which the pathogen not only persists, multiplies, but is also released into the external environment or directly transmitted to another susceptible organism

An organism showing no signs of disease.

They pose a great danger to others, since it is much more difficult to identify them than patients.

the ability of the human body, animal, plant to respond to

Susceptibility

introduction

reproduction

livelihoods

pathogenic microorganisms by a complex of protective and adaptive reactions, the development of an infectious process.

Observation

implementation of enhanced medical (veterinary) supervision

partial isolation and restrictive measures

treatment-prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures

aimed at eliminating the focus of infection

The period of quarantine and observation depends on the duration of the incubation period of the disease and is calculated from the moment of isolation (hospitalization) of the last patient and the completion of the disinfection treatment of the outbreak.

• Disinsection - the destruction of insects (lice, bugs, cockroaches, etc.) capable of carrying infections.

• Deratization - complex measures for the destruction of rodents (rats, mice, voles, etc.) capable of transmitting infections.

• Disinfection is a set of measures aimed at destroying pathogens of infectious diseases.

Types of prevention

Primary prevention is a set of measures aimed at maintaining health and preventing the occurrence of diseases. Secondary prevention - a set of measures aimed at preventing the recurrence of the disease and its progression after recovery. Tertiary prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventing complications and disability after the onset of improvement in the course of the disease.

Non-specific prevention of infectious diseases

Strengthening the protective properties of the immune system:

• Balanced diet;
• Work and rest regime;
• Physical activity;
• Hardening;
• Hygienic education;
• Course reception of drugs: multivitamins, immunostimulants;

Specific prevention of infectious diseases

• Vaccination among the population in order to create immunity to typical pathogens circulating in the country / region.

test questions

1. Tell us about the scientists involved in the study of infectious diseases?

2. What are the main types of infectious diseases?

3. What are the causes of infectious diseases and what is the mechanism of their transmission?

4. What is the prevention of infectious diseases?

Test control

1. Give a definition:

1) Epidemic

2) Anthroponoses

3) Pandemic

4) Epizootic

5) Zoonoses

Test control

2. Give a definition:

1) observation

2) quarantine

3) disinfection

4) pest control

5) deratization

Test control

3. Check the correct and incorrect statements:

Statement

1) Anthrax pandemic was known in the Middle Ages

2) In order to limit the spread of plague and cholera, they conduct observation

3) The most dangerous rodents for humans are mice and rats

4) Particularly dangerous infectious diseases include cholera, plague, smallpox and anthrax

5) Tick-borne encephalitis is a natural focal disease of our region

6) The conditions for quarantine are more stringent than during observation

7) Cholera refers to intestinal infections

Test control

4. What is quarantine?

1) disinfection (neutralization) of toxic substances or their removal from infected facilities;

2) removal of disease-causing microorganisms and destruction of toxins on contaminated objects;

3) specially organized medical surveillance of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage;

4) a system of strict isolation and restrictive anti-epidemic measures.

Test control

5. Sign the names and discoveries of these scientists:

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Types of microorganisms Non-pathogenic (Do not cause disease) Conditionally - Pathogenic (May cause infection) Pathogenic (Cause infectious diseases)

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hereditary Naturally acquired Artificially acquired Actively acquired Passively acquired

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Name of the disease Causative agent Symptoms Routes of transmission and sources Duration of the disease Effect of the disease in the body Measures in relation to patients

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Name of the disease causative agent symptoms Routes of transmission and sources Duration of the disease Effect of the disease in the body Measures for patients Dysentery species: Amoebae and bacterial Dysentery bacillus General weakness, malaise, loss of appetite, temperature up to 38 ° C and higher, pain in the lower abdomen, loose stools with blood. Tongue with a white coating. Dirty hands, Infected objects, Food. Flies. Sick people Incubation period- from 1 to 7 days, the duration of the disease is from 1-2 to 8-9 days. Fatalities. Amoebic - requires a long treatment and gives severe complications mainly to the liver. Nervous system, the cardiovascular system, metabolism, water-salt metabolism. Treatment in an infectious diseases hospital or at home.

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Name of the disease causative agent symptoms Ways of transmission Duration of the disease Influence of the disease in the body Measures for patients Infectious (epidemic) hepatitis A special type of filterable virus. Fatigue, pain in joints, enlargement of the liver and spleen. The urine becomes dark in color, the feces brighten, the skin becomes yellow. A sick person and a virus carrier Through the gastrointestinal tract and through the blood The incubation period is up to 50 days, in case of infection through blood - up to 200 days. Recovery occurs on days 18-22. The virus remains in the blood of a healthy person. Hospitalization.

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Name of the disease Causative agent symptoms Ways of transmission Duration of the disease Effect of the disease in the body Measures for patients Botulism Spore-bearing bacillus Appearance of headache, general malaise, weakness, abdominal pain, colic, vomiting, bloating, insignificant a significant increase in temperature. Herbivores. Food products: smoked and salted meat, meat, fish, canned vegetables. The incubation period is from 1 hour to 2 days. The duration of the illness is from 4 to 15 days or death. Destruction in brain cells, changes in the central nervous system. Rapid gastric lavage (5% baking soda solution), administration of serum and toxoid. Hospitalization.

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Name of the disease causative agent symptoms Ways of transmission Duration of the disease Influence of the disease in the body Measures for patients Diphtheria Diphtheria bacillus General malaise, pain when swallowing, vomiting, the formation of a grayish-white plaque, temperature 38o-39o, headache and weakness. Source: a sick person or a carrier bacillus Infestation by airborne droplets, household (products or books) The incubation period is 2-7 days. Complication of the heart, nervous system. Introduction of diphtheria serum, antibiotics.

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Name of the disease causative agent symptoms Ways of transmission Duration of the disease Influence of the disease in the body Measures for patients Rubella Filtration virus Runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, temperature up to 38o, swelling of lymph nodes, rash. Sick man. Air droplet path. The incubation period is 2-3 weeks. Dangerous for pregnant women. Bed rest for 2-3 days, isolation for 10 days.

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Name of the disease Causative agent Symptoms Ways of transmission Duration of the disease Influence of the disease in the body Measures for patients Scarlatin Hemolytic streptococcus Headache, chills, temperature up to 39o-40o, sore throat, tongue becomes whitish - gray bloom, tonsils with yellowish - white films, enlargement of lymph nodes, rash. Sick person or bacillus carrier, by airborne droplets, everyday. It is contagious during the entire illness and for another 5-6 days after the disappearance of the symptoms of the disease. Immunity for life. Complications in the heart, middle ear, kidneys, lymph nodes. Antibiotics, patient isolation.

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Name of the disease pathogen symptoms Ways of transmission Duration of the disease Influence of the disease in the body Measures for patients Mumps (mumps) Virus Parotid tumor salivary gland, temperature up to 39o-40o Sick person or bacillus-carrier, air - by droplets. The incubation period is 11–25 days, the duration of the disease is from 3 to 7 days. Immunity for life. Complications - meningitis, pancreatitis. Isolation for 20 days, bed rest.

There are 5 groups of infectious diseases: Intestinal infections (fecal-oral route of spread, infection through the mouth). Respiratory tract infections (airborne - aerosol spread, infection through the respiratory tract). Transmissible blood infections (transmission of the pathogen through vectors - mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, etc.). Non-transmissible blood infections (infection through injections, blood transfusions, plasma, etc.). Infections of the external integument (contact route of spread, infection through the skin or mucous membranes).

CHUMACHUMA Plague is an acute natural focal infectious disease characterized by severe intoxication, fever, and lymph nodes and lungs. It is a particularly dangerous infection. Cause. The causative agent of the plague is the plague stick. The source of infection is rodents (marmots, gerbils, ground squirrels, voles, etc.), hares (hares, pikas) and fleas living on them, which transmit the pathogen to urban rodents, rats and mice. Carrier of flea infection.

CHOLERAHOLERA Cholera (lat. Cholera) is an acute intestinal anthroponous infection caused by representatives of the genus Vibrio. It is characterized by a fecal-oral mechanism of infection, lesion small intestine, watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes by the body with the development of varying degrees of dehydration up to hypovolemic shock and death. It spreads, as a rule, in the form of epidemics. Endemic foci are located in Africa, Latin America, India (Southeast Asia). Ways of transmission of cholera water, food, contact and household.

TUBERCULOSIS TUBERCULOSIS Robert Koch Robert Koch The causative agent of the disease - Mycobacterium tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882, it was called "Koch's wand", now you can find the abbreviated name: MBT or BC. He is a droplet Robert Koch infection that spreads with droplets of sputum and bronchial mucus when coughing, sneezing and even loud speech

Robert Koch (1843 - 1910, Germany) German microbiologist who discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1905) German microbiologist who discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1905)

Hepatitis Hepatitis Worldwide: number infected with the virus hepatitis B over 300 million; the number of people infected with the hepatitis C virus is more than 200 million; more than 2 million deaths annually are directly related to hepatitis; annually 1 million people die from liver cancer, which is a consequence of the previous chronic viral hepatitis; Hepatitis A Hepatitis B

HIV and AIDS B virus And human immunodeficiency HIV infection is a disease that develops in a person who has become infected (infected) with HIV. The final stage of HIV infection is AIDS. With indrom, a number of signs characteristic of the disease Acquired and acquired in the process of life and immunodeficiency weakening and loss of functions of the immune (defense) system of the body

AIDS and West Africa. This sensational conclusion was reached by American and British scientists who have been conducting research at the University of Alabama (USA) for 20 years. Humanity "owes" the emergence of AIDS to the virus to which chimpanzees living in Central Asia have been exposed for thousands of years.

The problem is growing Since its discovery, AIDS has turned from an exotic disease of drug addicts and prostitutes into one of the main causes of death on Earth: according to the World Health Organization, in 2006 it caused the death of 2.9 million people, 39.5 million people are infected , of which 4.3 million were infected in 2007.

Age status HIV-infected (world, 2006) Evolution of HIV / AIDS epidemic 15 - 17 years - 8% 18 - 20 years - 21% 21 - 25 years - 38% 26 - 30 years - 20% 31 - 35 years - 7% Over 36 years - 6% Number of people living with HIV / AIDS: Total - 39.5 million Adult population - 37, 2 million. Women - 17.7 million. Children under 15 - 2, 3 million.

HOW TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASE contact restriction; immunization; chemoprophylaxis of infections: application drugs to prevent infection and reproduction of the pathogen; increasing human resistance to infectious disease.

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Plan:

1. The concept of an infectious disease. a) The nature of the disease. b) Ways of infection. c) Sources of infection, transmission factors. 2. Types of diseases: a) Fever, b) rash, c) rabies, d) diseases of the digestive system. 3. Basic provisions on the treatment of diseases.

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1. The concept of an infectious disease.

Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by the penetration of pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms into the body. In order for a pathogenic microbe to cause an infectious disease, it must have virulence, that is, the ability to overcome the body's resistance and exhibit a toxic effect. Some pathogenic agents poison the body with exotoxins secreted by them in the process of life (tetanus, diphtheria), others release toxins (endotoxins) when their bodies are destroyed (cholera, typhoid fever)

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a) One of the features of infectious diseases is the presence of an incubation period, i.e. the period from the time of infection to the appearance of the first signs. The duration of this period depends on the method of infection and can last from several hours to several years (the latter is rare)

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b) The place of penetration of microorganisms into the body is called the entrance gate of infection. Each type of disease has its own entrance gate, for example, Vibrio cholerae enters the body through the mouth and is not able to penetrate the skin. There is a classification of infectious diseases along the way of infection of the body: 1) airborne droplets (such as chickenpox, measles, mumps, plague, smallpox) 2) oral - fecal, they are also called diseases of dirty hands (cholera, dysentery) 3) blood (malaria, encephalitis)

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There are also sources of diseases and factors of their transmission:

Transfusion of blood and blood products, multiple parenteral manipulations, dental procedures in the period preceding jaundice, allow to suspect viral hepatitis IN.

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Typhoid paratyphoid diseases, salmonellosis are associated with a violation of the sanitary and hygienic regime of life and nutrition; brucellosis - with the use of raw sheep's milk and homemade feta cheese. The assumption of botulism arises as soon as it becomes known that the sick person has used home canning products, etc.

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The professional factor is gaining in importance. Cattle breeders, shepherds, workers of tanneries may suffer from anthrax. Veterinarians, livestock specialists can get sick with brucellosis, diggers and gardeners - tetanus, grooms - glanders; agricultural workers, personnel of the water supply network, sewage treatment plants, miners, workers of pig farms - leptospirosis; loggers - hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, tick-borne encephalitis; surgical nurses, staff of hemodialysis departments - serum hepatitis.

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Numerous connections connect a person with the surrounding nature. Clarification of these connections is one of the conditions for early recognition and differential diagnosis infectious diseases. In its focus and content, the epidemiological history acquires not only clinical, but at the same time prophylactic significance. A thoughtful and skillfully collected, reliable and timely medical history not only makes it easier to recognize the disease, but also becomes a kind of control over the state of the environment, a signal of its distress. Improvement of the environment is the most important state task, one of the decisive conditions for the further reduction of infectious diseases.

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Types of diseases:

Fever is one of the most common manifestations of the infectious process. The duration and severity of the febrile state depends on the virulence of the pathogen, the duration of its stay in an active state, and the protective properties of the organism. The most common acute fever is up to 15 days. Types of temperature curve: constant - typhus, typhoid fever: laxative - bronchopneumonia, purulent-septic diseases: intermittent - malaria tuberculosis: hectic - generalized tuberculosis, sepsis: wavy - brucellosis, lymphogranulomatosis. The onset of the disease with chills - malaria, leptospirosis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, smallpox: repeated chills - sepsis.

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Rash - with many infectious diseases, changes in the skin and mucous membranes are observed, varied in nature and course - roseola, spot, erythema, hemorrhages, papule, vesicle, pustule, etc.

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Digestive system. With many infections, the pathological process involves digestive system... Of practical importance is the "typhoid" tongue - a grayish-white coating with a matte surface. “Influenza” tongue is very similar to typhoid, with the only difference that at the tip you can see hypertrophied papillae. "Raspberry" tongue appears on the 4th - 5th day of scarlet fever disease. Pertussis tongue is characterized by an ulcer on the frenum. Many infectious diseases are accompanied by flatulence, a high degree of it indicates a poor prognosis.

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With cholera, due to frequent profuse diarrhea, there is often a sunken abdomen; with dysentery, bloating is also absent. The scaphoid retraction of the abdomen with meningitis due to reflex spasm of the intestines is very characteristic.

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Rabies (hydrophobia, rabies, rage) is a viral disease of warm-blooded animals and humans, characterized by severe progressive lesion of the central nervous system, absolutely fatal to humans.

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Aristotle also pointed out the connection between rabies and dog bites. The disease was called hydrophobia (hydrophobia) by the Roman physician Cornel Celsus (1st century BC), who first described the disease. In 1804, the infection of a dog with the saliva of a sick animal was reproduced. In 1885 Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine, and during 1886 alone 2500 lives were saved. In 1903, the viral nature of the disease was proved.

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The rabies virus is bullet-shaped and belongs to RNA viruses. There are several biological varieties of this virus - the wild-dog virus (widespread in Siberia) and the "mad dog" virus. It is not resistant in the external environment - boiling kills it within 2 minutes, it is sensitive to many disinfectants, but it is resistant to low temperatures. Natural reservoirs and sources of infection for humans are dogs, foxes, bats, raccoon dogs, wolves, cats - all of them secrete the virus with saliva and are infectious during the last week of the incubation period and the entire time of illness. The source of the disease can be a person - there are known cases of the disease after a patient bite. Exotic cases of infection include the infection of cavers when exploring caves densely populated with sick bats. Rabies is reported on all continents, but countries with a large number dogs (Thailand) living among humans are more likely to become infected.

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The entrance gate of infection is bite-damaged skin and mucous membranes. From the place of entry, the virus spreads to the nerve endings, then moving along the nerves penetrates the spinal cord and brain. It is believed that from the moment the virus enters the nerve ending, one can speak of a 100% probability of death. The most dangerous are bites in the head area. The incubation period (from the bite to the appearance of the first symptoms) lasts 10-90 days, in rare cases - more than 1 year. Its duration depends on the site of the bite (the farther from the head, the longer the incubation period).

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Rabies symptoms. Hydrophobia or fear of water - convulsive contractions of the swallowing muscles, a feeling of fear, convulsions, shortness of breath. Attacks of hydrophobia first occur when trying to drink, then at the sight of water, its splashing and just mentioning it. The attacks are painful, at first the patient actively complains of his suffering. Seizures also occur from sound, light, and other stimuli. During seizures, violent excitement arises - patients break furniture, rush to people, injure themselves, showing inhuman strength. The "violent" period is then replaced by a "quiet" - a sign of the onset of ascending paralysis, which subsequently seize the respiratory muscles, which leads to respiratory arrest and death of the patient. Less common is the initially "quiet", paralytic form of rabies.

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Rabies is a 100% fatal disease. That is why the introduction of the vaccine (and immunoglobulin in special cases) in the first hours after the bite is extremely important. Prophylactic vaccination is also possible.

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The above examples of the infectious nature of various therapeutic diseases once again emphasize the need for people who do not have special medical education, get a broader view.

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3. Very harmful for practical medicine is the opinion that the pathogen only at the beginning plays an active role in pathology, and then the disease develops without its participation. The duration and recurrence of the disease depend primarily on the presence of the pathogen in the human body. As soon as the body is freed from it, the body recovers.

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Slide captions:

Major infectious diseases and their prevention

Educational questions The concept of infectious diseases The mechanism of transmission of infection Prevention of infectious diseases

The difference between infectious diseases common diseases They are caused by pathogens. Visible only with a microscope Transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one Each infectious disease is caused by a specific microbe - the pathogen

Types of microorganisms that affect the human body Saprophytes are microorganisms that are harmless to humans. Once in the human body, they never cause diseases Conditionally pathogenic microbes. Once in the human body, they do not cause serious changes for the time being. But if the human body is weakened, then these microbes quickly turn into harmful (pathogenic) microorganisms that are dangerous to health. Getting into the human body and overcoming its protective barriers, they cause the development of an infectious disease

Group of infectious diseases Brief description Infections belonging to the group Intestinal infections The causative agent is excreted in feces or urine. Transmission factors are food, water, soil, flies, dirty hands, household items. Infection occurs through the mouth. Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B, dysentery, cholera, foodborne infections, etc. Respiratory tract infections, or airborne infections Transmission is carried out by airborne droplets or airborne dust. Influenza, measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, smallpox, etc. Blood infections The pathogen is transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, etc.) Typhus and relapsing fever, malaria, plague, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, etc. Zoonotic infections Diseases transmitted through animal bites Rabies Contact and household Diseases are transmitted by direct contact of a healthy person with a sick person, in which the pathogen passes to a healthy organ. There is no transmission factor Sexually transmitted infections of the skin and venereal diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.)

Fecal-oral intestinal infections... The microbe in the feces, vomit of the patient gets on food products, water, dishes, and then through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract of a healthy person. Liquid It is characteristic of blood infections. The carriers of this group of diseases are blood-sucking insects: fleas, lice, ticks, mosquitoes, etc. Contact or contact-household In this way, the majority of sexually transmitted diseases are infected with close communication of a healthy person with a sick person. Zoonotic Carriers of zoonotic infections are wild and domestic animals. Infection occurs through bites or through close contact with sick animals. Airborne In this way, all viral diseases of the upper respiratory tract are spread. The virus with mucus, when sneezing or talking, enters the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of a healthy person. The main routes of transmission of infection and their characteristics

Respiratory tract infections are transmitted by airborne droplets Spreading droplets of mucus and saliva containing infectious agents when the patient coughs and sneezes.

Intestinal infections spread through food, water

Blood infections - through the bites of blood-sucking insects

Infection of the outer integument is the contact route.

Maintaining personal hygiene - reduces the risk of disease

Preventive vaccinations are carried out

Isolate the sick in a timely manner

Disinfection is carried out. Disinfection of the apartment and objects in it.

Answer questions What are the characteristics of infectious diseases? What is the mechanism of transmission of respiratory tract infection? How important is personal hygiene? Prevention of infectious diseases.

Homework Make instructions on how to deal with the spread of infectious diseases (epidemics)

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Development of a lesson "Infectious diseases and their prevention"

The development contains material on the prevention of infectious diseases. Designed for 2 lessons. The material contains information for the teacher, reference notes and maps - tasks for students ...