Wolf - etymology. The most beautiful representatives of the pet family, a major predatory mammal of a family of pings

MN. 1. The family of mammals, to which dogs, wolves, foxes, sacks, sands, etc. 2. Review Borz dog breed with long wavy wool; Pinsy greyhounds. Explanatory dictionary Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern dictionary Russian language Efremova

Hi; MN. The family of predatory mammals, to which dogs, wolves, foxes, sands, sacks, etc. * * * Pinch the same that wolf. * * * Pinted pieces, the same that wolf (see Wolfs) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

pnight - Šuniniai Statusas T Sritis Zoologija | Vardynas Taksono Rangas Šeima apibrėžtis Šeimoje 11 Genčių. Kūno ilgis - 40 160 cm. Atitikmenys: lot. Canidae Angl. CANIDS; DOGS; Dogs and allies vok. Hunde; Hundeartige; Hundeartige Raubtiere Rus. Wolves; ... ... Žinduolių Pavadinimų žodynas.

Doggy (Canidae), a family of mammals of predatory detachment. Body length from 50 cm (small foxes) to 160 cm (wolf). The head is stretched, the muzzle is acute, ears standing; Tail long, fluffy. On the front paws of 5 fingers, on the rear 4; claws ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (Canidae) See Dogs ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

The same thing that wolf. . (Source: "Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia." Ch. Ed. A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.) ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

The same thing that wolf ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

pnight hoo; MN. The family of predatory mammals to which dogs, wolves, foxes, sands, sacks, etc. Dictionary of many expressions

- (Canidae) ** * * The family combines 16 modern birth and 36 species. Psuys are widespread in Eurasia, Africa, North and South America, to a new Guinea and in Australia penetrated with a person. With the exception of one species, have more ... ... animal life

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• Russian hound. History. Standards. Education. Nortion
• Russian Hound, Konkov E.Yu .. An integral part of the unique Russian culture on a par with literature, music and painting is the heritage of the Russian hunt. The hunt was a passionate passion for the Old Russian princes. Pollow ...

The dog is accompanied by a person for more than 36,000 years. We evolved along with this pet, divided our food and shelter with him. But not all animals included in the pet family are just as useful for a person. Among the variety of species are found both small and cute and life-threatening people.

Family Pins: Representatives

Chromosomal analysis refers to representatives of the family such phylogenetic departments:

1. Wolf. (dogs, jackal, red, gray, oriental wolves, etc.);
2. Lisitsy (Red Fox, Lescent, Fenck, etc.);
3. South American Pins (Brazilian Fox, Shrub Dog, Majong, Grievous Wolf);
4. All sorts monotype taxa (raccoon dog, as well as the biggest and gray fox).

All family representatives are predators. The first species appeared about 43 million years ago. Approximately 11, 9 million years ago there was a branching on foxes and dogs.

During the evolution, two submenses were extinct - studio and borophage.

To date, a total of 34 species is known. Wild varieties live on all continents, except Antarctica. The habitat is diverse, including deserts, mountains, forests and meadows.

Size ranges from 24 cm (phenoke) to 160 cm (gray wolf) in length.

They are distinguished by high intelligence in comparison with other animal species. Long been domesticated by a person and ranked second (after cats) in popularity as a pet.

Brief description of species

Despite the greater number and diversity, all species relating to the family have a number of general features:

• Have a similar shape; Only the relative length of the muzzle, limbs, ears and tail differs significantly from the type of point;
• The cheekbones are wide, in the back of the skull there is a lambdid comb. In some species from the forehead, the middle (sangital) comb is in the native;
• Bone orbits around the eyes never form a complete ring;
• Paws in all species without exception are divided into fingers. In most cases, five fingers, and the last (big) does not concern the Earth when driving. The exception is the African Hunting Dog, which is a four-panel;
• Nails are slightly curved, relatively stupid and never cleaned;
• Pads on the soles of the legs are soft;
• The surface of the skin around the outer holes of the nostrils is always bare;
• Tails thick;
• The length and quality of wool varies depending on the time of year;
• Newborn puppies are born blind, eyes open a few weeks after birth after birth;
• The number of teeth in most cases is 42.

Social behavior of pings

Almost all pings are public animals: they do not think their lives without cooperation with representatives of their own kind. The laws of flocks are investigated by zoologists for a long time and do not compile any secret:

• Delivered outdoors. Konew or Nora have only to find the refuge in bad weather or for breeding;
• The males and females form "family" couples. Representatives of such a union together go hunting, they are educated by the offspring;
• However, some species live in large family groups. For example, for the African Wild Dog, their number is from 20 to 40 individuals. For small quantities (less than seven), successful reproduction is impossible;
• The flock acts a clearly built hierarchy. The dominant representative (the strongest and experienced) leads all the others;
• The communication system is quite complex. For information transfer, the smell is used, visual tips, gestures, simple vocalization (Lai, howl, growl);
• The pack lives only on its territory, which is marked with urinary discharge. Representatives of other flocks are subject to exile.

How is the reproduction?

The reproductive qualities of pieces are quite unique for mammals:

• As a rule, these animals demonstrate monogamy (one partner for family creation) and long-term parental care about his offspring;
• In ovulad females who did not have the opportunity to conceive, the phenomenon of imaginary pregnancy arises (there are external symptoms in the absence of fertilization);
• The period of reproduction depends on the size of the animal: in large species it ranges from 60 to 65 days, in small and medium - from 50 to 60;
• The time of year, in which mating, depends on the length of the daylight in a particular climatic belt (it was proven during displacements of individuals through the equator). The domesticated dogs occurs much more often than that of wild: it is probably due to the impact of artificial lighting;
• The amount of puppies varies from one to sixteen to one female. They grow in a cone dugged in the ground. For a long time, helpless: for the formation of full-fledged membership members is required up to several years.

Foxes: Family Pins

The genus of foxes is one of the most numerous pets. He has about 12 different types of foxes (they are all named in their habitat):

1. Arctic;
2. Indian (or Bengal);
3. American;
4. Steppe;
5. Afghan;
6. African;
7. Tibetan;
8. South African;
9. Sandy;
10. Phenk;
11. Dwarf coarse;
12. Ordinary.

Among the characteristic features of the kind:

• The bone structure is similar to other parents on the family. However, there are some differences: the fines of the pings are usually adapted for rapid running - foxes are avoiding sprint behavior. They are more adapted for sharp jumps and gripping. Therefore, the hind limbs are developed much stronger than the front;
• Different by outerness. As food, invertebrates, small vertebrates and plants are most often preferred;
• It is usually inhabited in the forests, but often they are selected close to human homes.

The dog, a wolf, a fox, jackal, coyote, the scribe belong to the family of species called by the name of the most famous representative - P.. Thanks to the unusual physical abilities, they conquered five of the six continents with uncommon animals. Only a person is able to cope with these revocible beasts.

Video: Full list of animals from the pet family

In this video, Alina Denisova will show all animals that are included in the pet family:

Family doggy - includes some of the most intelligent animals living in a strictly subordinate hierarchy and most of its hunting flocks. These predators are flourged, cunning and often fearless. Some of them are not afraid of a person or easily tame. They are real assistants in the fight against rodents and insects - the main pests of agricultural land, although sometimes they themselves harm animal husbandry in search of food. In its top 15 of the most beautiful representatives of the pet family (dog), I tried to highlight the most remarkable and beautiful predators.

15. Coyote (meadow wolf)

photo: David Davis

The predatory mammal of the pet family. The name comes from Aztec Coyotl, "Divine Dog". Latin name species means "dog barking". In terms of sizes, the coyote is noticeably inferior to an ordinary wolf, but its fur is longer than that of the wolf. The shape of the muzzle is more elongated and sharp than that of the wolf, and resembles the fox. It is common in a new light, from Alaska to Panama. There are 19 subspecies. Coyote is characteristic of open plains engaged in prairies and deserts. Rarely runs in the forest. It is found both in deserted places and on the outskirts of large cities like Los Angeles. Easily adapts to anthropogenic landscapes. Attacks skunks, rats, ferrets, opossums and beavers; Eats birds (pheasants), insects. In the vicinity of large cities, domestic cats can be up to 10% of the koyotov diet. Main enemies - Puma and wolf. Coyote does not take place on its territory the presence of red fox, its food competitor. Sometimes coyotes are crossped with homemade dogs, occasionally - with wolves.

14.

photo: Renato Rizzaro

Predatory mammal; only modern view kind The generic name Cerdocyon translated from Greek means "tricky dog", and Thouus's species epithet is "jackal", because Ma'kong appears somewhat somewhat resemble the jackal. This is the average magnitude of the fox fawn-gray color with red podpales on the legs, ears and face. It is found in South America from Columbia and Venezuela to Uruguay and Northern Argentina. Maykong inhabits, mainly wooded and herbaceous plains, in the rainy season meets in mountainous areas. Hunt prefers at night, alone, less often couples. Almost omnivorous. Majong feeds with small rodents and chascia, lizards, frogs, birds, fish, turtle eggs, insects, as well as crabs and other crustaceans (one of the names of Maykong - "Fox-crazed"). Do not be swaying to Padal. Own Nor do not dig, occupy strangers. Maykong does not apply to protected species. The values \u200b\u200bof his fur does not have; In drought animals shoot as bearing carriers.

13. Chaperal Shakal

photo: Tarique Sani

One of the species of the kind of wolves. Chaperal jackal of reddish-gray, however, on the back of the individual, dark hair form as it were for black cheprak stretching toward the tail. This cheprak is a distinctive species sign, which inherited all the subspecies of the fucking jackal. Oranges of this form are longer than an ordinary gray wolf, but below its growth. It is found in South Africa and on the east coast of Africa from Nubia to the Cape of Good Hope. On the entire length of the area of \u200b\u200bShakal prefers a lot of overgrown with shrubs, cane thickets in water bodies. Omnivorous. This jackal is very trusting, easily gets used to people and can even become almost manual. Cheprachny jackal fur and soft, in South Africa from the skins (Pinsin) of a caper jackal sew fur carpets (the so-called kosses).

12. Shrub dog (savanna dog)

The predatory mammal of the pet family; The only kind of Speothos kind is. It dwells in the forests and wet savannas Central and South America. One of the most unusual dogs, because it looks outwardly resembles a otter or other semi-water animal. The physique has heavy, dense, the torso elongated, the limbs are short. On the paws of the membrane. Despite the extensive range, the shrub dog is very rare. It was originally considered to be extinct species, since she was known only by fossil remains found in Brazil. It is painful in wet tropical and gallery forests, choosing the most sparse, open areas of the forest. It is also found in Savannah. It holds nearby to water. Shrub dogs lead a nightlife, the day is carried out in a hole, which they dig, or in natural shelter. Sometimes there are holes of other animals (armadors). Shrub dogs are perfectly swimming and dive that, in general, uncharacteristic for pings. The packs can attack animals exceeding them by mass, - on the capybar and Ostrich-Nanda. Meat swallowed, not chewing, with which the decrease in the number of indigenous teeth and the weak development of the remaining is functionally connected. Relate to rare species; The density of their populations is small. Located in the International Red Book as a vulnerable view. The object of hunting is not.

11. Red Wolf (Mountain Wolf)

The predatory mammal of the pet family; The only appearance of the kind of Cuon. A rare species of pings, under threat of disappearance. His appearance combines the features of the wolf, fox and jackal. From the ordinary wolf, the red wolf is distinguished by colorful, fluffy wool and a longer tail, almost reaching the Earth. Based on the variability of the color, the thickness of the fur and the size of the body, 10 subspecies of the red wolf are described, 2 of them are found in Russia. In Russia met mainly in the south of the Far East, where he probably came from the adjacent territories of Mongolia and China.

Reliable evidence that the appearance today constantly lives within Russia, no. From other representatives of the PS family, the red wolf is characterized by a reduced number of indigenous teeth (2 them in each half of the jaw) and a large number of nipples (6-7 pairs). They have a developed hearing, they swim well and perfectly jump - they are able to overcome a length of 6 m. People have red wolves avoid; Incutton multiply, but not tame. Red Wolf is listed in the Red Book of IUCN with the status of the disappearing view, as well as in the Red Book of Russia.

10. Grievous wolf

The predatory mammal of the pet family; The only representative of Chrysocyon. The largest representative of the pet family in South America, the grivy wolf has a unique appearance. He is rather similar to a large fox in high, slender legs than on the wolf. Translated from Greek his name means "short-cast golden dog". Despite the long limbs, they cannot be called good runners. It is mostly open herbaceous and shrub plains. Keep a night and twilight lifestyle; During the day, they usually rest among thick vegetation, occasionally moving into short distances. In the diet, almost equal proportions there are food of animal and vegetable origin.

He hunts mainly in small animals: rodents (Aguti, Paku, Tuko-Tuko), rabbits, armadors. Eating birds and their eggs, reptiles, snails and insects; Eats bananas, guava and plant from the genus gear. The population density of the grivy wolf is low: judging by research 1 Animal is approximately 300 km². Nevertheless, the grivy wolf does not apply to the number of extinct species. They are also subject to diseases, in particular parvivirus infection (Chumka). Despite the external similarity with the foxes, the grivy wolf is not their close relative. In particular, he does not have a characteristic vertical pupil. Apparently, he is a relic appearance that survived the extinction of large South American pispers at the end of Pleistocene.

9. Hyenal Dog (Hyeno Dog)

photo: Blake Matheson

The predatory mammalian family family, the only kind of Lycaon genus. Its scientific name means: Lycaon - translated from the Greek "Wolf", and Pictus - translated from Latin "painted". Being the nearest relative of the red wolf, the hyenoid dog is more reminded of hyena - the physique of her light and roasted, legs are high and strong, the head is large. The ears are large, oval shape, similar to the ears of the hyenas. Very powerful, teeth (premolars) are superior to the magnitude of the teeth of other pieces and are adapted for bone disclosures.

Due to developed skin glands, a hyiennous dog publishes a very strong musky smell. This wild dog was once widespread in the African steppes and Savannah south of Sahara - from South Algeria and Sudan to the extreme southern tip of the continent. Now it has become mosaic; it has been preserved mainly in national parks and in landscapes undeveloped by man. It dwells in savannah, on shrub empties and in high-lit terrains. In the jungle is not found. The most characteristic of savannahs with their abundance of ungulate animals serving the main prey to this predator. Live and hunt flocks. The main enemies of Guienovoid Dogs are hyenas and lions. They are not very afraid of people, but gradually disappear from settlements, where they are exterminated. The hyenan-shaped dog is included in the Red Book of the IUCN as a small appearance endangered.

8. Wild

The second is a wilded homemade dog, the only placental predator in the fauna of Australia before the coming of Europeans. The name "Dingo" originated at the beginning of the European colonization of the new South Wales and, in all likelihood, comes from "Tingo" - a term used by Port Jackson's Aboriginal to describe its dogs. Judging by the fossil remains, Dingo was brought to Australia with no settlers (approximately 40,000-50,000 years ago), as previously thought, and people from Southeast Asia. Usually, Dingo is considered as a subspecies of a home dog, but many experts consider it a completely independent view. It is assumed that Dingo is an almost purebred descendant of a domesticated Indian Wolf, which is in a wild state and is now found on the Indian Peninsula and in Beloohistan. Purebred Dingo do not bother, but they are able to growl and swell as a wolf. Surgious night animals.

The main places of their habitat in Australia are the edges of wet forests, dry eucalyptus thickets, arid semi-deserts in the depths of the mainland. Logova They are arranged in caves, empty nora, among the roots of trees, usually not far from the reservoirs. In Asia, Dingo holds close to human housing and feed on garbage. Approximately 60% of the Australian Dingo ditch make up small mammals, in particular, rabbits. Hunt for Kangaroo and Wallaby; Less extent feed on birds, reptiles, insects and Padalu. Initially, the attitude of immigrants to Dingo was tolerant, but the situation quickly changed in the XIX century, when the sheep was an important branch of the Australian economy. Dingo, whistled on the sheep, was caught by trapping, shot and trembled poisons. At the end of the XIX century, in one new South Wales, farmers spent annually to fight wild dogs a few tons of Strichnin. In some countries, keep Dingo as domestic animals is prohibited.

7. Corsac (Steppe Fox)

photo: MARC Baldwin

The predatory mammal of the genus of the pets of the pet family. The oxo on an ordinary fox, but noticeably smaller, with larger ears and high legs. From the ordinary fox, the Corsac is distinguished by the dark end of the tail, from Afghan fox - less than a long tail. The korsaks are very quick running they are able to overtake the car. It is common in steppes, semi-deserts and partly in the deserts of Southeast Europe and Asia. Russia meets: in the West - occasionally comes in the area of \u200b\u200bDon and in the North Caucasus. He has a good sense of smell, vision and hearing.

Corsaq feeds, mostly small rodents (fires, beds, mice, tushkars), reptiles, insects, birds and their eggs. Less often mines gophers, heels, hares. With a lack of food eats Padal and all sorts of garbage. The main enemies are a wolf and a fox. The Corsake is an object of fur fishery (used winter skin). Bringing the extermination of rodents. The exact data on the number of korsak is missing. The view of the Korsak is listed in the international red book.

6. Encotional Dog (Ussuri Lisa, Ussuri Raccoon)

photo: Maxime Thué

The predatory omnivorous mammal of the pet family (dog). Animal magnitude with a small dog. The natural range of raccoon dogs is the forest and mining areas of northeast Indochina, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. In Russia, it was originally found only in the Ussuri region and in the southern part of the Amur region. Favorite habitats of a raccoon dog - wet meadows with wetlands, overgrown floods of rivers and river forests with a dense undergrowth. In the choice of housing, she is unpretentious. Asylums, it is usually served by holes of badgers and foxes (often residential). Activities at twilight and at night.

According to the method of harvesting, this is a typical collector, surveying all kinds of secluded places in search of food. Omnivorous. Feels like animal and vegetable food. It is worth noting that the raccoon dog is the only dog \u200b\u200bfamily, which in case of danger, if it can, prefers not to fight, but to hide, pretending to be dead, which often helps it. The only representative of the Pdovy family, which goes to the winter in a hibernation. Many raccovoid dogs destroy wolves, as well as lynx, stray dogs. Sometimes it is a carrier of rabies virus.

5. Ordinary Fox (Red Liser)

photo: Vittorio Ricci

The predatory mammal family of pings, the most common and largest kind of foxes. The prolifene is quite widely: throughout Europe, North Africa (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, North Tunisia), most of Asia (up to Northern India, South China and Indochina) In North America from the Arctic zone to the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The fox was acclimatized in Australia and spread throughout the continent, with the exception of some northern regions with a wet subequatorial climate.

Lisens populate all landscape-geographical zones, starting with the tundra and subarctic forests and up to the steppe and deserts, including mountain ranges in all climatic zones. Foxes living near tourist trails, boarding houses, in places where hunting is prohibited, quickly get used to the presence of a person, it is easy to fasten to fasten and can be engaged in begging. There are a lot of economic importance as a valuable fur beast, as well as a regulator of the number of rodents and insects. In the south of Europe, wild foxes are the largest carrier of rabies virus.

4. Bottomy Lisitsa

photo: Nicola Williscroft

The predatory mammalian family of pings, the only kind of kind. The scientific name of this animal is translated from Greek as "Eared Dog Bottomy." Looks like an ordinary fox, but smaller and with disproportionately large ears. It is found in two regions of Africa: from Ethiopia and South Sudan to Tanzania, and from Southern Zambia and Angola to South Africa. This distribution is associated with the habitat of its main food - herbivores. Inhabits arid lands - dry savanna and semi-deserts, sometimes close to human housing.

The diet makes predominantly insects and their larvae: 50% - termites, the rest - beetles and locust; Less than 10% falls on lizards, small rodents, bird eggs. The larger fox is quite numerous, there is even an expansion of its former range. The main threats of the number of eared foxes are hunting (its meat edible and fur is used by local residents).

3. Lescent (Polar Liser)

photo: Julian Rossi

The predatory mammal family of Pd., the only representative of the genus of the song. A small predatory animal resembling a fox. The only representative of the pet family, which is peculiar to a pronounced seasonal dimorphism of coloring. The color is distinguished by the usual white (winter - pure-white, summer - dirty-brown) and blue fox. It is common for the northern polar circle, on the coast and the islands of the Arctic Ocean, in the Tundrov and Forestandra zones. In Russia, this is a typical representative of the fauna mainland tundra and forest tundra. On sandy hits and coastal terraces, he digs holes, complex underground labyrinths with many (up to 60-80) inputs. Spring is omnivorous, the composition of its feed includes about 125 species of animals and 25 species of plants.

photo: Cecilie Sønsteby

However, it is the basis of small rodents, especially lemmings, as well as birds. Food both thrown ash and produced by fish, as well as vegetable food: berries (blueberries, cloudberry), herbs, algae (sea cabbage). Does not refuse to fall. The fox has a well developed ear and smell; Several weaker - vision. The sand pursue larger predators. Lisers, Wolverines and Wolves are attacked; Young sands grab orlans and white owls. Young often dies from glitter invasions, adults - from encephalitis and rabies. An important commercial beast is a source of valuable fur; In the north, the basis of fur fishery. Skirts of blue sands are particularly valued, which is also an object of cellular dilution.

2. Wolf (gray wolf or ordinary wolf)

photo: Jens Hauser

The predatory mammal of the pet family. At the same time, the results of studying the sequence of DNA and drift genes show, is a direct ancestor of a home dog, which is usually considered as a subspecies of the wolf. The largest animal in its family. Once the wolf had a much larger distribution in Eurasia and North America. In our time, its area and the total number of animals decreased markedly, mainly as a result of human activity: changes in natural landscapes, urbanization and mass extermination. As one of the key predators, the wolves play a very important role in the balance of ecosystems of such biomes as the forests of moderate latitudes, taiga, tundra, mountain systems and steppes. In total, about 32 subspecies of the wolf differing in dimensions and shades of fur. It dwells in a variety of landscapes, but prefers steppes, semi-deserts, tundra, forest-steppe, avoiding dense forest arrays.

Lives in a flock, settled at certain sites, the boundaries of which are marked by fragile labels. The basis of the nutrition of wolves make up hoofs: in the tundra - reindeer; in the forest area - moose, deer, roerals, boys; In the steppes and deserts - antelopes. Wolves and pets are attacked (sheep, cows, horses), including dogs. Active mainly at night. The wolf makes harm to animal husbandry and hunting accommodation, but on the other hand, plays an important role in the ecosystem, controlling the number of animals and destroying weak and sick individuals. The wolf hunt is conducted all year round and without special permits. This is done in order to reduce the population of an animal that harm animal husbandry.

1. FENEK.

A miniature fox of a kind of appearance that lives in the deserts of North Africa. Sometimes it is believed to the special genus Fennecus. This animal received his name from the Arab Fanak, which means "Fox". The smallest representative of the pet family, in size it is less domestic cat. The most numerous phenetop population lives in central sugar, although they are found from Northern Morocco to the Sinai and Arabian Peninsulas, and in the south - to Niger, Chad and Sudan. Inhabited sandy deserts, where prefers to keep grass and a spruce shrub, which provide him with shelter and food. He lives in Norah with a large number of secret moves that digs himself; leads a nightlife. Live family groups, the number of individuals in which to 10. Theneke is omnivorous and most of the feed digs out of sand and land.

Fene in small vertebrates, eggs, insects (including locust), Padalu, plant roots and fruits. Huge ears allow him to catch the easiest rustling produced by his victims. It can be for a long time without water, getting liquid from meat, berries and leaves. Makes food reserves. The phenke discovers great agility and liveliness, the skill is high and far away - up to 0.7 m up. Pontreating coloring allows him to merge with a sandy landscape. The exact number of phenetes is unknown. They are hunting objects, they are killed by the sake of fur, and also catch and sell as pets.

Family Pd. (Canidae) consists of 10 genera, which combine 35 species. Distributed around the world, with the exception of some areas (for example, Madagascar, New Zealand), where only a home-made man is delivered by man (Canis Lupus Familiaris).

The evolution of pieces went towards improving the persecution of mining at an equally terrain, as evidenced by their anatomy. Although representatives of 35 species belonging to 10 genera vary in size from a tiny phenka to a large gray wolf, most of them have a similar structure - a strong and flexible body, a long fluffy tail, long limbs. Pollow - Fingering beasts; The rear paws they have four plated; Claws non-tight. The only exception is a shrub dog that has a squat body with relatively short limbs. The smallest of the pins, the phenet, lives in arid zones, poor food resources, while the largest (and wolves) live in places where production is enough.

Psuys arose in North America in Eocene (55-34 million years ago); In the sediments of that time five fossil clans were found. Two forms of the ancient pieces - Hesperocyon from North America and Cynodictis from Europe - the details of the structure resembled cywes. Elongated body and relatively short legs They were similar to Miacoidea, from which all predatory are happening. The evolutionary flowering of the family coincided with the end of the formation of all signs of modern pieces: in Oligo chapel (34-24 million years ago) there were 19 clans, and in Miocene (24-5 million years ago) - 42 kinds.

The comb of predatory tooth in most pieces has two vertices, but a shrub dog, a hyenan dog and a red wolf - only one. Views within the three largest births of Canis, Vulpes and Disiyon are quite similar to each other, and between birth differences can also be small. The most specific external signs are the hyenas dog, a shrub dog, a fox, a raccoon dog, a red wolf, a grivy wolf, a sandy. All of them belong to monotypical childbirth.

Life in the pack

The most amazing feature of the pins - their plastic and adaptive behavior. It is most noticeable by their complexity social organization. As for food preferences, the intraspecific variability is not inferior to interspecific. Hyien dogs, and possibly red wolves and shrub dogs hunt for large prey with flocks, couples or family groups. In the same way, gray wolves, coyota and jackal come in the same way: they eat everything - from meat of freshly passed animals and fell to berries. It is probably why their lifestyle varies from a single to the mustache. So, depending on the predominance of this or that type of food, gray wolves can live insulated monogamous couples or flocks up to 20 individuals.

In general, pings, even such as sands and foxes, prefer to hold on to groups, even if they hid one way. It is explained by this mass of reasons: joint protection of territories or large carcass, care for young, competition with neighbors. This is clearly shown for Ethiopian Shakal, who lives with flocks, but almost never hunt cooperative.

Poss representatives are threatened with disappearance

Despite the high ability to adapt, representatives of the Pd. family may be very vulnerable to the destruction of the familiar biotopes. The short-lived fox and shrub dog seems to be so rare that it causes fear for their future. The number of Ethiopian jackal - less than 500 individuals, hyenan dogs - about 3000-5500, and a grivist wolf from Brazilian and Argentine Pamppa - only 1000-2000 animals. All these species are under threat of disappearance. The position of highly socialized pieces is especially deplorable, as they are victims of the so-called Olli effect: at low numbers are doomed to extinction. The life of hyenan dogs depends on the successful hunting in the context of the close interaction of individual individuals in a large pack. Therefore, flocks consisting of less than 5 members come into decline: the beasts cannot simultaneously hunt, protect the prey from other predators and patronize the cubs. Despite the number of 3,000 individuals, hyenal dogs are under threat more than previously called species: it turns out that no more than 600 viable flocks live on the African continent.

Skulls and teeth

Pollow have long muzzle and well-developed jaws; They are characterized by a tooth formula I 3/3, C 1/1, p 4/4, m 2/3 \u003d 42 (a gray wolf can serve as an example). Three types are shy away from this type: the magnitude of a fox (48 teeth), a red wolf (40) and a shrub dog (38). Cutting predatory teeth (P4 / M1) and grinding indigenous well developed; These are the largest teeth (the exception is the magnitude of the fox).

Domestication (domestication) of pings

Various hypotheses on the origin of the home dog were put forward; It was not expelled that different time There were more than one species of pins in one way or another. Even if so, the wolf is considered the most likely ancestor of a modern home dog. Domestic dog is known in science as a subspecies of the Wolf Canis Lupus Familiaris. The earliest archaeological certificate confirming the existence of a home dog about 14,000 years ago, found in Germany: This is the only jaw. Compared to the wolf, it is shortened, with compactly located teeth. Other early remnants, over 11,000 years old, presumably belonging to domestic dogs, are known from Kun in Iran. These discoveries show that the wolf became the first satellite of a person, ahead of other types of animals, even before the start of the cultivation of food plants. In fact, recent molecular data confirmed that the dogs were domesticated more than 10,000 years ago.

As Destication occurred, it is not clear to the end, which served as the subject of all sorts of speculation. Different theories of the use of wolves with our ancestors were put forward: for hunting, housing, the disposal of food residues and garbage around settlements, and in hungry time - even as a meal. Perhaps the domestication happened by chance: the tribe hunters brought wagins, they produced them on the site of their parking lot and raised them simply as domestic pets.

Chihuahua, breed of domestic dogs from Mexico, which was divorced by the Aztecs before the colonization of the Spaniards in 1519

In the house, Budi Yako, meek lamb, and counter
Enemier Budi Yako Wolf Predatory and Yako Lion is terrible
I. T. Posochkov. Testament deceo to son (1718-1725)

The predatory mammal of the pet family, together with the coyote and jackal, is a small genus of wolves (canis). Biologists consider wolf by a direct ancestor of a home dog, which is usually considered as its subspecies. There are different theories of the wolf domestication, according to the first - the initiative of the domestication belonged to a person, by the second - the wolf himself began to develop a new environmental niche near the parking lot of a primitive man, where food waste was, i.e. His "self-making" took place.

* Dictionary of the Academy of Russia from 1789
Wolf. "The beast of latter, predatory, carnivorous, appeared outside large dog; Sprout with a black, skull and stalls thicker in comparison with a dog, filled (tail) fluffy, straight. "

In general, researchers of flocks of wolves terrorized the rural population until the XVIII century, the relationship between the wolf and a person was always "tense" due to a constant threat to the predator created for the life of a person and domestic animals. The threat of attacks of wolves has decreased in the XIX century due to extensive road construction, an increase in population and forest information.

In publications on the "wolf" there are other views on this predator, some researchers believe that the "wolf problem" is exaggerated, and the wolves do not attack people. On this occasion in the 80s, a discussion was held in the press, incl. Norwegian, where "Friends of Volkov" accused Soviet zoologists in incompetence.

1) existing etymology

A) Vikislovar

Wolf. Root - wolf. The value is a relatively large predatory fluffy mammal family of pd.

Etymology in Max Fasc

From Praslav. Forms * VPLK, from which there was also happened: Dr.-Russian. Vzhlk, St.-Slav. Vlk (ZOGR, Supr.), Russian. Wolf, Ukr. Vovk, Bulge. Võlk, Serboorv. Vuk, Slovensk. VO; K, Czech., Slovak. VLK, Polish. Wilk, V.-Luzh. Wjelk, N.-Luzh. Welk. Praslav. * Vylk goes back to Pyranceoevr. * WLQWOS / * LUKWOS; Non-nodently lit. Vil; kas, Latysk. V; LKS, Dr.-ind. V; kas, Assay. V; hrka-, Gothsk. Wulfs, Alb. ULK, Greek. L; kos, lat. Lupus (borrowing. From Sabinsk.). Origin. Sign "Confusing", here the same Voloku. An unreliable assumption about the root of * Vel- "Bulanaya, gray-yellow".

B) etymological dictionary. Semenov A.V.

Old Russian - Välk. Staroslavansky - Vlk. Overall Slavonic - Vъlk. The word "wolf" is borrowed from Staroslavlyansky (where, in turn came from the general Slavonic) in the XI century. And means "a predatory animal, a relative dog." The first source is the Indo-European basis with the lexical meaning "to drag". It follows that the ancient Slavic word is translated as "the one who takes out" (for example, domestic cattle). Words with similar sound and semantic filling are found in Lithuanian (Vilkas - "Wolf"), German (Wolf), Gothic (Wulfs).

2) Wolf in the Old and New Testament

Israel's animal The biblical era was rich and diverse, the types of large animals are described exactly and in detail, the Lion is mentioned (Aria, Levi, Shahal, GUR - the symbol of the Knee Judas), Wolf (Zeave - the symbol of the knee of Binjamin) and Jackal (Tan).

* Isaiah 65:25: "The wolf and a lamb will graze together, and the lion, like ox, will eat a straw, and for the snake of the dust will be needed: they will not cause evil and harm on the whole of my holy grief, says the Lord"; Consequently, the wolf was considered as a source of "evil and harm."

The wolf was considered a vast animal for the predation, cruelty and wild temper; I brought great damage to the flock, destroyed sheep more than could eat them. Darker less in the national symbolism we find the image of the wolf and the Jews, and in other nations, for example, in the Turil and Romans (Wolf fed Romula and Rem), which took their origin from the wolf.

3) term in Russian

A) In the Russian chronicle (XII century), the established biblical image of the wolf is correlated with the characteristic of the prince of Igor Rurikovich (914-945). In 945, Igor, at the request of the squad, dissatisfied with his material content, went to the rallies and laid them with an unbearable tribute, artificially creating a threat to hunger. In the Tale of Bygone Years under 945, this situation is described: "Doodle, hearing that he was going again, held the advice with the prince with their small:" If the wolf is having to go to the sheep, then it will lead all herds until it is killed; So this: if you do not kill it, then we will destroy us. "

B) National Corps of the Russian Language

* On the causes of the death of kingdoms (1600-1610): "Togda Wolf, taking fear and fear, all the animal is not Tokmo to the satiety of origin, but even by the will of his own, but also eaten and not tokmo animal, but also the most sheparty."

* Conspiracy from Sugostites (1625-1650): "31) There were TMA Dark, there would be a tongue, tetherin would have a mustache, sulfur bay, running b from me, Aki gray hips and sheep, and a yaz would Chasing for them, Aki gray wolf, and threshing them for the back leg. "

4) generalization and conclusion

So, we found out that the wolf belongs to the family of pings, or doggy, or wolf (lat. Canidae) - a family of mammal detachment of predatory. The term is fixed in the early Russian chronicle, liturgical documents and secular acts, a common old Russian surname and nickname.

Term V.L.K. (K.L.V.), probably initially (we can only assume, there are no sources) characterized in Russian, the whole family of pings (wild and wild dogs was sufficient), without separation on subspecies, with the development of the literary language, the concept of dog occurred and dog.

* Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII century (Academy of Sciences, M., 1975) ,. See http://etymolog.ruslang.ru/doc/xi-xvii_2.pdf.

A) DRAGE (PIS) and Pes. Dog, dog. Start good to Otyat Bread Chad and Brokes and PsS (Matt. 15:26) Ostromiro Gospel, 1057; In the Jewish text Matt. 15:26 The word "Keliev" was applied (dog, dog).

B) Wolf (Võlk, Vlkъ), the tale of temporary years under 945 (as researchers believe, P.V.L. was written at the beginning of the XII century, preserved in the lists of the XIV century).

C) dog. "And the psari dei my dogs in their villages eat full of" (Document 1475).

It is advisable to consider the term in connection with biblical vocabulary and images.
The Slavic origin of the term "wolf" is incredible, there is no lexical and historical foundation, the vocabulary is distributed in a certain ideological system, right? There are no written monuments of the "Slavic" language; It is impossible to rely on what is not created does not exist.

5) Hebrew terminology and biblical image

We present the term in the form close to the grammar of the Jewish language, read it on the contrary (as in Hebrew) - the wolf (dr. Elklk or Vlk) \u003d cloths or Kommersant + KLAV, B + KLV. Obviously, the general root will be lettering - K.L.V. We instantly revealed rational (logic and common sense) The term Hebrew Keliev, in a letter without calling (vowels) - K.L.V.

* Wolf \u003d Read on the contrary - IvR. Keliev dog, dog.

* Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Ephron

"The source of Praslanjansky vowel sound is most often an Indo-European short and (cf. Sanskr. Snusha, Sunus, Staroslav. Snhah, son, Russian. Snow, son) RESTLECTION ON (Wed Russian. Gun, Gon, Staroslav. Gun), In a few cases, Kommersant appeared on the site of Praslavyansky b (before a combination of l + consonant, cf., for example, Praslav. and Old Russian. Vilk from an even more ancient * Vlk / Lithuansk. Vilkas) " Thus, linguists have noted in the XIX century that the Russian letter of EP (Kommersant) expressed sound and or oh; those. Vzhlk \u003d Wolves (Wolko).

* The dog is mentioned in Old Testament, 1 Tsar. 17:43: "And the Philistine David said: What are you going on me with a stick? Are I dog (Keliev)? ". The term dog (KELEV) is used 32 times in 31 verse of the Bible, in the value: a dog, a pagan sacrifice, is also the meaning - a man of a prostitute.

* In the New Testament (text on Hebrew): Matthew 15:26: "It's not good to take bread in children and throw psam (Keliev)." Dogs in Judaism considered unclean animals, they were allowed to use only for the protection of herd, they did not hold in homes.
Thus, the Russian term "wolf" (V.L.K. \u003d K.L.V.)) is obvious, formed from the root of Hebrew K.L.V. The method of transliteration is the transfer of signs of one alphabet to another, excellent.