Speech of the President of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. but
The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS of Ukraine) is the highest scientific institution of Ukraine with a self-governing organization, founded in 1918 on the initiative of the Scientific Society in Kyiv and the support of Hetman Skoropadsky. The grand opening took place on November 24, 1918. The name at that time was different - the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAS), it changed several times: All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (VUAN, 1921-1936), Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1936-1991), Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1991-1993), since 1994 years - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
According to the charter, the Academy had 3 departments: historical and philological, physical and mathematical, socio-economic. The presidium and the first academicians (three per department) were appointed by the government, and later the members were elected by these academicians. Historians D. Bagaliy and A. Levitsky, economists Tugan-Baranovsky and V. Kosinsky, orientalists A. Krymsky and M. Petrov, linguist S. Smal-Stotsky, geologists V. Vernadsky and P. .Tutkovsky, biologist M. Kashchenko, mechanic S. Timoshenko, jurist F. Taranovsky.
Hetman invited M. Hrushevsky to the president of the Academy, but he refused. The Constituent General Assembly on November 27, 1918 elected Professor V. Vernadsky as President of the UAN, and A. Krymsky as permanent secretary. Subsequently, N. Vasilenko (1921-1922), A. Levitsky (1922), V. Lipsky (1922-1928), D. Zabolotny (1928-1929), A. Bogomolets (1930-1946), A. Palladin were elected presidents of the Academy (1946-1962), B. Paton (since 1962).
The Academy now has 173 scientific institutes and institutions employing more than 43 thousand employees, of which more than 10 thousand are doctors and candidates of sciences. The Academy consists of 478 academicians and corresponding members. The structure of the NAS of Ukraine includes the General Assembly of its members (academicians, corresponding members and foreign members), which is the highest governing body of the NAS of Ukraine, the Presidium of the NAS of Ukraine is elected by the General Assembly for five years and manages the work of the Academy between sessions of the General Assembly.
There is also a branched regional structure: the Western Scientific Center, with 18 scientific institutions; Northeast, has 17 institutions in Kharkov, Sumy, Poltava; Donetsk Research Center, has 9 institutions in Donetsk and Luhansk; Crimean Scientific Center, has 8 institutions; Pridneprovsky Scientific Center, has 7 institutions in Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye, Krivoy Rog; The Southern Scientific Center has 7 institutions in Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson. Institutions located in Kyiv (108 institutions) are not included in any of the regional centers.
The main link in the structure of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are research institutes and other scientific institutions equated to them. The experimental production and design base of the Academy includes research enterprises, design and technology organizations, engineering and computing centers. At the institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine there are small and joint ventures that contribute to the commercialization of the results of scientific research. With the active participation of institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, there are 8 technoparks, which are legally extended a special regime for innovation and investment activities.
The structure of the Academy includes the National Library of Ukraine named after V.I. The Academy has publishing houses "Naukova Dumka" and "Academperiodika".
The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine became one of the outstanding scientific centers, enriching domestic and world science with valuable discoveries and inventions: Ukrainian mathematicians created a new department of mathematical physics - nonlinear mechanics, for the first time in the USSR a small electronic computer was created, at the Institute physical chemistry them. L. Pisarzhevsky, for the first time, research was carried out on the use of the heavy isotope of nitrogen to study the mechanism of chemical processes and heavy water was obtained at the Institute organic chemistry The highly effective antibiotic sanazin was synthesized by the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, which is widely used to treat eye tuberculosis, bone tuberculosis and other diseases, the Academy played a significant role in the development of mining and the discovery of new deposits, a welding theory and equipment for automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding were developed. needs of mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, apparatus building and many other industries, microbiologist and epidemiologist D. Zabolotny first developed methods of anti-plague vaccination. The phytohormonal theory of tropisms and other consequences of M. Kholodny's research are widely known; works by A. Palladin on the biochemistry of the brain, muscle activity and vitamin K3 and vikasol; research by V. Lyubimenko on the physiology of chlorophyll and photosynthesis; A. Sapegin's works on genetics; N. Strazhesko on circulatory pathology; V. Filatov's works on cadaveric cornea transplantation, which made a revolution in the fight against blindness. Research and many other employees of the Academy have enriched world science. Within the framework of the Academy, scientific schools were created in the humanities, economics, mathematics, physics, geology, medicine and other sciences.
The highest distinction of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which is awarded for outstanding achievements in the field of natural, technical and socio-humanitarian sciences, is the V. Vernadsky gold medal. Founded in 2003 - in the year of the 85th anniversary of the creation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in honor of the first president of the Academy - an outstanding scientist, academician V. Vernadsky. Two gold medals are awarded annually on March 12 - the birthday of V. Vernadsky: one - to a domestic scientist and one - to a foreign one.
Also, as of 2010, there are 73 awards named after outstanding scientists of Ukraine. Prizes are awarded to scientists who have published the best scientific works, who have carried out inventions and discoveries that are important for the development of science and the economy of Ukraine. The first of the prizes for outstanding scientists of Ukraine (A. Bogomolets Prize of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) was founded in 1953. The Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, awards the title "Honorary Doctor of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" to outstanding figures of world science, culture, statesmen and public figures who have made a significant contribution to the development of science, social progress, ensuring peace, mutual understanding and cooperation between peoples .
Bogomolets A. A. (1881-1946) - from 1930 to 1946 President of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR
Speech of the Deputy of the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR A. A. Bogomolets at the Extraordinary Fifth Session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSRDear comrades, members of the Plenipotentiary Commission of the People's Assembly of the now free Western Ukraine! I am happy to greet you from this podium, the podium of the Supreme Soviet of the great Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the occasion of a great historical event - the liberation of the peoples of Western Ukraine from the age-old oppression of Polish landlords and capitalists.
For more than five and a half centuries, since 1387, this oppression has continued. It did not weaken even in the period when, after the partition of Poland in 1772, Western Ukraine became part of the mosaic Austro-Hungarian Empire, since the land and people remained still in the power of the Polish aristocrats.
The great writer of Western Ukraine Ivan Franko left indelible pictures of the disasters and lawlessness of his people in the second half of the past and at the beginning of this century.
The Treaty of Versailles created a patchwork state - Poland, which included Western Ukraine. During the two and a half decades of Poland's existence, the working people of Western Ukraine, and especially its 8 million Ukrainian people, have suffered unheard-of suffering. Never before have the working masses been the victim of such limitless exploitation. The degree of impoverishment of the working people, especially the peasantry, can be judged at least by the fact that many people replaced kerosene with a torch, that salt and matches in a number of cases turned out to be inaccessible. After all, it was in Western Ukraine that an invention was made - to split a match into four parts in order to save money!
The ruling elite of semi-feudal Poland despised the Ukrainian people. She deprived him of the right to education in his native language, sought to destroy the remnants of centuries-old national culture. Ukrainian workers, peasants, intelligentsia were systematically persecuted. The slightest attempt at protest was punished with unsurpassed cruelty.
The news of the atrocities of the Polish punitive expeditions filled the hearts of the citizens of a happy and free Soviet Ukraine, the hearts of the citizens of the great Soviet Union with anger and impatience: when will the hour of liberation for foreign brothers come? This hour has come.
The cowardly government of Poland fled, leaving the peoples of their country to the mercy of fate. The peoples of the Soviet Union enthusiastically met the order of the Soviet Government to our valiant Red Army to come out to defend the fraternal peoples of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus and liberate them from the oppression of the exploiters. Our victorious Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army fulfilled this task with honor.
Freely elected by universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage, the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine passed its historic decision. From now on, Western Ukraine becomes part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and together with it an inalienable part of the great Soviet Union.
Today the peoples of the Soviet Union, represented by their representatives, the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, joyfully welcome this decision.
Comrade members of the Plenipotentiary Commission of the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine!
Now you are still delegates, but already today, I have no doubt, you will become citizens of the great Soviet Union, citizens of a flourishing, free and cultured Soviet Ukraine. (Stormy applause.)
Probably, having fulfilled your historical mission, before returning to your homeland, you will look into all the corners of our new free, happy life.
You are well aware of what Ukraine, which was part of Tsarist Russia, represented. A colony of the bourgeoisie and landlords, with an undeveloped industry, with the most primitive technique of a small-land peasant economy, with a majority illiterate, disenfranchised population, for whom even in primary school the native Ukrainian language was banned. Such was Ukraine before the Great October Socialist Revolution.
Now it is a highly cultured country, the country of the largest heavy industry in Europe, the country of the world's largest collective mechanized Agriculture.
Your delegation includes workers from the machine tool, peasants, and representatives of the intelligentsia. You will see the giants of our industry created during the years of the Stalinist five-year plans and the new socialist cities built around them with excellent houses for workers, clubs, nurseries, cinemas, theaters, medical institutions, secondary and higher schools, in which the children of workers, peasants, and the intelligentsia study in their native language, completely free of charge, and in higher education with scholarships from the state.
You will see our collective-farm village with its mechanization of agriculture, tractors, combines that make peasant labor easier and more productive: huts-reading rooms and huts-laboratories in which the collective farmer and Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet, Academician Lysenko, work together to create new crops, fight for the multibillion-dollar Stalinist harvests.
You will see many scientific research institutes created during the years of Soviet power, in which our scientists associate high scientific theory with the practice of our socialist construction. You will see the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, the scientific center of Soviet Ukraine, in which, among its thousands of researchers, there are a large number of scientists who have won a world name in science, working in excellent institutions created during the years of Stalin's five-year plans.
In this academy you will find one of the best libraries in the Soviet Union and in the world with five million volumes and a number of institutes working in various areas Ukrainian culture, national in form and socialist in content.
I ask you, comrades, to get acquainted with all corners of our new life out of a sense of legitimate pride that all this was created by us, the citizens of the Soviet Union, under the wise leadership of the Communist Party and our beloved leader Comrade Stalin. (Stormy applause. Everyone rises.)
May our achievements become a guarantee of a bright future awaiting the peoples of Western Ukraine in the great family of peoples of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics!
Long live the free Soviet people of Western Ukraine!
Long live the Communist Party and the great friend and leader of the working people of the whole world, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin! (Stormy applause. Everyone rises.)
Reproduced from: Reunification of the Ukrainian people in a single Ukrainian state (1939-1949). Collection of documents and materials. Kyiv. 1949. Tags:
| Institute of Hydromechanics NAS of Ukraine | |
|---|---|
| original name | Ukrainian Institute of Hydromechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Based | |
| Director | Grinchenko V. T. |
| Location | Ukraine Ukraine |
| Legal address | Kyiv, Zhelyabova street, 8/4 |
| Website | hydromech.com.ua |
History
It was founded in 1926 on the basis of the Department of Hydrogeology as a research institute for water management. The initiator of the creation of the Institute was Yevgeny Vladimirovich Oppokov, who proposed to organize a specialized scientific institution to study the water resources of Ukraine. Oppokov headed the Institute from 1926 to 1937. The Institute was provided with space in the building on the street. Artem, 45.
In 1936, the Institute became part of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. On October 15, 1937, the director of the Institute, E. V. Oppokov, was arrested, he was charged with counter-revolutionary monarchist sentiments and espionage activities in favor of Germany and Poland. And about. N. M. Ulasovich, Oppokov’s deputy for the Academy of Arts, became the director. The activity of the Institute was paralyzed.
In 1938 the Institute was reorganized into the Institute of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, for a short time, it was headed by a prominent hydrologist A. V. Ogievsky.
In 1940, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR G. I. Sukhomel was appointed director of the Institute. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War The activity of the institute as an independent research institution was interrupted, a small group of its employees headed by G. I. Sukhomel was included in the staff of the Institute of Structural Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR as a department of hydraulic structures and evacuated to Ufa. On July 17, 1944, by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR, the institute resumed its work as a new institution - the Institute of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. G. I. Sukhomel (since 1951 - academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR) remained the director of the new institute.
In 1956, the Institute moved to a new building (8/4 Zhelyabova Street) with a significant expansion of working space. In 1958, the Institute was headed by Cand. tech. Sciences M. M. Didkovsky.
In 1964 it was reorganized into the Institute of Hydromechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1966, one of the largest scientists in the country in the field of high-velocity hydrodynamics, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR G.V. in his work at TsAGI, which he had not interrupted since 1945. From 1972 to 1980, the Institute was headed by A. Ya.
- Years of struggle and victories: Proceedings of the All-Union scientific conference dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the victorious end civil war in the USSR (1918-1920). [Djv-6.5M]
(Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. Editorial Board of Historical Literature, 1983. - Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Institute of History)
Scan, processing, format Djv: Legion, 2012 - CONTENT:
Preface (3).
Suprunenko N.I. The struggle of the working people of Ukraine against foreign military intervention (5).
Shmorgun P.M. Publication of works by V.I. Lenin in Ukraine during the Civil War (15).
Gamretsky Yu.M. Some questions of the history of the struggle for power of the Soviets in Ukraine (20).
Vargatyuk P.L. On the question of the correlation of political forces and the forms of the struggle of the Bolsheviks for the establishment of Soviet power in Ukraine (late 1917 - early 1918) (28).
Musienko V.V., Yakunin V.K. Party building in Ukraine in 1918-1920. in the historical-party literature of the 20s - the first half of the 30s (30).
Pie R.Ya. Some questions of party building in Ukraine in 1918-1920. (35).
Sapun M.P. Activities of National Communist Sections in Ukraine (1918-1920) (42).
Vetrov R.I. The struggle of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine against the Mensheviks in 1918-1920. (48).
Teplitsky Yu.M. Komsomol of Ukraine in the struggle for the international unity of youth (53).
Ivanenko A.E., Savchin I.O., Batyuk V.S. IN AND. Lenin and the solution of the problem of military personnel (October 1917-1918) (61).
Soldatenko V.F. The role of the Bolshevik press in Ukraine in mobilizing the working masses for the struggle against the Austro-German imperialists (February-April 1918) (67).
Khmel I.V. The struggle of the working peasantry of Ukraine against the internal counter-revolution and the occupation regime in 1918 (72).
Bondar T.D. Partisan movement and activities of underground organizations in Ukraine in 1918 (78).
Chirva I.S. Bolshevik underground of Crimea in 1919-1920. (83).
Rakovsky M.E. Patterns and features of the civil war in the south of Ukraine (91).
Sulko V.S. Communists at the head of the struggle of the working people of the south of Ukraine against kulak banditry in 1920-1921. (96).
Yakupov N.M. Participation of troops of the Odessa Military District in combat operations on the fronts of the civil war (102).
Shirokov V.A. On the question of the participation of sailors of the Black Sea Fleet in the civil war (107).
Khoroshailov N.F. The activities of the party organizations of Donbass at the final stage of the civil war (112).
Gritsenko A.P. The role of the alliance of the working class and the peasantry in the defeat of the interventionists and the internal counter-revolution at the final stage of the civil war in Ukraine (117).
Kalenichenko P.M., Kulinich I.M. The participation of foreign internationalists in the struggle for Soviet power in Ukraine in final stage civil war (125).
Fishing I.K. On the Historiography of Socialist Construction in Ukraine during the Civil War (1918-1920) (131).
Lyakh R.D., Turchenko F.G. Changes in the social class structure of the rural population of Ukraine (139).
Tereshchenko Yu.I. The policy of "war communism" in Ukraine (some results of the study) (145).
Davydov M.I. Military food policy during the civil war (152).
Boyko E.D. Activities of the Soviets of Ukraine to assist the front in 1920 (159).
Osadchiy Yu.G. From the history of the struggle of the Bolsheviks for the trade unions of Ukraine during the period of foreign military intervention and civil war (168).
Timoshenko N.V. Soviet construction in the Ukrainian village at the final stage of the civil war (late 1919-1920) (170).
Verstyuk V.F. Socialist transformations in the Ukrainian countryside in 1919 (174).
Baglaev Yu.A. On the question of the work of the political agencies of the Red Army in the countryside during the Civil War (1918-1920) (180).
Moroko L.P., Nekoz N.D., Orlyansky S.F. Activities of the Alexander Party Organization in Mobilizing the Working People to Defeat Wrangel's Troops (186).
Garcheva L.P. The armed forces of the Soviet Republic of Taurida in the battles for the Crimea (190).
Karnaushenko V.N. The participation of the Red Army in the liquidation of the consequences of the intervention and civil war in the Crimea (194).
Melnichenko A.M. Activities of the Communist Party to create the Soviet system of public education in Ukraine (1918-1920) (198).
Mironets N.I. Works of mass revolutionary poetry of the period of the October Revolution and the Civil War as a historical source (203).
Parusimov Ya.P. Problems of the history of intervention and civil war in modern periodicals (1956-1980) (208).
Publisher's note: The collection includes materials from the All-Union Scientific Conference dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the victorious end of the civil war in the USSR. The organizational and leading role of the Communist Party and its Central Committee, headed by V.I. Lenin, in defeating the forces of external and internal counter-revolution. Questions of socialist construction, problems of the historiography of the civil war are covered.
For scientists, teachers and students of historical faculties, lecturers and propagandists.
Institute of Hydromechanics NAS of Ukraine- scientific institution in the structure of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
History
It was founded in 1926 on the basis of the Department of Hydrogeology as a research institute for water management. The initiator of the creation of the Institute was Yevgeny Vladimirovich Oppokov, who proposed to organize a specialized scientific institution to study the water resources of Ukraine. Oppokov headed the Institute from 1926 to 1937. The Institute was provided with space in the building on the street. Artem, 45.
In 1936, the Institute became part of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. On October 15, 1937, the director of the Institute, E. V. Oppokov, was arrested, he was charged with counter-revolutionary monarchist sentiments and espionage activities in favor of Germany and Poland. Oppokov's deputy for the AChE N. M. Ulasovich became acting director. The activity of the Institute was paralyzed.
In 1938 the Institute was reorganized into the Institute of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, for a short time, it was headed by a prominent hydrologist A. V. Ogievsky.
In 1940, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR G. I. Sukhomel was appointed director of the Institute. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the activity of the institute as an independent research institution was interrupted, a small group of its employees, headed by G.I. Sukhomel, was included in the staff of the Institute of Structural Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR as a department of hydraulic structures and evacuated to Ufa. On July 17, 1944, by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR, the institute resumed its work as a new institution - the Institute of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. G. I. Sukhomel (since 1951 - academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR) remained the director of the new institute.
In 1956, the Institute moved to a new building (8/4 Zhelyabova Street) with a significant expansion of working space. In 1958, the Institute was headed by Cand. tech. Sciences M. M. Didkovsky.
In 1964 it was reorganized into the Institute of Hydromechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1966, one of the largest scientists in the country in the field of high-velocity hydrodynamics, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR G.V. in his work at TsAGI, which he had not interrupted since 1945. From 1972 to 1980, the Institute was headed by A. Ya.
Scientific results
Structure
- Department of Technical Hydromechanics
- Department of hydrodynamic acoustics
- Department of Modeling of Hydrothermal Processes
- Department of Hydrodynamics of Wave Processes
- Department of Boundary Layer Management and Hydrobionics
- Department of Applied Hydrodynamics
- Department of Information Systems in Hydroaeromechanics and Ecology
- Department of hydrodynamics of hydraulic structures
- Department of Currents with Free Boundaries
- Department of vortex motions
- Department of Stratified Currents
- Department of Dynamics of Elastic Systems in Fluids
- Research Laboratory for Problems of Seismic Safety from Technological Explosions
The Institute has a unique experimental base, including an experimental basin, a hydrochannel, a large hydrodynamic tube, an experimental and research site in the village of. Kiylov.
Management
Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR E. V. Oppokov (1926-1937)
Acting director N. M. Ulasovich (1937-1939)
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR G. I. Sukhomel (1940-1941, 1944-1958)
M. M. Didkovsky (1958-1965)
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR A. Ya. Oleinik (1972-1980)
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR A. D. Fedorovsky (1981-1987)
Since 1987 - V. T. Grinchenko, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
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An excerpt characterizing the Institute of Hydromechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR
Benigsen from Gorki went down the high road to the bridge, to which the officer from the mound pointed out to Pierre as the center of the position, and near which rows of mowed grass, smelling of hay, lay on the bank. They drove across the bridge to the village of Borodino, from there they turned left and past a huge number of troops and guns drove to a high mound on which the militiamen were digging the ground. It was a redoubt, which did not yet have a name, then it was called the Raevsky redoubt, or barrow battery.Pierre did not pay much attention to this redoubt. He did not know that this place would be more memorable for him than all the places in the Borodino field. Then they drove across the ravine to Semyonovsky, where the soldiers were pulling away the last logs of huts and barns. Then, downhill and uphill, they drove forward through the broken rye, knocked out like hail, along the road to the flushes [a kind of fortification. (Note by L.N. Tolstoy.) ], also then still dug.
Bennigsen stopped at the fleches and began to look ahead at the Shevardinsky redoubt (which had been ours yesterday), on which several horsemen could be seen. The officers said that Napoleon or Murat was there. And everyone looked eagerly at this bunch of riders. Pierre also looked there, trying to guess which of these barely visible people was Napoleon. Finally, the horsemen drove off the mound and disappeared.
Benigsen turned to the general who approached him and began to explain the whole position of our troops. Pierre listened to Benigsen's words, straining all his mental powers to understand the essence of the upcoming battle, but felt with chagrin that his mental abilities were insufficient for this. He didn't understand anything. Bennigsen stopped talking, and noticing the figure of Pierre listening, he suddenly said, turning to him:
- You, I think, are not interested?
“Oh, on the contrary, it’s very interesting,” Pierre repeated, not quite truthfully.
From the flush, they drove even more to the left along the road, winding through a dense, low birch forest. In the middle of it
forest, a brown hare with white legs jumped out in front of them on the road and, frightened by the clatter a large number horses, was so confused that he jumped for a long time on the road in front of them, arousing general attention and laughter, and only when several voices shouted at him, he rushed to the side and disappeared into the thicket. Having traveled two versts through the forest, they drove out to a clearing on which stood the troops of Tuchkov's corps, which was supposed to protect the left flank.
Here, on the extreme left flank, Bennigsen spoke a lot and ardently and made, as it seemed to Pierre, an important order from a military point of view. Ahead of the disposition of Tuchkov's troops was an elevation. This elevation was not occupied by troops. Bennigsen loudly criticized this mistake, saying that it was foolish to leave the high ground unoccupied and place troops under it. Some generals expressed the same opinion. One in particular spoke with military vehemence that they were put here to be slaughtered. Bennigsen ordered in his name to move the troops to the heights.
This order on the left flank made Pierre even more doubtful of his ability to understand military affairs. Listening to Bennigsen and the generals who condemned the position of the troops under the mountain, Pierre fully understood them and shared their opinion; but precisely because of this, he could not understand how the one who placed them here under the mountain could make such an obvious and gross mistake.
Pierre did not know that these troops were not sent to defend the position, as Bennigsen thought, but were placed in a hidden place for an ambush, that is, in order to be unnoticed and suddenly strike at the advancing enemy. Bennigsen did not know this and moved the troops forward for special reasons, without telling the commander-in-chief about it.
On this clear August evening on the 25th, Prince Andrey was lying, leaning on his arm, in a broken barn in the village of Knyazkov, on the edge of his regiment. Through the hole in the broken wall, he looked at the strip of thirty-year-old birch trees with the lower branches cut off along the fence, at the arable land with smashed heaps of oats on it, and at the bushes, along which the smoke of fires - soldiers' kitchens - could be seen.
No matter how cramped and no one needs and no matter how heavy his life now seemed to Prince Andrei, he, just like seven years ago in Austerlitz on the eve of the battle, felt agitated and irritated.
Orders for tomorrow's battle were given and received by him. There was nothing more for him to do. But the simplest, clearest and therefore terrible thoughts did not leave him alone. He knew that tomorrow's battle was to be the most terrible of all those in which he participated, and the possibility of death for the first time in his life, without any regard for worldly, without considerations of how it would affect others, but only in relation to himself, to his soul, with liveliness, almost with certainty, simply and terribly, she presented herself to him. And from the height of this idea, everything that had previously tormented and occupied him was suddenly illuminated by a cold white light, without shadows, without perspective, without distinction of outlines. All life seemed to him like a magic lantern, into which he looked for a long time through glass and under artificial light. Now he suddenly saw, without glass, in bright daylight, these badly painted pictures. “Yes, yes, here they are, those false images that agitated and delighted and tormented me,” he said to himself, turning over in his imagination the main pictures of his magic lantern of life, now looking at them in this cold white daylight - a clear thought of death. - Here they are, these roughly painted figures, which seemed to be something beautiful and mysterious. Glory, public good, love for a woman, the fatherland itself - how great these pictures seemed to me, what deep meaning they seemed to be filled with! And it's all so simple, pale and crude in the cold white light of that morning that I feel is rising for me." The three main sorrows of his life in particular caught his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion that captured half of Russia. “Love! .. This girl, who seemed to me full of mysterious powers. How I loved her! I made poetic plans about love, about happiness with her. O dear boy! he said out loud angrily. - How! I believed in some kind of ideal love, which was supposed to keep her faithful to me during the whole year of my absence! Like the gentle dove of a fable, she must have withered away from me. And all this is much simpler ... All this is terribly simple, disgusting!