Many vaccines are not included in the Russian national immunization schedule. Why are they needed and to whom are they shown?

National calendar vaccination provides not only that the vaccines included in it need to be done by everyone, but also guarantees from the state that every citizen can receive them free of charge. In addition, there are many vaccines that are used when indicated. Consider those that are most often used in children.

Chickenpox

In Russia, it is traditionally believed that chickenpox should be ill in childhood. This is exactly what happens to the vast majority of children, because the infectiousness of this disease reaches one hundred percent. But few people know that after recovery, the chickenpox virus does not disappear from the body, but remains in a dormant state in the nerve roots of the spinal cord. Subsequently, in many people, the dormant virus is activated when immunity is reduced and causes a very unpleasant painful disease known as shingles.

In most cases, chickenpox in children is mild. Mortality from it at the age of 1 to 14 years does not exceed two cases per hundred thousand cases. But adults suffer to a greater extent, the mortality rate among them already reaches 6/100 000, and the number of complications and the severity of the disease is much higher. In newborns, chickenpox is especially difficult, mortality reaches 30% and the risk of complications is high.

Complications of chickenpox can include viral pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and more commonly, bacterial skin infections that occur at the site of combed blisters.

For pregnant women, chickenpox is also dangerous - the virus can cause miscarriage and complications for the fetus. With a 1-2% chance of a mother's infection in the first trimester, the baby may be born with shortened fingers, congenital cataracts, an underdeveloped brain, and other problems. It is also possible to develop intrauterine infection with the varicella-zoster virus, while the baby may develop signs of shingles after birth.

Chickenpox is especially dangerous among people with sharply reduced immunity. These include: HIV carriers, children with blood diseases (leukemia, leukemia), children and adults after a course of anticancer chemotherapy, people with a removed spleen.

All these are the reasons why chickenpox is already being vaccinated in many countries, including the USA and Europe. Based on this, it is advisable to vaccinate against chickenpox for the following people:

- children from families in which the parents are planning the next pregnancy, provided that the mother did not have chickenpox in childhood;
- women planning pregnancy and who have not had chickenpox, 3 months before the expected date of conception;
- in families where there are patients after chemotherapy or HIV carriers;
- people who have not had chickenpox and are in contact with patients of the listed groups;
- to all adults who did not have chickenpox in childhood;
- for emergency prevention of chickenpox after contact with a sick person: the vaccine administered within 72 hours can prevent the development of the disease.

Two vaccines are registered in Russia: Okavax and Varilrix. Age of application - from 1 year. For children from 1 to 13 years old, one dose of the vaccine is enough; for adults, it is advisable to administer two doses with an interval of 6-10 weeks to achieve stable immunity.

Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)

This infection is caused by a bacterium called Haemophilus influenzae type b. It is quite common in humans and only causes disease in some cases. Infections are primarily affected by newborns, while children over 5 years of age and adults do not develop the disease.

Haemophilus influenzae is transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets. It is one of the causes of meningitis in young children, with a mortality rate of 3–6%. Those who have recovered often have fatal brain and nerve damage. Another dangerous option for the development of hemophilic infection is epiglottitis - laryngeal edema, leading to suffocation.

The development of a vaccine against hemophilic infection in the early 90s allowed several times to reduce the incidence and frequency of complications. The recommended age for the first vaccination is 2 months.

Several vaccines against hemophilic infection have been registered in Russia: Act-Hib, Hiberiks, and it is also part of the combined Pentaxim and Infanrix-hexa vaccines.

Meningococcal infection

Meningococcus is one of the main causative agents of epidemic meningitis in children and adults. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. The meningococcus vaccine is not included in the national calendar, but it is necessary in the event of an epidemic or in contact with a sick person to prevent secondary cases. If in a kindergarten, school or at neighbors' entrance a child falls ill with meningococcal meningitis, then it is advisable to use this vaccine for prevention.

Also, the vaccine will be useful for those people who travel to hot countries, especially Africa and India. Meningococcus is quite common there and the likelihood of getting sick is much higher than at home.

One vaccine is registered in Russia: Meningo A + C. It is suitable for children over 18 months old and adults. Re-vaccination is not required, immunity develops after 5 days and reaches a maximum by day 10. Immunity durability is about 3 years.

Pneumococcus

Pneumococcus is a non-specific bacteria that can cause a wide variety of diseases. Among them, the most common are pneumococcal pneumonia, bronchitis, acute otitis media (ear inflammation) and meningitis. This bacterium can live in a person's nasopharynx without causing any symptoms, and manifest itself only with a decrease in immunity. The percentage of carriers of pneumococcus in collectives can reach 70%.

In young children, pneumococcus is especially common in otitis media. Almost all children under the age of 5 have this disease at least once, it is common reason hearing loss.

Vaccination against pneumococcus is indicated not for everyone, but only for people from risk groups, which include seriously ill and often ill children. Vaccination can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections by 2 times and reduce the number of pneumonia by 6 times.

One vaccine is registered in Russia: Pneumo-23. It is intended for children from 2 years of age and adults, the course consists of one vaccine. The duration of immunity is 3-5 years.

Human papillomavirus

From this far from childhood infection, it is recommended to vaccinate girls from 9 years old. Why is this needed?
Human papillomavirus is one of the most common sexually transmitted viruses. There are about 40 types of it. Most of them do not cause any symptoms and go away on their own, some can cause genital warts. Most importantly, certain types of viruses have been proven to cause cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. It can take ten or more years from the moment of infection with the virus to the first manifestations. The main route of transmission is through sexual contact. If the mother is infected with the virus, she can pass it on to her baby during childbirth, and then the newborn will develop condylomas of the upper respiratory tract. There is no cure for human papillomavirus infection. However, it can be effectively prevented by vaccination.

The HPV vaccine has long been used in many countries, including the United States and some European countries. It contains an inactivated (weakened) virus that cannot cause disease by itself. For the vaccine, the 4 most widespread types of virus have been selected, two of which are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers, and the other two for 90% of warts. It is assumed that protective immunity should be maintained throughout life.

Thus, the vaccine theoretically protects against cervical cancer with a probability of about 70%. Therefore, vaccination does not cancel preventive examinations of the gynecologist and screening tests for cancer, since the likelihood still remains. It is the massiveness and "abundance" of vaccinations that will help prevent the majority (70% or more) of cases of cervical cancer.

For the vaccine to be most effective, it must be administered to girls before their first sexual contact, that is, before the first possible encounter with the virus. If the vaccine is introduced after infection with the virus, then it will be ineffective for this type, but it will be effective against those types with which the body has not yet met. This is why doctors recommend starting vaccinations at age 11 and earlier. After age 26 years, the vaccine for universal immunization is not used.

Two vaccines are registered in Russia:
"Gardasil" - contains components against four types of the virus: 6, 11 (condylomas), 16 and 18 (cancer).
"Cervarix" - contains components against two types of virus responsible for the development of cancer: 16 and 18.

To develop stable immunity, it is necessary to undergo a course of three intramuscular injections: on the first day, after two months and after 6 months. A shortened course is possible: repeated doses are administered after 1 and 3 months. If the third dose is missed, it can be administered without loss of effectiveness within a year after the first.

What to choose?

What vaccines are right and necessary for you and your child personally? Your doctor will help you figure it out. One thing is clear: you should not neglect the opportunity to prevent the disease, because the complications of childhood illnesses can manifest and be reflected in the future. On the other hand, it is best to choose a competent specialist for consultation with relevant knowledge from the experience of world medicine.

In any country, the Ministry of Health has approved its own vaccination schedule for the population. The national immunization schedule in Russia was finalized in 2014 and includes compulsory vaccinations for the population of any age. Minor changes have been made to the document. The regional Ministry of Health is working on an approved calendar for its own characteristics. This is due to epidemiological features of each region, material capabilities. Consider which vaccines our vaccination schedule includes.

It is almost impossible to convince those parents who are against immunization that, if they are observed, the obligatory calendar is one of the guarantors of the survival of their generations. But it makes sense to ask this question. For when a question arises, there is doubt; are there any doubts, there is an indication of a problem, a concern, a search for a solution.

So, there are concerns about the Romanian connection in two measles outbreaks in our country. The virus itself can in the acute phase affect both the brain and the lungs and itself causes a fatal illness. In addition, measles suppresses the immune system and leads to secondary bacterial infections - another from which he died, the head of the infantile clinic at the Sofia Hospital for Infectious Diseases warned. Thirdly, in several cases, one in several thousand complications arise. occurs after about 10 years or more.

Changes and innovations

At the end of 2014, the latest national vaccination schedule was adopted in Russia. Changes have been made to it:

• Babies from 2 months will be given a preventive vaccination against pneumococcal infection... The injection will be administered twice.
• Flu shots should be given to pregnant women. Previously, pregnant women were not vaccinated against seasonal viruses.
• Before a preventive vaccination, the doctor should conduct an informational conversation and explain to the patient why this or that vaccination is needed. If the patient writes a refusal, then he should be informed what consequences await after infection. Previously, the doctor did not concentrate his attention and did not explain to the patient what complications may arise after vaccination and what are the contraindications.
• According to the principles of the Law on Public Health Protection, consent and refusal from preventive vaccination must be documented. Consent or refusal for minors is signed by their parents or guardians.
• Before any vaccination, the patient should receive a complete physical examination. Previously, they simply asked the patient if there were any complaints, today the doctor is obliged to listen to the patient, examine the skin, nasopharyngeal mucosa, and listen to breathing.
• Medical workers in educational institutions are required to warn parents 6-7 days before vaccination of children. The parents now have time to prepare the baby.

It is a fatal brain disease. Again, how much scarier, more dangerous, can immunization be, which builds lifelong anti-corrosion antibodies? The most important prerequisite for epidemic outbreaks is the low frequency of vaccinations in the population. In Bulgaria, almost all smallpox, which is actually small in its name alone, is not immune.

Vaccinations according to epidemiological indications

According to official figures, 92% of the population is vaccinated with the required range of at least 95%. In fact, the number 92 is not real. Despite efforts by health authorities to improve vaccination coverage since then, mandatory calendar there were many problems that, due to the raging epidemic in Europe, have yet to be calculated. The fact that two women diagnosed with measles in Bulgaria were vaccinated, but only one of the two doses required. The most vulnerable, of course, remain the unimmunized.

If one of the conditions before the prophylactic vaccination was not met, the doctor's actions are considered illegal.

In small provinces, the transition to the new rules is difficult. Doctors are used to working differently and do not always have a conversation with a patient. On the other hand, the doctor can devote no more than 7 minutes to examining 1 patient in turn. What can you tell during this time? And there is no need to talk about a quality examination.

For the most part, they are socially and economically marginalized Roma groups, and this is not surprising to anyone. The Roma community, among other things, has a catastrophically low herd immunity. In general, specialists in infectious diseases outbreaks of measles are expected in Bulgaria and in Plovdiv, health authorities are already familiar with the situation. About 100 unimmunized children from the Roma quarter of Stolipino are traced for observation and vaccination. As of March 23, eight people have been infected with measles in the country.

What is vaccination of children

These include a 7 month old baby and a 2 year old baby. Samples of verified cases are sent to a reference laboratory in Europe. In addition to Plovdiv, health authorities are also mobilized in the Danube cities due to the proximity to the outbreak - Romania. By the end of March, doctors general practice in the region of Veliko Tarnovo must submit to the Regional Medical Inspectorate information on the extent of immunization against measles, said Dr. Irina Mladzeva, director of the Directorate for the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases.

What vaccinations are included in the calendar

The new vaccination schedule includes vaccinations against diseases: Hepatitis B, Pneumococcal infection, Measles, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Hemophilic infection, Rubella.

Vaccinations are infection of the body in a weak form, artificially obtained, dead or live bacteria or virus. It takes place once or for several injections, at regular intervals.

She recalled that the vaccine for this type of smallpox is mandatory. The drug is combined - against measles, rubella and mumps. He is currently 13 years old and reimmunized is 12 years old. Jupiter must report his patients from 13 months to 18 years old.

The opinion of Dr. Komarovsky

On Wednesday, March 22, the National Coordination Council for the Control and Regulation of the Increase in Disease Rates was established at the Ministry of Health. The Council is an advisory body to the minister responsible for him and is tasked with analyzing the country's measles epidemic, proposing measures to limit the spread of the disease, and discussing and evaluating the phasing out of these measures. He must prepare and submit to the Minister of Health Dr. Ilko Semerdzhiev updated information on the epidemic situation.

So, Hepatitis B is vaccinated according to two schemes. The first is assigned to children from the usual group (0/1/6), the second with a high risk of infection (0/1/2/12).

Revaccination is the support of the immune system that was developed after the first vaccination.

Consider the stages of vaccination and revaccination according to the national calendar in the form of a table:

The population from 18 to 35 are also vaccinated against Corey. The interval between injections is a maximum of 2 months. The group includes previously not vaccinated or without re-vaccination. This also includes people at risk.

Romanian traders import the infection. There is suspicion of a "Romanian connection" in two measles outbreaks in Plovdiv - in Stolipinov and in the village. One of the families with a smallpox-infected child in a gypsy district in a city under the hills has relatives on the Danube, there is a measles epidemic. Zlatitrap and nearby villages have bargained with traders from Romania who are negotiating to buy fruits and vegetables from local farmers. As the infection is transmitted air dropper, it is possible that the disease in the region was imported from our northern neighbor.

In every country of the world, children are vaccinated in accordance with National immunization calendar... It is compiled based on the distribution characteristics dangerous infections in a specific area. In Russia, a child is first vaccinated in a maternity hospital. What is the current vaccination schedule?

Vaccination against hepatitis B

On the first day after birth, all newborns are given an injection that protects the baby from the virus hepatitis B... The vaccine is injected intramuscularly into the anterolateral thigh area. Immunity against the pathogen develops almost instantly, but lasts for a short time. Therefore, two more vaccinations are carried out at the age 1 and 6 months, and for children who have a high risk of infection (for example, from mothers with hepatitis) - at 1, 2 and 12 months. As a result, immunity is formed that reliably protects the child from a dangerous disease for at least 15 years.

Although Croatian remains the most popular foreign destination, more and more Czechs are daring to travel to exotic destinations far beyond our small republic. In addition to cultural recognition, less “attractive” situations such as all types of diseases and infections need to be considered. Therefore, the primary prevention of any such route should be appropriate vaccination.

In exotic countries, foreign tourists are more susceptible to health risks, which are very often associated with different forms of life, nutritional habits, hygiene and natural and thermal conditions. Therefore, before any planned travel, the passenger must be sure that he has been properly vaccinated. You can get the information you need at specialized workplaces such as vaccination centers and tourist medicine. Here you will find all the information on compulsory vaccinations by country.

The vaccine against viral hepatitis B is considered one of the safest for patients. It does not contain viral particles of the pathogen, but only tiny pieces of the antigens of its shell, on which immunity is developed. Over the long-term observation period, there were no serious reactions or complications after the administration of the vaccine preparation. The vaccination is allowed to be carried out for newborns weighing more than 1.5 kg, as well as for pregnant women, which indicates the absolute confidence of the World Health Organization (WHO) in its safety.

Vaccination must be done on time

In addition, vaccination is recommended. Vaccinations must be planned well in advance. It is not enough to just come in and have an injection of an active ingredient. Each vaccination must be given on time and in some cases repeated. Most types of vaccinations require several weeks between doses.

What is the rating of the vaccination plan?

An individualized vaccination plan for the target country and based on a risk assessment will prepare you at the vaccination center. Appointment appointments seasons duration of stay travel program travel way of residence way of nutrition age, gender and current health status immune status contraindications vaccination. The basis for every vaccination is the tetanus vaccination validation. For people over 30, it is recommended to vaccinate against polio and diphtheria. Especially when traveling to endemic areas.

Vaccination against tuberculosis and Mantoux test

Children over the age of 3 days are given intradermal anti-tuberculosis injection... It is carried out with a special fine-needle syringe into the outer surface of the shoulder, approximately at the level of the border between the upper and middle third. Depending on the state of health and the epidemiological situation in the place of residence of the child, a drug with a normal content of vaccine material is used ( BCG) or with reduced ( BCG-M).

Children are screened to see if they have completed all of the basic vaccinations. After the initial control, mandatory vaccinations are required, if required, and then vaccination is recommended if the passenger is interested. The list of mandatory and recommended vaccinations changes every year in accordance with the world rules of the World Health Organization, depending on the epidemic. Therefore, always look for current information. Currently, compulsory vaccinations are required in relation to.

Yellow fever vaccines are required, for example, when traveling to India if the traveler is in countries where the disease is endemic. Viral hepatitis A viral hepatitis B typhoid fever meningococcal meningitis types A and C rabies Japanese cholera encephalitis and enterotoxigenic E. coli flu encephalitis flu. Yellow fever vaccination is a mandatory vaccination for all countries in Africa, Central and South America, where the disease is endemic.

The tuberculosis vaccine contains a weakened tuberculosis bacillus that affects cows. That is, even in an active state, it is not able to cause disease in humans, but at the same time forms a stable immune defense against aggressive strains of bacteria that infect people. At the injection site, a few weeks later, a post-vaccination reaction occurs in the form of a dense nodule, after opening which a small scar remains. Its size is more than 4 mm - proof that the child is protected from infection.

Never underestimate a vaccine, it could save your life. Yellow fever is a serious illness, with an estimated 30,000 deaths annually. In addition to vaccinations, there is no reliable protection or cure. The source of infection is monkeys or humans, and transmission to humans is accidentally mediated by a mosquito. Yellow fever manifests itself in high fever, back and head pain, congestion, nausea and vomiting. Especially severe cases also manifest themselves in the development of jaundice, bleeding into the skin and the digestive tract.

The downward trend is noticeable, but the exact data on vaccination coverage of the population, especially children, is more or less known today. However, the Ministry of Health plans to change this by establishing a continuous vaccination monitoring system and including regional hygiene stations in this system.

When children turn 1 year old, and then every year, they undergo a Mantoux test... 0.1 ml of a special protein extract of antigenic particles of Koch bacteria is injected under the skin of the inner surface of the forearm, and after 72 hours the severity of the local allergic reaction is assessed. According to it, the doctor can determine whether the child has immunity against tuberculosis and how pronounced it is, whether it was infected with a pathogenic mycobacterium, and whether the disease occurred. If the immune defense has not formed or weakens over time, then at the age of 7 and 14 years, children are repeated the BCG or BCG-M vaccination.

The result should be “getting the latest vaccination data and rationalizing the vaccination strategy”. You can find the action plan on the Ministry of Health website here. It has been developed for over a year now. Judge for yourself how it's done.

How does the Ministry plan to increase vaccinations?

There really is a lot to be done. Just give some of the planned measures and tools. Educational events, lectures; increasing the frequency and improving the content of the media; launching provocative communication on social networks; creation of a system of regular meetings in the media; participation of well-known persons in the media in promoting vaccination; Creation of an interactive server for the public; regular entries in the media - print, radio, television; creation of an operating model for monitoring population coverage by health authorities; motivation to support parents in the form of, for example, tax incentives; support of insured persons by health insurance companies in the form of bonuses, etc .; nursing bonuses by health insurance companies; inclusion of the vaccine in pre-university education. Cancellation of the vaccination obligation; retirement of pediatricians, general practitioners for children and adolescents as a result of parental anti-virus installations; an increase in infectious diseases; significant increase in vaccination campaigns; misconduct at the teacher level; insufficient staffing and overload of key people in the system. They are members of the Task Force to create an Action Plan for the Acquisition Strategy.

Vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and hemophilus influenza

It is not for nothing that we combined all these vaccinations, since vaccination and revaccination against the listed infections are carried out in the same age periods:

• triple vaccination - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months;
• the first revaccination - at 18 months.

Thanks to the current immunization calendar, parents have the right to choose: to give their baby 3 injections in one day (DPT + Imovax + Hiberix vaccines) or just one complex - Pentaxim, which also contains a highly purified acellular pertussis component, which significantly reduces the likelihood of a reaction to vaccination.

To create reliable immunity against infection and to prevent such an extremely rare but serious complication as vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, a vaccination preparation is used for the first two vaccinations, which includes inactivated (killed) viral particles. And for the third vaccination, a drinking solution (drops) containing live weakened pathogens is used.

• against poliomyelitis - at 20 months and at 14 years old (a vaccine containing live weakened viral particles);
• against diphtheria and tetanus - the ADS-m vaccine at 7 and 15 years of age, and then every 10 years (the last revaccination is recommended at 65);
• no additional revaccinations are required against hemophilus influenza and pertussis.

Vaccination against rubella, measles and mumps

Vaccination is carried out in the form of a single intramuscular injection at the age of 1 year, revaccination - with the same drug - at 6 years old. A combination vaccine is used Priorix or Trimovax (that is, in one syringe against all infections). Usually it is well tolerated and leaves a strong long-term immunity.

If, before the child reaches the age of 1 or 6 years, he has had any of these infections, he is no longer vaccinated against it. In this case, one-component vaccine preparations are used to create immunity against the remaining pathogens. Against measles it measles vaccine or Ruvaks, against rubella - Rudivax or anti-rubella, against mumps - Mumps vaccine.

To make it easier for parents to navigate and not to miss the next routine vaccination, we offer a small memo:

Flu vaccine

Annual immunization against influenza is also included in the national immunization schedule. The vaccine each year contains antigens of different serotypes of the virus. Its composition is predicted by WHO experts based on long-term observation of the migration of the pathogen in the human population.

Every country in the world has a National Vaccination Schedule. The calendar includes vaccinations that are mandatory for mass use among citizens in order to prevent diseases caused by certain bacteria and viruses. The Russian Federation has its own national calendar of preventive vaccinations (Appendix No. 1 to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2014 No. 125n). Next, consider the list of vaccines included in the Russian calendar and what they protect against.

What is the National Vaccination Schedule

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations is a system for the most optimal use of vaccines, which contributes to the formation of specific immunity in a short time from dangerous diseases.

The vaccination schedule is agreed and approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The calendar defines specific types of prophylactic vaccinations, the timing of their introduction and the time required for the formation of post-vaccination immunity. The calendar also takes into account the time required for a break between revaccinations against a specific infection and between other vaccines.

Routine vaccinations, carried out according to the National Calendar, significantly reduce the incidence of life-threatening infections in children. In the event that an infection occurs and the child is sick, the previously vaccinated vaccination will ensure an easy course of the disease and save from the most serious complications.

For vaccination, only certified Russian and imported drugs are used, which are registered in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation.

As new vaccines are introduced, the National Calendar is revised to increase the list of infections against which it is necessary to carry out prevention among the population.

The very first vaccination for a baby is given within the first day after birth - against hepatitis B. The second - against tuberculosis, it is given on the 3rd or 4th day of life. A child receives the main list of important vaccinations included in the National Calendar during the first year of life. Over time, the effect of some vaccinations fades away and therefore, at certain times indicated in the calendar, a revaccination is carried out, that is, a new vaccination is given.

Vaccination for children of the first year of life

Vaccination for children of the second year of life

Vaccination for children aged two years and older

Learn more about vaccinations for children

Calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications

In addition to the National Vaccination Schedule, an Epidemic Indication Vaccination Calendar is attached. This calendar includes vaccinations, which are vital in cases of adverse epidemiological situations, for example, when there is a threat of infection with certain infections.

Some of the vaccinations from this calendar are necessary for people who work, live or plan to travel to regions where infections are common and there is a high risk of infection.

Also in this calendar there are vaccines recommended for use in children. They protect children from rotavirus, meningococcal, pneumococcal infections, chickenpox. Such infections quite often cause serious illnesses in babies, causing serious complications.

Timely vaccination, according to the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations, will help protect health from dangerous infectious diseases in adults and children. This is especially important for young children. It is known that babies are born with an immature immune systemthat is unable to cope with aggressive infectious bacteria. Vaccination immunity obtained from vaccination will allow you to cope with the disease or will contribute to an easier course of the disease without further complications.

According to the legislation, vaccination is carried out on a voluntary basis. But in case of refusal to vaccinate for their child, parents must understand what risk they doom the baby to in case of infection with an infectious disease.

Modern vaccination is carried out with high-quality medications, which have been registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Vaccination made in accordance with the rules and instructions by highly qualified specialists guarantees the absolute safety of its implementation.

The vaccination schedule for children (calendar of preventive vaccinations) 2018 in Russia provides for the protection of children and infants under one year old from the most dangerous diseases. Some vaccinations for children are carried out directly in the hospital, the rest can be done at the district clinic in accordance with the vaccination schedule.

Vaccination calendar

Basic vaccinations up to a year

The general table of vaccinations by age from birth to 14 years assumes the organization of the maximum protection of the child's body from infancy and the support of immunity in adolescence. At the age of 12-14, a planned revaccination of poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, mumps is carried out. Measles, rubella and mumps can be combined into one vaccine without compromising quality. Polio vaccination is performed separately, with live vaccine in drops or inactivated with a shot in the shoulder.

1. ... The first vaccination is carried out at the hospital. This is followed by revaccination at 1 month and 6 months.
2. Tuberculosis. The vaccination is usually done at the hospital in the first week of the baby's life. Subsequent revaccinations are carried out in preparation for school and in high school.
3. DPT or analogs. Combined vaccine to protect the infant against whooping cough and diphtheria. In imported analogues of the vaccine, a CIB component is added to protect against inflammatory infections and meningitis. The first vaccination is performed at 3 months, then according to the vaccination schedule, depending on the chosen vaccine.
4. Hemophilic infection or HIB component. May be included in a vaccine or administered separately.
5. Polio. Infants are vaccinated at 3 months. Re-vaccination at 4 and 6 months.
6. At 12 months, children undergo a routine vaccination against.

The first year of a child's life requires maximum protection. Vaccinations minimize the risk of infant mortality by forcing the infant's body to produce antibodies against bacterial and viral infections.

A child's own immunity under one year old is too weak to withstand dangerous diseases, innate immunity weakens by about 3-6 months. A baby can receive a certain amount of antibodies with breast milk, but this is not enough to resist really dangerous diseases. It is at this time that it is necessary to strengthen the child's immunity with the help of timely vaccination. The standard vaccination schedule for children is developed taking into account all possible risks and it is advisable to follow it.

After a series of vaccinations, the child may have a fever. Be sure to include paracetamol in your child's first aid kit to lower the temperature. High temperature indicates the work of the body's defense systems, but does not affect the effectiveness of antibody production. The temperature must be brought down immediately. For infants under 6 months old, rectal suppositories with paracetamol can be used. Older children can take antipyretic syrup. Paracetamol has maximum effectiveness, but in some cases and with individual characteristics, it does not work. In this case, you need to apply a child antipyretic with another active substance.

Do not restrict your child's drinking after vaccination, bring a handy bottle of water or baby soothing tea with you.

Vaccinations before kindergarten

In kindergarten, a child is in contact with a significant number of other children. It has been proven that it is in the children's environment that viruses and bacterial infections spread from maximum speed... To prevent the spread of dangerous diseases, it is necessary to carry out vaccinations by age and provide documentary evidence of vaccinations.

• Flu shot. Performed annually, it significantly reduces the likelihood of getting flu in the autumn-winter period.
• Vaccination against pneumococcal infection. It is performed once, the vaccination must be performed at least one month before visiting the child care facility.
• Vaccination against viral meningitis. Performed from 18 months.
• Hemophilus influenza vaccine. From 18 months, with weakened immunity, vaccination is possible from 6 months.

The vaccination schedule for children is usually developed by an infectious disease specialist. In good children's vaccination centers, it is mandatory to examine babies on the day of vaccination to identify contraindications. It is undesirable to carry out vaccinations at elevated temperatures and exacerbation of chronic diseases, diathesis, herpes.

Vaccination in paid centers does not reduce some of the painfulness of the administration of adsorbed vaccines, but you can choose more complete kits that provide protection against more diseases in 1 injection. The choice of combination vaccines provides maximum protection with minimal injury. This applies to vaccines such as Pentaxim, DPT and the like. In government clinics, this choice is often not possible due to the high cost of multivalent vaccines.

Restoring the vaccination schedule

In case of violations of the standard terms of vaccination, you can create your own individual vaccination schedule on the recommendation of an infectious disease specialist. The characteristics of vaccines and standard vaccination or emergency vaccination schemes are taken into account.

For hepatitis B, the standard regimen is 0-1-6. This means that after the first vaccination, the second one follows after a month, followed by revaccination after six months.

Vaccinations for children with immune diseases and HIV are carried out exclusively inactivated vaccines or recombinant preparations with replacement of the pathogenic protein.

Why you need to do mandatory vaccinations by age

An unvaccinated child who is constantly among vaccinated children, most likely, will not get sick precisely because of herd immunity. The virus simply does not have a sufficient number of carriers for spread and further epidemiological infection. But is it so ethical to use the immunity of other children to protect your own child? Yes, your child will not be pricked with a medical needle, he will not experience unpleasant sensations after vaccination, fever, weakness, and will not whine and cry, unlike other children after vaccination. But when in contact with unvaccinated children, for example, from countries without compulsory vaccination, it is the unvaccinated child who is most at risk and can get sick.

Immunity does not grow stronger, developing "naturally" and infant mortality rates are a clear confirmation of this fact. Modern medicine cannot oppose viruses with absolutely nothing, except for prevention and vaccinations, which form the body's resistance to infection and disease. Only symptoms and consequences of viral diseases are treated.

In general, only vaccination is effective against viruses. Get the proper vaccinations age-appropriate to keep your family healthy. Vaccination of adults is also desirable, especially with an active lifestyle and contact with people.

Can vaccines be combined

Some polyclinics practice the simultaneous administration of vaccinations against poliomyelitis and DPT. In fact, this practice is undesirable, especially when using a live polio vaccine. The decision on a possible combination of vaccines can only be made by an infectious disease specialist.

What is revaccination

Revaccination is re-introduction vaccines to maintain the level of antibodies to the disease in the blood and to strengthen the immune system. Usually revaccination takes place easily and without any special reactions from the body. The only thing that may bother you is microtrauma at the site of the vaccine injection. Together with the active substance of the vaccine, about 0.5 ml of an adsorbent is injected, which holds the vaccine inside the muscle. Unpleasant sensations from microtrauma are possible throughout the week.

The need for an additional substance is due to the action of most vaccines. It is necessary that the active components enter the bloodstream gradually and evenly, over a long time. This is necessary for the formation of correct and stable immunity. A small bruise, hematoma, swelling is possible at the vaccine injection site. This is normal for any intramuscular injection.

How immunity is formed

The formation of natural immunity occurs as a result of a viral disease and the production of appropriate antibodies in the body, which contribute to resistance to infection. Immunity is not always developed after a single illness. For the formation of stable immunity, repeated illness or a sequential cycle of vaccinations may be required. After an illness, the immune system can be greatly weakened and various complications arise, often more dangerous than the illness itself. Most often these are pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, for the treatment of which it is necessary to use strong antibiotics.

Breastfeeding protects maternal immunity by obtaining antibodies along with breast milk. It does not matter whether maternal immunity is developed through vaccinations or is "natural". But early vaccination is necessary against the most dangerous diseases that form the basis of infant and infant mortality. HIB infection, whooping cough, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, should be excluded from the threats to a child's life in the first year of life. Vaccinations form full-fledged immunity against most infections that are fatal for an infant without disease.

The creation of “natural” immunity, which environmentalists advocate, takes too long and can pose a threat to life. Vaccination contributes to the safest formation of full-fledged immunity.

The vaccination calendar is formed taking into account age requirements, the characteristics of the vaccine action. It is advisable to keep within the time intervals prescribed by medicine between vaccinations for the full formation of immunity.

Voluntary vaccination

In Russia, it is possible to refuse vaccination, for this it is necessary to sign the relevant documents. No one will be interested in the reasons for the refusal and to force vaccinations for children. Legal restrictions on failures are possible. There are a number of occupations for which vaccinations are compulsory and refusal to vaccinate can be considered unfit for the job. Teachers, employees of child care facilities, doctors and livestock breeders, veterinarians should be vaccinated to avoid becoming a source of infection.

Also, you can not refuse vaccinations during epidemics and when visiting areas declared a disaster zone in connection with the epidemic. The list of diseases in case of epidemics of which vaccination or even urgent vaccination is carried out without the consent of a person is enshrined in law. First of all, it is natural or black pox and tuberculosis. In the 80s of the XX century, smallpox vaccination was excluded from the list of mandatory vaccinations for children. It was assumed the complete disappearance of the causative agent of the disease and the absence of foci of infection. Nevertheless, at least 3 focal outbreaks of the disease have occurred in Siberia and China since the refusal of vaccination. It might make sense to get the smallpox vaccine in a private clinic. Smallpox vaccines are ordered in a special way, separately. Smallpox vaccination is mandatory for breeders.

Conclusion

All doctors recommend following the standard childhood vaccination schedule whenever possible and maintaining immunity with timely vaccinations for adults. Recently, people have become more attentive to their health and visit vaccination centers with the whole family. Especially before joint trips, travel. Vaccinations and developed active immunity