Political teachings of John Locke. Presentation on the topic: Political teachings of John Locke John Locke presentation on history
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He was brought up in a Puritan family that was in opposition to the dominant English church in the country and to the arbitrariness of the absolute monarchy of Charles I.
In his youth, Locke was influenced by the political ideals of his father, who defended the sovereignty of the people, exercised through parliament.
1632 - John Locke was born in Somerset, England.
1642 - Beginning civil war in England. Locke's father leaves home to join the Parliament supporters.
1647–1652 - Studying at school at Westminster Abbey.
1652 - enters college Christ Church at Oxford, where he later became a teacher.
1663 - Locke writes, but does not publish, his work Natural Law.
1665 - member of the English diplomatic mission in Brandenburg.
1667 - enters the service of Lord Ashley (later Earl of Shaftesbury).
1668 - Elected Fellow of the Royal Society, the first great scientific institution.
1675 - takes a trip to France.
1683 - after the accession of James II, Locke flees to Holland.
1689 - after William of Orange ascended the throne, he returns to England. Publishes his work “An Essay on Human Understanding.”
1691 - retires and goes to live with Lord and Lady Masham in Essex.
1704 - Locke's death. He is buried in the church of the village of High Lever.
"Elements of Natural Philosophy"
"An Experience on Tolerance"
"Two Treatises on Government"
"Some Thoughts on Education"
famous treatise "Essay on Human Understanding".
He also published many articles, letters, notes, which discuss issues of economics, politics, ethics, religion, and pedagogy. A number of works were published by Locke under false names (he always feared that he might suffer the fate of Algernon Sidney, who was hanged in the time of Charles II because the manuscript of the Discourses on Government, which defended the theory of the social contract, was found in his papers).
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John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in the west of England in the small town of Wrington, in the family of a provincial lawyer. He was brought up in a Puritan family that was in opposition to the dominant English church in the country and to the arbitrariness of the absolute monarchy of Charles I. In his youth, Locke was influenced by the political ideals of his father, who defended the sovereignty of the people, exercised through parliament.
Slide 3
1632 - John Locke was born in Somerset, England. 1642 - Beginning of the English Civil War. Locke's father leaves home to join the Parliament supporters. 1647–1652 - Studying at school at Westminster Abbey. 1652 - Enters Christ Church College, Oxford, where he later becomes a teacher. 1663 - Locke writes, but does not publish, his work Natural Law. 1665 - member of the English diplomatic mission in Brandenburg. 1667 - enters the service of Lord Ashley (later Earl of Shaftesbury). 1668 - Elected Fellow of the Royal Society, the first great scientific institution. 1675 - takes a trip to France. 1683 - after the accession of James II, Locke flees to Holland. 1689 - after the accession of William of Orange to the throne, he returns to England. Publishes his work “An Essay on Human Understanding.” 1691 - retires and goes to live with Lord and Lady Masham in Essex. 1704 - Locke's death. He is buried in the church of the village of High Lever. Timeline of Locke's life
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“Elements of Natural Philosophy”, “An Essay on Toleration”, “Two Treatises on Government”, “Some Thoughts on Education”, the famous treatise “An Essay on Human Understanding”. He also published many articles, letters, notes, which discuss issues of economics, politics, ethics, religion, and pedagogy. A number of works were published by Locke under false names (he always feared that he might suffer the fate of Algernon Sidney, who was hanged in the time of Charles II because the manuscript of the Discourses on Government, which defended the theory of the social contract, was found in his papers). Locke's spiritual heritage is quite impressive. The works written by him include:
Slide 5
Locke's main philosophical work is the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke continued the development of Bacon's empiricism, substantiating the sensualist direction (a direction that recognizes sensations, perceptions as the only source of knowledge) in the theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge stems from experience, and experience consists of sensations. Locke's theory stated: 1) there are no innate ideas, all knowledge is born in experience; 2) the soul or mind of a person at birth is like a blank slate; 3) there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in sensations, in feelings.
Slide 6
The sensations a person receives from his environment, according to Locke, are the first and decisive basis of all knowledge. Locke divides experience into two types: external experience (sensation) and internal experience (reflection). The source of the first is the objective material world, which affects our senses and causes sensations. Internal experience, through reflection, is directed to the observation of one’s own observations. Locke criticized Descartes' doctrine of "innate" ideas.
Slide 7
Locke divides all ideas (ideas into simple and complex.) Simple ideas, according to Locke, are formed directly from sensations and reflection. Simple ideas are passive; they seem to be imposed on us from the outside. Complex ideas require an active mind. This activity comes down to combining simple ideas. In this way, according to Locke, even the most complex, abstract ideas are formed. Ideas according to J. Locke
Slide 8
Locke was one of the first philosophers to consider sensory perceptions caused by the external world as the starting point of all mental life. This is one of the main provisions of the materialist theory of knowledge. Thus, Locke laid the foundation for empirical psychology, in which introspection was given paramount importance.
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the world is materialistic; knowledge can only be based on experience (“there is nothing in the thoughts (mind) of a person that was not previously in the feelings”); consciousness is an empty cabinet, which is filled with experience throughout life (in this regard, it is worldwide famous saying Locke about consciousness as a “blank slate” on which experience is recorded - tabula rasa); the source of experience is external world; the goal of philosophy is to help a person achieve success in his activities; the ideal person is a calm, law-abiding, respectable gentleman who improves his level of education and achieves good results in your profession; the ideal of the state is a state built on the basis of the separation of powers into legislative, executive (including judicial) and federal (foreign policy). Locke was the first to put forward this idea, and this is his great merit. The following main provisions of the philosophy of John Locke can be distinguished:
Slide 10
The English empiricist philosopher John Locke (1632 - 1704) developed many of the philosophical ideas of Bacon and Hobbes, put forward a number of his own theories, and continued the empirical and materialist tradition of English philosophy of modern times. John Locke was confident that by consciously influencing the mind and soul of a person, you can achieve anything from him: in his view, a person was a kind of tabula rasa - a blank slate on which education and upbringing write their letters.
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Locke's main philosophical work is the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke continued the development of Bacon's empiricism, substantiating the sensualist direction (a direction that recognizes sensations, perceptions as the only source of knowledge) in the theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge stems from experience, and experience consists of sensations. Locke's main philosophical work is the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke continued the development of Bacon's empiricism, substantiating the sensualist direction (a direction that recognizes sensations, perceptions as the only source of knowledge) in the theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge stems from experience, and experience consists of sensations. Locke's theory stated: 1) there are no innate ideas, all knowledge is born in experience; 2) the soul or mind of a person at birth is like a blank slate; 3) there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in sensations, in feelings.
Slide 6
Slide description:
Locke criticized Descartes' doctrine of "innate" ideas. The sensations a person receives from his environment, according to Locke, are the first and decisive basis of all knowledge. Locke divides experience into two types: external experience (sensation) and internal experience (reflection). The source of the first is the objective material world, which affects our senses and causes sensations. Internal experience, through reflection, is directed to the observation of one’s own observations.
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The following main provisions of John Locke's philosophy can be distinguished: the world is materialistic; knowledge can only be based on experience (“there is nothing in the thoughts (mind) of a person that was not previously in the feelings”); consciousness is an empty cabinet, which is filled with experience throughout life (in this regard, Locke’s world-famous statement about consciousness as a “blank slate” on which experience is recorded - tabula rasa); the source of experience is the external world; the goal of philosophy is to help a person achieve success in his activities; the ideal person is a calm, law-abiding, respectable gentleman who improves his level of education and achieves good results in his profession; the ideal of the state is a state built on the basis of the separation of powers into legislative, executive (including judicial) and federal (foreign policy). Locke was the first to put forward this idea, and this is his great merit.
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...pedagogical ideas
Upbringing
gentleman
includes:
Physical education
: promotes the development of a healthy body, courage and perseverance. Health promotion, fresh air, simple food, hardening, strict regime, exercises, games.
Mental education
must be subordinate to the development of character, the formation of an educated business person.
Religious education
it is necessary to direct not at accustoming children to rituals, but at developing love and respect for God as a supreme being.
Moral education
- cultivate the ability to deny yourself pleasures, go against your inclinations and steadily follow the advice of reason. Developing graceful manners and gallant behavior skills.
Labor education
consists of mastering a craft (carpentry, turning). Work prevents the possibility of harmful idleness.
Content:
1
. short biography
2.
Basic t
Locke's ore
A) pedagogical ideas
B) political ideas
C) the foundations of the rule of law
4. Literature used
Pedagogical ideas
Locke was one
one of the founders of the empiric-sensualistic theory of knowledge.
He thought
that a person has no innate ideas.
A man is born
being a “blank slate” and ready to accept the world through your feelings through internal experience - reflection
.
Target
education
- raising a gentleman who knows how to conduct his affairs intelligently and prudently, an enterprising person, refined in his manners. Locke saw the ultimate goal of education as ensuring healthy mind in healthy
body
Developed a system for educating a gentleman, based on
pragmatism
And
rationalism
. The main feature of the system is
utilitarianism
: Every subject should prepare for life.
Locke
does not separate training from moral and physical education. Education should consist in ensuring that the person being educated develops physical and moral habits, habits of reason and will. The goal of physical education is to form the body into an instrument as obedient to the spirit as possible; the goal of spiritual education and training is to create a straight spirit that would act in all cases in accordance with the dignity of a rational being. Locke insists that children accustom themselves to self-observation, self-control, and victory over
yourself.
Basic didactic principle
- in teaching, rely on the interest and curiosity of children. The main educational means are example and environment. Lasting positive habits are cultivated through gentle words and gentle suggestions. Physical punishment is used only in exceptional cases of daring and systematic disobedience. The development of will occurs through the ability to endure difficulties, which is facilitated by physical exercise and hardening.
Presentation on the topic: biography of John Locke
The presentation was made by 10th grade student Daria Vasyukhina
...the main works of Locke
Basic
Locke's philosophical work is
"An Essay on the Human Mind."
Locke continued the development of Bacon's empiricism, justifying the sensualistic
direction to
theories of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge stems from experience, and experience consists of sensations.
Theory
Locke said:
1) no
innate ideas, all knowledge is born in experience;
2
) the soul or mind of a person at birth is like a blank slate;
3
) there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in sensations, in feelings.
Used Books
http://history-persons.ru/2011/04/dzhon-lokk-john-locke
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Locke,_John#
.
D0.9F.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0. B8.D0.B5_.
D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B8
http://
www.epwr.ru/quotauthor/txt_30.php
Locke's main works:
"Elements of Natural Philosophy"
«
An Experience on Tolerance"
«
Two treatises on government
»
«
Some thoughts about
education"
«
Experience about human understanding
»
Published
They also have many articles, letters, notes, which discuss issues of economics, politics, ethics, religion, and pedagogy. A number of works were published by Locke under false names (he always feared that he might suffer the fate of Algernon Sidney, who was hanged in the time of Charles II because the manuscript of the Discourses on Government, which defended the theory of the social contract, was found in his papers).
Fundamentals of the rule of law
Locke founds
origin of the state on the assumption
mutual agreement
, concluded with the consent of all citizens, and they, renouncing the right to personally defend their property and punish violators of the law, leave this to the state. The government consists of men chosen by common consent to see to the exact observance of the laws established for the preservation of the general liberty and welfare. Upon his entry into the state, a person is subject only to these laws, and not to the arbitrariness and caprice of unlimited power.
State of despotism
worse than the state of nature, because in the latter everyone can defend his right, but before a despot he does not have this freedom. Breaking a treaty empowers the people to reclaim their sovereign right. From these basic principles it is consistently deduced internal form government system.
State
gains power:
1.Publish
laws determining the amount of punishment for various crimes, that is, legislative power;
2.Punish
crimes committed by members of the union, that is, executive power;
3. Punish
grievances inflicted on the union by external enemies, that is, the law of war and
peace.
short biography
John Locke
- British educator and philosopher, representative
empiricism
(
direction
in the theory of knowledge, which recognizes sensory experience as a source of knowledge and believes that the content of knowledge can be presented either as a description of this experience, or reduced to
him
and liberalism. Contributed to the dissemination
sensationalism
(
direction
in the theory of knowledge, according to which sensations and perceptions are the main
form
reliable
knowledge)
.
His
ideas had a huge impact on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. He is widely recognized as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and theorists of liberalism. Locke's letters influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and American revolutionaries. His influence is also reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.
Born on August 29, 1632 in the small town of Wrington in the west of England, near Bristol, in the family of a provincial lawyer. He was brought up in a Puritan family, in opposition to
mainstream
English Church
and to arbitrariness
absolute monarchy of Charles
I
. In his youth, Locke was influenced by the political ideals of his father, who defended the sovereignty of the people, exercised through parliament.
Political ideas
Natural state
-
state
complete freedom and equality in the disposal of their property and their lives. This is a state of peace and goodwill. The law of nature dictates peace and security.
Right
to property is a natural right; at the same time, by property Locke understood life,
freedom, property and
intellectual property.
Liberty
, according to Locke, represents the freedom of a person to dispose and dispose, as he pleases, of his personality, his
actions and
with all my
property.
Liberty
, Locke explains, exists where everyone is recognized as “the owner of his own person.”
Right
freedom denies any relation to personal
dependencies.
Man can only serve law and justice
.
Supporter of constitutional
monarchy
and theories of social
agreement
Locke - theorist of civil society and legal democracy
states.
First to propose the principle of separation of powers
: legislative, executive and federal. The federal government deals with the declaration of war and peace, diplomatic issues and participation in alliances and coalitions
.
The state was created to guarantee natural
rights
And
laws,
it must not encroach on natural law and law, and must be organized in such a way that natural law is reliably guaranteed.
Developed ideas for a democratic revolution.
Locke considered it legitimate and necessary for the people to rebel against a tyrannical government that encroaches on the natural rights and freedom of the people.