1. First names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms are written with a capital letter, for example: Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Peter the First (Peter I), Catherine the Great, False Nero. Alexander Nevsky, Alexander the Great, Alexander the Liberator, Sergius of Radonezh, Seraphim of Sarov. Also: Knight of the Sorrowful Image (about Don Quixote).

Note 1. Nicknames are written without quotation marks, for example: Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, Richard the Lionheart. Wed: a maid nicknamed the Great Mogul.

Note 2. About spellings like Dumas-son

2. In complex surnames written with a hyphen, each part begins with a capital letter, for example: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Sheller-Mikhailov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Novikov-Priboy, Bongard-Levin, Gulak-Artemovsky.

3. Double (triple, etc.) non-Russian names are written all with a capital letter, separately or through a hyphen, depending on whether all parts are inclined or not. French compound names, in which the first name in indirect cases usually remains unchanged, are usually hyphenated, for example: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (cf .: works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), Pierre-Henri Simon, Charles-Marie-Rene Lecomte de Lille. When the first name is inflected, it is written separately, for example: Antoine François Prévost d'Exile (18th century writer).

Composite names and surnames are written separately:

german: Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Hans (Hans) Dietrich Genscher, Erich Maria Remarque, Johannes Robert Becher, Hans Magnus Encesberger, Johann Gregor Mendel (Czech by nationality); hyphenated writing I.-S. Bach is connected with the desire to distinguish the initials of two German names (Johann Sebastian) from the initials of the Russian name and patronymic;

english: John Noel Gordon Byron, Robert Louis Stevenson, Herbert George Wells, John Boynton Priestley, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jerome David (David) Salinger, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, George Walker Sousley, Pricelist

scandinavian: Hans Christian (H.-K.) Andersen (trad. Hans Christian Andersen), Erik Olbeck Jensen, Ulla Britta Jörgensen (Danish); Svante August Arrhenius (Swedish); Olof Reed Olsen (Norwegian); you should pay attention: Martin Andersen-Neksø, where Martin is the name, Andersen is the surname, Neksø is a pseudonym;

italian: Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Maria Bianca Luporini;

spanish (including Latin American): Jose Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Oneelio Jorge Cardoso, Domingo Alberto Angel, Enrique Gonzalez Mantici, Jose Maria Heredia, Elpirio Abel Diaz Delgado, Maria Teresa Leon;

portuguese (including Brazilian): Luis Carlos Prestes, Maria Elena Raposo, Jose Maria Fareira di Castro.

Wed See also: Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish), Bronislaw Wojciech Linke (Polish), Iona Stefan Radovic (Romanian).

The constituent parts of ancient Roman (Latin) names are written separately, for example: Gaius Julius Caesar, Mark Tullius Cicero.

A hyphen is used to write the constituent parts that themselves (without a surname) serve as a means of naming, for example: Franz Joseph, Maria Theresa, Marie Antoinette, Marie Christiane Carolina Adelaide Francoise Leopoldina (the artist is the Duchess of Württemberg).

4. Articles, prepositions, particles for foreign surnames and first names are written with a lowercase letter and are not hyphenated, for example: Max von der Grün, Ludwig van Beethoven, Gustave af Geyerstam, Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Roger Martin du Gard, Monique de la Brisholri, Garcilaso della Vega, Enrique dos Santos, Eduardo de Filippo, Cola di Rienzo, Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, Lucca della Robbia, but Domenico El Greco.

In eastern (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) personal names, the initial or final constituent part, denoting social status, kinship, etc., is written with a lowercase letter and, as a rule, is attached to the subsequent part of the def and som , for example: Abu Raikhan al-Beruni, Ahmad ed-Din, Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr, Omar al-Sharif, Salah dul-Fikar, Mohammed el-Kuni, Suleiman Pasha, Izmail Bey, Ker-oglu, Tursun-zade ... The initial Ibn is written with a capital letter, for example: Ibn Roshd (Averroes), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Saud.

The spelling of the service word with a capital letter for some surnames reflects the spelling in the source language, for example: Edmondo De Amicis (Italian), Agrippa D'Obinier (French), Charles de Coster (Belgian) and others, which cannot be used: De Long, Di Vittorio, Dos Passos. Official words, merged with the surname in one word or appended to the surname with a hyphen, are written with a capital letter, for example: Fonvizin, Vandervelde, Lagrange, VanGogh. (15b)

With a capital letter, the ones standing in front of the surname O are written (after it an apostrophe is put), attached with a hyphen Mc-, San-, Saint-, Saint-, for example: O'Henry, McDowell, Saint-Martin, Saint-Just, Saint-Beuve ...

In the names Don Quixote and Don Juan, both parts are capitalized and connected with a hyphen, forming a single proper name. But if the word don is used in the sense of "lord", it is written separately and with a lowercase letter, for example: don Basilio, don Andrea. In the common sense of the word Don Quixote, Don Juan are written with a lowercase letter and together.

5. In Chinese proper names of persons, consisting of two parts, both parts are written separately and with a capital letter, for example: Song Yatsen, Ye Haobo, Li Peng, Deng Xiaoping.

In Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, and Nondonesian, Ceylon, Japanese

surnames and first names, all components are written separately and with a capital letter, for example: Pak Su Yong, Le Than Ngi, U Dau Ma, Mang Reng Sai, Kurahara Korehito, Akira Kurosawa. The san particle in Japanese names is written with a lowercase letter and appended with a hyphen: Toyama-san (when addressing).

6. The proper names of individuals, which have become common nouns, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: philanthropist, ladies' man, gigolo. The spelling with a capital letter is preserved if the surname, being used in a common sense, does not pass into the category of common nouns, for example: We ... were firmly convinced that we had our Byrons, Shakespeare, Schiller, Walter Scott (Belinsky).

But if the individual names of people are used in a generalized sense as generic designations (usually they have definitions with them), then they are written with a lowercase letter, for example: quislings (collaborators), new edison, newly minted hussein.

Note. The names of objects, plant species, units of measurement, etc., formed from the names of persons, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: ford, revolver, jacket, breeches, ivan-da-marya, ampere, volt, x-ray.

7. Individual names related to the field of religion and mythology are written with a capital letter, for example: Buddha, Jesus Christ, Mohammed (Muhammad, Mohammed, Magomed), Allah, Savior, John the Theologian; Zeus, Mars, Isis.

Note. For names related to religion, see § 21. If the individual names of mythological creatures are used in a common sense or in a figurative sense, then they are written with a lowercase

letters; Wed: the ancient Slavic god of thunder and lightning Perun - to throw peruns (to be angry, angry).

The generic names of mythological creatures are written with a lowercase letter, for example: nymph, siren, demon.

Note 1. To clarify the spelling of a particular person's proper name, refer to the encyclopedic dictionary.

Note 2. In the spelling of foreign proper names of persons, various changes are possible, directed towards the convergence of spelling and sound in the original language, for example: William (William) Shakespeare. Margaret Thatcher (Thatcher).

Spelling of proper names is acquired by mentally retarded schoolchildren with greater difficulties than the rule about writing vowels after sibilants, although it also has a specific indication of the way of writing. At the same time, unlike the previous spelling rule, it basically has a certain grammatical concept of "proper name".

In an auxiliary school, this concept is formed gradually, over a number of years, relying on one of the basic principles of teaching mentally retarded schoolchildren - from concrete to abstract. In the second and third grades, students learn the spelling of specific proper names (without terminology): in the second grade - capital letters in the names, surnames of people, nicknames of animals; in the third - capital letters in the patronymics of people, in the names of cities, villages, villages, streets.

And only in the fourth grade is the concept of a proper name given, the circle of proper names expands (these include the names of countries, rivers, seas, mountains). As a result, the rule is formulated: "Proper names are written with a capital letter."

Such a concentric construction of the program material helps to disperse the difficulties of mastering the spelling of proper names, enriches the vocabulary of students, and helps to gradually lead them to the formation of a grammatical concept.

At the same time, each individual capitalization spelling rule is in itself complex because it requires a certain level of generalization. In addition, unlike the previous rules, its assimilation is based not on visual-motor memorization, but on judgment, which consists primarily in assigning words to one category or another, and then in establishing their spelling.

To teach the spelling of proper names, we recommend the following tasks.

2. Give the names of the children in the class. Make a conclusion that there are words that denote names (surnames, animal nicknames, etc.).

Difficulty for mentally retarded children is the distinction between proper and common nouns. The first exercises should be aimed at highlighting proper names.

1. Read. (Boy Vanya. Boy Petya. Girl Katya. Girl Galya) Write down the names of boys, girls. (Boys: .... Girls: ....) Tell me which letter the names are written with.
Underline the capital letter in the names of boys, girls.

2. Add the names of the animals. Write the names of animals with a capital letter. (Dogs: Beetle, .... Cats: Murka, .... Cows: Burenka, .... Horses: Sivka, ....) Emphasize large
the letter in the names of animals.

Write your last name, the last name of your mom, your dad. Say with what letter the names of people are written. Underline the capital letter in the names of people.

Write the name and patronymic of your mom, your dad, your teacher.

5. Read (Moscow, Leningrad, Korobovo village, Perkhushkovo village, Pushkinskaya street, Oktyabrskaya street). Write the names of cities, villages, streets according to the model.
(Cities: ..., .... Villages: ..., .... Streets: ..., ....) Underline the capital letter in the names of cities, villages, streets.

As you can see, in all these exercises, specific instructions are given to which categories the words belong, and the nature of their writing. At the same time, they only lead students to differentiate words. The following types of exercises should be more conducive to distinguishing between proper and common nouns.

Kolya Ivanov loves animals. He has a cat named Murka, a dog To-bik. He tamed the starling. The starling was named Yashka. In the summer Kolya lived in the village. He had a goose Fomka and a Crested chicken there.

Write out the names of animals according to the model (cat Murka, dog Tobik). Tell which words the capital letter is written in. Underline words that are capitalized.

2. Make a sentence from the given words. First you need to write about whom the sentence is talking about, then what it says. (Cow. Dog. Cat. Chestnut. Dawn. Murka. Mooing, Barking. Catches mice.)

Underline the names of animals. Say with which letter the nicknames are written.

We live in the city of Leningrad. Uncle works in the city of Rostov. My brother serves in Minsk. Grandpa lives in the village of Gorokhovo.

Copy text. Underline the names of the settlements. Say with what letter they are written.

In the fourth grade, spelling is repeated with a capital letter of names, surnames, patronymics of people, nicknames of animals, names of settlements, etc. Then the first idea of \u200b\u200bproper names is given, that is, all already familiar categories of words are brought under this grammatical concept, and a rule is formulated spelling of proper names. Further, we can recommend exercises that reinforce this concept.

1. Write the full names of people. (Masha, Vasya, .... Image. Masha - Maria.)

Underline a capital letter in proper names.

2. Complete sentences by inserting proper names.

The capital of our Motherland is a city .... I know hero cities: .... Words for information: Moscow, Leningrad, Volgograd, Sevastopol, Kiev, the hero fortress Brest, Novorossiysk, Minsk, Murmansk, Tula, Kerch, Odessa.

Underline city names. Say with what letter proper names are written.

3. Write your mailing address. Underline personal names
venous. Explain their spelling.

The next step is to bring the names of countries, rivers, seas, mountains under the concept of "proper name", determine their spelling and fix the spelling of all the above proper names.

The following types of exercises will be helpful.

There is a May Day boarding school in the Tula region. The pioneers of this school love to travel. They saw the Crimean and Caucasian mountains. The schoolchildren visited the city of Leningrad, the cities of Tula and Tallinn. They fell in love with the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.

Write out proper names - first the names of cities, then the names of rivers, mountains, seas, regions, boarding school. Underline a capital letter in proper names.

2. Write off.

Our city stretches along the banks of the Dnieper. Our reserve, the island of Khortitsa, is very famous. I love my native Zaporozhye! I love Ukraine!

Underline proper names. Explain their spelling.

Enriching the vocabulary of students with new words-names, the inclusion of proper names in all exercises when studying other topics will further strengthen this spelling rule.

Similar information.

A proper name is name a noun expressed by a word or, which names a specific object or phenomenon. Unlike a common noun, which denotes a whole object or phenomenon at once, name own is intended for one, well-defined object of this class. For example, "" is a common noun name noun, while "War and Peace" is proper. The word "river" represents name common noun, but "Cupid" - name Proper names can be names of people, patronymics, names of books, songs, films, geographical names. Proper names are written with a capital letter. Some types of proper names require quotation marks. This applies to literary works ("Eugene Onegin"), pictures ("Mona Lisa"), films ("Only old men go to battle"), theaters ("Variety"), and other types of nouns. When translating proper names into others languages \u200b\u200bare used transcription methods and: Gogolya-street (Gogol street), radio Mayak (radio "Mayak"). Proper names are not specially distinguished. Proper names and common nouns are not separated from each other by an impenetrable wall. Proper names can go into common nouns, and vice versa. For example, "avatar" was only a household name until "Avatar" was removed. Now this word, depending on the context, plays the role of a common noun or proper noun. "Schumacher" is the surname of a certain race car driver, but gradually all fans of fast driving began to be called "Schumacher". Common nouns from proper names can be transferred to trademarks that are unique manufacturers of a certain type of product or simply monopolists. A striking example is Xerox, which produces electrophotographic copiers. This company exists to this day, but "copiers" are now called all copiers in general.

Sources:

• how to spell proper names

Tip 2: How to determine if a proper name or a common noun

Nouns refer to objects, phenomena, or concepts. These meanings are expressed using the categories of gender, number and case. All nouns belong to the groups of proper and common nouns. Proper nouns, which serve as names for single objects, are contrasted with common nouns, denoting generalized names of similar objects.

Instructions

To define your own nouns, establish whether the name is an individual designation of an object, i.e. does it highlight " name»A subject from a number of similar ones (Moscow, Russia, Sidorov). Proper nouns call the names and surnames of persons and the nicknames of animals (Nekrasov, Pushhok, Fru-fru); geographic and astronomical objects (America, Stockholm, Venus); , organizations, print media (Pravda newspaper, Spartak team, Eldorado store).

Proper names, as a rule, do not change in numbers and are used only in the singular (Voronezh) or only in the plural (Sokolniki). Please note that there are exceptions to this rule. Proper nouns are used in the plural form if they denote different persons and objects that are called the same (both America, Petrov's namesakes); persons in kinship relations (the Fedorov family). Also, proper nouns can be used in the plural form, if they name a certain type of people, "distinguished" by the qualitative characteristics of a famous literary character. Please note that in this meaning, nouns lose the sign of belonging to a group of single objects, therefore, both the use of an uppercase and a lowercase letter (Chichikovs, Famusovs, Pechorins) is acceptable.

The spelling feature that distinguishes proper nouns is the use of the capital letter and. At the same time, all proper names are always letters, and the names of institutions, organizations, works, objects are used as appendices and are enclosed in quotation marks (motor ship "Fyodor Chaliapin", Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons"). The application can include any part of speech, but the first word is always capitalized (novel by Daniel Defoe "The Life and Amazing Sailor Robinson Crusoe").

The noun in Russian has various distinctive features. To show the features of the emergence and use of certain linguistic units, they are divided into common and proper names.

Instructions

Common nouns are nouns that denote the name of certain objects and phenomena that have a common set of features. These objects or phenomena belong to any class, but by themselves do not carry any special indications of this

& sect 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text

The first word of the text is written with a capital letter, in particular the first word of a quotation, which is not given from the beginning of the original sentence, but begins with itself a sentence, for example: "... Krylov's fables are not just fables: they are a story, a comedy, a humorous sketch, an evil satire, in a word, whatever you want, just not just a fable," wrote V.. D. Belinsky.

Note. For uppercase letters at the beginning of individual text headings, see & sect 75, item 4. For upper and lower case letters in quotes and direct-speech sentences, see & sect 119-121 and.

& sect 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks

1. The first word after a period, question mark or exclamation mark, ellipsis at the end of the previous sentence is written with a capital letter. For example: Black evening. White snow (Block). Won't you leave? Not? (Chekhov). Forward! Keep up, friends! (Chekhov). Dubrovsky was silent ... Suddenly he raised his head, his eyes sparkled, he stamped his foot, pushed the secretary away ... (Pushkin).

   Note 1. After an ellipsis that does not end a sentence, the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example: His wife ... however, they were completely satisfied with each other (Gogol) (ellipsis absorbs a comma before the introductory word however).

   Note 2. About a lowercase letter after a question or exclamation mark in sentences with homogeneous members see & sect 76, note to item 1, and & sect 77, note 2.

2. If the exclamation mark appears after the address or interjection at the beginning of the sentence, then the next word of the text is written with a capital letter, for example: Old man! I heard many times that you saved me from death (Lermontov). Hooray! We break, the Swedes bend (Pushkin).
3. In complex surnames, written with a hyphen, each part begins with an uppercase letter, for example: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Miklukho-Maclay, Mamin-Sibiryak, Novikov-Priboy, Rimsky-Korsakov.
4. Double (triple, etc.) non-Russian names are written all with a capital letter, separately or through a hyphen, depending on whether all parts are inclined or not.

   French compound names, in which the first name in indirect cases usually remains unchanged, as a rule, are connected with a hyphen, for example: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (cf .: works by Jean-Jacques Rousseau), Pierre-Henri Simon, Charles-Marie-Rene Lecomte de Lisle... When the first name is inflected, it is written separately, for example: Antoine Francois Prévost d'Exile (writer of the 18th century).

   Composite names are written separately:

   n e m etsk and e: Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Erich Maria Remarque, Johannes Robert Becher, Hans Magnus Encesberger, Johann Gregor Mendel; hyphenated spelling AND.-WITH. Bach associated with the desire to delimit the initials of two German names ( Johann Sebastian) from the initials of the Russian name and patronymic;

   angl and e (including North American): John Noel Gordon Byron, Robert Louis Stevenson, HG Wells, John Boynton Priestley, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jerome David Salinger, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Katharina Susanna Pritchard;

   scandinavsk and e: Hans Christian Andersen, Erik Olbeck Jensen, Ulla Britta Jørgensen (Danish); Svante August Arrhenius (Swedish); Olof Reed Olsen (Norwegian);

   and t a l y n s k and e: Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Maria Bianca Luporini;

   and s p and s to and e (including Latin American): Jose Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Onelio Jorge Cardoso, Domingo Alberto Angel, Enrique Gonzalez Mantici, Elpirio Abel Diaz Delgado, Maria Teresa Leon;

   p o rt ugal s k and e (including Brazilian): Luis Carlos Prestes, Luis Carlos Martinez Pena, Antonio Agostinho Neto, Maria Elena Raposo.

   Wed also: Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish), Bronislaw Wojciech Linke (Polish), Jonah Stefan Radovic (Romanian).

   The constituent parts of the woodworking (Latin) names are written separately, for example: Guy Julius Caesar, Mark Thulius Cicero.

   A hyphen is used to write the constituent parts that themselves (without a surname) serve as a means of naming, for example: Franz Joseph, Marie Theresa, Marie Antoinette, Marie Christina Carolina Adelaide Françoise Leopoldina.

5. Articles, prepositions, particles for non-Russian surnames and first names are written with a lowercase letter and are not attached with hyphens, for example: Max von der Grün, Ludwig van Beethoven, Gustav af Geyerstam, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Roger Martin du Gard, Monique de la Bricholri, Garcilaso del Vega, Enrique dos Santos, Eduardo de Filippo, Cola di Rienzo, Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, Lucca case Robbia.

   In oriental (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) personal names, the initial or final constituent part denoting social status, family relations, etc., is written with a lowercase letter and, as a rule, is attached to the subsequent part with a hyphen, for example: Ahmad ed-Din, Omar al-Sharif, Salah zul-Fiqar, Mohammed el-Kuni, Suleiman Pasha, Ismail Bey, Kor-oglu, Tursun-zade... The initial is written with a capital letter Ibn, eg: Ibn Roshd (Averroes), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Saud.

   The capitalization of the function word for some surnames reflects the spelling in the source language, for example: Edmondo De Amicis (ital.), Agrippa D'Aubigne (French), Charles de Coster (belg.) and others that are not used without an official word: De Long, Di Vittorio, Dos Passos.

   Official words, merged with the surname in one word or attached to the surname with a hyphen, are written with a capital letter, for example: Fonvizin, Vandervelde, Lagrange, Van Gogh.

   Capital letters are written in front of the surname ABOUT (followed by an apostrophe), appended with a hyphen Poppy-, San, Sep-, Saint , eg: O'Henry, McDowell, San Martin, Saint-Just, Saint-Beuve.

   In names Don Quixote, Don Juan both parts are capitalized and hyphenated to form a single proper name. But if the word don used in the meaning of "lord", it is written separately with a lowercase letter, for example: don Basilio, don Andrea... In the common sense of the word don Quixote, Don Juan written together with a lowercase letter.

6. In k and tai with k and x proper names of persons consisting of two parts, both parts are written separately and with a capital letter, for example: Sun Yat-sen, Ye Shengtao, Li Peng.

   In koreis k and x, b e tn m s k and x, birman s k and x, and do not n ez and s k and x, t e y l about n with k and x,
   for all names and surnames, all components are written separately with a capital letter, for example: Pak Su Yeon, Le Thanh Ngu, Wu Dau Ma, Mang Reng Sai, Toshiro Mifune... Particle dignity in Japanese names it is written with a lowercase letter and appended with a hyphen: Toyama-san.

7. Proper names of persons, which have become common nouns, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: philanthropist, ladies' man, gigolo.

   The spelling with a capital letter is preserved if the surname, being used in a common noun meaning, does not go into the category of common nouns, for example: We ... were firmly convinced that we had our Byrons, Shakespeare, Schiller, Walter Scott (Belinsky). The same if the surname is used in a figurative meaning, for example: Stand with your back to the shelf and fold your hands to Napoleon.

   But if the individual names of people are used in a contemptuous sense as generic designations, then they are written with a lowercase letter, for example: despicable socks and Scheidemans (traitors to the Social Democrats), quislings (collaborators).

   Note. The names of objects, plant species, units of measurement, etc., formed from the names of persons, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: ford, revolver, french, riding breeches, ivan da maria, beef stroganoff, amp, volt, x-ray.

8. Individual names related to the field of religion and mythology are written with a capital letter, for example: Jesus Christ, Buddha, Shiva; Zeus, Mercury, Anubis, Ceres.

   If the individual names of mythological creatures are used in a common sense or in a figurative sense, then they are written with a lowercase letter; Wed: ancient Slavic god of thunder and lightning Perun - throw peruns (angry, angry).

   The generic names of mythological creatures are written with a lowercase letter, for example: nymph, siren, valkyrie, devil.

& sect 14. Names of animals, names of plant species, wine varieties

1. Animal nicknames are written with a capital letter, for example: dogs Valetka, Druzhok; cat Vaska; the elephant Manka; bear cub Borka, horse Vronsky Fru-Fru.

   If individual names are used as the names of animal species or in a figurative sense, then they are written with a lowercase letter, for example: bears in the painting by Shishkin; plush bear .

   Note. The names of animal breeds, including those derived from geographical names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: kholmogorka cow, Bityug horse, lapdog dog, Cochin chickens.

2. The names of species and varieties of plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers in the specialized literature are written with a capital letter, for example: raspberry Marlborough, strawberry Winner, Show red currant, Nikolskaya white plum, Nantes carrot, Epicurus potatoes, Dnieper-521 wheat, Parma violet, Black Prince tulip.

   In texts that are not overloaded with the names of varieties of plants, vegetables, fruits, etc., these names are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter, for example: tomato "Joseph the Great", apples "Lithuanian Pepin", "Bellefleur-Kitaika", winter rye "Ulyanovka", dahlia "Svetlana".

   Common names for flowers and fruits are written with a lowercase letter, for example: pansies, ivan-da-marya, white filling, antonovka, renklode, rosemary.

3. The names of wine varieties, derived from geographical names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: tsimlyanskoe, Madeira, Tokay (but the names of the brands of wine: champagne Abrau-Durso, port Aygeshat).

   Note. For the names of the brand names of machines, manufactured products, etc., see & sect 131.

& sect 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays

In fables, fairy tales, dramas and some other works of the title actors, expressed by common nouns, are written with a capital letter, for example: mischievous Monkey, Donkey, Goat and club-footed Bear started to play a quartet (Krylov); Santa Claus (hero of fairy tales; but: santa Claus - a toy); Dragon; Koschei the Immortal (the title of the opera by N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov; in other cases it is written koschey); Little Red Riding Hood; Blue Beard.

& sect 16. Adjectives and adverbs derived from individual names

1. Adjectives denoting individual belonging are written with a capital letter if they are formed from the proper names of persons, animals, mythological creatures, etc. using a suffix -ow (s) or -in ... For example: Eiffel Tower, Zeus's Wrath, Odyssey's Wanderings, Nadina's dolls, Murkin's kittens.
2. Adjectives denoting belonging and formed from the proper names of persons are written with a lowercase letter if they have a suffix in their composition -sk- ... For example: yesenin lyric poetry, Turgenev estate, prisvinskaya prose.
3. Adjectives are written with a capital letter in -ski , which are part of the names that have the meaning of "name of such and such", "memory of such and such", for example: Lomonosov Readings, Nobel Prize, Bulgakov Conference... The same in combinations that have the meaning of a proper name, for example: Habsburg dynasty (cf. Habsburg dynasty), Piedmont courtyard (derived from place name), Vakhtangov Theater, Stroganov School.
4. With a lowercase letter, adjectives are written, formed from proper names, but not denoting belonging in the literal sense of the word, for example: pushkin style (i.e., style, like Pushkin's), tolstoy's views on life... Wed phraseological turns: antonov fire, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Pillars of Hercules, Procrustean bed, Sisyphean labor, Aesopian language etc.
5. Adverbs formed from the proper names of persons are written with a lowercase letter, for example: in Suvorov style, in Shchedrin style.

& sect 17. Geographical and territorial names

1. Own geographic names are written with a capital letter, for example: Arctic, Europe, Finland, Moscow, Kremlin (city area, but: the Kremlin was built in ancient Russian cities - in the meaning of "fortress"). Also: anti-france etc.
2. Common nouns in compound geographical names are written with a capital letter if they are not used in a direct meaning and call the object conditionally, for example: White church (town), Krasnaya Polyana (town), Red hill (town), Czech Forest (mountain range), Golden Horn (bay), Kanin Nose (cape).

   But: Clean ponds (a street in Moscow with ponds), Kuznetsky Most (a street in Moscow, part of which was once occupied by a bridge across the Neglinka River), Nikitsky gate (once a gate in the wall that surrounded Moscow), Cow ford, Carriage row and other similar names reflecting the past of Moscow.

3. Titles, titles, positions, etc., in compound geographic names are capitalized, for example: queen Charlotte Islands, Prince Charles Land Island, Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge... Also: saint Helena, Saint Lawrence Bay.
4. Parts of complex geographic names are capitalized and hyphenated if formed:

   a) a combination of two nouns with the meaning of parts of an object or a single object, for example: Alsace-Lorraine, Schleswig-Holstein, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Maidan-Bobrik village;

   b) a combination of a noun followed by an adjective, for example: Novgorod-Seversky, Pereslavl-Zalessky;

   c) a complex adjective, for example: West Siberian lowland (for spellings of this type, see & sect 44, item 11), Georgian Military Road, Volga-Don Canal;

   d) a combination of an element top-, salt-, ust- with the name of the settlement (the latter is not always used separately), for example: Verkh-Neyvinsky, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Ishim (but, in accordance with the established tradition, it is written together: Solvychegodsk);

   e) a combination of foreign language elements, for example: Alma-Ata ("Father of apples"), Nord-Cap ("Northern cape"), New York ("New York").

5. Foreign generic names are written with a capital letter, which are part of geographical names, but are not used in Russian as common nouns, for example: Yoshkar-Ola (ola - town), Rio colorado (rio - river), Sierra nevada (sierra - Mountain chain). But foreign-language generic names that have entered in their inherent meaning in the Russian language as common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Varanger fiord (word fiord used in Russian as a geographical term), Berkeley square (also: Wall Street, Baker Streetwhere straight - the outside).
6. Articles, prepositions, particles at the beginning of foreign-language geographical names are capitalized and attached with a hyphen, for example: La Valletta, Las Vegas, Le Creusot, Los Hermanos, De Longa... Also: San Francisco, Santa Cruz, Saint Gotthard, Saint Etienne.

   Service words in the middle of Russian and foreign language complex geographical names are written with a lowercase letter and connected with two hyphens (as opposed to the separate spelling of service words with non-Russian proper names of persons). For example: Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt am Main, Rio de Janeiro, Pinar del Rio Dos, Choisy-le-Roy, Oradour-sur-Glan, San Francisco de la Caleta, Abruzzo e-Molise, Dar es Salaam.

7. The names of the countries of the world, when they are part of territorial names or are used instead of territorial names, are written with a capital letter, for example: peoples of the East (i.e. eastern countries), Far East, Far North... Wed: No, not the decrepit East to conquer me (Lermontov). In the direct meaning, the names of the countries of the world are written with a lowercase letter: east West North South.
8. In the official names of states, all words, as a rule, are written with a capital letter, for example: the Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Niger, United States of America, Swiss Confederation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, French Republic, Republic of South Africa, United Arab Emirates.

   All words in new names of former autonomies and in new formations are written with a capital letter, for example: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Republic of Mari El, Republic of Komi, Republic of Bashkortostan.

   By virtue of the established tradition, individual words in the official names of states are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

   In the names of groups (associations, unions) of states, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic names, for example: baltic States, Scandinavian countries, European Economic Community, Arab League, Union of Central African States, Holy Union, Triple Alliance (but: Commonwealth of Independent States).

   Generic names in compound unofficial names of foreign states are written with a lowercase letter, for example: United Kingdom (Great Britain).

   The names of parts of states that are terminological in nature are written with a capital letter, for example: Western Belarus, Right-Bank Ukraine, Inner Mongolia, Northern Italy.

   In the figurative names of states, either the first word is written with a capital letter, or a word that emphasizes the characteristic feature of the named object, for example: Land of the rising sun (Japan), Land of tulips (Netherlands), liberty Island (Cuba).

9. In administrative-territorial names, words denoting a generic or specific concept: region, edge, district etc., - are written with a lowercase letter, the rest of the words - with an uppercase, for example: Krasnodar Territory, Kursk Region, Shelkovsky District.

   In the names of administrative-territorial units of foreign states, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic designations, for example: county sussex (England), hautes-Pyrenees department (France), south Carolina (USA), columbia region (USA), tuscany region (Italy), state of Baden-Württemberg (FRG), Shecin Voivodeship (Poland), hokkaido prefecture (Japan), sichuan province (China).

& sect 18. Astronomical names

Individual astronomical names are written with a capital letter: Saturn, Galaxy (which includes our solar system, but: distant galaxies). In compound names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for the generic names and ordinal designations of the luminaries (usually the names of the letters of the Greek alphabet). For example: Ursa Major, Andromeda nebula, constellation Big Dog, beta Libra, star of Archduke Charles.

The words sun moon are written with a capital letter when they are used in a terminological meaning, for example: prominences on the sun; various theories of the origin of the Earth; photographs of the far side of the moon (but: the sun rose, a lump of earth, the light of the moon).

& sect 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods

1. The names of historical eras and events are written with a capital letter; in compound names, all proper names are capitalized, for example: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome (state; but: ancient Rome - town), Roman Empire, Novgorod Rus, Renaissance, early Renaissance, late Renaissance, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, Time of Troubles, Peter's era (but: pre-Petrine era, post-Petrine era), Battle of Kulikovo, Seven Years War, July Monarchy, Second Empire, Fifth Republic, Paris Commune, Lena execution, Peace of Versailles, Great Patriotic War, War of Independence (in North America), December armed uprising of 1905, February Revolution of 1917, Civil War (if this specific historical event is associated with a specific date), The Second World War.
2. In the names of congresses, congresses, conferences, the first word and all proper names are written with a capital letter, for example: Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, World Congress of Trade Unions, Yalta (Crimean) Conference 1945.
3. Names of historical eras and events that are not proper names, as well as names of geological periods, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: the ancient world, the Middle Ages, feudalism, the Russian-Turkish wars, the Mesozoic era, the Paleolithic era, the Stone Age, the Ice Age, civil War (about the type of war).

& sect 20. Names of holidays, popular movements, significant dates

The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter in the names of holidays, popular movements, significant dates, for example: Victory Day, New Year (but both words with a capital letter are allowed), Spring and Labor Day (May 1), International Women's Day, Day of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation (June 12), Week of Slavic Written Language and Culture, Jacqueria (specific historical event, but: jaqueria - in the meaning of "peasant uprising"), Copper Riot, Lyon Uprising (but: uprising of the Silesian weavers - not in the meaning of a proper name), January 9th (January 9th), Popular Front.

For the writing of religious holidays, see & sect 21.

Note 1. Generic names retain their spelling from a lowercase letter, even if they are the first word of a phrase, for example: resistance movement, War of the Scarlet and White Rose.

& sect 21. Religious names

1. The word is written with a capital letter God, the names of God in all religions, for example: Yahweh (Yahweh), Jehovah, Jesus Christ, Allah, Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu, as well as the names of pagan gods, for example: Perun, Zeus, Moloch, Sabaoth, Ra, Bacchus, Hermes and etc.

   Word God, as a rule, is written with a capital letter as part of stable combinations ( God willing, thank God, have mercy on God, God forbid, for God's sake and etc.).

2. All names are capitalized Of God persons Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit) and the word The virgin, as well as all words used instead of words God (eg: Lord, Savior, Creator, Supreme, Creator) and The virgin (eg: Queen of Heaven, Most Pure Virgin, Most Holy Virgin, Mother of God) (including pronouns, for example: Hallowed be Thy name!).
3. All adjectives formed from the word are written with a capital letter God, eg: grace of god.
4. All proper names of the founders of religions are capitalized, for example: Buddha, Muhammad (Mohammed, Mohammed, Magomed), as well as apostles, prophets, saints, for example: John the Baptist, John Chrysostom, John the Baptist, John the Theologian, Elijah the Prophet, Nicholas the Wonderworker, George the Victorious... The words apostle, reverend, saint, martyr before their own names are written with a lowercase letter, for example: apostle Peter, the Monk Sergei of Radonezh, the Martyr Porfiry, Saint John of Kronstadt.
5. All common nouns used in the meaning of proper ones are written with a capital letter, for example: Sky; World creation; Cross of the Lord; The Last Judgment; Church... The same in combinations Orthodox Church, Holy Church, Russian Orthodox Church (but in combinations like Baptist Church, Anglican Church word church used in a common sense and written with a lowercase letter).
6. The first word and proper names in the names of religious Orthodox holidays are written with a capital letter: Easter of Christ (Easter), Nativity of Christ (Christmas), Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday), Ascension of the Lord (Ascension), Day of the Holy Trinity, Pentecost (Trinity), Baptism of the Lord (Baptism), Presentation of the Lord (Meeting), Annunciation Holy Mother of God (Annunciation), Transfiguration of the Lord (Transfiguration), Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord, Introduction to the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Beheading of John the Baptistas well as the names of holidays in other religions, for example: Bayram, Ramadan (Ramadan), Navruz - Muslim holidays, Hanukkah, Shabbat - Jewish holidays.

   The names of posts and weeks are written with a capital letter: Great Lent, Peter Lent, Dormition Fast, Christmas (Filippov) Fast, Easter (Bright) Week, Cheese Week (Máslenitsa).

7. All words in the names of the highest bodies of church authority are written with a capital letter, for example: Local Council, Bishops' Council, Holy Synod... The names of world organizations are also written, for example: World Council of Churches.

   In titles local authorities church authority, only the first word is capitalized, for example: Diocesan Assembly, Diocesan Council, Parish Council.

8. All words (except for official words and pronouns) in names are written with a capital letter
   of the highest officials, for example: His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne, Pope of Rome.

   metropolitan of Volokolamsk and Yuryevsky, Archimandrite Eugene, Father Alexuy, Abbot Peter.

9. In the names of churches, monasteries, educational institutions, icons, words church, temple, monastery, academy, seminary, icon (form) are written with a lowercase letter, and their names and all proper names in the names - with an uppercase, for example: the Church of the Conception of Righteous Anna, the Kazan Cathedral, the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the Donskoy Icon of the Mother of God, the image of the Sign of the Mother of God; Cathedral of San Stefan.
10. The names of cult books are written with a capital letter, for example: Bible, Holy Scripture (Scripture), Old Testament, New Testament (Gospel), Book of Hours, Chetya-Minei, Psalter, Koran, Torah, Talmud.
11. The names of church services and their parts are written with a lowercase letter, for example: vespers, Matins, Liturgy, Procession, All-night Vigil.

& sect 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms

1. All words (except for official ones) in the names of the most important international organizations are written with a capital letter, for example: World Peace Council, United Nations, Security Council, Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, International Monetary Fund.
2. The first word in the names of headquarters is capitalized, for example: Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Press and Information, Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Civil Air Fleet.

   Note. In the plural form or not as a proper name, names of the specified type are written with a lowercase letter, for example: main departments of the ministry, republican ministries.

3. The first word in the names of international and foreign central public and professional organizations and government agencies (except those specified in clause 1), for example: World Federation of Trade Unions, International Democratic Federation of Women, International Youth Union, US Supreme Court, Polish Sejm, French National Assembly.

   Note. The names of the highest elected institutions of foreign countries are usually written with a lowercase letter, for example: parliament, lower house of lords, Reichstag, Bundesrat, Sejm, Storting, Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) USA, Majlis... But in the historical literature, some names of foreign institutions are written with a capital letter, for example: Convention, Directory.

4. The first word in the names of all political parties is written with a capital letter, for example: Economic Freedom Party, Peasant Party of Russia, Democratic Party of Russia, Russian Social Democratic Party, Union October 17, Indian National Congress.

   Note. Some similar names that do not bear the nature of an official name are written with a lowercase letter, for example: the Republican and Democratic parties in the USA, the Conservative Party in England, the Labor Party, the Socialist Revolutionary Party, the Menshevik Party, the Cadet Party.

5. The first word in the official names of institutions of local importance is written with a capital letter, for example: Moscow Regional Executive Committee of the Council of People's Deputies (word Advice as the name of a government body, it is written with a capital letter, except for those cases when it is part of the compound words: city \u200b\u200bcouncil, district council, village council), Vyborg District Department of Public Education.
6. The first word in the names of scientific institutions and educational institutions is written with a capital letter, for example: Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg State Medical Academy, Orthodox University, Institute of International Relations, State Choral School.
7. The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter in the names of entertainment enterprises and cultural institutions, for example: The Bolshoi Theatre, Lenkom Theater, Moscow Operetta Theater, State Central Puppet Theater, Mossovet Theater, P Concert Hall. AND. Tchaikovsky Museum of Fine Arts. AND. WITH. Pushkin Museum of Folk Art, House-Museum A. P. Chekhov, Polytechnic Museum, House of Actor, House of Teacher, House of Officers.

   A capital letter is written (in addition to the first word and proper names) the initial word of the part that itself is used in the function of the same name, for example: State Historical Museum (cf .: Historical Museum), State Literary Museum (cf .: Literary Museum), State Public Library named after M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (cf .: Public library named after M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin), State Tretyakov Gallery (cf .: Tretyakov Gallery), State Academic Bolshoi Theater (cf .: The Bolshoi Theatre), Moscow Art Academic Theater (cf .: Art theater), Central House of Journalists (cf .: House of the journalist).

   Note. Spellings differ: at the Palace of Culture, in the House of Culture (complex names included in a number of similar formations with words Palace, House) – in the park of culture (common name). Wed also: " Ambulance" (medical institution) - " ambulance" (the machine).

8. The first word in the names of industrial and commercial enterprises is written with a capital letter, for example: Kharkov Tractor Plant, State Department Store, House of Books, House of Shoes, First Moscow Watch Factory.

   Note. Spellings differ: Minsk Automobile Plant (the first word is part of the official compound name) - minsk soap factory (no official name is given here, but the profile of the plant and its location are indicated).

9. The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter in the names of enterprises, firms, banks, etc., separated by quotation marks, for example: factory "Trekhgornaya Manufaktura", diversified concern "New Babylon", joint-stock company "Russian Gems", firm "United Fruit Company". .

   Note. Geographical definitions with quotation marks on the names of enterprises, etc., are usually written with a lowercase letter, since they indicate the location of the enterprise and are not part of their own name, for example: moscow plant "Compressor".

& sect 23. Names of documents, antiquities, works of art

The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter in the names of the most important documents, state laws, ancient monuments, objects and works of art, for example: Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Treaty, Memorandum on Economic Policy, Erfurt Program, Magna Carta, Atlantic Charter, Pact of Peace (with a special stylistic use of the second word), Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (the preceding name is an adjective derived from the names of countries that have entered into a treaty, written with a lowercase letter, for example: ... the Russian-Chinese Treaty on ...), Laurentian Chronicle, Venus de Milo, St. Isaac's Cathedral (but: notre dame cathedral - the first word denotes a generic concept), st. Basil's Cathedral (also), senate and Synod buildings (In Petersburg), San Marco, Saint Antonio (in the names of churches and cathedrals, the elements Sun, Saint etc. are written without a hyphen, in contrast to place names, see & sect 17, item 6), Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, Chopin's First Ballad... However, the spellings are now entrenched tsar bell tsar cannon (with a lowercase letter).

& sect 24. Job titles and titles

1. The names of the highest positions and highest honorary titles in Russia and in the former Soviet Union are written with a capital letter, for example: President of the Russian Federation, Vice-President of the Russian Federation, Hero of the Russian Federation, Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labor.
2. The names of other positions and titles are written with a lowercase letter, for example: minister of Education of the Russian Federation, Marshal of Aviation, President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
3. The names of titles and positions in foreign countries and in international organizations are written with a lowercase letter, for example: emperor of Japan, Queen of the Netherlands, President of France, Prime Minister of India, Reich Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, UN Secretary General, Chairman of the Security Council.

& sect 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia, awards

1. In the names of the orders of Russia and the former Soviet Union, not highlighted in quotes (the name syntactically depends on the word order) all words are written with a capital letter, except for words order and power... For example: order of Lenin, Order of Glory I degree, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, Order of the White Eagle... Also: Golden Star Hero of the Soviet Union.

   Note. In foreign names, only the initial word of the name is written with a capital letter, for example: legion of Honor, Iron Cross.

2. In the names of orders, medals and insignia, highlighted in quotation marks (syntactically independent), there are two kinds of spellings:

   a) all words of the name are written with a capital letter, for example: order of the Badge of Honor, Medal of the Gold Star;

   b) only the first word and proper names are written with a capital letter, for example: order "Mother Heroine", medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War", medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow", badge "Excellent worker of public education".

3. In accordance with tradition, a word is written with a capital letter, which gives the combination the meaning of its own name: Certificate of honor, Jubilee medal etc. .
4. The names of awards are capitalized, for example: Nobel Prize, Goncourt Prize and etc.

& sect 26. Literary and Media Titles

1. The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter in the titles of literary and musical works, media, separated by quotation marks, for example: the novel "War and Peace", the opera "The Queen of Spades", the picture "Morning in a Pine Forest", the newspaper "Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti", the "Interfax" agency, the "Ostankino" TV and radio company, the "New Time" magazine. .

   Note. The names of literary works used in a figurative sense are written without quotation marks with a lowercase letter, for example: Our odyssey was drawing to a close.

2. If the title of a literary work consists of two titles joined by a union or, then the first word of the second name is also written with a capital letter, for example: opera "Leonora, or Conjugal Love", comedy "Twelfth Night, or Whatever You Like".
3. In foreign-language names of printing organs, the first word and proper names are capitalized, for example: New York Times, Daily Express, Reinische Post, Frankfurter Rundschau, Sunday Express, Corriere della Sera, Neos Agonas.
4. In foreign-language names of news agencies, all words, except for the generic one, are written with a capital letter, for example: agency United Press International.
5. It is customary to write the titles of publications such as Collected Works without quotation marks and starting the first word with a capital letter, for example: In the Complete Works of L. H. Tolstoy ...

   If the title page of such a publication contains the word "Works", and in the text it is used in combination with the word "collection", then only the second word should be written with a capital letter, thereby emphasizing the exact title of the publication, for example: In the Collected Works L. H. Tolstoy (2nd edition) ...

   It is preferable, however, to write this kind of name in full accordance with the spelling on the title page.

   In cases where titles of this kind do not accurately reproduce the titles of a particular publication, but are used as a phrase indicating the type of publication, they are written with a lowercase letter, for example: In all collected works of M. AND. Bulgakov ...

& sect 27. Composite words and abbreviations

1. Compound words denoting the names of institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter, if the phrase in full is written with a capital letter, for example: Mossovet, Petrosovet, Vnesheconombank (but: city \u200b\u200bcouncil, military enlistment office, executive committee and similar generic names).
2. The abbreviation, read by the name of the letters, is written in capital letters, regardless of whether it is formed from its own name or from a common noun. For example: CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), RF (The Russian Federation), State of emergency (emergency), Accident (road traffic accident), CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation).
3. The abbreviation, read by sounds, is written:

   a) in capital letters alone, if it is formed from its own name, for example: UN (United Nations), RIA (Russian news agency), The IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), ITAR-TASS (Telegraphic Information Agency of Russia - Telegraphic Agency of sovereign countries), or is a translation: НÁСА (NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration - National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA);

   b) in one lowercase letters, if it is formed from a common noun, for example: university (higher educational institution), rono (district department of public education).

   Note. Fixed spelling of abbreviation in capital letters HPP (hydroelectric power plant), also: nuclear plant (nuclear power plant). Written in capital letters ZhEK (housing maintenance office), Power lines (power line).

4. Compound words with the meaning of a proper name, formed partly from initial sounds, partly from truncated words, are written in capital letters in the first part, in lowercase letters in the second, for example: NIIkhimmash (Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Engineering). But if the abbreviation is in the middle or at the end of a compound-abbreviated word, then it is written in lowercase letters, for example: State Property Committee, Giproniipoligraf, Giprodornii.
5. In abbreviations formed from the names of letters of a foreign language alphabet, the first letter of each name is uppercase, and the names themselves are connected with a hyphen, for example: BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), CNN (American TV company).

& sect 28. Proper nouns

1. Proper nouns are written with a capital letter in the texts of official messages, contracts and other documents, for example: High Contracting Parties - in acts of international importance; Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary - in official communications; Author, Publisher - in copyright agreements.
2. In special stylistic use, words are written with a capital letter Motherland, Fatherland, Man, Faith, Hope, Love, Reason, Wisdom, Victory and etc.

Online service: transliteration of text - writing Russian characters in Latin.

About transliteration of Russian names and surnames

When filling out registration forms, questionnaires, drawing up various kinds of documents (for example, a passport or visa), you have to write your last name, first name, address in Latin (English) letters. This service allows automate translation ( transliteration) russians letters in english.

How to spell the surname and first name correctly in English? What is the correct name for a Russian site in English letters? Exists various systems or the rules for transliterating first and last names (transliteration of Russian words). They are based on the process of simple replacement of the letters of the Russian alphabet with the corresponding letters or combinations of letters of the English alphabet (see below). The difference between the systems of transliteration of names and surnames is observed when translating some letters, for example, E, E, b, b and diphthongs (combinations of a vowel letter and Y).

A - A K - K X - KH B - B L - L Ts - TS (TC) B - V M - M H - CH G - G H - N W - SH D - D O - O Щ - SHCH E - E, YE P - P B - E - E, YE P - R S - Y F - ZH C - S B - Z - Z T - T E - E I - I U - U Yu - YU (IU) Y - Y (I) F - F I am YA (IA)

To translate english letters in russians paste your text into the top input field and click the "Do" button. As a result, in the lower input field you will get a translation of the Russian text into a transcript (Russian words in English letters).

Note. Since March 16, 2010, new rules for transliteration of the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian alphabet have been used when issuing a passport. The result may not match the old name, for example, on a plastic card. So that the name in the passport is entered correctly (as before), that is, so that it matches the name on the credit card or driving licenseah, you must additionally submit a corresponding application. Example: Julia according to the new system will be Iuliia, most likely you will want Julia or Yuliya (which, in my opinion, is more harmonious).

When registering a driver's license, a transliteration system is used that is different from a passport, similar to the system for a US visa. At the request of the owner, the entry in Latin letters in the driver's license can