Problems of disabled children and their families. Thesis: Socio-pedagogical support for parents raising a disabled child

The problem of the “disabled child” is complex and multifaceted. On the one hand, the family of a disabled child is a complex of interrelated problems of survival, social protection, and education of a child. On the other hand, the disabled child himself: his problem as a person is not only a lack of hearing, vision, ability to move, but also that he is deprived of the usual world of childhood, separated from his healthy peer, from the circle of his affairs, worries and interests ... The essence of the personal problem of a disabled child lies in his isolation from the society in which he will grow and live, and society should approach the solution of the “disabled person” problem not from the position of pity for some phenomenon outside the society itself, but from the position of commonwealth, complicity , assistance, co-creation.

The appearance of a child with disabilities makes significant adjustments to the family's usual life, it takes a lot of energy to somehow adapt to their misfortune, parents suffer from the fact that they feel guilty for the trouble with the child. Often mistrust arises, spouses begin to look for the reasons for the child's unhappiness in each other, which leads to intra-family conflicts. It is not uncommon for fathers, unable to withstand the hardships of raising such a child, leave their families, which further complicates the situation. Many difficulties and problems arise in the lives of children with disabilities and in the families in which they are brought up.

Among the main problems of a family with a disabled child, it should be noted psychological problems ... These problems, first of all, are associated with the worries of all family members in connection with the child's illness and anxiety for his fate; misunderstanding on the part of your own family; tension in the relationship between parents due to the need to solve all kinds of everyday problems; the departure of one of the parents from the family; rejection by some parents of disabled children.

Unfortunately, in the early years, most parents do not pay due attention to the child's mental development and the formation of the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for independent life in the adult period (taking into account the specifics of the existing defect). The first years of life, the most precious for the development of the psyche, are missed, when the child's relationship with the environment is formed.

Another problem for children with disabilities and their families is medical problems.These problems are associated with participation in a medical rehabilitation program. This is obtaining information about the child's illness, expected social difficulties; mastering practical skills for the implementation of medical recommendations, speech correction; search for opportunities for additional counseling of a child, his possible hospitalization, getting vouchers to a sanatorium, etc. The problem is the lack of an information center and a network of complex centers for social and psychological rehabilitation, as well as the weakness of state policy.

Social and domestic problems.

The problem of social and everyday adaptation of disabled children to living conditions in society is one of the most important facets of the general integration problem. This problem consists in the difficulties associated with the implementation of purposeful work on the social adaptation of the child, the formation of self-service skills, movement, the use of auxiliary technical means, public transport, the development of independence; organization of leisure and play activities of the child, contributing to the development or compensation of impaired functions, harmonious development of the personality; the acquisition and installation of special equipment at home for training household skills, walking skills, the development of impaired motor functions, as well as the acquisition of high-quality technical means.

Economic problems, since in families with a disabled child, the level of material security is lower than in families with healthy children. This is due to a number of reasons: the forced non-participation of a large number of mothers of disabled children in social production; registration of a shortened working day; forced change of work, often with the loss wages; registration of leave without pay for the treatment and rehabilitation of the child; expenses for the purchase of scarce medicines, auxiliary technical means and special equipment, payment for consultants, nurses, masseurs, travel with the child to the resort, etc.

It often happens that parents are forced to support children with disabilities throughout their lives. This situation is due not only to the limitedness of their individual physical or intellectual resources, but also to the undeveloped nature of the labor market for persons with special needs. In a “wild” market economy, the adaptation of jobs for such people with disabilities is seen by the employer as unprofitable and undesirable.

The problem of education of a sick child lies in the difficulties associated with preparing the child for school and the difficulties in his education, especially when schooled at home. Problems of a different order are associated with regional conditions, with the presence or absence of specialized schools, rehabilitation centers, defectologists in places where families with a disabled child live. Since special educational institutions are extremely unevenly distributed throughout the country, children with disabilities are often forced to receive education in special boarding schools. The closed nature of these institutions cannot but affect the development of the child's personality and his readiness for an independent life.

It should be noted that teachers are not always prepared to teach children at home. In relation to such children, teachers often have a lack of tolerance, which often becomes the cause of conflicts between them.

Social and professional problems families are all sorts of difficulties for the parents of a disabled child: raising their educational level; refusal to implement professional plans; forced breaks from work for the period of treatment and to organize care for a disabled child; changing the nature of the parents' work, taking into account the interests of the child; the formation of a family lifestyle subordinate to the interests of the child; difficulties with the child's leisure time.

Still remains the problem of obtaining a profession and employment on it for the disabled since childhood. The content and methods of vocational guidance and labor training of persons with disabilities have not been developed, the issues of their employment have not been resolved.

In my opinion, no less important is a problem associated with the formation of negative public opinion in relation to persons with disabilities (the existence of the stereotype "disabled person - useless", etc.). The feeling of inferiority that arises in them due to a lack of understanding of their problems, prevents them from living, the children develop qualities that do not allow them to effectively interact with the social environment.

Also, an equally important problem is lack of sufficient legal support(imperfection legislative framework for children with disabilities).

So, a social problem is a social contradiction, recognized by the subject of activity (that is, an individual or a social group) as significant for him the discrepancy between the goal of the activity and its result; - this discrepancy arising from the lack or lack of means to achieve the goal, leads to the dissatisfaction of the social needs of the subject of activity.

Thus, the main social problems of children with disabilities and the families in which they are brought up are economic, housing and household, communication, problems with training and employment. The child and family cannot cope with many of the considered problems on their own and need constant social protection, help and support.

That is why the solution to the problem of child disability in modern society should take place through the prevention of child disability, that is, a set of measures aimed at reducing it by improving the quality of medical care for pregnant women, women in labor and newborns, expanding the network of medical and genetic institutions, in the task which would include both consultations and diagnostics, especially prenatal diagnostics.

2 million (8%) - the number of children with disabilities living in the Russian Federation is 700 thousand people. - the number of disabled children in Russia; 78% of them currently live with families; 80% of the total number of children with developmental disabilities receive education in general education institutions DISABLED CHILDREN: STATISTICS

Psychological problems of a family raising a disabled child: facts the family in which a child with severe developmental disabilities was born is in a psycho-traumatic situation and chronic stress; the message about the inferiority of the child causes in 66% of mothers, acute emotional disorders, suicidal intentions and attempts, affective-shock and hysterical disorders; 32% of families with a mentally retarded child broke up due to mutual accusations of spouses in responsibility for the birth of a sick child; exposure to chronic stress causes depression, anxiety, irritability, emotional exhaustion and low self-esteem in the mother; fathers tend to avoid the stress of daily life by spending more time at work, but they also feel guilty about it, although they don't talk about it as explicitly as mothers

Levels of manifestation of parental problems associated with the birth of a disabled child: Psychological level The birth of a child with disabilities is perceived by his parents as the greatest tragedy. The fact of the birth of a child “not like everyone else” is the cause of severe stress, which is long-term and permanent and has a strong deforming effect on the psyche of parents. Social level. A family raising a child with developmental disabilities becomes uncommunicative, selective in contacts. Mothers of sick children leave their jobs to care for the child. Having a sick child distorts the relationship between parents. In 32% of cases, marriages break up. Somatic level. The experiences of the mother of a “special” child often exceed the level of tolerable loads, which manifests itself in various somatic diseases, asthenic and autonomic disorders.

The main phases of the psychological state of the parents, when a “special” child appears in the family: 1st phase - shock, confusion, helplessness, fear, the emergence of a sense of their own inferiority; 2nd phase - "inadequate" attitude to the child's defect, characterized by negativism and denial of the set diagnosis, which is a kind of defensive reaction. 3rd phase - "partial awareness of the child's defect", accompanied by a feeling of chronic sadness; depressive state due to the constant dependence of parents on the needs of the child, the lack of positive changes in his development. 4th phase - the beginning of the social and psychological adaptation of all family members, caused by the acceptance of the defect; establishing adequate relationships with specialists and implementing their recommendations

Typology of parents raising a "special" child Group I - parents of an authoritarian type: Parents with an active life position, impulsive, distinguished by intolerance, a tendency to take risks, with a high level of aspirations. Refuse to accept the situation associated with the birth of a sick child as tragic; accept the child's defect and strive to overcome problems. They direct their efforts to finding the best specialists, famous psychics and traditional healers. They have the ability not to see obstacles in their path and are confident that someday a miracle can happen to their child. IN stressful situations behave actively, in their statements there is an active protest against the unsolvability of the situation itself. Over time, their strength does not dry out. They are inclined to participate in quarrels and scandals, in opposition to the social environment (“Let society adapt to us and our children, not we to them”) physical punishment).

Typology of parents raising a "special" child Group II - parents of a neurotic type: Passive personal position is characteristic ("Well, what is, it is. Nothing can be changed. What kind of child was born, so it will be!") They do not develop the ability to accept the child's problems and the desire to overcome it does not develop. In terms of upbringing, these parents often show failure. The personality of neurotic parents is more often dominated by hysterical, anxious-suspicious and depressive traits. This is manifested in the desire to avoid difficult life situations, and in some cases, in the refusal to solve problems. Parents of a neurotic type do not sufficiently critically assess the capabilities of their child, subconsciously seek to hide his defect and present the desired developmental results as valid. The life they have lived is perceived by them as uncomplicated, unhappy, ruined by the birth of a “special” baby in the family, and the future of the child is pictured by them as hopeless and uninteresting.

Typology of parents raising a "special" child Group I I I group - parents of the psychosomatic type: The most numerous category of parents. They are characterized by more frequent changes of polar moods (either joy or depression). The child's problem, often hidden from prying eyes, is experienced by them from the inside. They do not have an affective form of responding to the problem of stress, like the former and the latter. They do not arrange scandals and quarrels, in most cases they behave correctly, restrained, and sometimes withdrawn. As a rule, normativity is manifested in behavior. These parents are characterized by the desire to "put their own health on the altar of their child's life." All efforts are directed towards helping him. Psychosomatic parents are actively involved in the life of their child: they participate in the activities of children's educational institutions, improve their educational level, change their profession in accordance with the needs and problems of a sick child.

In society, the attitude towards a disabled person as a citizen is not sufficiently formed; to a greater extent, he is referred to as a "medical" subject; there is no system of early preventive and informational assistance to parents. Parents will gain in time if they have the opportunity to receive this news as early as possible, to find out the necessary information, to get acquainted with families faced with similar problems; inadequate system of informing parents - as a rule, doctors provide meager and biased information about the “hopelessness” of a child with a pathology and do not report what achievements this child can have with a caring upbringing at home; incomplete family problems - 50% of parents divorced due to the birth of a disabled child; the mother has no prospect of a second marriage; lack of a support system in the early stages. Parental associations and nongovernmental organizations begin to get involved in this problem only after a certain time has passed, when psychological stability has already been broken in the family. Problems of social adaptation of families raising a disabled child

The main ways of psychological and pedagogical assistance and support to the family Helping a child with disabilities is effective if it is addressed specifically to him, and not to an abstract unit, if the basis of help is based on personal, human relationships. Accompanying a family raising a child with disabilities presupposes an orientation towards the idea of \u200b\u200bleading, being nearby ("accompaniment"), as opposed to strict directive guidance and "escorting". The inclusion of the family in the field of interaction with society is the main stabilizing factor Practice shows that psychological and pedagogical assistance is more productive when a team of specialists works with the family, aimed at a common result.

Families with disabled children need special attention and care from the state. The presence in the family of a child with disabilities creates additional difficulties not only in material terms, but also psychologically.

Understanding the typological characteristics of families with disabled children, their problems is important for the effective building of a system of social support for this category of families. And here a lot depends on the professionalism of social workers, who are called upon to provide assistance to families with disabled children, to help provide them with the necessary means, knowledge and skills.

Typology and main problems of families with disabled children

Families with children with disabilities occupy an important place in the social protection system. A distinctive manifestation of disability is a disorder of health with persistent disorders of the body's function caused by diseases, the consequence of trauma or congenital defects.

Disabled children include minors who have significant disabilities, leading to social maladjustment, due to developmental disorders, child growth, his ability to self-service, movement, orientation, control over his behavior, to learning, communication, play and future work activities. A disabled child faces difficulties in meeting the needs of his personal and social life. In the current conditions, taking into account the expediency of transition to a more humane terminology, instead of the term “disabled”, the term “person with disabilities” is increasingly used. Defectologists in Germany use phrases such as "children with disabilities" or "children with educational difficulties" in the designation of disabled children.

Unlike adults, children are not assigned a disability group. Status disabled child established before the age of 18 or until the improvement in health. After the age of majority, such a child can be recognized disabled since childhood (1,2 or 3 groups).

The regulatory documents define objective criteria for recognizing a child as disabled. Among them: health problems and dysfunctions of the body caused by disease, injury or defects; limitation of life activity - this includes a complete or partial loss of the ability to serve oneself, work, communicate, move around and perform other activities; need for assistance, social protection and (or) rehabilitation.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 15% of the world's population is disabled. In the Russian Federation, according to the Agency for Social Information, there are at least 15 million people with disabilities, including those who are not registered. According to official figures, there are about 13 million people.

If we consider the number of people with disabilities in one category or another, then in our country their order has not changed in recent years. As a percentage, most of all disabled persons of the III group - 43.2%. The number of disabled persons of group II is significant - 40.9%. The number of persons with disabilities in group I is equal to 15.9% of the total number of persons with disabilities.

With regard to the disability of children and adolescents, statistics show their growth in recent years. In 2009, in the Russian Federation, there were about 520 thousand disabled children, in 2010 - 541 thousand, in 2012 - 568 thousand people, in 2015 - 612 thousand people. According to the press service of the Pension Fund of Russia, by the beginning of 2017, there were 617 thousand disabled children in our country, and 203 thousand people with disabilities from childhood of the 1st group. This dynamic not only confirms an increasing trend in the number of children with disabilities in our country, but also testifies to its stability.

Childhood disability in modern Russia has some gender characteristics. Among children with disabilities, 58% are boys and 42% are girls. one

Varied causes of child disability. TOthe main ones include:

• - ecological disadvantage of many territories of the country;
• - violation of sanitary and hygienic standards at a significant number of enterprises with high female employment;
• - malnutrition of a certain part of pregnant women, their nervous overstrain;
• - heredity;
• - smoking, use of alcohol, drugs by certain pregnant women;
• - birth and other traumas of children, the consequences of violence, etc.

Manifestations ecological disadvantage are pollution of the atmosphere and water sources. In a number of territories of the country, an increased background radiation is observed. The increased content of nitrates in many food products has become widespread.

In 150 cities of the Russian Federation, the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. exceeded the permissible limits by five times, and in 86 cities - ten. About half of the country's population uses water for drinking that does not meet hygienic requirements for a wide range quality indicators. Almost all water bodies located near Russian cities are polluted with industrial waste and, to one degree or another, are dangerous to human life and health. “In such conditions, the risks of having children with congenital pathologies increase.

Practices negatively affect infant health violations of sanitary and hygienic standards in a significant number of industries with high female employment. In some workshops, where mainly women work, there are vapors of chemical compounds harmful to health, there is an increased level of noise, vibration, radiation, etc.

Of the 30 million working Russian women of childbearing (fertile) age at the beginning of the XXI century. almost 10% (2.7 million) worked in conditions that did not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. According to some authoritative scientists (Professor N.F. Izmerov and others), this is the main reason for the birth of disabled children. "Hence," Izmerov noted, "the congenital deformity in their children." one

The number of the fair sex working in difficult and harmful conditions is decreasing in our country extremely slowly. Thus, women employed in heavy manual labor in industry account for 20%, in construction - over 25%, in workshops with difficult and harmful working conditions - 27%.

The intrauterine development of the unborn child is affected by the nature of nutrition of pregnant women, their emotional and psychological state. It is important that women, being in position, eat well. In their diet, they should not be deficient in calcium and such vitamin components as folic acid, riboflamine, thiamine, etc. Otherwise, a child with low body weight and congenital pathologies may be born. The probability of birth is not healthy child intensifies if, during pregnancy, a woman was often irritated, experienced a stressful state.

The birth of a disabled child may also be associated with hereditary factor. Moreover, negative heredity is determined not only by the maternal, but also by the paternal side. Misunderstanding of this circumstance often manifests itself in the stereotypical male opinion that only the mother is to blame for the child's disability, since it was she who carried him and gave birth.

The birth of children with disabilities can be associated with the use of alcohol, drugs by the expectant mother. An unwanted child sometimes becomes disabled when, after conception, a woman tries to terminate a pregnancy unsuccessfully by drinking various infusions, using the active influence of heat, etc. All this negatively affects the development of the fetus, which manifests itself after birth.

Some children become disabled due to various injuries, due to violence, including domestic and other circumstances. Currently, some employers actively use the work of children and adolescents, especially from disadvantaged families. This often happens in violation of applicable legal regulations. However, the low cost of their labor makes it in demand.

A certain number of children become victims of military conflicts. This is confirmed by sad statistics: for every child killed in armed conflicts, there are three injured children who acquire a permanent form of disability. one

The increase in child disability in Russia in the most recent years is explained not only by the above factors, but also by some circumstances of a regulatory nature. So, in our country new standards of live birth began to operate. They allow the birth of children with extremely low body weight. This naturally increases the risks of childhood disability.

For a disabled child, the family is a support in the process of his rehabilitation and socialization. Currently, the vast majority of Russian children with disabilities (about 88% of the total) are brought up in families, which actualizes the need for a scientific and theoretical understanding of the classification of these families and the specifics of their problems.

The typology of families with children with disabilities is determined by criterion diversity. If the nature of the child's disability is taken as a basis, then such families can be divided into the following types:

• - a family with a child experiencing neuropsychiatric diseases;
• - a family with a child whose disability is determined by diseases of internal organs;
• - a family with a disabled child experiencing problems with the musculoskeletal system;
• - a family with a child whose disability is determined by visual and hearing impairments;

Of the total number of disabled children living in Russia, persons with neuropsychiatric diseases prevail. They make up 60% of the total number of children experiencing significant limitations in their life. Another 20% of children with disabilities have diseases of internal organs, 10% - diseases of the musculoskeletal system and, finally, 10% - visual and hearing impairments. one

The criterion for the typology of families with disabled children can be parental response to disability. In this case, the following types of families with children with disabilities can be distinguished: a) a passive family with a disabled child; b) hyperactive family; c) a rational family raising a disabled person.

IN passive family parents do not understand the problem that has arisen, believing that their unusual child should not be paid special attention to, that he will "outgrow", etc. IN hyperactive familyon the contrary, they constantly strive to treat a disabled child, attracting more and more new specialists, buying expensive medicines, using various non-traditional methods of healing. Finally, in rational family parents try to calmly perceive the situation and actively interact with a doctor, psychologist and other specialists who help the child.

More preferable to ensure the normal development and socialization of a disabled child is the third type - a rational family. So, as E.I. Zritnev and N.P. Klushin, an important task of specialists in social

work is to assist in bringing every family with children with disabilities to its rational type.

IN real life the leading role in caring for a disabled child belongs to a woman - mother. Therefore, families with children with disabilities can be classified as in accordance with the personality-behavioral type of the mother. Taking this approach into account, the following types of families with disabled children can be distinguished: a) neurotic type; b) an authoritarian type of family with a disabled child; c) psychosomatic type of family; d) a tolerant type of family with a disabled person.

For neurotic type of family with a disabled person a certain personality-behavioral model of the mother is characteristic. In the book “Protecting Children from Cruel Violence”, edited by E.N. Volkova, the features of this maternal behavioral

delhi. Its manifestations include: a passive personal position and justification of one's own inactivity in relation to the child's development; lack of understanding that some of the shortcomings that arise in the child are secondary and are the result not of a biological defect, but of the mother's personal failure; the desire to protect the child from all problems, even from those that he can solve on his own; weakness and inertia in the implementation of the set educational goal; a constant alarming background of mood, the presence of excessive fears about something that is transmitted to the child and can cause the formation of neurotic character traits in him. one

Authoritarian type of family with a disabled child the imperious personality-behavioral model of the mother herself corresponds. According to psychologists, such a woman is characterized by: an active life position, a desire to be guided by her own convictions, contrary to advice from the outside (relatives or specialists); inability to restrain anger and irritation, lack of control over the impulsiveness of their actions, a tendency to participate in quarrels and scandals; admitting sometimes coldness or detachment from the child's real problems; the use of often harsh forms of punishment (shouting, suppression of personality and even beating).

Psychosomatic type of family with a disabled child includes some manifestations of neurotic and authoritarian family types. According to experts, the psychosomatic family is characterized by frequent changes in the mother's polar moods from insane joy to the deepest depression caused by an insignificant circumstance.

For a tolerant type of family with a child with disabilities, characteristic is the desire of the mother to accept the child as he is, encouraging him to master the necessary social roles and functions, as well as to solve feasible problems. This behavioral model of a mother assumes her ability to restrain her natural emotions and impulsiveness, to encourage and psychologically support her special child.

As already noted, families with disabled children experience additional difficulties and problems. Among major problemsthese families include:

• material and housing support;
• the psychological stress of the spouses, sometimes leading to stress and loss of family stability;
• pedagogical failure of some spouses;
• difficulties in finding employment for family members with a disabled person;
• medical support for families with a disabled child

It is much more difficult to maintain material well-being in families with children with disabilities compared to families with healthy children. According to some reports, the maintenance of a disabled child costs their families three times more than in the case of a healthy child. one

Many families with disabled children do not have enough financial resources to purchase even the necessary food, clothing, medicine, etc. This is evidenced by sociological surveys. One of them is a study conducted at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. Professor E.R. Smirnova - Yarskaya. She interviewed 127 parents with children with disabilities in the Saratov Regional Rehabilitation Center. When asked whether your family has enough financial resources to take care of a sick child, 50% of the men and 66% of women surveyed said “no” unequivocally, and 50% of men and 30% of women believed that they were not sure about the sufficiency of financial resources. ... Only 4% of women and 0% of men answered yes, they have enough financial resources to take care of a child.

More low level of material support for families with disabled children due to certain circumstances. The main ones include: a) the costs of the spouses for the purchase of medicines, auxiliary technical means for a disabled child, payment of consultants, masseurs, etc .; b) the involuntary non-participation of the majority of mothers in social production, their periodic registration of unpaid leave for the purpose of treating and improving the child.

In many families in connection with the birth of a disabled child, living conditions deteriorate. After all, there is a need for a special room for him. Often, moving a child around the apartment and performing rehabilitation exercises require an expansion of the living space. According to T.S. Zubkova and N.V. Timoshina, the majority of Russian families with a disabled child live in housing unsuitable for this. Every third such family has only about 6m “of usable space per family member. Small living space poses a threat to health and condition nervous system family members.

The next important problem of a family with a disabled child is the psychological stress of the spousesoften leading to stress and sometimes to family breakdown. This state is formed under the influence of such circumstances as, firstly, anxiety for the fate of a disabled child, and secondly, the need to solve several problems related to the child's life support; thirdly, the negative perception of the physical (mental) disabilities of the child from some part of the surrounding people.

Parents of a disabled child and, above all, mothers sometimes a sense of their own guilt for what happened is formed. This feeling often affects the parental perception of the world around him. According to the observations of the famous sociologist of family problems A.I. Kravchenko, such mothers can change their posture, they seem to want to take up less space; they have a special, constrained gait, there is no loud voice.

They are squeezed always and in everything. Guilt is dangerous because it provokes resentment, but it can turn into anger and become a source of depression.

The difficult psychological state of the mother of a disabled child is well shown in one of the interviews given in the book "Psychology of the family: life difficulties and coping with them." The mother of a four-year-old boy with visual pathology (medical diagnosis - rhinopathy) noted in her interview: “Then I was offended:“ But why me? ”. Of course, I was angry with the doctors. There are thousands of alcoholics, drug addicts, and they - well, thank God, of course - have normal children. And from the first day I had planning for pregnancy, and a full complex of vitamins ... It was hard, I was very worried, while everything in my soul was overwhelmed. She looked awful at that moment, of course. She roared very much. There were moments when tears just flow and that's it, and I swayed from side to side. I just closed myself at that moment. I didn't listen to anyone. They came, sympathized, but it doesn't make me feel any better. The pain is mine, it will stay with me anyway. Not that I’m ashamed that my child has problems, I just don’t

wanted to explain something. I didn’t want to touch my child’s name for good or bad motives ”. one

The state of the permanent psychological stress in families with disabled children can provoke their breakdown. It is often preceded by a sustained state of stress, which the father experiences most painfully. He ceases to see any positive prospects for the development and socialization of a disabled child, and begins to regard his situation as hopeless, dead-end. The situation is aggravated by the fact that his wife gives almost all of her time and attention to a child with disabilities, involuntarily distancing herself from her husband. This is painfully perceived by him. As a result, a man begins to feel himself superfluous in his family and sometimes leaves it, not seeing any other way out of such a “hopeless” state. Statistics for many regions of the Russian Federation confirm this sad trend. For example, according to the data at the beginning of 2007 in the city of Abakan, 30% of men with children with disabilities could not withstand the psychological stress and ongoing difficulties and left the family.

Prominent Russian scientist, professor of psychology S.A. In one of her articles, Belicheva pointed out that it is not uncommon for fathers to get divorced in families with disabled children. “Fathers,” she wrote, “most often do not withstand the psychological and material hardships associated with raising a disabled child.”

The general statistics of divorces of families with disabled children is also sad. According to V. Kaidachakova, due to a number of circumstances, including permanent stress, about 58% of such families in the Russian Federation break up.

A serious problem for a number of families with disabled children is pedagogical failure of some spouses.She appears at first, in the absence of persistence and consistency in the upbringing and teaching of their special children, in an effort to perform some functions of self-service for them, secondly, in weakening attention to another - a healthy child, etc.

Certain difficulties arise for parents in connection with the preparation of a disabled child for school, especially when teaching him at home. It is not easy for parents to develop skills in self-care, movement, and the use of auxiliary technical means in their children with disabilities.

Having a disabled child in a family sometimes has a difficult impact on other children (the child) when they (he) are in the family. In such a situation, healthy children receive less attention, and their opportunities for leisure are limited. Often parents demand from a full-fledged child to give in to their sick brother (sister) in everything, to take care of him (her) in every possible way, not to react and not to complain about the wrong actions of the latter (the latter). As the authors of the book "Psychodiagnostics and correction of children with developmental disorders and disabilities" justly note, all this affects the character of the child, and sometimes leads to a nervous breakdown. 1 Therefore, it is not surprising that in every tenth family with a disabled person, a mother notes an indifferent or even hostile attitude of a healthy child (children) to a sick child.

The next problem for families with children with disabilities is employment of mothers and teenagers with disabilities themselves (at their request). The realities of modern Russia are such that home-based forms of work are not sufficiently developed. And the heads of most enterprises and institutions are in no hurry to establish flexible work schedules for women with a child. After all, for them this is unnecessary trouble, which the state does not compensate in any way. According to a number of researchers (N.V. Yalpaev, P.D. Pavlenok, M. Ya. Rudneva, and others), at the beginning of the 21st century, only 11.7% of the total number of women who had disabled children could work part-time. ...

In some constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there is a practice of quoting jobs for women raising disabled children. This experience has been accumulated in the Astrakhan, Kursk and some other regions of the country.

No less acute than the employment of a mother who has a disabled person in her family is the problem of professional training of disabled persons themselves with their subsequent employment. Most of the families with disabled people experience an acute problem in obtaining additional professional education for their special children without leaving their families. However, there is also a positive experience in this matter. At the turn of XX-XXI centuries. in Moscow vocational education for children and adolescents with disabilities was conducted in 13 specialties. 1 There was a special program for creating jobs for disabled teenagers in the capital.

It should be noted that the introduction of disabled people to work is not only a means of improving their financial situation, but also the most important factor in socialization and self-affirmation. According to numerous opinion polls, the highest level of satisfaction among persons with disabilities was demonstrated by those who had a job and wanted to work, as well as those who did not work and did not want to work. Those with disabilities who did not work, but wanted to work, and those who did not want to work, but had to work, considered themselves unhappy.

The problem of many Russian families with disabled children is medical support. As evidenced by a number of sociological studies conducted in different regions In the Russian Federation, one of the priority problems of families with children with disabilities is the receipt of full-fledged medical care. For example, in a sociological survey conducted in 2006-2007. in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the students of the Ufa branch of the Russian State Social University interviewed families with disabled people. Out of their total number, 69% named the need for necessary medical care as one of their main problems.

Difficulties in the process of medical and social rehabilitation of disabled children appear often due to untimely diagnostics. The materials of one of the sociological studies on this problem indicate that of 243 surveyed families with a disabled person, only 9.3% of the exact diagnosis of pathology was made immediately after birth, at the age of 7 days (severe lesions of the central nervous system and congenital defects development). Most often, such children are diagnosed in the first and even the second - third year of life. Consequently, a lot of time for treatment is already wasted, which complicates the process of social rehabilitation.

Knowledge of the main problems of families with disabled children and timely assistance to them from specialized services is the key to the success of the social rehabilitation of such children. Only systemic interaction of social institutions with members of families with children with disabilities can provide the necessary effect of the rehabilitation process and their overall socialization.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists using the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar documents

Socialization theory in modern social science. The role of the family in the system of institutions for the socialization of children. Features of the development of children in an incomplete family, the problems of their adaptation in society. The economic situation of an incomplete family as a factor in the socialization of children.

abstract added 05/05/2015


Social adaptation as the goal of social policy for disabled children. Preparing a disabled child for an independent working life. Family as the main factor of adaptation in a market economy. Adaptation problems in obtaining education.

term paper, added 09/17/2008


The concept of "social rehabilitation". Career guidance work with people with disabilities. Establishment of quotas for the employment of disabled persons Education, upbringing and training of disabled children. Problems of social rehabilitation of disabled children, young disabled people.

test, added 02/25/2011


State system of social support for children in the KBR. Development of the system of social service institutions for families and children. Social work with orphans and children left without parental care. Social support for disabled children.

abstract, added on 11/20/2007


Problems of families with children with disabilities. The main areas of work with families. Social protection and rehabilitation of disabled children. The system of social assistance to a family with a child with disabilities.

term paper, added 10/15/2007


Legal foundations and types of social rehabilitation of disabled children - a set of measures aimed at restoring destroyed or lost for any reason social ties and relations, socially and personally significant characteristics of the subject.

test, added 07/20/2011


The concept of the norm of development and its violations, general characteristics children with disabilities. Socio-pedagogical analysis of the characteristics of social problems, conditions and factors affecting the processes of social rehabilitation and adaptation of children.

term paper, added 04/23/2011

The family and the immediate environment of a child with disabilities are the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, and career guidance. Material and household, financial, housing problems increase with the appearance of a disabled child. Housing is usually not suitable for a disabled child, every 3rd family has about 6 m 2 of usable space per family member, rarely a separate room or special accommodations for the child.

In such families, there are problems associated with the purchase of food, clothing and footwear, the simplest furniture, household appliances: refrigerator, TV. Families do not have what is essential for caring for a child: transport, summer cottages, gardens, telephone.

Services for a disabled child in such families are mostly paid (treatment, expensive medications, medical procedures, massage, sanatorium-type vouchers, necessary devices and apparatus, training, surgical interventions, orthopedic shoes, glasses, hearing aids, wheelchairs, beds, etc.). etc.). All this requires a lot of money, and the income in these families consists of the father's earnings and the child's disability benefit.

Data show that among families with disabled children, the largest percentage are incomplete maternal families. 15% of parents have a divorce due to the birth of a disabled child, the mother has no prospect of re-marriage. Therefore, the problems of the family of a child with disabilities are added to the problems of an incomplete family.

Psychological problems. The psychological climate in the family depends on interpersonal relationships, moral and psychological resources of parents and relatives, as well as on the material and living conditions of the family, which determines the conditions for upbringing, training and medical and social rehabilitation.

There are 3 types of families according to the parents' reaction to the appearance of a disabled child: with a passive reaction associated with a lack of understanding of the existing problem; with a hyperactive reaction, when parents are intensively treating, they find "doctors-luminaries", expensive drugs, leading clinics, etc .; with an average rational position: consistent implementation of all instructions, advice from doctors, psychologists.

In his work, a social worker should rely on the position of the 3rd type of family.

The appearance of a child with disabilities in a family is always a severe psychological stress for all family members. Family relationships are often weakened constant anxiety for a sick child, feelings of confusion, depression are the reason for the breakdown of the family, and only in a small percentage of cases the family is united.

A father in a family with a sick child is the only breadwinner. Having a specialty, education, because of the need for more earnings, he becomes a worker, seeks secondary earnings and has practically no time to deal with the child. Therefore, child care falls on the mother. She usually loses her job or has to work at night. Caring for a child takes all her time, her social circle is sharply narrowed. If treatment and rehabilitation are futile, then constant anxiety, psycho-emotional stress can lead the mother to irritation, a state of depression. Often older children, rarely grandmothers, and other relatives help mothers in care. A more difficult situation is if there are several children with disabilities in the family. Having a disabled child negatively affects other children in the family. Less attention is paid to them, opportunities for cultural leisure are reduced, they study worse, and are more likely to get sick because of parental neglect.

Psychological tension in such families is supported by the psychological oppression of children due to the negative attitude of others to their family; they rarely interact with children from other families. Not all children are able to correctly assess and understand the attention of parents to a sick child, their constant fatigue in an oppressed, constantly anxious family climate.

Often such a family experiences a negative attitude from others, especially neighbors, who are annoyed by the uncomfortable conditions of existence nearby (disturbance of calmness, silence, especially if a disabled child with a delay mental development or his behavior negatively affects the health of the child's environment). People around them often shy away from communication and disabled children practically do not have the opportunity of full-fledged social contacts, a sufficient circle of contacts, especially with healthy peers. The existing social derivation can lead to personality disorders (for example, the emotional-volitional sphere, etc.), to a delay in intelligence, especially if the child is poorly adapted to life's difficulties, social maladjustment, even greater isolation, developmental disabilities, including communication disorders opportunities, which forms an inadequate idea of \u200b\u200bthe world around.

Parents try to educate their child, avoiding his neurotization, egocentrism, social and mental infantilism, giving him appropriate training, career guidance for the subsequent labor activity... It depends on the presence of pedagogical, psychological, medical knowledge of parents, since in order to identify and evaluate the inclinations of a child, his attitude to his defect, reaction to the attitude of others, help him socially adapt, maximize self-realization, special knowledge is needed. The majority of parents note their lack of education for a disabled child; there is no available literature, sufficient information, and medical and social workers. Many families do not have information about the professional restrictions associated with the child's illness, about the choice of a profession recommended for a patient with such a pathology. Children with disabilities study in regular schools, at home, in specialized boarding schools according to various programs (general education, specialized, recommended for a given disease, auxiliary), but they all require an individual approach.

Medical and social problems. Medical and social rehabilitation of children with disabilities should be early, staged, long-term, comprehensive, include medical, psychological and pedagogical, professional, social, household, legal and other programs, taking into account an individual approach to each child. The main thing is to teach the child motor and social skills so that in the future he can get an education and work independently.

All social work is child-centered and does not take into account the characteristics of families, and family participation in medical and social work is crucial along with specialized treatment.

Sometimes treatment, social assistance is carried out late due to untimely diagnosis. Most often, the diagnosis is established at 1 or 2 - 3 years of age; only in 9%, the diagnosis was made immediately after birth, at the age of 7 days (severe lesions of the central nervous system and congenital malformations).

Dispensary medical care does not provide for a clearly established phasing (according to indications) - inpatient, outpatient, sanatorium. This principle can be traced mainly to young children.

Outpatient health care... It turns out mainly when acute diseases and unsatisfactory profile due to disability. The examination of children by narrow specialists, massage, physiotherapy exercises, physiotherapy is at a low level; a nutritionist does not solve nutritional issues in severe forms of diabetes, kidney diseases. Insufficient security medical preparations, exercise equipment, wheelchairs, hearing aids, prostheses, orthopedic shoes.

When considering family planning, few parents decide to give birth again after the birth of a child with disabilities.

Many socio-medical, psychological and pedagogical problems remain unresolved, including unsatisfactory equipment medical institutions modern diagnostic equipment, an underdeveloped network of rehabilitation treatment institutions, "weak" services of medical, psychological and social work and medical and social expertise disabled children; difficulty in obtaining a profession and employment, lack of mass production of technical aids for training, movement, domestic self-service in children's boarding schools and home environment.

The government measures of demographic policy and assistance to families with children, including those with disabled children, carried out in Russia, are scattered, ineffective and do not take into account families as a whole.