A sluggish kid. Infectious and non-infectious diseases of goats and their symptoms

Diseases of goats can be very diverse - it all depends on the type of disease, prevention and maintenance.

Quality feed is the key to healthy goats

Animals that eat high-quality food and are kept in good conditions are less susceptible to various diseases.

The causes of this disease in small ruminants are changes in feed, improper feeding of animals (eating feed in large portions, which causes fermentation in the stomach). This leads to the formation of a large amount of gas in the stomach, and bloating is noted. Instead of chewing gum, the animal has strong salivation, lack of appetite. Tympania of the scar, if not determined at the time, can be fatal.

First of all, it is necessary to reduce the amount of gas and stop the fermentation process in the intestines. For this, the goat's tongue is pulled out and a tourniquet of straw is installed in the oral cavity. The animal should take the most upright position, therefore it is allowed to raise the front legs.

It is necessary to massage the abdomen, periodically pouring cold water over it. To alleviate the condition, you can give the animal a solution of kerosene or ammonia (1 teaspoon per liter of water) inside.

In order to exclude the possibility of this disease, before releasing goats to graze on fields with juicy and fresh greens, especially in the period from May to June, it is necessary to feed the animals. Also, it can be detrimental for goats to graze in dewy fields. It is impossible to give animals water before juicy food.

Poisoning

Causes food poisoning small ruminants - the presence of chemical, toxic substances in pastures.

These are all kinds of chemicals that are used by farmers in their fields to fertilize and control insects and rodents.

If the poisoning of an animal was caused by pesticides, then the corresponding substances were incorrectly transported and used on the farm.

For preventive purposes, it is necessary to monitor how and with what, the fields are cultivated - pastures, do not let animals go to the watering place where wastewater is drained, and goats should not graze in places of storage on a mineral basis.

However, chemicals are not always the cause of livestock poisoning. A number of plants can have detrimental effects on the health of small ruminants. These plants include:

• colchicum
• heliotrope
• barnyard
• cheremitsa
• cyanogenic plants
• st. John's wort

All animals in the herd must be tested for this disease. Sick animals must go through a hoof trimming process, followed by foot baths and antibacterial ointments. Treatment lasts from several days to two weeks, depending on the severity of the disease.

4 weeks after the detection of the disease, the doctor should re-examine the entire herd and individuals that were affected by the infection and underwent a full course of treatment. Inspections should be carried out regularly, once every two to three weeks, until absolutely all individuals in the herd are marked by a doctor as "clean" from this infectious agent.

Preventive examinations of goats should be carried out systematically, especially in the spring and autumn, when animals are at risk of various infectious diseases.

Foot abscess

Typical symptoms for leg abscess in goats:

• lameness, it is visually visible that every movement gives the animal severe pain
• swelling, swelling in the area above the hooves
• if the disease has been started, then purulent discharge will accumulate in the hoof area or just above
• according to statistics, two front legs are more susceptible to an abscess
• abscess is not contagious disease, to which the whole herd is not subject, usually one or two individuals

• an infection that has entered the body through some kind of wounds or cracks in the sole, also if long time the animal experienced any irritation, such as straw in the stall
• the stall containing small ruminants is not ventilated, has a high level of humidity
• hoof trimming was done in the wrong way
• improper care, in particular, we are talking about the lack of proper procedures for the care of animal hooves
• overweight - large and well-fed individuals are at a special risk group for leg abscess

The first stage of abscess treatment begins with cutting off the affected hoof, then the tissues must be carefully treated with an antibacterial solution.

To eliminate the infection in the animal's body, the doctor must prescribe an antibiotic. After all the procedures carried out, it should be kept only on a dry surface.

In particularly serious situations, dressings with a solution of zinc sulfate are used.

The treatment process can take several weeks, as the animal constantly uses the affected leg when walking.

Preventive measures include regular examinations of the hooves and feet of all individuals in the herd. It is necessary to monitor the condition of the stall, the weight of the goats and trim the hooves on time.

Rheumatism

In small cattle, rheumatism is divided into two types:

• muscular
• articular

The causes of muscular rheumatism are colds, keeping in a stall with high level humidity and low temperature. Muscular rheumatism is characterized by constant muscle tension, the animal reacts painfully to touch.

The herd should be moved to a dry and warm stall, the muscles of sick goats should be rubbed camphor alcohol... If these measures are not enough, it is necessary to contact a specialist for treatment.

Articular rheumatism is characterized by lameness, swelling in the area of \u200b\u200bthe joints, the animal refuses to eat, and the body temperature may rise. For treatment, use an ointment based on turpentine and vegetable oil, massage should be done regularly and for internal intake 0.3-0.5 grams of salicylic sodium is used.

Disease prevention

In order to prevent diseases of the legs in goats and their treatment, as well as a number of other diseases that can cause serious economic damage and harm to the person himself, it is necessary to follow the list of preventive measures:

• If in the area where the herd lives, a disease such as helminthic invasion is common, treatment with anthelminthic drugs should be regularly carried out for prevention. This is done twice a year: in the spring, before the herd goes to pasture, and in the fall, before the herd is moved to the stable.
• Use only clean drinking water, exclude the possibility of watering in reservoirs with stagnant water.
• During the period of grazing goats in open pastures, it is necessary to change the place once a week. It is possible to return to the old pastures only after 1.5 - 2 months.
• The stall should be regularly inspected for the floor and litter on which the animals live. The hooves and limbs of small ruminants should be inspected every two weeks. If, as a result of such an examination, goats were found with some deviations or lameness, then they must be isolated from the rest of the herd in a separate stall to find out the reasons for such deviations.
• As a prophylactic agent for limb and hoof diseases, it is necessary to carry out baths with a solution of copper sulfate twice a month. It is necessary to collect such an amount of solution into the container so that all four limbs are simultaneously immersed in water. The best option is to place a container with a disinfectant solution in front of the entrance to the stall. In this case, all individuals of the herd will undergo this procedure.
• Ensure that the room is always well ventilated, dry and warm, as this is the key to animal health and the basis for proper care of small ruminants.
• Goats need certain vitamins that they cannot always get from their diet. Therefore, in addition, it is necessary to give animals special briquettes, which include table salt, crushed chalk and iron vitriol.
• As preventive measures mastitis and other diseases of the udder, it is necessary to carefully monitor the condition of this organ, to exclude any mechanical damage during milking. If individuals with mastitis are found in the herd, they must be isolated from the herd, shown to a specialist and treatment started as soon as possible.
• There are a number of diseases that are transmitted from mothers to newborn kids. The source of transmission of such diseases is the placenta and the membrane of the fetus. Animals that have undergone an abortion are especially susceptible to such diseases. In this case, the pipes of the deceased animal must be burned or buried, and the place of the goat itself must be treated with antiseptic preparations and the bedding replaced.
• Using only quality food and clean water is a guarantee of the health of small ruminants.
• Goat queens need special care. These individuals need to be given exceptionally clean water, the best feed, additionally introduce mineral-based fertilizing into the diet, and they also need walks in the fresh air in the winter.

The emergence and spread of disease is easier to prevent than to cure.

Diseases are contagious (infectious), invasive and non-infectious. In most cases, non-communicable diseases arise from underfeeding, poor care and maintenance of animals.

In poor conditions of keeping and feeding, animals are more likely to succumb to diseases, get sick more seriously, and recover more difficult.

ZOOVETERINARY RULES FOR PREVENTING GOAT DISEASES

Infectious diseases of goats can be brought into the farm (herd) from the side with sick animals, with contaminated fodder, equipment, with people who have been in an infected farm; therefore, animals with contagious diseases must not be allowed into the farm. Goats can be imported again only from farms free from infectious diseases. The imported animals must have a veterinary certificate of their state of health.

Signs of an infectious disease are detected only after a certain period of time after infection (incubation period), and in some diseases, signs are generally little noticeable or absent; therefore, it is necessary for all animals newly entering the farm to undergo a thorough veterinary examination and separately keep (quarantine) them for a period established by veterinary specialists.

In areas where massive helminthic diseases of goats are observed, preventive (prophylactic) antihelminthic treatment of animals should be carried out annually (in the spring, before release to the pasture, in the fall, before placing in the premises) in order to avoid the spread of helminthic diseases.

For watering goats, do not use shallow reservoirs with stagnant water (puddles, swamps, shallow dams, etc.), since such reservoirs are a source of worm diseases.

During the pasture period, after 5-6 days, there should be a change of pasture areas. The goats should be returned to the old areas after 2-3 months. With such an alternation of pastures, their recovery is achieved.

For the prevention of mass diseases of the limbs in the hoof area in goats, one should constantly monitor the condition of the floors in the premises and deep litter, periodically inspect the livestock, single out lame animals in a separate group, systematically treat the hooves in disinfectant baths with a 10% solution of copper sulfate and formalin. In prosperous herds, baths are used for prophylactic purposes ° Ding every 10 days. The height of the solution in the bath should be such that the hooves of the front and hind legs are immersed.

The bottom of the bathtub should have a rough surface. Baths are arranged in front of the entrance to the room, on the way of the animals moving from one room to another. | To prevent maceration of the crumb skin, intercock! noisy slit, corolla and horn shoe, which occurs at length! keeping goats in damp premises, with contamination of floors, walking areas, pens with semi-liquid manure, it is necessary to regularly clean the floors, walking areas, pens from manure and pollution.

To prevent bezoar disease, it is useful to use "mineral briquettes, which are prepared in the summer. For 100 kg of ground chalk, take 8-10 kg of table salt, 50 g of ferrous sulfate, 20 g of chemically pure cobalt chloride. Stir in water until a mushy state. The resulting mass. Before feeding the animals, the briquette is crushed, mixed (up to 30% by volume) with phosphoric feeding (fodder precipitate, defluorinated phosphate, etc.) and placed on the feeders.

Prevention of mastitis consists in creating conditions that exclude bites, abrasions and trauma (bruises) of the udder during sucking and milking. In case of udder disease, it is necessary to promptly isolate the sick goat into a separate cage and begin treatment.

Diseases can be transmitted through the placenta and fetal membranes during the goat process, through vaginal discharge after goat. The likelihood of infection in animals increases if the fetus is aborted. After an abortion, the fetus is burned or buried. Clean the goat's area and replace the bedding.

To prevent gastrointestinal diseases, goats should be provided with good water and high quality feed. For prophylactic purposes, deeply succumbed uterus should be given feed containing carotene and mineral supplements; in winter, walks and ultraviolet irradiation are useful.

With a lack of mineral elements, premixes are used (copper sulfate 0.017 g, manganese sulfate 0.067, amyloidin 0.065, bran 17000, sulfur 3000, table salt 10000 g). Prophylactic dose of 40 g of premix per uterus.

On the day of prophylaxis of pulmonary diseases in kids, such predisposing factors as drafts, dampness, gas pollution of the premises should be eliminated, the kids should be walking in winter, and re-convalescent serum and antibiotics should be introduced for prophylactic purposes.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Brucellosis is an infectious disease of animals and humans. Brucellosis of goats and sheep is especially dangerous for humans. In animals, this disease is often accompanied by abortion, with subsequent retention of the placenta, purulent endometritis. In chronic cases, inflammation and deformation of the joints is noted, in goats - inflammation of the testes. From sick animals, the pathogen is excreted through the birth canal, especially during abortion, and with milk. Infection occurs through the digestive tract, mucous membranes, skin, during mating.

Control measures are mainly reduced to prevention: newly arriving goats are examined for brucellosis by allergic and serological methods. In the case of abortion, bacteriological examination of the aborted fetus is carried out. Sick animals are separated from healthy ones. The premises are thoroughly disinfected.

To protect against brucellosis, the staff serving sick goats must strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene, watch out for hands, which should not have abrasions and scratches, and do not consume raw milk, feta cheese and other dairy products from brucellosis goats.

On brucellosis-affected farms, staff working with animals should be vaccinated. Vaccination protects people significantly from contracting brucellosis.

Smallpox is a contagious viral disease that often occurs in the form of epizootics. The disease is accompanied high temperature, severe depression, lack of appetite. A blistering rash develops on the skin and mucous membranes. Most often, hairless or poorly hairy areas of the body are affected - on the lips and wings of the nose, around the eyes, on the inner surface of the front and hind legs, on the skin of the udder, on the scrotum and foreskin of males, in the abdomen. In place of ripe and burst bubbles, crusts are formed, which, as they dry, peel off and fall off (they contain a large amount of the virus). The disease lasts 2-3 weeks.

Sick animals are isolated and treated. For treatment, it is advisable to use antibiotics (penicillin at a dose of 4-10 thousand units per 1 kg of body weight, terramycin, etc.). In farms and areas, both disadvantaged and free from smallpox, caprine is used for active immunization of goats, and for passive - specific hyperimmune serum and goat serum - convalescents.

Foot and mouth disease is an acutely infectious disease of all cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by the appearance of aphthous disease in sick animals. lesions on the mucous membrane oral cavity, lips, nipples, udder, hoof crumb, corolla and interdigital fissure. In goats, unlike other animal species, with foot and mouth disease, there is an upset of the gastrointestinal tract (tympania and diarrhea).

For the treatment of aphthous lesions in the oral cavity, it is recommended to use aqueous solutions of 0.2% trypaflavin or 1% solutions of copper sulfate.

For the treatment of affected limbs, good results are obtained by daily driving goats through foot clay baths, which are a trench or trough, 2.5-3 m long, 25-30 cm deep, in which the clay is mixed with a 10% formalin or creolin solution to a consistency sour cream.

Necrobacillosis is an infectious disease manifested by necrotic lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. In goats and sheep, the ungulate form of necrobacillosis is most common. The disease occurs when the limbs of animals have wounds, scratches of the skin, softening of the hoof. First of all, the skin in the interdigital cleft is damaged, it swells. The disease then spreads to the hoof horn wall. The penetration of the pathogen into damaged tissues is facilitated by grazing animals on low-lying, swampy pastures. Therefore, to prevent necrobacillosis, grazing of goats is necessary on dry, soft pastures.

If an infection is suspected, the hooves are carefully examined, if necessary, they are carefully trimmed and immersed in a solution of zinc sulfate or copper sulfate. With the massive spread of necrobacillosis of the extremities, group treatment of sick goats with a 10% solution of copper sulfate or a strong (1-2%) solution of potassium permanganate in the form of baths can be used. Good curative action provides biomycin through the mouth at a dose of 0.02 g per 1 kg of body weight 2 times a day for 4-7 days.

Infectious pleuropneumonia of goats is a disease that cannot be transmitted to other animal species. Infection occurs when healthy goats are kept with sick goats.

In sick goats, the temperature rises to 41-42 °, a wet short cough appears, which is accompanied by a discharge from the nose, at first serous, and then mucopurulent. The goat lags behind the herd, and stands indoors, huddled against a wall or huddled in a corner. Difficulty breathing, with wheezing and groaning. In severe cases, goats lie with their necks extended.

Among the goats affected by infectious pleuropneumonia, there are mass abortions. The herd in which the disease is detected, with the allotted pastures for it, is quarantined. Obviously sick goats are killed for meat (under the supervision of a veterinarian). For therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, Novarsenol is used, which in the form of a 5% solution in distilled water is injected into a vein at a dose of 10 ml for adult animals and 5 ml for young animals.

In order to increase the resistance of the animal body to the harmful effects of the environment, including infection, it is necessary to provide them with rational feeding and good care. For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the zoo-veterinarian rules for the maintenance of goats, premises, pastures.

Pasteurellosis - the disease is characterized by hemorrhagic inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes respiratory tract, intestines and other organs, as well as pneumonia or pleuropneumonia.

Sources of infection are sick animals, as well as sick goats, which for many months can infect healthy animals in contact with them. Secondary sources of infection can be objects contaminated with the secretions of sick goats. Inadequate feeding and unsanitary maintenance of goats, which reduce the body's resistance, contribute to the massive spread of the disease.

Pasteurellosis occurs in a fulminant, acute, subacute and chronic forms. Most children and young goats fall ill with the fulminant form. Suddenly, a sick animal weakens, begins to tremble, falls to the ground and dies in a few minutes.

In the acute form, the disease lasts 2-5 days. In sick animals - depression, lack of appetite, temperature increase bodies up to 41-42 °. On the second day, a discharge from the nose appears, at first mucous, and then purulent, cough, diarrhea with an admixture of blood is possible. Death often occurs with seizures.

The subacute form lasts from 1 to 3 weeks and often becomes chronic. There are: pneumonia, sometimes pleura, rhinitis, swelling under the lower jaw, in the neck, dewlap.

For medicinal purposes, serum is used, the use of sulfamides and antibiotics (bacitracin, terramycin) is also effective. For prevention, they vaccinate and improve the conditions for feeding and keeping animals.

Listeriosis. Listeriosis bacteria enter the body through the mouth. The main source of infection is sick and recovered animals, the importation of goats from farms unfavorable for this disease, the placement of animals in infected premises. If the goat has an abortion, the fetus and fruit membranes should be sent to a laboratory for analysis. The pathogen can persist for several months in goat milk, when consumed in humans, miscarriages and meningitis may occur.

Often listeriosis takes form of encephalitisaccompanied by high fever, lack of coordination of movements and loss of appetite. The goat turns its head into a corner and bleeds frequently. The ears of the animal are drooping, and the muscles of the neck and head seem especially tense. Sometimes the disease is called a whirligig, since the goat rotates in a circle in one direction.

Listeriosis is especially likely from late winter to early spring. A slight increase in ambient temperature causes symptoms to appear after about a week. The animal with listeriosis is isolated.

They are treated with sulfa drugs and tetracycline antibiotics.

Infectious stomatitis is an inflammation of the oral mucosa. In goats, cataract and ulcerative stomatitis is most common. one

Causes of primary stomatitis: irritation and trauma to the mucous membrane when feeding solid, prickly or frozen food, during deworming and other treatments, when there are gross manipulations in the oral cavity, etc. These reasons act directly on the oral mucosa, causing inflammation, which supported by the microflora in the oral cavity.

Stomatitis of secondary origin can appear due to indigestion, metabolic disorders, with A-avitaminosis, with pharyngitis, rhinitis, laryngitis, and some infectious diseases.

Stomatitis of infectious etiology most often affects young animals, or animals that have previously been ill. The disease is contagious. Some strains are highly virulent, immunity to various strains is not long-lasting. The disease usually begins with a blister-like lesion around the mouth or nostrils. The number of bubbles increases and they grow in size, then burst and dry out with the formation of scabs. 2-3 weeks after the onset of the disease, the scabs peel off and fall off, leaving hairless spots that disappear after a few days. The listed symptoms may be the only ones if, in the course of the disease, measures were taken to prevent the manifestation of secondary infections. Such measures are the treatment of lesions with aseptic solutions. The most severe forms of the disease can develop in goats feeding kids, in which case the teats and udders are affected. If a goat is affected by stomatitis in a goat, it must be removed from the goat and fed from a bottle in another room. When in contact with such animals, it should be remembered that the disease is easily transmitted to humans. Use rubber gloves as protective equipment.

For treating animals against stomatitis, a vaccine can be used to help develop immunity against certain strains of the virus.

Weakening of inflammatory processes is achieved by the use of disinfectants and astringents: 0.01% solution of potassium permanganate, 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, etc. At the same time, attention is paid to feeding: coarse and spoiled feed are excluded from the diet.

Clostridiosis of goats. Goats are very sensitive to bacteria from the genus Clostridia, they can cause malignant edema, tetany and enterotoxemia of types C and D. Clostridia live constantly in the environment surrounding goats, but under certain circumstances they multiply rapidly and produce toxins and poisons.

Diseases of goats caused by clostridia include brodzot, infectious necrotizing hepatitis, infectious enterotoxemia, and anaerobic dysentery of young goats. These diseases are caused by the rapid multiplication of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract, where clostridia produce toxins that cause poisoning.

An associated vaccine made from several species of Clostridia can prevent disease and should be used regularly by goat breeders. Even if the goat is not exposed to some types of disease causing clostridia, the vaccine is not harmful. Children up to 10 weeks of age are not vaccinated, so they cannot acquire immunity to Clostridia. However, they receive anti-Clostridial antibodies from their mothers if the goats have been vaccinated 4-6 weeks before the goat. If the goats have not been immunized before, then they need to be vaccinated twice. The first should be done 8-10 weeks before the goat, the second 4 weeks after the first. Goats that have not been previously vaccinated and young animals obtained from unvaccinated goats are vaccinated. Vaccine injections should be given every 6 months by veterinarians. Against the background of good sanitary conditions of the premises and control over the quality of feed, the likelihood of diseases decreases.

Enterotoxemia. In goats, enterotexemia is of types C and D. The first symptom is the sudden death of the animal. In adult animals suffering from enterotoxemia, debilitating diarrhea and uncoordinated movements are noted. After a few days, the disease can be fatal. The kids refuse to feed, vilify and die of convulsions after one or two days. The susceptibility of animals to this type of pathogen is enhanced by eating low-quality feed. For prophylactic purposes, a concentrated multivalent vaccine is used, which protects at the same time against others anaerobic infections (brodzot, necrotizing hepatitis, kids dysentery). The effectiveness of the prophylactic use of antibiotics (biomycin at a dose of 5-8 mg per animal) has been confirmed.

Malignant serous edema. Infection usually occurs when Clostridia enter through surgical wounds, such as castration, aseptic injections, unsanitary goats, infectious pathogens or nipple canals, especially when the udder is wet, or in contact with contaminated bedding. Goats can die within 24-28 hours of the onset of symptoms. They have no appetite, a rise in temperature is noted, first the edges of the wound swell, then the swelling quickly spreads to the nearest tissues. If large doses of antibiotics are used for treatment, the animal can be saved, although the outcome is often fatal.

Mycoplasma infections

Chlamydial abortion and vibriosis. These two diseases have approximately the same symptoms. During the last two months of pregnancy, abortions occur in goats. Goats of all ages are susceptible to diseases. It is important to make a timely diagnosis, for which it is necessary to conduct a bacteriological examination of the very first aborted fetuses. The examination and destruction of the first aborted fetuses, as well as the isolation of goats from the foci of infection, is an important condition for preventing mass abortions.

If abortions of vibrious origin are established, it is necessary to urgently transfer the goats to an uninfected area, destroy the aborted fetuses (burn or bury), isolate and treat the aborted queens. Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin) are recommended.

Vaccination of goats before and after mating can prevent the disease.

Ringworm (trichophytosis) - fungal skin disease, appears as round coin-like spots in the head, around the eyes, on the ears. A damp and polluted environment is prone to disease, and if animals infected with shingles appear, it's time to start cleaning the premises. Often, after cleaning the house and replacing the litter, the spread of disease in the herd stops. If animals - carriers of the disease have been kept in the room for some time, the room, feeders and equipment should be disinfected.

After processing, animals are provided with a sufficient amount of vitamin A in the diet, since a lack of vitamins is one of the reasons contributing to skin damage by fungi.

Individual animals are treated by removing skin scales from the affected areas and treating them with a 10% alcohol solution of iodine or other fungicidal preparations. To prevent the animals from scratching the affected areas, iodine is mixed with glycerin, which softens the skin. Whatever drug is used to treat lichen, it should be used daily from the start of treatment until recovery. In the process of treatment, animals wear rubber gloves and protective clothing, since the causative agent of the disease is transmitted to humans.

Ways of infection - eating grass, to which the invasive larvae migrated from puddles, ditches, ponds. The time of infection of animals for different zones is different. In central Russia, this period lasts from early spring to late autumn.

To combat dictyocaulosis, it is good to change pastures every 5-6 days. If it is impossible to organize a change of pastures, good results are obtained by feeding goats in the grazing period with phenothiazine, which leads to the death of dicticula larvae even before they reach the invasive stage.

Phenothiazine is given in a dose of 1 g per goat mixed with feed salt (1 part phenothiazine per 9 parts salt) or with the daily rate of concentrates.

For treatment, an aqueous solution of iodine is used (1 g of crystalline iodine, 1.5 g of potassium iodide per 1,500 ml of distilled water) in a dose: for adult goats -10-12 ml, for kids up to 1 year old - 5-8 ml. The solution is injected with a syringe with a needle into the trachea. Ditrazine is also effective (in the form of a 25% aqueous solution subcutaneously or intramuscularly) at a dose of 0.1 g per 1 kg of live weight. The injection is repeated every other day.

You can also deworm goats during lactation, but milk should not be used for human food. The best time to treat lactating goats is the goat time, since the first milk is not used for human food. The second treatment is carried out 2-3 weeks after the first.

Sick animals are dewormed with a 1% solution of copper sulfate (copper sulfate). For adult goats, the dose is not more than 60 ml of solution per animal. The solution is administered through the mouth using a rubber tube. For the treatment of kids, in addition to a 1% solution of copper sulfate, arsenic acid tin in tablets is used. This drug is more effective and easier to use. It is prescribed in doses: kids under the age of 8 months. -, 04 g / head., Over 8 months. - 0.7-1.0 g / head. The first deworming is carried out 30-35 days after leaving the pasture, the second - a month after the first.

For the treatment of fascioliasis, carbon tetrachloride is used, which is injected into the rumen (through a probe or with a syringe), subcutaneously or intramuscularly (with oil or fortified fish oil) in doses: for adult goats - 2 ml, for young animals from 6 to 12 months - 1 ml.

Hay from meadows not free from fascioliasis can be fed after 6 months of storage.

Eggs of the causative agent of goat whirligig enter the intestines also with grass and water, from where the embryos are brought into the brain, where a bubble the size of a nut or a chicken egg develops. Goats sick with a spinning wheel become shy, move in a circle, or stand with their foreheads on an object. The disease lasts for several months and ends in the death of the animal. The use of medications is not beneficial. Therefore, goats with signs of coenurosis should be killed.

Infection of dogs occurs when they eat the brain or spinal cord of animals with coenurosis. To stop the spread of echinococcosis and whirligig among goats, it is necessary to prevent dogs from eating organs of animals containing bubbles. For this purpose, the slaughter of animals must be carried out under the supervision of veterinary workers. When slaughtering goats sick with a twist, you must not throw the head or spine to the dogs, they must be buried in the ground, or, having chopped up, boil well and then feed them to the dogs.

For the treatment of sick dogs, arecoline is used at a dose of 0.002-0.003 g per 1 kg of live weight or kamala from 2.0 to 10.0 g per dog.

Dogs should be tied or kept indoors before giving drugs. The litter and feces that are released within 24 hours "after treatment must be collected and burned or buried deep in the ground.

It must be remembered that a person can also become infected with echinococcosis, so dogs should not be allowed to food, dishes and other household items.

Arachno-entomoses (diseases caused by ticks and insects)

Scabies is a skin disorder that causes itching, causing animals to scratch the affected area. Depending on the type of pathogens, scabies can be:

a) skin (psoroptosis), most often affects the back, neck, sacrum, shoulders;

b) itchy, or head (acorosis), affects the scalp;

c) skin, or foot (charioptosis), affects the skin of the legs (more often the back).

Infection with scabies occurs through contacts of sick animals with healthy ones, as well as through pastures, premises, equipment, inventory, service personnel in contact with sick goats.

Signs: skin redness, nodules, crusts and scabs, hair loss, itching.

Treatment: treatment of affected skin areas with emulsions or bathing goats (preferably shorn) in baths (solution of creolin activated by hexochlorane, emulsion hexochloran-creolinic, etc.); injection of the drug avermectin, etc.

Prevention: disinsection of premises, inventory, care items, cessation of the use of pastures within 3-4 weeks, on which sick goats were grazed.

Tick-borne encephalitis. In the northern regions, animals can be affected by ticks, which are carriers of diseases such as tularemia, Q fever and tick-borne encephalitis in humans and animals.

After each grazing of goats in places where ticks are unfavorable, they are checked for the presence of red-brown and silver insects on the body in the area of \u200b\u200bthe head, neck, shoulders, groin and milk mirror.

Tick-borne encephalitis initially manifests itself in uncoordinated movements of the forelimbs, and within 1-2 days it turns into general paralysis, after which respiratory arrest may occur.

If a tick is found, it is removed using a burning match. As soon as the tick feels warm, it will crawl out of the animal's skin by itself. You should not pull the tick, as its head can come off and remain in the body of the animal, causing a number of complications.

Estrosis (gadfly invasion) is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, passing into the frontal and cranial sinuses. In goats affected by gadfly larvae, rhinitis is observed, mucus is secreted from the nose, and in young kids it is often mixed with blood. The dried mucus forms crusts around the nostrils. Animals often sneeze, shake their heads, rub their noses on the ground or on any objects, keep their heads to one side, and spin in place.

Control measures are aimed at the physical destruction of the gadfly and its larvae. Gadflies are collected in their places of rest during the mass summer (mainly in May-June). Avermectin can be used for treatment.

Scratching and scratching, as well as hair loss by animals, is a sign of lice, which can be easily found in the fur of animals on the side, groin, and shoulders. The blood-sucking louse is very large, has a dark blue color and can grow to a length of 0.3 cm. The biting louse is smaller, its color is paler.

Animals can be treated with drugs used to combat scabies.

When treating with insecticides, be careful about succumb goats, as drugs can cause abortion in them. When using powdered insecticides, dust should be applied to the animal's back, neck and tail area. Re-processing is carried out 17 days after the first, the third - 17 days after the second.

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Metabolic diseases

With a lack of vitamins (especially A and D) in feed, as well as minerals of calcium and phosphorus salts, which are part of the bones of the skeleton and other tissues, in animals, especially in young animals, metabolism is disturbed and a disease occurs (vitamin deficiency, etc. .). Metabolic diseases include: rickets, osteomalacia, etc.

Rickets. This is a disease of young animals - kids.

The causes of the disease are feeding suckling and suckling queens with feed, poor vitamins and minerals (marsh or hay, straw, harvested in rainy weather, etc.), as a result of which weak kids are born, easily susceptible to rickets, as well as infectious diseases. Also leads to rickets poor feeding the youngest animals before and after weaning, keeping them in dark, cramped rooms with insufficient exposure to fresh air, when they are little exposed to sunlight (under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is formed in the body, which contributes to the absorption of calcium and phosphorus salts and strengthening the skeleton).

Signs of rickets are curvature of the bones of the limbs and spine, thickening of the joints of the legs, swelling of the jaws, compression from the sides of the chest (deflection inward of its ribs) and pelvic bones. Animals breathe heavily (due to narrowing of the nasal passages), reluctantly or with difficulty move, suffer from indigestion (diarrhea), anemia, stunted, look emaciated, and in severe cases die from exhaustion or from complications from another disease (pneumonia, etc.). ).

Prevention of rickets consists in proper feeding of pregnant and lactating queens and young animals before and after weaning with full-fledged feed (good clover, alfalfa, legume-cereal hay, green feed, red carrots and other root crops, yeast feed, concentrates, etc.). Mineral feed additives are required: chalk, bone meal, table salt. It is also important to keep in spacious, bright and dry rooms, daily exercise or stay in the fresh air under the influence of sunlight. Premature weaning of young animals from their mothers should be avoided.

Treatment for rickets consists in fulfilling the above requirements. Sick young animals are given fish oil (1-2 teaspoons 3 times a day). Dry hydrolytic yeast is a good source of vitamins D and B group. They are given together with concentrates at 50-100 g per day. Good healing effect gives ultraviolet irradiation with a mercury-quartz lamp (daily for 5-10 minutes; distance from the animal to the lamp is 80-100 cm).

Osteomalacia (softening of the bones) occurs in adult goats during pregnancy and lactation (suction).

The causes of the disease are unsatisfactory feeding, especially a lack of calcium salts in the feed ration (poor pastures, lack of hay in winter or feeding with bad bog hay, excessive feeding of acidic and watery feed, lack of mineral feeding, etc.). The disease is also facilitated by the unsatisfactory conditions of the uterus.

In diseased goats, the bones of the skeleton are depleted in lime salts, as a result of which they become brittle, flexible or soft, which leads to curvature and reshaping of the bones or even fractures. The disease develops gradually and at first little

noticeable; animals lick and gnaw the ground, wall plaster and other objects, eat litter soiled with feces and urine, drink slurry. In the future, lethargy develops, the animals lie more, reluctantly and with difficulty get up. Later, there is a curvature of the bones, in particular the deflection of the back and sacrum, swelling of the head bones; sick animals move with difficulty, poor control of the back; there may be seizures. There are frequent cases of bone fracture, even from muscle tension. Death can occur from exhaustion and the formation of pressure sores and general blood poisoning (sepsis).

Prevention and treatment consist in proper, full-fledged feeding of animals, giving them mineral salts and in observing the hygienic requirements of maintenance and care. In addition, various medicines are used: fish oil, calcium and phosphorus preparations, yeast (see rickets).

Avitaminosis. For goats, vitamins A, D and E are of the greatest importance. Other vitamins, for example, of group B, are synthesized in the rumen, due to which ruminants meet the need for them.

Avitaminosis A. Signs of A-vitamin deficiency usually occur at the end of winter and in the spring, when the reserves of vitamin A are used up. At this time, there are: a decrease in fertility, milk production, retention of the afterbirth, the birth of underdeveloped kids, mass morbidity of newborn kids with dyspepsia and pneumonia. The fate of patients appears night blindness, dry cornea, lacrimation, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia, and indigestion may develop.

The basis for the prevention of A-avitaminosis is full-fledged feeding of goats throughout the year. The richest in carotene content feeds are silage, cereal hay good quality, germinated grain. For therapeutic purposes, fortified fish oil is used at the rate of 60-90 ml per 100 kg of body weight of goats and 45 ml of young animals after weaning.

White muscle disease. The most likely cause of this condition is selenium deficiency. For the prevention and treatment of the disease, injections of vitamin E are recommended. The disease often occurs in young animals, and if the heart muscle is affected, the disease ends in death. When the muscles are severely affected, the movements of the animals are constrained, they often rest and are not fast enough. With a prolonged course of the disease, weakness appears in the shoulder girdle and bones are bent. Children born with a selenium deficiency die 2-3 days after birth. The presence of selenium in feed can be determined by chemical analysis of feed in appropriate laboratories. If there is a lack of selenium, mineral supplements are used.

Ketosis A disease of late pregnancy, ketosis, is the most common disease in animals carrying two or more fetuses. The onset of symptoms is mainly associated with a violation of the feeding regime or lack of appetite. As the disease progresses, symptoms appear - hearing loss, leaning on objects, twitching of the facial muscles, teeth grinding, progressive weakness and loss of reflexes, blindness, and sometimes coma and death.

To prevent the disease, full-fledged feeding of the uterus is necessary, especially in the second period of pregnancy. During this period, the diet should not have a lack of proteins, vitamins, minerals. Walking or exercise of succous queens is obligatory.

Sick and suspected goats are separated into a separate group and provided with adequate feeding. From therapeutic agents, it is recommended to use methionine, sodium gluconate, glucose, sugar and melassa. Sugar and melassa are fed 60-100 g per day, and methionine 1-2 g daily for 4-5 days. After 3-4 weeks, the signs of the disease disappear.

Polyencephalomalacia. This disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B !, thiamine. Usually vitamin B! is produced in sufficient quantities by cicatricial microflora, but sometimes the synthesis is disrupted. This happens when high-energy feeds are introduced into the diet too quickly, increased content in the diet of melassa or molasses, as well as with a lack of cobalt. Goats begin to refuse food, then there is uncertainty in movements and unsteadiness of gait, impaired vision. The goat becomes nervous. She can stand against a wall and rest her head against it. Convulsions can be followed by death.

Treatment is carried out by intravenous or intramuscular injections of vitamin B, or a complex of B vitamins. The drugs are administered for one or two days until the scar normalizes. The vitamin can be given to the goat with a drink. After treatment, the amount of concentrates in the diet is reduced and the goat is provided with good hay.

Acobaltosis is an enzootic disease of animals caused by a lack of cobalt in feed. Young goats are the most sensitive to cobalt deficiency.

Sick animals have a decrease in appetite: they refuse to eat fresh food, but greedily pounce on old straw, spoiled hay, lick wooden objects, gnaw each other's wool, and kids from their mothers. Along with this, animals lose weight, the skin becomes covered with dandruff, conjunctivitis with profuse lacrimation develops. A constant sign of the disease is anemia: the amount of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells in the blood decrease. In kids, the disease is complicated by pneumonia, obstruction of the abomasum and intestines by bezoars. With acobaltosis, a large percentage of barrenness, and eorts, postpartum complications.

In biogeochemical provinces with a lack of cobalt, cobalt chloride is introduced into the diet of goats in doses of 1.5-2.5 mg / head.

Considering that cobalt deficiency is often combined with a lack of copper, it is recommended that sick goats be given 5-8 mg of cobalt chloride and 5-10 mg of copper sulfate (once a day) with a break in treatment after 15-30 days. Vitamin B | 2 (20 mg 2 times a day for 2-3 weeks) is effective for acobaltose.

Diseases of the digestive system

Ruminant diseases are common among goats.

Overgrowth of molars. Goats 2–3 years old often have problems with the outgrowing outer edges of the molars. The sharp edges of the molars injure the inner surfaces of the cheeks. Animals begin to stuff the gum between their cheeks and teeth in order to alleviate pain when chewing. When chewing in such animals, a bump is noticeable on the cheeks, passing from one side to the other. The sharp edges of the teeth are filed with a file and the animals are given antibiotics for 2-3 days.

Indigestion of food. Rapid change of feed components of the diet can cause the following symptoms: depression, loss of appetite, halitosis. If the problem is caused by too much concentrate feeding, the goat is given the magnesium by mouth, and if the goat has eaten too much protein supplements, it is given an aqueous vinegar solution (slightly acidic).

If there is no chewing gum, then this is due to a malfunction of the rumen. In this case, you can take chewing gum from a healthy goat, dissolve it in warm water and give it a drink to the goat that needs to be cured. This event will accelerate the restoration of scar microflora and help eliminate the disruption of its work. The most effective measure described is to be carried out in combination with the drinking of a solution of vitamin B, which has a beneficial effect on the restoration and growth of microorganisms in the rumen.

Tympania (rumen swelling) in goats occurs as a result of: eating a large amount of easily fermenting food - clover, alfalfa, green vetch, peas, as well as spoiled food (sour, moldy, frozen); grazing immediately after rain or on dew-covered grass; a sharp transition from one feeding regime to another; drinking immediately after grazing. Obstruction of the esophagus in goats can also cause tympania.

A sick animal has a lowered head, heavy breathing, the left side is greatly enlarged in the iliac region, when tapped, it emits a drum sound.

Rumen swelling occurs from the rapid formation of gases from the fermentation of undigested feed. The first thing to do is to facilitate the removal of gases. To do this, gently knead and pour cold water over the left side in the area of \u200b\u200bsigh, carefully give a solution of ammonia from the bottle -1 teaspoon per 0.5 l of water. In this case, the goat is placed with its front legs on a dais. To stop fermentation, you can give 1 teaspoon of medicated creolin or ichthyol, or kerosene in 0.5 liters of water. An extreme measure is a puncture of the scar with a traokar in the middle of the left hunger fossa.

Prevention: rational organization of feeding, grazing and watering.

Bezoar disease - the formation of phytobezoars in the proventricles of adult goats and pylobezoars - mainly in kids during the milk period. The formation of pylobezoars is due to the fact that suckling goats, lacking in minerals, gnaw the wool of their mothers around the udder, etc. Wool caught in the abomasum is not digested and settles on curdled milk clots. Under the influence of peristalsis abomasum

wool falls into balls, strands. Without blockage, bezoars impair absorption nutrients, and with blockage of the abomasum or duodenum, belching and gum disappear, tympanic scar appears, defecation stops and animals die from asphyxiation (suffocation).

If the kids eat wool, the feed rations should be revised, balancing them in nutritional value and minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.

For the treatment of sick kids, it is recommended to give 7-9 drops of iodine tincture in 50 ml of water once inside, and in more severe cases, a double dose twice with an interval of 6 hours. To cleanse the gastrointestinal tract of loose bezoars, the kids can be given a laxative - Glauber's salt.

Goat dyspepsia is an acute functional digestive disorder that manifests itself in kids in the first few days (2-5) after birth. Acute diarrhea is most widespread in the early spring months (March-April). The main condition for its occurrence is a decrease in resistance in newborn kids as a result of inadequate feeding of succous queens. With insufficient feeding of the succous queens, the kids are born small and weak.

Vitamin and mineral deficiency is of particular importance in the etiology of dyspepsia. The lack of vitamin A in the feed of the suckling queens causes the hypovitaminosis state of the kids, one of the manifestations of which is the degeneration of the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Dysfunction of the epithelium is associated with a disorder of the digestive process, which results in dyspepsia.

There are other causes of dyspepsia: unsanitary conditions for keeping the uterine mothers and babies born, damp, dirty bedding, careless udder care, etc.

The most common symptom of dyspepsia in kids is diarrhea. The sick kid becomes lethargic, lies almost all the time, stops sucking. The abdomen is distended and painful. Defecation becomes frequent, and then involuntary.

Treatment - starvation diet for 6-12 hours, during this time the kid is drunk every 3-4 hours, 200-250 ml of warm saline or boiled water. To prevent the development of conditionally pathogenic intestinal microflora during treatment

antibiotics and sulfa drugs are effective in treating dyspepsia in kids. More often than others, synthomycin, streptomycin, biomycin are used.

Respiratory diseases

Goats are very sensitive to moisture. Excessive dampness in the air that goats breathe can be harmful, especially if exposure to dampness is complemented by high levels of ammonia or microorganisms in the air carried by other animals.

Bronchopneumonia is an acute and chronic inflammation of the bronchi and lungs. The cause of the disease is most often unsatisfactory feeding and maintenance conditions: underfeeding of animals, lack of vitamins, micro- and macroelements, high content of indoor air, where goats, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, microorganisms, colds and overheating are kept. In the etiology of pulmonary diseases of animals, the conditions of feeding and maintenance are of paramount importance, and the infection is a secondary layer on an already developed pathological process.

Characteristic signs diseases - cough (at first dry, then wet), nasal discharge, shortness of breath, rapid breathing. The body temperature rises, especially when new areas of the lungs are involved in the painful process. In the absence of treatment, proper care, feeding and maintenance, sick animals die.

To prevent and eliminate pulmonary diseases of goats, it is necessary to fulfill zootechnical, zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary requirements. First of all, you need to pay attention to the feeding of the goats. The diet should fully satisfy the needs of animals for energy, protein, vitamins, micro and macro elements.

Antibiotics are used to treat sick goats, primarily penicillin, as well as sulfa drugs (norsulfazole).

Diseases of the reproductive system and breast

Inflammation of the uterus (metritis), which is a consequence of: injury and infection during childbirth; decomposition in the uterus of the fetus or placenta; infection into the uterus after childbirth or abortion. Even normal labor can lead to metritis if the goat is performed in unsanitary conditions. The microorganisms that cause metritis can be of different types, depending on which of them are contained in the environment and penetrate into the weakened body of the animal. Common symptoms metritis are rejection of fattening, depression and temperature rise up to 40 °. Symptoms can develop at any time within 3 weeks after the goat. If left untreated, metritis can become chronic, and the goat may not show any symptoms while pus builds up in the uterus. With metritis, the cervix can become impermeable, which can lead to infertility.

Preventing metritis starts with feeding your goats properly. In particular, goats should receive the required amount of selenium in order to prevent retention of the placenta. If within 4 hours after the goat the goat has not separated the placenta, an injection of oxytocin or prostaglandin should be given. Both drugs cause the muscles of the uterus to contract.

Treatment of metritis should be started immediately after symptoms are detected: washing the uterus with disinfecting and astringent solutions (boric acid, manganese-sour potassium, soda, streptocide, etc.).

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that develops as a result of exposure to mechanical, thermal, chemical and biological factors. Infection occurs due to the penetration of microbes into the udder through the nipple canal or through the blood and lymph vessels in case of skin lesions. The predisposition to the disease is created by injuries of the udder and nipples of any origin, incomplete milking or sucking out of milk, unsanitary keeping of animals.

Signs of illness: skin redness, swelling and soreness of the affected udder area. Milk secretion decreases, discharge from the affected udder lobe becomes watery, yellowish, with an admixture of flakes. In the future, the udder becomes hard to the touch, the discharge from the affected gland becomes thick, viscous from the admixture of pus, sometimes blood, the body temperature rises to 41 °, appetite decreases, chewing gum stops.

Sick queens together with the offspring are isolated, and a group of goats in contact with sick animals is quarantined. The inventory, equipment and the room where the sick goats were, are thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. General sanitary measures are applied. Limit watering, exclude silage from the diet and reduce concentrated feed. After complete removal of the secretion from the affected lobe of the udder, one of the drugs is injected through the milk canal of the nipple: masticide, mastisan, mastic, mastierosol according to the instructions for their use. Bicillin-3 or bicillin-5 is effective. Of the sulfonamides - norsulfazole, which can be given by mouth or injected into the mammary gland with 30-40 ml of a 10% solution. At the very beginning of the disease, it is necessary to rub camphor ointment or oil into the affected lobe of the udder.

Food poisoning (toxicosis) of animals

As a result of feeding feed containing mechanical impurities, toxic substances, pesticides, toxic fungi, microorganisms, etc., non-infectious diseases of sheep and goats can occur.

The causes of poisoning can be poisonous substances formed under certain conditions from non-toxic substances contained in some benign feeds or due to improper use of certain feeds.

Such valuable feeds as flaxseed cake, sorghum, Sudan, black millet, trans-Volga steppe estuary hay, vetch and clover (especially wild clover) contain cyanogenic glycoside, which, under the influence of enzymes, acids or during fermentation in an aqueous medium, is hydrolyzed to form hydrocyanic acid. Free hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in these plants appears during their wilting, soaking, maceration and fermentation. Flaxseed cake and flax chaff contain the glycoside linamarin (from 140 to 340 mg / kg), which in the presence of water and the linase enzyme present in the cake and chaff forms hydrocyanic acid. Animal bruises can occur when flaxseed meal is fed with warm water. A significant amount of hydrocyanic acid can be found in young shoots of sorghum, in its aftermath.

In case of poisoning, animals show general weakness, anxiety, a shaky gait, convulsive convulsions, shortness of breath and weakening of the heart.

Cottonseed cakes and meals often contain the glycoside gossypol, which is free and bound. The poisonous effect belongs to free gossypol, the largest amount of which is contained in the cake obtained by the press method. At present, during the extraction of fat by the extraction method, a small fraction of free gossypol remains in the defatted meal, or it is completely inactivated by heat treatment. Meals are considered suitable for feeding to animals if the content of free gossypol in them does not exceed 0.01%. All animals are exposed to cotton meal poisoning.

Usually, poisoning occurs with prolonged feeding with oilcakes (10-30 days or more) containing gossypol. This is due to the fact that gossypol is slowly excreted from the body and gradually accumulates in it. Clinically acute poisoning is accompanied by loss of appetite, colic, tympanic, constipation or diarrhea, increased heart rate (up to 80-100 beats per minute) and breathing, jaundice, swelling of the neck and chest, hematuria, as well as a disorder of the neuromuscular system (fibrillar muscle twitching, agitation, clonic convulsions, impaired coordination of movements). In severe cases, death occurs within 2-3 days. With chronic poisoning, prolonged diarrhea, progressive emaciation, etc. are observed.

The tops, peels of potatoes and especially in its sprouts contain a glycoside-alkaloid - solanine. There is a lot of solanine in the green tops of potatoes before flowering (from 0.855 to 0.144%), in tubers during their germination (up to 4.76%), as well as in immature tubers.

Sugar beet contains a lot of easily digestible carbohydrates (up to 20% sugar), which are necessary for the normal functioning of the microflora of the ruminant rumen. Sugar beet is of particular importance when feeding animals with silage; it increases the use of organic acids and prevents acidosis. It has been found that moderate feeding of beets in balanced diets ensures the normal use of all other feed and contributes to an increase in animal productivity.

However, when feeding large amounts of beets, the sheep may be poisoned. At the same time, they note thirst, lack of appetite, atony of the proventriculus, diarrhea, disturbances in breathing and cardiac activity, convulsions. The unfavorable effect on the ruminant organism of large amounts of sugar beet is explained by the fact that overfeeding disrupts the fermentation processes in the rumen, which is expressed in a change in its microflora and pH, as well as in the excessive accumulation of lactic acid, which, being absorbed into the blood in large quantities, can cause acidosis and severe poisoning.

To compensate for the protein deficiency in the feeding of ruminants, carbamide (synthetic urea) is often used. In the rumen, under the influence of the urease enzyme secreted by microorganisms, carbamide is decomposed into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The resulting ammonia, along with some other nutrients in the feed, is absorbed by rumen microorganisms, which synthesize protein from them. Microorganisms, along with food, enter the abomasum and intestines from the rumen, are digested, and their protein is absorbed by the animal. Urea is harmless under certain feeding conditions. It is given to animals only when there is a lack of digestible protein and the provision of the diet with easily digestible carbohydrates.

Urea should be thoroughly mixed with feed. In dry feed, urea should be no more than 4%. A weak solution of urea is added (sprayed) to the silo. Urea can replace up to 20% of the protein in the diet, especially with silage feeding. The safest ways to use urea is to add it to the silage mass when setting up silage or to compound feed in factories. Urea poisoning usually occurs when it is fed to animals above the limit. As a result, a large amount of ammonia is formed, which cannot be fully utilized by the microflora of the rumen. Excess ammonia is absorbed into the bloodstream, which leads to poisoning. Signs of poisoning appear after 30-60 minutes. At the same time, the animal refuses to feed, it develops frothy discharge from the mouth, fibrillar muscle tremors, body temperature drops, breathing becomes shallow, the pulse quickens to 100-150 beats per minute. In some animals, atony and tympanic rumen are noted. Then comes the cramps of the muscles of the whole body. Skin contact and noise increase seizures. In acute cases, death occurs after 2-3 hours as a result of paralysis of the vascular center and general venous congestion.

There are 273 known species of harmful and poisonous plants that are found in the herbage of pastures, in hay (they do not lose their toxicity when dried). Most often, poisonous plants grow on acidic soils, damp, waterlogged meadows and pastures. Poisoning is also caused by grain fodder contaminated with seeds of poisonous plants.

In spring, plants from the family of buttercups, umbellates, orchids and autumnal plants pose a great danger, and in summer, during a drought, - euphorbia, swallow, kutrovy, etc.

Poisoning is characterized by the suddenness of the disease after changing pastures or feed, the mass incidence of animal diseases with the same clinical signs and pathoanatomical changes. The disease will stop if you change the pasture or exclude suspicious food from the diet.

Mineral fertilizers, as well as various chemicals used in agriculture to combat fungal and other plant diseases, to destroy weeds, harmful insects, rodents, etc., pose a great danger to animal health.

Poisoning is caused by eating feed containing impurities of various chemicals. They can be associated with the dacha to the animals (through an oversight) of grain pickled for sowing, harvested after aero pollination of forage grasses, etc.

Mineral fertilizers - potassium or sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, potassium chloride and micronutrient fertilizers (molybdenum, copper, boron, etc.), when eaten, can also cause animal poisoning.

Chemical poisoning for the most part is acute and is accompanied by loss of appetite, salivation, vomiting or urge to it, colic, diarrhea, unsteady gait, convulsions, paralysis and general weakness; animals cannot stand, groan and often die quickly.

Under certain conditions (rainy weather, improper storage, etc.), feed is often affected by fungi that release toxic substances.

Fungal microflora can affect both living plants (on the vine) and harvested feed stocks during their

storage.

Fusariotoxicosis - poisoning of animals with food infected with fungi from the genus Fusarium. These fungi attack rye, wheat and other cereals both during their growing season and during storage. Fusarium is especially widespread in damp, rainy years. The affected grains are small, puny, without shine, and pinkish or brownish deposits of fungal mycelium are formed on their surface. The toxicity of fusarium grain is attributed to glycosides and amines; cholines and alkaloids are considered the active principle.

The clinical picture is characterized by a disorder of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system... Sharp excitement, impaired coordination and difficulty in movement, visual impairment are noted. Excitement gives way to oppression general weakness and trembling. In addition to these phenomena, thirst, vomiting and diarrhea are observed.

Mold fungi often sprout on feed, forming filamentous, cobweb-like, cotton-like, slimy (white, gray, black, pink, green and other colors) deposits. The food affected by mold is distinguished by a darker color, an unpleasant odor, the presence of sticky bundles or lumps. Along with mold, acid-fast bacteria and cocci usually multiply on the feed and cause decomposition of the feed.

Some molds emit poisonous products of their vital activity (glycosides, alkaloid-like substances, aflactoxins, etc.) into the feed. Currently, up to 300 species of toxic fungi are known. Molds acquire toxic properties mainly during the fruiting period or at the stage of sporulation, since at this time toxic substances are formed in the mycelium of the fungi.

In case of poisoning, digestive upset is observed (loss of appetite, drooling, difficulty swallowing, colic, tympania, constipation or diarrhea, mucus, sometimes bloody), impaired liver function, damage to the central nervous system (tremors, depression, shaky gait, paralysis of the tongue and pharynx, optic nerve, limbs and general paralysis), severe sweating and lymphocytosis, in pregnant animals - abortion. The temperature is normal or high. The course of the disease can be acute or chronic.

Microorganisms on feed often develop you. botulinus - botulism. The causative agent of botulism is widespread in nature. A spore-forming soil anaerobe develops in contaminated soil, bird droppings or spoiled feed and releases very strong and persistent toxins. Particularly favorable substrates for this microbe are chaff or chaff and wet grain, as well as self-heating, improperly stacked straw and hay, as well as silage contaminated with soil particles and rodent corpses.

Botulism toxins primarily affect the central nervous system. In poisoned animals, pupil dilation, tongue paralysis, lower jaw, pharynx and intestines, constipation, colic, rare urination, temperature normal and below normal, weak and rapid pulse, shortness of breath, unsteadiness and unsteady gait, etc. Lethal outcome in 90-95% of cases.

Prevention of botulism consists in feeding the animals a good-quality feed, and when preparing feed (silage, hay, forage), do not allow soil, corpses of rodents, and bird droppings to get into them.

You should be alerted if the goat poor appetite or she completely refuses food, the animal becomes lethargic, moves a little, mostly lies, the body temperature exceeds the norm (from 38.5 to 39.5 degrees), the pulse quickens to 85-90 beats per minute, shortness of breath appears.

Non-communicable diseases of goats

Non-communicable diseases occur as a result of poor unsanitary conditions of detention, physical injury, poisoning with poisonous herbs or chemicals, eating poor-quality feed, overheating or hypothermia of animals.

Ketosis can be attributed to non-contagious, but at the same time common diseases. Ketosis is a disease that occurs on last stage pregnancy of the animal. Ketosis is most often seen in females that have two or more fetuses. As a result, the female is very weak during lambing. In no case should the disease be started before lambing.

There are primary and secondary ketosis. Signs of ketosis include loss of appetite, teeth grinding, lack of coordination, severe weakness, loss of reflexes, hearing and vision. If ketosis is not diagnosed in time, then the animal falls into a coma, and soon it can be fatal. Ketosis manifests itself in violation of the feeding regime of pregnant goats before lambing.

To prevent and prevent ketosis, you need adequate nutrition for pregnant queens, especially a month before lambing. They are transferred to feed with a sufficient protein content, a full complex of vitamins and minerals.

Ketosis is treated with drugs such as methionine and sodium gluconate. Sugar and melassa are added to the feed, 70-80 grams per day for 5-6 days. The animal is treated until complete recovery.

With proper treatment, signs of ketosis disappear after a month.

Respiratory diseases

Goats are susceptible to damp air. Therefore, they must be kept in a dry stall. The dampness that animals breathe can be very harmful, especially if the amount of ammonia in the air is exceeded. As a result, diseases such as bronchopneumonia and pneumonia occur.

Bronchopneumonia is a severe inflammatory process in the bronchi and lungs. Poor housing and feeding conditions are the main causes of this disease. If animals are systematically malnourished, receive food with an insufficient content of vitamins and trace elements, regularly inhale air with a high percentage of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, they are often exposed to colds, infections and overheating, they are at risk.

The first symptom of bronchopneumonia is a cough, dry and tearful at first, then wet. Then shortness of breath appears, wheezing breathing, body temperature rises.

In such cases, treatment should be started immediately. For this, antibiotics (Penicillin) and sulfa drugs (Norsulfazole) are used, they are administered intravenously or fed.

Pneumonia appears as a result of hypothermia or overheating of the body. When feeding the animals poor quality feed with a low content of vitamin A. The kids are most susceptible to this disease, their fragile body immediately reacts to changing weather conditions.

Pneumonia can be diagnosed by the following symptoms: animals lose appetite, lie more, weight loss is noticeable, cough and mucous discharge from the nose appear, body temperature rises to 41.5 ° C, pulse quickens, breathing becomes hasty.

Treatment begins with the transfer of sick animals to spacious, dry and well-ventilated rooms. Their nutrition includes concentrates, high-quality hay, mineral feed with a high content of vitamins and trace elements. Antibiotics are given intravenously for 7 days. Fish oil is added to the kids' feed.

For the prevention of respiratory diseases, you need to adhere to veterinary and sanitary requirements while keeping pets. Pay special attention to the diet and feeding regimen, it should contain complete list nutrients, a complex of vitamins, as well as micro and macro elements.

Colic

Colic in goats is characterized by abdominal pain that causes flatulence. The animal does not eat well, loses its appetite, the chewing gum stops, it is possible to observe a delay in bowel movements and profuse sweating.

Colic can be caused by foods that ferment in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as abrupt changes in the feeding regime of animals.

To get rid of the animal from colic, they begin to make enemas from the infusion of medicinal chamomile (pour 3-4 tablespoons of flowers with 500 ml of boiled water). They are done every 3 hours, enemas contribute to the rapid removal of gases from the body. Inside, they also give chamomile infusions or an infusion of krechavka root processes. You can give 2 tablets of No-Shpa, it acts on goats in the same way as on a person. To relieve pain, you can tie a warm heating pad to your stomach with a handkerchief or scarf.

Inflammation of the udder

Mastitis most often occurs after lambing in lactating goats. The main cause of inflammation is incomplete suction of milk by the kid or poor quality milking. The udder becomes inflamed if it is not washed immediately after lambing and the litter is not replaced. A cold, bruised udder, the entry of pathogenic microbes through the opening of the nipple, keeping in damp and dirty rooms can also become prerequisites for inflammation.

With inflammation, the udder turns red, painful sensations appear, as well as cracks in the nipples. Cracks are caused by careless, rough milking or being kept on coarse litter. In sick females, appetite and gum disappear, the amount of milk is significantly reduced, and watery discharge with an admixture of clots comes out of the inflamed part.

Purulent inflammation of the udder is accompanied by a high body temperature of up to 42 ° C, in advanced cases, severe edema appears on the thighs and abdomen, necrosis of the udder tissue occurs. In this case, the animal does not survive.

Treatment for inflammation of the udder: a sick mother with a kid should be isolated and given a laxative (80 ml of vegetable oil or a solution of Glauber's salt 1 tablespoon per glass of water), and the room should be well washed and disinfected. Do not give a sick goat a lot of water to reduce swelling. Silage should be completely eliminated from the diet and the amount of concentrated feed should be reduced. The affected udder should be carefully washed and rubbed in with warm camphor ointment or camphor oil. Milk all the liquid from the affected udder, after which one of the drugs (Mastisan, Masticur, Masticid) is introduced into the milk canal according to the instructions.

If the inflammation of the udder is so severe that all of the above procedures did not help, you need to call your veterinarian.

The goat is considered fully recovered after two months, and normal lactation is restored only the next season.

Follow good health and hygiene practices to avoid udder inflammation. Thoroughly rinse the udder and teats before milking, lubricate them when wounds appear, avoid contamination of the litter, exclude drafts, ventilate the stall, and lay only soft straw that will not damage the udder. Wipe the udders dry after milking.

Inflammation of the hooves

Hoof disease in goats is fairly common. Sick animals limp, walk with difficulty, and mostly lie without raising their heads, inflamed limbs are hot with slight swelling.

Inflammation occurs from mechanical damage (fractures, bruises, wounds), as well as from diseases of the hooves.

The wound on the leg should be washed with a solution of iodine or potassium permanganate, bandaged. In case of fractures, apply a splint from sticks, tightening tightly with a cloth or bandage.

If you notice that the animal is limping and unsteady on its feet, carefully examine the hoof gap and the hoof itself. A splinter, stone, nail can get there, as a result of which inflammation and lameness begin. It is necessary to remove the splinter, then rinse with a solution of potassium permanganate, and, if necessary, bandage.

To avoid injury to the legs of animals, you should choose the pastures with care. No need to drive your pets into thorny and freshly mown fields. Choose soft, non-hazardous waters for watering.

Painful inflammation of the legs and hooves in goats can trigger necrobacteriosis. With necrobacteriosis, the interdigital cleft, the hoof rim and the soft one are affected. The hoof becomes inflamed, swells, and then rotting of the peri-hoof tissues begins. In advanced cases, deformation of the hoof occurs and the horn shoe disappears. It is important to prevent infection on the lips and oral mucosa - head treatment is a very complex process. The affected areas are cleaned with special surgical instruments. Better to have a veterinarian do it. Afterwards, they are treated with disinfectants. Animals with diseases of the feet and hooves should be kept on abundant and soft bedding, not allowing it to get wet.

Another leg ailment is rheumatism. Animals get rheumatism due to inappropriate housing conditions if goats are kept in cold and damp stalls. The muscles of the legs harden, and the animal reacts painfully to touch, the temperature rises, swelling of the legs appears, the appetite disappears, and lameness begins.

Treatment of rheumatism begins with salicylic sodium, it is fed to a sick goat in an amount of 0.3-0.5 grams. Sore joints are rubbed with an ointment prepared from one part of ammonia, five parts of sunflower oil and five parts of turpentine.

These diseases of the feet occur after microbes enter the body from sick animals, through infected water, feed. A person should also not be excluded from the list of carriers of the infection. He can be the cause of the disease of his pet's legs, as he could come into contact with a sick animal.

Stomach upset

The disorder in goats is due to poisoning, vitamin deficiency or dyspepsia. Sick animals lose their appetite, weaken, prefer to lie more, show apathy, diarrhea appears, which provokes dehydration, coordination of movements is impaired, the animal cannot raise its head. There may be an increase in body temperature.

Poisoning occurs when eating feed contaminated with chemicals - pesticides. Pesticides are widely used on farms to control weeds, harmful insects, and plant diseases. Poisoning with poisonous chemicals occurs when the rules for storage, transportation and their use are violated. If improperly treated with insect and tick repellents, the animal can also get poisoned.

To prevent disease, you should be responsible for the choice of animal feed. Eliminate feeds that may contain residues of chemicals and pesticides. Do not feed grass grown from pickled seeds.

Poisonous plants are another source of animal poisoning, these plants can grow in summer and winter pastures. They are divided according to the content of harmful substances. Alkaloid herbs are barnyard, aconite, larkspur, ephedra, crocus and others. Herbs high in harmful essential oils: wormwood, castor oil plant, poisonous milestone. Herbs with glycosides: field mustard and hornhead.

Goats are particularly picky about food and, as a rule, do not eat poisonous plants. However, poisoning often occurs in early spring, when animals are released to only green pastures without feeding. In such cases, the animals rush to the green grass indiscriminately.

To avoid massive animal diseases, the poisonous grass is mowed, preventing its flowering and further reproduction in pastures. Grain contaminated with seeds of harmful plants is excluded from the diet.

Treatment of the disorder begins with the transfer of the sick animal to a separate stall. Then they give an infusion of oak bark every 2-3 hours. Juicy feed is excluded from the diet, water is replaced with physiological solution. Saline is soldered as often as possible to avoid dehydration. This regime should be followed for about a week. If after this the animal's condition does not improve, but only worsens, then it is necessary to call a veterinarian.

The cause of this disease is the fascioli, which originate in the bile ducts of the liver. The reason for their formation may be water from stagnant bodies of water or grass in swampy pastures. The development of the larva is completed directly in the goat's body. The course of the disease is dangerous to the health of goats, adversely affecting the condition of the liver.

The obvious signs of fascioliasis are loss of appetite, lethargy and exhaustion. Often these symptoms lead to the death of the brood. Carbon tetrachloride will help cure animals. A sufficient preventive measure will be a change of pasture, as well as deworming of animals. For pasture, you should choose dry areas, and as a watering hole, it is better to stay in places with running water.

Coenurosis

To cure an infected goat, you will have to perform craniotomy and extraction of blisters. If the animal cannot be cured, the head must be disposed of. For prevention, regular deworming of herding dogs is suitable.

Dictyocaulosis

At the time of coughing, goats expectorate helminth eggs and swallow them. The latter enter the intestines, where larvae hatch from the eggs. Sick goats can be easily recognized by their presence in the stool. The further process can be repeated, since the larvae can again enter the goat's esophagus, and from there - again into the lungs.

For treatment, it is necessary to carry out regular immunization of goats, give medicines and vitamin mixtures. To prevent such a disease, you should choose a pasture free of ticks, and with minimal danger, change it to a safer one for animals.

Now you know what dangers can overtake your animals in a pasture, watering hole or in a corral. The methods of dealing with each disease are different, but regular change of pastures, checked watering places and adequate conditions of detention will reduce the risk of contracting any disease to a minimum.

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What are the diseases of domestic goats? Can all goat diseases be successfully treated? What ailments of cattle threaten a person? Are there preventive measures to help prevent infection or infection? What to do if a goat gets sick? How to identify the initial manifestations of the disease? These and similar questions are answered in the article.

To avoid diseases goats must be properly maintained

Most of the diseases that small ruminants suffer from occur for one simple reason - the owners do not follow the rules for keeping animals. This includes not only unfavorable living conditions, but also poor-quality feed, violations of sanitary measures. Ailments affect various organs, reducing productivity and threatening the life and health of animals. One sick goat, if not removed from the rest in time, can quickly infect the whole herd. That is why you need to be able to identify the first signs of the disease in time, recognize it and take appropriate treatment measures.

Let's get acquainted with the most typical representatives of the group. It is important for the goat breeder to know their symptoms and treatment.

Acute tympanic scar

It manifests itself as a result of excessive gas formation in the rumen and in violation of the belching process. Wrong food causes a similar effect. Most often tympania occurs in goats that ate wet grasses and legumes after rain in the pasture. The same result can be "achieved" by giving the animals large quantities of food that stimulates active fermentation.

The main symptoms are:

• the stomach is growing rapidly;
• chewing gum stops;
• loss of appetite;
• the animal is constantly looking around.

1. The diseased individual is immediately transferred to a starvation diet. If this is not done, the goat may die.
2. Excess gas should be removed from the scar. For this:

• the animal is lifted by the front legs into a vertical position;
• massage the swollen abdomen;
• water the sides with cool water.

1. When the case takes an acute form, sounding is performed. A solution of "Ichthyol" or "Creolin" is injected inside.

Preventive measures are fairly simple. If you are going to graze your wards on a pasture with succulent green fodder, feed them rough food - hay or straw before pasture.

One symptom of acute tympanic rumen in a goat is a rapidly growing belly.

Gastroenteritis

When the goat eats poor quality feed, it can stimulate inflammatory processes the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Young animals often suffer from a similar ailment when they are abruptly transferred to plant food and weaned from the uterus. Gastroenteritis also occurs in kids that are fed the milk of a goat with mastitis.

Main features:

• the animal loses its appetite;
• constipation alternates with diarrhea;
• undigested food debris, mucus, and sometimes blood are visible in feces;
• body temperature rises;
• breathing becomes rapid.

1. The goat is transferred to a starvation diet for a day. You can drink as much as you want.
2. The next day, good quality hay and chopped oats are offered as feed.
3. In acute cases, antibiotics and substances containing sulfonamide are administered orally.

Prevention is simple:

• make sure that the feed that your livestock feeds are of the proper quality;
• the milk goat is gradually transferred to plant food.

Dyspepsia

Newborn goats suffer from it. The reason for the appearance is disturbances in the digestive process and metabolism. The disease is accompanied by dehydration and intoxication. The cause of the ailment is an unbalanced diet of the succumb goat in the period before and after lambing. The quality of the colostrum produced in an adult female decreases due to inappropriate food. As a result, the body of the kids is less resistant to the harmful effects of the environment. This is where the diseases of dairy kids come from - from low-quality milk.

Symptoms:

• the young have liquid diarrhea. Feces are yellow-gray in color and foul odor;
• babies don't want to eat;
• activity decreases, the kids lie for a long time;
• bloating is observed on the abdomen;
• the body temperature of diseased individuals decreases.

Recall that healthy goats have a normal temperature of 38.4 - 40.6 °, in kids: 38.4 - 41 °.

Treatment is started as early as possible. If you wait three to four days, the babies may die.

With dyspepsia, the goat's temperature drops

Several measures help.

1. Individuals are isolated, transferring to a starvation diet for 8 to 12 hours.
2. They give a heated solution of sodium chloride or warm boiled water to drink - several times a day.
3. If the kid gets better, after 12 hours it can be fed with high-quality breast milk.
4. In special situations, medications are prescribed:

• antibiotics;
• Ftalazol;
• "Sulgin".

Pulmonary pneumonia

Most often, inflammation threatens animals whose immunity is greatly reduced. The reason for the weakening of the immune system is:

• other diseases;
• stressful situations;
• hypothermia or overheating;
• stay in a room with dirty air;
• wrong diet.

The main symptoms of this goat disease are:

• depressed state;
• loss of interest in food;
• cough, wheezing in the lungs;
• discharge of mucus from the nose, eventually purulent;
• an increase in temperature;
• increased breathing and heart rate.

1. The infected individuals are isolated. The isolator is dry and well ventilated.
2. You need to feed with high-quality hay, concentrates with the addition of vitamins and minerals.
3. If necessary, Norsulfazole and Penicillin are prescribed inside.
4. The kids will benefit from fish oil.

Avitaminosis or hypovitaminosis

It manifests itself in those individuals in whose feed there is little or no vitamins A, B, D and E. Vitamins provide the normal course of biological processes in living organisms. Some of them are synthesized by goats themselves, but there are those that must come from the outside along with food.

When a goat lacks vitamins, it stops reproducing.

Signs of vitamin deficiency in animals different ages manifest themselves in different ways:

• babies begin to grow worse, there are problems associated with the nervous system: convulsions, unsteady gait. In special cases, paralysis of the limbs is recorded;
• adults lose the ability to reproduce.

The basic rule for vitamin deficiency is to eliminate the lack of the required vitamin. For this, special feeds and additives are used. In particular:

• a lot of vitamin A fish oil and products containing retinol. In the spring, its amount in hay decreases;
• b vitamins are found in bran, carrots, sprouted grains;
• small livestock produces vitamin C on their own and needs almost no supplements;

• vitamin D is abundant in meat and bone meal, dairy products, yeast.

Avitaminosis E is sometimes referred to as white muscle disease, muscular dystrophy, or juvenile disease. It is caused by disturbances in the exchange of proteins, carbohydrates, a lack of minerals, etc. The mortality rate among the kids is sometimes up to 60%. The disease manifests itself when grazing livestock on pastures with a high sulfur content, when feeding food that lacks cobalt, copper and selenium.

For the treatment of white muscle disease, selenium and vitamin E preparations are prescribed - selenium sodium salt.

Preventive measures involve the use of vitamin supplements, especially during the winter and spring period. Usually, goats get weaker after being in the stable for a long time and after giving birth. Therefore, worry in advance about the preparation of vitamin-containing products, purposefully add vitamin and mineral supplements, granular herbs to the feed.

Ketosis

It manifests itself in the last stage of pregnancy, if the succumb goat is not properly fed. In particular, feed too much concentrated feed that is low in fiber. As a result, metabolism is disrupted, many ketone bodies, such as acetone and acetoacetic acid, appear in the blood.

Ketosis most often occurs in the late stages of pregnancy

The main manifestations of ketosis:

• decreased or lack of appetite;
• hearing and vision deteriorate;
• facial muscles begin to tremble;
• teeth grinding;
• the animal ceases to reflexively respond to stimuli.

Treatment of domestic goats

1. Succulent females are provided with balanced feed before and after lambing, and they are allowed to spend a lot of time outdoors.
2. In difficult cases, ketosis is treated with methionine, sodium gluconate, glucose.
3. For beginners, we advise you to contact a specialist who will help you balance your diet.

Poisoning

It happens after eating poor-quality feed, products treated with pesticides, toxic plants in the pasture.

The manifestations of the disease depend on the poison that has entered the body. The most common symptoms are:

• digestive disorders in the form of diarrhea and vomiting, loss of appetite;
• malfunction of the nervous system - convulsions, paralysis, blurred vision, etc.;
• accelerated breathing and pulse.

1. The affected goat is gastric lavaged with a tube.
2. Apply laxative, slimy decoctions, activated carbon.
3. If the type of toxin is known, appropriate antidotes are prescribed.

Mastitis

Inflammation of the breast. The disease develops for various reasons, among which the first place is occupied by:

• incorrect milking;
• udder injury;
• living in a damp, dirty and unheated barn.

Symptoms:

• the affected portion of the udder hardens, feels hot;
• the resulting milk contains flakes, at times pus.

1. Mandatory antibiotic therapy is performed.
2. The goat is often milked, not allowing milk to fill the udder in order to relieve the animal from pain.
3. Camphor oil is rubbed into the udder.

Udder furunculosis

Inflammatory processes cover sebaceous glands and hair bags on the udder. Furuncles are often purulent. The disease affects milking goats if the conditions of their maintenance are far from normal.

With furunculosis in a goat, abscesses appear on the udder

Disease symptoms:

• bumps of various shapes appear on the skin of the udder. Each has a hair root in the center;
• over time, the skin turns red or yellow;
• boils are hard to the touch, give the animal pain;
• pus from a burst abscess enters the skin, becoming a hotbed for the appearance of new bumps.

1. The udder is washed with warm water and soap or a disinfectant, removing dried crusts.
2. The wool on the udder is sheared.
3. Inflamed skin boils are treated with iodine.

Cracked nipples

They are usually noticed during milking. They appear when the females are milked incorrectly, using poor-quality and damp bedding. Cracks often develop into mastitis if bacteria enter them.

1. The udder is treated with boric acid.
2. Nipples are smeared with petroleum jelly.

Trauma

Goats are restless animals. They are able to climb trees, jump over bushes and fences. Excessive activity is sometimes accompanied by injury.

Treatment procedures depend on the degree of damage.

1. Open wounds are washed with a solution of potassium permanganate in low concentration, smeared with iodine, sprinkled with naphthalene.
2. If bruises are accompanied by a fracture, a splint is placed on the limb, making a tight bandage. Until the fractures heal, movement of the animal is limited.
3. In case of bruises on the damaged area, wool is cut, treated with iodine and bandaged.
4. When pebbles or splinters penetrate the hoof cut, they are removed, the extra horn is shortened. The inflamed area is washed with a disinfectant.

Rheumatism

It develops in goats living in damp and cold barns. Since rheumatism happens different types, various methods of treatment are applied.

Rubber boots won't help a goat avoid rheumatism

1. The muscular variant hardens the muscles, causing pain to the animal. It is treated by transferring livestock to a dry goat's house. The affected areas are rubbed with camphor alcohol.
2. Articular rheumatism leads to swelling of the legs, fever. The goat begins to limp, loses its appetite. For treatment, orally administered salicylic acid sodium. Sore joints are rubbed with turpentine-based compounds, vegetable oils and ammonia are also useful.

Infectious diseases

They arise, as we mentioned, when infectious microbes enter the body. Let's briefly describe the most common diseases of goats and methods of treatment.

Infectious pleuropneumonia

In nature, there are microbes of the genus Mycoplasma, which, penetrating into the body, cause inflammation of the lungs and pleura. These ailments are dangerous for young goats up to three years old. You can become infected by interacting with sick and already ill individuals. The causative agent of the disease is transmitted through coughing, nasal leakage and urine.

Symptoms:

• the temperature rises sharply;
• interest in food is lost;
• gum disappears;
• depressed look;
• trembling muscles;
• barking cough alternating with wet;
• mucopurulent mucus runs from the nose;
• wheezing is heard when inhaling and exhaling.

1. Patients are separated from the rest of the herd, the shed, in which they were previously, is sanitized and disinfected.
2. Goats are prescribed "Novarsenol" with glucose, "Osarsol".

Infectious mastitis

Caused by a pest that penetrates the udder. You can become infected during communication with individuals already affected by mastitis or still only carriers of the microbe.

Infected udder turns blue-violet

Symptoms:

• the infected part of the udder grows and hardens;
• gets a blue-violet hue;
• a watery fluid flows out of the udder, after - blood with pus;
• burns off heat;
• gum disappears;
• loss of appetite.

If the goat is sick with infectious mastitis, take the following measures.

1. Sick pets are transferred to the isolation ward.
2. The udder should be massaged and milked frequently.
3. In difficult cases, intramuscular injections of "Penicillin", "Erythromycin" are prescribed, "Norsulfazole" is administered orally.
4. Through the nipples injected "Streptomycin" or special compounds that inhibit the development of infection.

Brucellosis

A sick animal can transmit infectious germs to humans. The carrier of brucellosis comes out during abortion, with amniotic fluid and blood. The microbe enters the body through food, drinking water and on contact with affected individuals.

An effective treatment has not yet been developed, therefore, the infected animal is killed. The room where it was kept is treated and disinfected so that brucellosis does not develop in the rest of the livestock.

Necrobacteriosis (hoof disease)

The infection enters the body through scratches on the skin and saliva, mucous membranes. It affects the interdigital fissure, crumbs and corolla. It is transmitted by contact with the carrier of the microbe through saliva, manure and necrotic cells.

Symptoms:

• the goat begins to limp;
• the tissue on the hooves swells;
• purulent-necrotic formations appear;
• in difficult situations, the horny shoe falls off, the infection penetrates the lips and mouth;
• the desire to eat is lost.

Complex treatment.

1. The affected areas are disinfected.
2. If the disease has just begun, antibiotics that act for a long time are used (Terramycin, Kobactan).
3. Drugs are prescribed to strengthen immunity.
4. In special cases, they resort to local surgery.

Footrot

Infection manifests itself in the form of putrefactive decomposition of the hoof horn. Along the way, the sole and walls of the hoof peel off.

Affected hoof may be at risk of necrosis

Symptoms:

• sick people limp on the affected leg;
• the area through which the infection has penetrated turns red and begins to swell;
• in difficult cases, gangrene or necrosis of the hoof occurs.

The following treatment helps.

1. Sick individuals are isolated, and the goat's rue is disinfected.
2. The affected hooves are treated with disinfectants.
3. In difficult situations, festering places are cut off surgically.

Foot and mouth disease

Doctors name a number of types of RNA viruses as causative agents of the disease. Immediately after entering the body of the goat, the virus multiplies vigorously, first affecting the epithelial cells (creating bubbles), and then disperses throughout the body.

A goat can become sick with foot and mouth disease due to carriers of the virus, sick or already recovered individuals. The virus enters the body through the mouth and mucous membranes, through scratches on the udder and limbs.

FMD symptoms:

• the temperature rises;
• passivity, depressed state;
• milk yield falls;
• after a few days, small ulcers appear in the mouth, on the wings of the nose, on the udder and hooves, which burst after a couple of days;
• loss of appetite;
• lameness.

There is no specific treatment for foot and mouth disease yet. Usually several procedures are used.

Fascioliasis

It develops when the flat helminths of fasciola enter the animal. Organisms collect in the liver and bile ducts. The infection can be picked up on pastures, where there is a favorable environment for the development of helminths. Once infected, the goat is able to infect other relatives.

Symptoms:

• an increase in temperature in young individuals up to 42 °;
• depressed, lethargic state;
• loss of appetite;
• diarrhea alternates with constipation;
• swelling of the lower jaw and chest;
• gradual development of anemia;
• mucous membranes become pale, then turn yellow.

1. The individual is isolated.
2. Anthelmintic drugs are prescribed. Suitable "Acemidophen", "Acetvikol", "Dertil", "Ursovermit", "Faskoverm", "Fazineks".

Moniezioz

With moniesiasis, the goat greatly loses weight and its color becomes faded

The initial symptoms of infection become noticeable after a month. The manifestations are as follows:

• diseased individuals lose weight;
• the coat becomes dull;
• the state is apathetic, lethargic;
• feces take on an unformed slimy appearance, in them you can see segments or whole fragments of the helminth.

The disease is especially dangerous for babies - having formed in large numbers, worms in goats can completely block the intestines, which, as a result, leads to death.

Cattle are prescribed special medicines against worms. The most effective are:

• "Fenasal", "Fanadek", "Fenalidon", "Panakur";
• copper sulfate;
• Albendazole, Cambendazole.

The formulations are prescribed individually for each individual or the whole herd is treated with them.

Echinococcosis

There is no effective treatment for this disease.

Dictyocaulosis

Dictyocaulosis development scheme:

Symptoms:

• the animal loses interest in food;
• passive, lethargic health;
• cough;
• leakage from the nose takes a thick form;
• puffiness appears;
• anemia.

To cope with dictyocaulosis, certain treatments are used.

1. A sick pet is prescribed an aqueous solution of iodine, it is injected into the trachea with a syringe.
2. "Ditrazin" is injected in the form of injections - it is considered a very effective remedy for dictyocaulosis.

Strongylatosis

If the goat is sick with strongylatosis, the coat dulls and falls out more intensively.

Symptoms:

• gastroenteritis, dermatitis, pneumonia are formed;
• diarrhea;
• the coat becomes dull and falls out easily.

1. Sick animals are prescribed anthelminths and drugs to strengthen the immune system.
2. Use "Phenothiazine", copper sulfate.

Pyroplasmosis

Symptoms:

• the temperature rises;
• anemia develops;
• mucous membranes turn yellow;
• the well-being of livestock is deteriorating;
• appetite decreases;
• rapid pulse, shortness of breath;
• diarrhea;
• the animal's urine turns dark red as hemoglobin appears in the kidneys.

1. Sick individuals are isolated.
2. The diet is made up of quality dietary feed.
3. They prescribe special drugs: "Azidin", "Diamidin".
4. Symptomatic therapy is prescribed.

Linognatosis

The carrier of the disease is lice, passing from sick individuals to healthy ones. Infectious goat lice can be spread by using common hygiene products.

1. The sick are subjected to primary treatment with insecticides. Preparations in the form of a solution, emulsion or aerosol are sprayed on the skin of the animal. Thus, it is possible to get rid of the lice larvae, curing head lice at an early stage.
2. The next treatment is carried out two weeks later. Solutions of "Chlorophos", "Karbofos", as well as "Foksim", "Akrodeks", "Perolom", "Insektol" are used.

Summary

Any diseases of goats and their correct treatment cause some economic damage to the owner. There are viral infections that can infect almost all livestock. Many viruses retain the ability to survive for a long time in a favorable environment.

Let us remind you once again that most of the above diseases can be successfully avoided if:

• observe basic hygiene rules;
• monitor feed;
• balance the diet correctly.

Take care of your charges, and then their health, as well as productivity, will always be normal.

With proper care and good feeding goats rarely get sick... However, the farmer should be able to distinguish between sick and healthy animals and provide the animals with the necessary assistance.

A healthy goat has a good appetite and a cheerful appearance. The pulse of a healthy animal is 70-80 beats per minute, and the number of breaths is 15-20. Body temperature is 39-40. Body temperature is measured through the anus.

The first symptoms of an infectious disease are:

Rapid breathing

Shortness of breath

The pulse reaches 100 beats per minute, while the body temperature rises - 41-42 degrees

Ears and feet get cold

Appetite disappears

Milk secretion stops

We will consider just a few non-communicable diseases and describe the simplest measures to help animals in conditions farms or courtyard. However, it should be remembered that calling a veterinarian will help not only to give an accurate diagnosis, but also to prevent further deterioration of the animal's well-being and the spread of the disease to other animals.

Inflammation of the udder - happens soon after lambing. The causes of the disease are colds due to the keeping of goats in a room with drafts, on a dirty litter, on a cold and damp floor. When treating an animal, a strict diet must be followed with the complete exclusion of lactic forage. Milk fodder is replaced with good quality hay. At the same time, the rate of concentrated feed decreases.

During treatment, goats are given a laxative - a solution of Glauber's salt (1 tablespoon per 250 grams of water or 100 grams of vegetable oil). A cold compress is put on the affected half of the udder for 3-4 hours - liquid clay with vinegar (2-3 tablespoons of vinegar per 1 liter of water). After that, you need to make a compress from the thistle (gourd, mother liquor): for 1 tablespoon of water, at least two tablespoons of the thistle crushed into powder.

If the tumor does not subside for a long time, then zinc, lead (ready-made preparations) or iodine ointment should be used. On the fourth day, warming compresses with camphor alcohol, warm wraps using camphor oil or ichthyol ointment are required. Thermal procedures are carried out 2 times a day, while the animals should be kept in a warm room. With severe udder pain and the absence of the above drugs, the animals are injected intravenously with a 0.25% solution of novocaine at a dose of 1 ml per 1 kg of live weight.

Cracked nipples - appear in case of untidy keeping of goats and inept milking. Coarse litter is often the cause of the disease. If cracks appear, wash the udders with a solution boric acid (1 teaspoon in 1 glass of water), grease the nipples with Vaseline or ghee.

Colic - abdominal pain arising from the accumulation of gas. The first symptoms are loss of appetite, profuse sweating, and constipation. If this disease occurs, enemas should be done from chamomile infusion (a handful per bottle of water). In addition, infusions can be given inside: chamomile - 250 grams; gentian root shoots - 10 grams; Glauber's salt - 15 grams; flaxseed - 25 grams. Tie the belly with a warm scarf or tie a heating pad to it.

Tympania (acute swelling of the scar) - occurs as a result of a large accumulation of gases in the rumen or intestines. Usually manifests itself in the warm season in goats in the pasture. The main reason is the rapid consumption of large amounts of fermenting green food, as well as the plants covered with dew. That is why bloating occurs most often in the early morning hours in wet weather. The disease is aggravated if animals are watered immediately after grazing or feeding.

It is not difficult to remove gases when they have accumulated at the top. The bottom line is to stimulate scar reduction. Sometimes it is enough just to pour cold water on the sides of a goat, and in case of a massive illness - to drive the animals into the water. If this does not help, then massage the scar should be done. For this, the animal is placed in such a way that the front legs are higher and the hind legs are lower. After that, begin to massage the scar. Usually gas comes out quickly with belching. You can put the goat by the hind legs, the front legs are held in the hands, and the scar is vigorously squeezed with the knees. This repeated massaging releases the accumulated gases. Gas can be removed with an esophageal tube or by artificial induction of belching. Using a stick or hand wrapped in a rag and soaked in tar irritates palatine curtain throat. If the listed methods do not help, then a scar is punctured. This operation should be entrusted to a veterinarian or an experienced goat breeder. In severe cases, when these methods do not help, an incision is made in the scar and the contents are removed through the incision. To prevent the disease, it is necessary to give the animals hay or straw.

Atony of the proventriculus (indigestion)... This disease is most often observed in low-yielding years in the vicinity of cities, in areas with poor soils, with prolonged irrational feeding in the winter-spring period. The cause of the disease is excessive consumption of feed rich in fiber (straw, chaff, chaff), long transportation, overfeeding with concentrated feed, lack of walks, poor water supply, feeding with spoiled feed. As a result, the appetite of goats decreases, the movement of the contents of the rumen to the net, and from the net to the book, slows down. In chronic atony of the proventriculus, overflow and swelling of the scar is often observed. Belching becomes very rare and has a strong odor, like rotting manure. In sick animals, constipation is replaced by diarrhea and vice versa. During treatment, animals are given a solution of hydrochloric acid (2-5 grams of acid are dissolved in a glass of water), tincture of white hellebore (2-3 ml per glass of water), pilocarpine is injected subcutaneously at a dose of 0.01-0.03 grams per animal.

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, or gastroenteritis... The cause of this disease is the feeding of spoiled food: rotten beets or potatoes, moldy grain waste, bread or cake; feed contaminated with rust or smut fungi. Regular diseases of gastroenteritis are observed when feeding food contaminated with heavy metals (lead, mercury, thallium). In addition, secondary gastroenteritis is observed after an illness. The disease occurs with suppressed appetite and chewing gum. The animal emits a plaintive bleating when the abdomen is pressed, especially the right side of the hunger fossa. Diarrhea is often observed, and the animal, painfully pushing, secretes liquid fetid feces that contain blood, scraps of false films and tissues. The belly is tucked up. Sometimes the disease is accompanied by ulcerative inflammation of the oral cavity.

Treatment is reduced to diet. To free the gastrointestinal tract, a laxative is used (40-80 grams of an 8% solution of Glauber's salt). Following the laxative, disinfectants are given - salol in a dose of 2-8 grams in a decoction of chamomile, tannin or other astringent - 2-5 grams. To wash the intestines, use deep enemas from lukewarm water, in which there are particles of activated carbon, and with bloody diarrhea, use a solution of rivanol (1%) or furazolidone (0.1%).

It should be borne in mind that with gastroenteritis, the animal loses a large amount of water, which leads to dehydration. In this case, resort to intravenous administration hypertonic glucose solutions with the addition of table salt. To do this, take 1% glucose solution and 1-3% sodium chloride solution and inject 2 ml intravenously.

Diarrhea (diarrhea) most often occurs in kids, but also occurs in adult animals. The reason is poor quality feeding, contaminated or cold milk, colds. Treatment comes down to cleanliness and a specific diet. The simplest and most affordable remedy is oak bark. The broth is also used for preventive purposes: a tablespoon of crushed bark is poured with 1.5 cups of boiling water, insisted in a sealed enamel container for 30 minutes, filtered and given inside 1/4 cup several times a day. It is better for kids to give a decoction, half diluted in milk. However, if the disease is advanced, milk should not be given. To normalize digestion, 1-3 times of drinking is enough.

For diarrhea, bird cherry fruits, a decoction of pomegranate peels, and a decoction of rice are also used. Castor oil (2-3 teaspoons) can be used.

Diarrhea can be contagious. With this diagnosis, antibiotics are used - chloramphenicol, biomecin, etc.