Ways to stop bleeding. Methods for temporarily stopping external bleeding Method for stopping bleeding by giving an elevated position
Signs : blood from the wound flows out in a gushing stream or jerks; a large bloody spot on clothing or a pool of blood near the victim. If there are signs of arterial bleeding, the person providing the emergency medical care must first stop the bleeding.
Clinical signs
The manifestation of symptoms and their severity depend on the intensity of bleeding, the magnitude and rate of blood loss.
Subjective symptoms appear with significant blood loss, but it can also be with a relatively small blood loss, which occurred quickly, at once. The patient complains of increasing general weakness, dizziness, tinnitus, darkening in the eyes, flashing "flies" before the eyes, headache and pain in the heart, dry mouth, thirst, suffocation, nausea. Such complaints of the patient are the result of circulatory disorders of the brain and internal organs.
On examination, the following can be identified objective symptoms : drowsiness and lethargy, sometimes some excitement, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, frequent weak pulse filling, rapid breathing (shortness of breath), in severe cases, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, decreased blood and venous pressure, loss of consciousness. Local symptoms vary. If, with external bleeding, local symptoms are bright and easily determined, with internal and external latent bleeding, they are less pronounced and difficult to determine.
Apply temporary (preliminary) and final methods stopping bleeding.
Temporarily stopping bleeding
Temporary stopping of bleeding is carried out as an emergency and is performed for the period necessary to take measures to finally stop bleeding. It is carried out with bleeding from arteries and large veins. With bleeding from small arteries, veins and capillaries, measures to temporarily stop bleeding can lead to a permanent stop of bleeding.
Various methods of temporary stopping are used when rendering the first medical care at the place where the injury occurred, and the methods of final stop - in a hospital, in the operating room or dressing room.
Temporary stopping external bleeding possible following ways :
1) giving the damaged part of the body an elevated position in relation to the heart, which reduces the blood circulation in the vessels and promotes the formation of a blood clot. When bleeding from a vessel of a limb, it is necessary to raise the limb as high as possible, this reduces the blood supply to the vessels and promotes faster thrombus formation;
Fig. 2.1. Pressure points of arteries
1) pressing the bleeding vessel in the wound with fingers is a simple and quick way to temporarily stop bleeding. This technique is sometimes used by the surgeon during surgery. A simple method is also used for bleeding - finger pressing of the vessel along its length to the bones of the skeleton (Fig. 2.1, 2.2):
With arterial bleeding - above the site of injury, with venous bleeding - below;
When bleeding from the carotid artery, it is pressed against the carotid tubercle of the transverse process of the 6th cervical vertebra along the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the middle of the distance of this muscle;
If the facial artery is damaged, it is pressed against the horizontal branch of the lower jaw at the anterior edge of the masseter muscle;
· The subclavian artery is pressed against the first rib. The patient's hand is pulled down and back, after which they press on the artery behind the clavicle at the level of its middle;
· The brachial artery is pressed against the humerus along the medial groove of the biceps brachii;
Fig. 2.2. Methods for temporarily stopping bleeding using finger pressure
Fig. 2.3. Temporarily stopping bleeding using maximum flexion
· The axillary artery is pressed against the head of the humerus in the axillary fossa along the anterior border of hair growth. The external iliac artery is pressed against the horizontal branch of the pubic bone at the border of the medial and middle third of the inguinal fold;
1) pressing the damaged artery above the bleeding site (throughout);
2) pressing the bleeding vessel in the wound using a pressure bandage;
3) clamping the artery by fixing the limb in the position of maximum flexion or overextension in the joint (Fig. 2.3). When the vessels of the forearm are injured, the arm is flexed to the maximum at the elbow joint. When bleeding from the vessels of the lower leg, maximum flexion of the leg in the knee joint is performed.
The femoral artery can be compressed by the maximum adduction of the thigh to the abdomen;
Fig. 2.4. Temporarily stopping bleeding by applying a waist belt (sequence)
4) clamping the artery by applying a tourniquet is a fairly reliable way to temporarily stop bleeding (Fig. 2.4). Temporary stopping of arterial bleeding with a tourniquet consists in tightly pulling the limb above the injury site. When a tourniquet is applied, not only the vessel and soft tissues are squeezed, but also the nerves. To prevent the negative effect of the harness, certain rules must be followed:
· The tourniquet should be applied proximally, i.e. above the wound site, but as close as possible to it, in order to reduce the area of \u200b\u200bthe limb deprived of blood circulation below and above the wound;
· Under the tourniquet, leave clothing or other soft tissue without folds to prevent pinching of the skin by the tourniquet;
· Before applying the first turn, the tourniquet is stretched by hands and made one turn around the limb. Bleeding should be stopped with the first taut tour of a rubber band. Subsequent turns are applied with a slight tension, each subsequent turn must overlap a part of the previous one;
· With the correct application of the tourniquet, the bleeding should stop. At the same time, the veins sink, the skin becomes pale, there is no pulse in the peripheral arteries;
In case of insufficient tightening of the tourniquet, arterial blood flow is maintained, only venous outflow from the distal parts of the limb. At the same time, the skin is cyanotic, and with mixed bleeding, the flow of blood from the wound increases;
· Excessive tightening of the tourniquet can lead to crushing of soft tissues (muscles, neurovascular bundles), and then to the development of necrosis and neuritis;
· A note should be attached to the tourniquet or clothing of the victim, indicating the date and time of its application;
· The tourniquet should always be clearly visible, for which a piece of bandage or gauze is tied to it, you cannot put a bandage over it;
· Using tires or improvised material, it is necessary to ensure the immobility of the affected area of \u200b\u200bthe body;
· The evacuation of the victim with an imposed tourniquet is carried out in the first place;
· Periodically it is necessary to check the necessity of further leaving the tourniquet (if bleeding stops, remove the tourniquet and apply a pressure bandage);
· In the cold season, after the application of the tourniquet, the limb should be wrapped warmly.
The maximum residence time of the tightened tourniquet on the limb is 1.5 hours. After that, they begin to develop irreversibly ischemic changes in the tissues.
Every 30 minutes, a tourniquet revision is required, which includes not only monitoring the effectiveness of hemostasis, but also transferring the tourniquet. In this case, the main artery is pressed with a finger, and then the tourniquet is relaxed. After 5 minutes, blood circulation in the distal part of the limb is partially restored due to collateral circulation (the skin slightly warms and turns pink). After that, the tourniquet is applied again, but 4–5 cm higher than the previous level.
The axillary artery is clamped with a tourniquet imposed in the form of a figure of eight: the stretched middle of the tourniquet is applied to the base upper limb, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe shoulder girdle, the ends of the harness are crossed and looped around the body, fixing on the gasket in the opposite axillary fossa. sides. In a similar way, a tourniquet is applied to the base of the lower limb. A dense roller is placed under the tourniquet for local pressure on the femoral artery to press it against the pubic bone.
A twist harness can be made of any soft and sufficiently strong material (a piece of cloth, a soft trouser belt) (see Fig. 2.4). To reduce the compression of soft tissues under the tourniquet in the projection of the vessel, a dense roller of material is placed. The ends of the tourniquet are tied on a small stick and, rotating it, gradually tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops. After that, the stick is fixed with a bandage. The twist tourniquet injures the tissues to a greater extent, since it is inelastic.
In case of venous or capillary bleeding, the tourniquet is not applied!
To prevent tissue necrosis and the development of gangrene, the tourniquet on the limb in the summer can be left for no more than 1 hour, in the winter - no more than 30 minutes.
When bleeding from a deep wound it can be stopped with gauze wound tamponade. A gauze swab is inserted into the wound, filling it tightly, and then fixed with a pressure bandage.
After a temporary stop of bleeding, immobilization of the limb, blood replacement and anti-shock therapy are required. The position of the patient should be horizontal, with the head down or the raised leg end of the stretcher.
The final stop of bleeding is carried out by a doctor in a hospital of a medical institution.
Temporary stop of bleeding in case of damage to large blood vessels carried out in the order of self-help or mutual assistance in the following ways:
Giving a limb an elevated position;
Applying a pressure bandage;
Pressing the vessel throughout (finger pressing of the arteries);
Maximum flexion (extension) of the limb in the joint;
The imposition of a tourniquet, twists (circular compression of the limb).
Let us examine the ways to temporarily stop bleeding according to the degree of danger to life and health.
Capillary bleeding stops most often on its own as a result of blood clotting. If the blood does not have time to clot, then the bleeding is stopped by bandaging.
Venous bleeding is stopped by imposition pressure bandage or by giving a limb exalted position... The skin around the wound is treated with an antiseptic solution, a sterile napkin is applied to the wound, which is fixed to the surface with 2-3 rounds of bandage, a roller (made of cotton wool, bandage, gauze) is placed in the projection of the wound to squeeze the bleeding tissues, which is tightly fixed with subsequent rounds of bandage. Further, the limb must be given an elevated position.
Arterial bleeding is most difficult to stop (high blood pressure in the arteries, dense vascular wall).
The simplest way, which does not require any improvised means, is finger pressure arteries.
This well-known method is used to temporarily stop arterial bleeding, based on compression of the vessel wall at certain anatomical points between the finger and the bone formation. An indication for pressing the artery with a finger is massive arterial bleeding. On the limbs, the vessels are pressed above the wound, on the neck and head - below. Compression of blood vessels is performed with several fingers.
Bleeding from wounds of the neck and head is stopped by pressing with fingers:
Temporal artery to temporal bone;
· The mandibular artery to the lower edge of the lower jaw;
General carotid artery to the sleepy tubercle of the VI cervical vertebra.
When bleeding from the upper extremities, press:
· Subclavian artery to the 1st rib in the supraclavicular region;
Axillary artery to the head of the humerus in the axillary fossa;
Brachial artery to the humerus in the upper third on the inner surface of the shoulder;
· Radial artery.
Compression of the vessels of the lower extremities:
· The femoral artery in the groin area;
Popliteal artery in the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee joint on the back surface;
Artery of the dorsum of the foot (Fig. 8).
Injury of the abdominal aorta accompanied by massive bleeding, a temporary stop of which is possible only by pressing the aorta with a fist to the spine
Fig. 8. Pressure points of arteries
1 - temporal;
2 - occipital;
3 - jaw;
4 - sleepy;
5 - subclavian;
6 - axillary;
7 - shoulder;
8 - beam;
9 - ulnar;
10,11 - femoral;
12,13 - tibial
along the midline below the navel.
With life-threatening bleeding, if a tourniquet cannot be used, cover the wound with a sterile napkin, then insert a finger into the wound and press the bleeding vessel. This method allows you to gain time to prepare for the application of a tourniquet or pressure bandage.
The next rather simple way is maximum flexion (extension) of the limbin the joint.
For the upper limb, a roller of material is placed on the flexion surface of the elbow joint, the forearm is flexed as much as possible until the pulse on the radial artery disappears, bleeding from the wound stops, and in this position is fixed to the body with a belt. When bleeding from brachial artery the roller is inserted into the armpit and the shoulder is fixed by bandaging it to the body.
When bleeding from subclavian artery, which can be fatal, pull both shoulders back and tighten them as tightly as possible with a belt in the closest position.
For lower limbs - the patient lies on his back, a roller is placed in the popliteal fossa, the shin is pressed against the thigh and fixed with a bandage. Bleeding from femoral artery stop by flexing the lower limb in the hip joint with a previously placed roller and fixing it to the body.
And finally, the most reliable way to stop arterial bleeding is circular limb compression by overlay twists or bundleshowever it is mainly used on the limbs.
The technique of applying a tourniquet
The tourniquet is made industrially, and the twist is made from scrap materials.
Twists the limb is tied above the injury site, a stick is held under the loop, with which a homemade tourniquet is twisted until the blood flow stops. The means at hand are applied to clothing or a pad. It is forbidden to use rigid thin structures (wire, cord) as a twist, since when squeezed they cause tissue damage.
It is much more convenient to use an industrial-made Esmarch rubber band.
The tourniquet is stretched by hands and the first circular round is applied in such a way as to stop the bleeding as soon as possible. Subsequent tours of the tourniquet are applied with less force. At the end of the application of the tourniquet, its ends are fixed using the existing clamps (Fig. 9).
The control of the correct application of the tourniquet is carried out to stop bleeding, the disappearance of the pulse, pallor of the skin.
When applying a tourniquet, the following rules must be followed:
1.the tourniquet is applied only for arterial bleeding;
2. the tourniquet is not applied to the naked body;
3. the tourniquet is not applied to damaged skin;
4.the harness does not overlap inflammatory process;
5. a tourniquet is applied to the center of the wound;
6. the tourniquet is applied with the strictly necessary force (neither stronger nor weaker);
7. the tourniquet is applied on a flat area without folds;
8. a tourniquet is applied to the upper third of the shoulder, or to the middle third of the thigh;
9.when applying a tourniquet, the limb is raised, brought under the place where it will be applied, vigorously stretched and, placing a soft lining under it, wind it several times until the bleeding stops completely so that its turns lie one to one and so that there is no folds of skin fell. The ends of the harness are securely tied or fastened with a chain and hook;
10. enclose a note with the time of its imposition;
11. do not hide the tourniquet under clothes, it must be visible;
12. The tourniquet is held for a strictly defined time - due to the possibility of tissue necrosis under the tourniquet, frostbite, the time for exsanguination of the limb is limited: Winter: adults - 1 hour, children - 20-30 minutes. Summer: adults - 1.5 hours, children - 40 minutes. In the case of prolonged transportation exceeding the specified time, the main vessel is pinched with the fingers, and the tourniquet is removed, after 10 minutes it is applied to a new place. In the winter season, a limb with an imposed tourniquet is well isolated from the external environment so that frostbite does not occur;
13. fix the limb or make immobilization with a splint;
14.transport to the hospital;
15. if edema or cyanosis appears, re-apply the tourniquet.
Fig. 9 ... Ways to temporarily stop bleeding:
and - a pressure bandage, b- a tourniquet, in - twist
To stop bleeding from the damaged carotid artery, the Mikulich method is used: compression of the injured vessels with a stretched tourniquet through a cotton-gauze roller installed at the point of finger pressure of the carotid artery; in order to prevent asphyxia, the tourniquet is fixed on the arm thrown over the head from the side opposite to the wound.
If internal bleeding is suspected, it is necessary to transport the victim to a medical facility as quickly as possible.
It is difficult to provide self-help first aid, and even more difficult to provide it with one intact hand. The experience of practical training in medical self-help has shown that, first of all, it is necessary to master the techniques that replace the missing hand when providing assistance, for example:
· Clamping one end of the tourniquet with teeth;
· It is more convenient to pinch one of the ends of the bundle, the free end of the bandage for the details of clothing;
It is possible to fix one of the ends of the tourniquet or bandage for objects surrounding the affected person;
· Sometimes the free end of the bandage can be fixed by pushing it under clothing that is tight to the body;
· In some cases it is possible to clamp the end of the bandage between body parts.
When teaching self-help technique with one hand, it is advisable to follow the following sequence: first, you must learn to confidently manipulate the necessary first aid item with one dominant hand, and then with a non-dominant hand; then one should master the general technique of self-help with one hand.
Ministry of the Russian Federation for Science and Education
MOU Klevantsovskaya secondary school of the Ostrovsky district of the Kostroma region
Related tests
"First aid"
Completed: OBZh teacher, NVP
Kostroma-2010
Introduction.
The main function of testing is a controlling function, which consists in monitoring the knowledge and skills of students, determining the achievement of a basic level of training by students, mastering the mandatory minimum of the content of the discipline.
Distinguish between current, thematic and final testing of students' knowledge. All types of verification are carried out using different forms, methods and techniques.
Testing has a number of advantages over traditional forms and methods, it naturally fits into modern pedagogical concepts, allows more rational use of class time, cover a larger volume of content, quickly establish feedback with students and determine the results of mastering the material, focus on knowledge gaps and make adjustments to them. Test control provides simultaneous verification of the knowledge of the entire class and forms their motivation to prepare for each lesson, disciplines them.
Explanatory note for tests
1. General Provisions
The presented tests are grouped by sections and types of first aid. The tests are performed according to the "select - put a tick" type, which allows you to perform them quickly without any lengthy preparatory steps.
It is possible to apply tests both directly for a specific section in the process of studying it (checking homework, reflection), and in a complex way in several sections as a final certification. Also, the presented tests can be offered to students as a basic platform for creating their own tests.
The electronic version allows you to quickly, easily and with a minimum amount of time create test tasks of any size and complexity, while maintaining the sequential numbering of sections and tests in sections for consistency with the table of answers.
2.1 Test preparation.
The test organizer prepares test forms in advance. The form includes multiple choice questions and an assignment card. It is possible to use the test form without a card - tasks, but at the same time the tested person must write down the question number and the selected answer on a separate sheet (extra time is spent, errors in writing), or the answers will be indicated directly on the test forms (disposable test forms). Test takers need to choose the correct answer. In all tests, the correct answer is the same. This avoids different interpretations when summing up. In separate tasks it is necessary to indicate the order of answers. The form is created in such a way that, when checking the correct answers, it was clearly possible to see the selected answer options by the testing participants.
Questions have 3 levels of difficulty:
1.Less complexity.
2. Medium difficulty.
3. Increased complexity.
The numbering of questions of least complexity is not accompanied by anything.
Numbering of questions of medium difficulty - accompanied by the sign - *
Numbering of questions of increased complexity - accompanied by the sign - **
2.2 Test control conditions:
o During the test, all outside help is prohibited
o Test takers have only writing materials with them. (There shouldn't be any reference material).
o Before testing, students are familiar with the conditions of the test.
o A specific time is allocated for the test.
o Tasks can be completed in any order.
o The correct answer is marked with any sign (cross, check mark, circle, etc.).
o Testing starts simultaneously for all participants.
2.3 The final result.
Determined by the number of correct answers to all questions.
3. An approximate sample of the task card
Surname, name of the student |
||||||
Question number | Selected answer |
|||||
Indicate the order of answers |
||||||
Test Answer Table
Test no. | answer | Test no. | answer | Test no. | answer |
C, B, D, A, D |
|||||
C, A, B, D, D |
|||||
C, D, A, B |
|||||
B, F, I | |||||
B, A, D, C, D | |||||
Tests
1. Bleeding
1.1 What is hypoxia?
A - oxygen starvation;
B - dehydration of the body;
B - overheating of the body;
G - cooling of the body;
D - thermal irradiation.
1.2 Bleeding is-
A - poisoning with hazardous chemicals;
B - respiratory function;
B - high blood pressure;
G - bleeding from blood vessels in violation of the integrity of their walls;
D - bone fracture.
1.3 How to stop heavy venous bleeding?
A - apply a pressure bandage;
B - apply a tourniquet;
B - treat the wound with alcohol and cover with a sterile napkin;
D - disinfect with alcohol and treat with iodine;
D - sprinkle with salt.
1.4 In case of injury to the carotid artery, it is urgent to:
A - apply a tight bandage.
B - apply a tourniquet.
B - pinch the artery below the wound with your finger.
1.5 When injured, blood flows in a continuous stream. This is bleeding
A - Parenchymal
B - Venous.
B - Capillary.
D - Arterial ..
1.6 Characteristic signs of arterial bleeding:
A - Blood of a dark color, flows out in an even stream.
B - Blood of scarlet color, flows out in a pulsating stream.
B - The entire surface bleeds, flows out in the form of small drops.
1.7 Arterial bleeding occurs when:
A - damage to any artery with a deep wound;
B - superficial injury;
B - a shallow wound in case of damage to any of the vessels.
1.8 Reducing bleeding by elevating the injured limb is mainly used for:
A - internal bleeding;
B - superficial wounds;
B - any wounds to the limb.
1.9 The most reliable way to stop bleeding in case of damage to large arterial vessels of the arms and legs is:
A - applying a pressure bandage;
B - finger pressure;
B - maximum flexion of the limb;
G - the imposition of a tourniquet;
1.0 For an open fracture of a limb with severe bleeding, the first step is to:
A - Treat the edge of the wound with iodine;
B - Immobilize the limb;
D - Stop bleeding.
2. Applying a tourniquet
2.1 The tourniquet is applied:
A - With capillary bleeding.
B. With arterial and venous bleeding.
B. With parenchymal bleeding.
2.2 How to choose the right place for the application of a hemostatic tourniquet for arterial bleeding?
B - 10-15 cm above the wound;
B - 15-20 cm below the wound;
D - 20-25 cm below the wound;
D - 30 cm below the wound.
2.3 How to choose the right place for the application of the hemostatic tourniquet for venous bleeding?
A - apply a tourniquet to the treated wound;
B - 10-15 cm above the wound;
B - 30 cm below the wound;
D - 20-25 cm below the wound;
D - 10-15 cm below the wound;
2.4 How long is the tourniquet applied in the summer?
A - For an hour
B - For 1 hour 30 minutes
B - For 2 hours
D - For 2 h 30 min
D-For 3 hours
2.5 How long is the tourniquet applied in winter?
A - For an hour
B - For 1 hour 30 minutes
B - For 2 hours
D - For 2 h 30 min
D-For 3 hours
2.6 Instead of a bundle, you can use:
A - Pressure bandage.
B - Twist.
B - Cold to the wound.
D - Compress
2.7 * What information should be included in the note attached to the harness:
A - last name, first name, patronymic of the victim, time of injury;
B - date and exact time (hours and minutes) of the harness overlay;
B - the date, exact time (hours and minutes) of the harness application, as well as the surname, name, patronymic of the victim, surname, fatherland name of the person who applied the harness.
2.8 In the field, in the event of a leg injury with severe pulsating bleeding, it is possible
A - apply a tight bandage of clean cloth and cotton wool;
B - pull the femoral artery;
B - apply a tight sterile bandage;
D - pull the popliteal artery with a kerchief.
2.9 How many minutes after the application of the tourniquet, it must be loosened for several minutes
A - 30-50 min;
B-30-40 min;
B - 20-30 min;
D - 20-25 min.
2.0 What can lead to continuous long-term presence of a limb with an imposed tourniquet (more than 2 hours)
A - to an increase in the temperature of the limb, tingling pains, redness of the skin;
B - to the entry into the blood of a significant amount of toxins from the tissues above the tourniquet and the development of traumatic toxicosis;
D - to the entry into the blood of a significant amount of toxins from the tissues below the tourniquet and the development of traumatic toxicosis.
3. Wounds
3.1 How to properly treat a wound?
A - disinfect the wound with alcohol and tie it tightly;
B - moisten gauze with iodine and apply to the wound;
B - treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide;
D - lubricate the wound itself with iodine;
D - sprinkle with salt
3.2 TO closed damage relate:
A - sprains, strains, bruises;
B - abrasions and wounds;
B - scratches and cuts.
3.3 In case of frostbite, a skin area must:
A - Rub it with snow.
B - Warm up and give a warm drink.
B - Rub with a mitten.
3.4 ** What is the sequence of first aid for tick bites:
A - wash your hands with soap, on the place where the tick sucked, drop a drop of oil, kerosene or petroleum jelly, remove the tick with tweezers by swinging it from side to side, treat the bite site with alcohol and iodine, send the victim to a medical institution;
B - drip a drop of iodine into the place where the tick sucked, remove the tick with tweezers by gently swaying from side to side, treat the bite site with alcohol and iodine;
B - wash your hands with soap, on the place where the tick sucked, drop a drop of oil, kerosene or petroleum jelly, and then treat with alcohol and iodine, send the victim to a medical facility
3.5 Pneumothorax is:
A - Open wound of the abdomen
B - Shortness of breath
B - Type of lung disease
D - Open wound of the chest.
3.6 ** Determine the correctness and sequence of first aid to the victim with closed pneumothorax:
And - if possible, give the victim oxygen, call " ambulance", Keep the spine motionless, give the victim a sedative;
B - give the victim a sedative, maintain the required body temperature of the victim, put cold on the sternum, call an ambulance;
B - give the victim an anesthetic, give him an elevated position with a raised headboard, if possible, give oxygen, urgently call an ambulance.
3.7 * The victim has severe abdominal pain, dry tongue, nausea, vomiting, swollen belly, “the stomach is like a board. The patient lies on his back or on his side with knees bent and hip joints feet. Our actions
A - warmth on the stomach and the fastest transportation to the surgical department of the hospital
B - cold on the stomach and the fastest transportation to the surgical department of the hospital
B - cold on the stomach, give a drink and the fastest transportation to the surgical department of the hospital
3.8 * In the event of an open injury to the abdomen,
AND -An aseptic bandage is applied to the wound. When intestinal or omentum loops fall out into the wound, the organs should be adjusted and pinched.
B - Give the patient a drink. An aseptic bandage is applied to the wound.
B - An aseptic dressing is applied to the wound. If the intestinal loops or the omentum fall out into the wound, the organs are not adjusted, it is necessary to cover them with a sterile gauze napkin or ironed cotton cloth and bandage loosely.
3.9 ** The victim fell from a height, paralysis of the legs, necessary
A - Complete rest. The victim is laid with his back on a shield placed on a stretcher. Under lumbar put a small roller. If there is no shield, the victim can be transported on a stretcher in a prone position, with clothes or a rolled blanket under his chest and thighs. Urgent hospitalization
B - The victim is seated. A small roller is placed under the lumbar region. Urgent hospitalization
B - The victim is laid with his back on a soft stretcher. A small roller is placed under the lumbar region. If there is no stretcher, the victim can be transported by hand. Urgent hospitalization
3.0 When laceration soft tissue of the head is necessary
A - apply a bandage, anesthetize and deliver the victim to a hospital;
B - apply a bandage, anesthetize;
B - apply an aseptic bandage, anesthetize and deliver the victim to a hospital.
4. Fractures
4.1 The fracture is
A - destruction of bone soft tissue;
B - cracks, chips, fractures of keratinized parts of the body;
B - cracks, chips, crushing of bones.
4.2 * How to provide first aid for a fracture of the pelvic bones?
A - treat the fracture site with a disinfectant, apply a splint;
B - lay the victim on a flat hard surface, under bent and divorced knee joints place a roller (frog pose);
B - lay on a hard surface, apply two splints on the inside and outside of the thigh;
D-straighten your legs, lay motionless and call a doctor;
D - do not touch the victim.
4.3 In case of an open fracture with displacement of the bones, it is necessary:
B - Correct the displacement and bandage
D - To bandage the wound without disturbing the fracture, and apply a splint.
4.4 In case of a closed fracture with displacement of the bones, it is necessary:
A - Correct the offset and apply a splint
B - Apply a splint
B - Apply a splint with the return of the bones to their original position
D - Bandage the wound without disturbing the fracture and apply a splint
4.5 When the spine and pelvic bones are fractured, paralysis occurs ...
A - parts of the body below the fracture site;
B - Lower limbs.
B - Upper limbs.
4.6 * Determine the sequence of first aid for open fractures:
A - to give the victim a comfortable position, gently set the bone to its original position, apply a bandage and immobilize, deliver the victim to a hospital;
B - give an anesthetic, immobilize a limb, send the victim to a hospital;
B-stop bleeding, apply a sterile bandage, give anesthetic, immobilize, deliver the victim to a hospital.
4.7 With an open fracture, first of all, it is necessary:
A - give an anesthetic;
B - to immobilize the limb in the position in which it is at the time of injury;
B - apply a sterile bandage to the wound in the area of \u200b\u200bthe fracture;
D - stop bleeding.
4.8 When providing first aid in case of a fracture, it is prohibited:
A - to immobilize injured limbs;
B- insert bone fragments in place and set the released bone in place;
B - stop bleeding.
4.9 What are the signs of a closed fracture
A - pain, swelling;
B - bleeding, pain, itching;
B - pain, swelling, bleeding;
4.0 What are the signs of an open fracture
A - pain, swelling;
B - open wound, visible bone, pain, impaired motor function of the damaged organ
B - pain, swelling, bleeding
D - violation of the motor function of the damaged organ, pain, swelling, deformation at the site of injury.
5. Sprains, dislocations
5.1 Dislocating it
A - displacement of the limb with a sharp movement;
B - displacement of bones relative to each other;
B - persistent displacement of the articular ends of the bones;
D - persistent displacement of the joint.
5.2 The main signs of traumatic dislocation
A - sharp pain;
B - sharp pain, increase in body temperature;
B - sharp pain, swelling;
D - severe pain, change in the shape of the joint, inability to move in it or their limitation.
5.3 ** First aid for rupture of ligaments and muscles is:
A - apply cold and a tight bandage to the damaged area, provide peace to the victim, give him an anesthetic and deliver the victim to a medical facility;
B - apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, provide peace to the victim, give him an anesthetic and deliver the victim to a medical facility;
B - urgently steam out the damaged area, and then apply a tight bandage, provide peace to the victim, give him an anesthetic, give the injured limb an elevated position and deliver the victim to a medical facility.
5.4 * What is the first aid sequence for stretching:
A - apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, ensure the rest of the injured limb, lowering it as low as possible to the ground, and deliver the victim to a medical facility;
B - apply cold and apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, ensure peace of the injured limb, give it an elevated position and deliver the victim to a medical facility;
B- to ensure the rest of the injured limb, give it an elevated position and take the victim to a medical facility
5.5 * While playing football, one of the team's players fell onto his hand. He had strong pain, deformity and abnormal mobility in the forearm. What first aid should you provide:
A - give an anesthetic, apply a pressure bandage and deliver to a medical facility;
B - give an anesthetic, bend the arm at a right angle at the elbow joint and immobilize it with a splint or improvised means and deliver it to a medical institution;
B - lubricate the site of injury with iodine, give an anesthetic and deliver to a medical facility.
5.6 Immobilization is
A - gathering of military personnel;
B - bringing body parts to a free state;
B - putting a part of the body (limb, spine) into motionless state.
5.7 A splint of hard material is applied
A - on a naked body
B - on a twisted scarf
B - on cotton wool, towel or other soft cloth without folds
5.8 When immobilized, fix
A - damaged joint
B - damaged and adjacent joint
B - all joints
5.9 As a bus you can use
A - ski stick, board, towel;
B - a piece of board, a suitable branch of a tree, a ski;
B - a ski pole, a board, a towel, a flexible cable, a piece of board, a suitable tree branch, a ski.
5.0 In the absence of a suitable splint in the event of a large fracture tibia possibly
A - to immobilize a limb with adhesive tape;
B - immobilize the limb with glue and tarpaulin;
B - bandage the injured leg to the healthy one.
6. ERP
6.1 When to Resuscitate
A - with a fracture;
B - with bleeding;
B - when there is no breathing and cardiac activity;
G - with dislocation of the leg;
D - there is no correct answer
6.2 When should chest compressions be used?
A - after the release of the victim from a dangerous factor;
B - with an increase in blood pressure;
B - in the absence of a pulse;
G - when using artificial respiration;
D - with bleeding
6.3 In what sequence is it necessary to provide first aid to the victim in case of cessation of cardiac activity and breathing?
A - release airways, perform artificial respiration and external heart massage;
B - perform a heart massage, release the airways, and then administer artificial respiration;
B - to free the airways, perform artificial respiration and heart massage.
6.4 ** Choose from the proposed answer options the correct actions to determine the signs of clinical death:
AND – Determine the presence of swelling of the extremities;
B – Ensure full respiratory activity;
IN – Make sure there is no breathing;
D – Make sure there is no consciousness;
D – Make sure that the victim has no speech;
E – Make sure the pupils respond to light;
F – Make sure there is no reaction of the pupils to light;
Z – Make sure the victim has bruises, head or spine trauma;
AND – Make sure there is no pulse in the carotid artery;
TO – Determine the presence of hearing in the victim.
6.5 Determine the sequence of resuscitation assistance to the victim:
A - to make a precordial blow in the sternum;
B - put the victim on his back on a hard surface;
D - start an indirect heart massage;
D - call an ambulance or urgently deliver the victim to the hospital.
6.6** When providing resuscitation care, you must:
A - put the victim on his back on a soft surface, perform a precordial blow in the neck area, start chest compressions and artificial lung ventilation, urgently deliver the victim to the hospital;
B - put the victim on his back on a hard surface, perform a precordial blow in the sternum area, start chest compressions and artificial lung ventilation, call an ambulance or urgently deliver the victim to the hospital;
B - to make a blow in the area of \u200b\u200bthe xiphoid process, to start indirect heart massage and artificial ventilation of the lungs, call an ambulance or urgently deliver the victim to the hospital.
6.7** The victim needs to do an indirect heart massage. What is the sequence of your actions:
A - put the victim on a flat hard surface, kneel on the left side of the victim parallel to his longitudinal axis, put two palms on the heart area at once, while the fingers should be unclenched, alternately press on the sternum, first with the right, then with the left palm;
B - put the victim on a bed or on a sofa and stand from him on the left side, put your palms at the point of projection of the heart on the sternum, press on the sternum with hands with bent fingers alternately rhythmically every 2-3 seconds;
B - put the victim on a flat hard surface, kneel on the left side of the victim parallel to his longitudinal axis, put the palm of one hand on the lower third of the sternum (2-2.5 cm above the xiphoid process), cover the first with the palm of the other hand to strengthen pressure. The fingers of both hands should not touch the chest, the thumbs should look in different directions, press on the chest only with straight arms, using the weight of the body, the palms should not be lifted from the victim's sternum, each subsequent movement should be made after rib cage will return to its original position.
6.8 ** What is the correct procedure for delivering a precordial blow to the sternum:
A - the precordial blow, short and rather sharp, is applied to a point located on the sternum 2-3 cm above the xiphoid process, the elbow of the hand striking should be directed along the victim's body, immediately after the blow, find out whether the heart has resumed
B - a precordial blow is applied with a palm to a point located on the sternum above the xiphoid process by 2-3 cm and 2 cm to the left of the center of the sternum, the elbow of the hand striking must be directed across the victim's body, the blow must be sliding;
the precordial blow is applied with the edge of a palm clenched into a fist to a point located on the sternum 2-3 cm above the xiphoid process, check the pulse immediately after the blow.
6.9 * In the text below, determine the correct procedure for gastric lavage:
A - give the victim to drink at least 2 glasses of boiled water or a weak solution of baking soda and, irritating the root of the tongue with your fingers, induce vomiting;
B - give the victim to drink at least 2 glasses of cold tap water, pressing on the abdomen, induce vomiting;
B - give the victim to drink 2 glasses of vinegar essence and, pressing on the neck area, induce vomiting.
6.0 "Cat's eye" sign
A - clinical death;
B - fainting, traumatic shock;
G - biological death.
7. Burns
7.1 * Determine the sequence of first aid for chemical burns with acid:
A - give an anesthetic;
B - rinse the skin with running water;
B - remove acid soaked clothing from a person;
D - wash the damaged area with a weak solution of baking soda;
D - deliver the victim to a hospital.
7.2 Determine the sequence of first aid for a chemical burn with alkali:
A - rinse the skin with running water;
B - wash the damaged area with a weak solution (1-2%) of acetic acid;
B - remove clothes soaked in alkali;
D - deliver the victim to a medical facility;
D - give an anesthetic.
7.3 * In case of a burn, you must:
A - remove a hot object from the surface of the body, cut off clothes with scissors, apply cold on the damaged surface for 5-10 minutes, disinfect healthy skin around the burn, apply a sterile bandage on the burned surface and send the victim to a medical institution;
B - remove a hot object from the surface of the body, cut off clothes with scissors, lubricate the damaged surface with iodine, and then oil, apply a sterile bandage and send the victim to a medical institution;
B - remove a hot object from the surface of the body without cutting off the clothes with scissors, pour oil on the burned surface, apply a sterile bandage and send the victim to a medical facility.
7.4In case of a third-degree burn, call an ambulance immediately and:
A - Pour water over the bubbles;
B - Give the victim a large amount of liquid;
B - Treat the skin with fat or brilliant green;
7.5 * A person injured in a fire damaged tissues lying deep (subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, bones), partially charred feet, what is his degree of burn
7.6 * Signs of heatstroke
A - an increase in body temperature, chills, weakness, headache, dizziness, redness of the skin of the face, a sharp increase in heart rate and respiration, noticeable loss of appetite, nausea, profuse sweating;
B - a decrease in body temperature, chills, weakness, headache, dizziness, redness of the skin of the face, a sharp increase in heart rate and respiration, noticeable loss of appetite, nausea;
B - increased body temperature, headache, redness of the skin of the face, profuse sweating.
7.7 * Causes contributing to frostbite
B - high air humidity, strong wind, tight wet shoes, forced prolonged immobility, prolonged exposure to frost (skiers, climbers), alcoholic intoxication;
B - low ambient temperature, hard physical work, warm clothing, forced long-term stay in the cold (skiers, climbers).
7.8 * In case of shallow frostbite of the auricles, nose, cheeks
And - they are rubbed with snow until reddening. Then rub 70% ethyl alcohol and smeared with vaseline oil or some kind of fat.
B - rub them with a warm hand or a soft cloth until reddening. Then rub cold water and smeared with vaseline oil or some kind of fat.
B - rub them with a warm hand or a soft cloth until reddening. Then rubbed with 70% ethyl alcohol and smeared with vaseline oil or some kind of fat.
7.9 * In case of thermal shock,
A - undress the victim, lay him on his back with raised limbs and lowered head, put cold compresses on the head, neck, chest, give a copious cold drink;
B - put the victim to bed, give tea, coffee, in severe cases, the victim should be laid on his back with lowered limbs and raised head;
B - put the victim to bed, give cold drinks, in severe cases, the victim should be laid on his back with his limbs lowered and his head raised.
7.0 During hard physical work in a room with high air temperature and humidity, it is possible
A - sunstroke;
B - traumatic shock;
B - traumatic toxicosis;
G - heatstroke.
8 head bruises, concussions, traumatic shock, heart failure
8.1 Determine the sequence of first aid whentrouble:
A - spray your face with cold water;
B- give the legs an elevated position;
B - lay the victim on his back with his head slightly thrown back;
D - open the collar and give fresh air access.
8.2 * Determine the sequence of first aid for concussion:
A - urgently call a doctor, provide absolute peace to the victim, apply cold on his head;
B - put cold on the victim's head, give him strong tea or coffee, accompany him to a medical facility;
B - give the victim pain relievers and sedatives, take him to a medical facility.
8.3 * As a result of the fall, the teenager developed nausea and vomiting, and the coordination of movements was impaired. What is the sequence of first aid steps:
A - give pain pills and take the teenager to the nearest clinic, hospital;
B - do a gastric lavage, put an enema, give a sedative;
B - to provide rest, apply a cold compress to the head, call an ambulance.
8.4 In traumatic shock, first of all, it is necessary:
A - create a calm environment for the victim (exclude annoying noises), give an anesthetic;
B - to carry out temporary immobilization, to provide complete rest to the victim, to send the victim to a medical institution;
B - eliminate the effect of the traumatic factor, stop bleeding, give anesthetic, treat the wound, apply a pressure bandage.
8.5 Sudden loss of consciousness is:
B - Fainting;
B - Migraine;
D - Collapse.
8.6 ** The causes of heart failure can be:
A - rheumatic lesions of the heart muscle, heart defects, myocardial infarction, physical stress, metabolic disorders and vitamin deficiency;
B - internal and external bleeding, damage to the musculoskeletal system, overwork, heat and sunstroke;
B - severe injuries accompanied by blood loss, crushing of soft tissues, crushing of bones, extensive thermal burns.
8.7 ** Signs of a concussion
A - short-term loss of consciousness, vomiting, loss of memory for events preceding the trauma (retrograde amnesia), headache, dizziness, tinnitus, unsteady gait, pupils dilated;
B - short-term loss of consciousness, headache, dizziness, sleep disturbance;
B - headache, vomiting, dizziness, sleep disturbance;
8.8 * Main causes of traumatic shock
A - overwork, overload, blood loss;
B - pain, great blood loss, intoxication due to the absorption of decay products of dead and crushed tissues, damage to vital important organs with disorder of their functions
B - pain, blood loss, intoxication due to the absorption of alcohol decomposition products, damage to vital organs.
8.9 Normal blood pressure is
A - 120/60 mm. rt. Art .;
B - 140/80 mm. rt. Art .;
B - 130-120 / 80 mm. rt. Art.
8.0 With an arterial pressure of 160/110, the patient is prohibited
A - drink tea, coffee;
B - lie on a soft bed;
B - drink cranberry juice.
9. Bandages
9.1 In case of neck injuries, a bandage is applied:
A - Kosynochnaya
B - Spiral;
B - Cruciform.
9.2 Any bandage begins with fixing moves. It means:
A - fixing the second round of the bandage to the third;
B - the second round of the bandage must be fixed to the first with a pin or hairpin;
B - the first round must be fixed by bending the tip of the bandage, and fix it with the second round.
9.3 * Find the mistake in listing the purpose of the dressing:
A - the bandage protects the wound from exposure to air:
B- bandage protects the wound from contamination
B - the bandage covers the wound;
G-bandage reduces pain.
9.4 When applying a bandage, it is prohibited
A - touch the sterile part of the bandage with your hands in contact with the wound;
B - touch the sterile part of the bandage with your hands, not in contact with the wound;
B - twist the bandage
9.5 Bandaging is usually carried out
A - left to right, from the periphery to the center;
B - right to left, from the periphery to the center;
B - left to right, from center to periphery.
9.6 For injuries to the cheeks and chin area, apply
A - bandage "cap"
B - bandage "bridle"
B - bandage - "Hippocratic hat".
9.7 For damage to the scalp, apply
A - bandage - "Hippocratic hat".
B - bandage "bridle"
B - bandage "cap"
9.8 * When applying a bandage with open pneumotrax, it is necessary
A - apply a rubberized PPM sheath (medical dressing package) to the wound with the inner side without preliminary laying with a gauze napkin;
B - apply any airtight material directly to the wound
B - bandage the wound with a sterile bandage.
9.9 * For first aid in case of open injuries (wounds, burns), it is most convenient to use as an aseptic dressing
A - sterile bandage;
B - medical dressing package (PPM)
B - sterile bandage, cotton wool.
9.0 For a bullet wound to the soft tissues of the lower leg,
A - strengthening bandage;
B - pressure bandage;
B - immobilizing bandage;
D - thick bandage.
Bibliography
1., ed. Kurtseva - sanitary training of students: Textbook. for environments. study. Establishments. Moscow: Education 1988.
2., etc .; Ed. ёva OBZH: 9, 10, 11th grade: Textbook for educational institutions ..- M .: AST ". 2003.
Methods for temporarily stopping external bleeding are used in the provision of first aid at the site of injury. They suggest a quick delivery of the victim to a medical facility, where the final stop of bleeding will be performed. There are the following methods of temporary hemostasis: -
1) finger pressing of the artery to the bone above the wound, and on the neck and head below the wound;
2) giving the injured limb an elevated position;
3) the imposition of a hemostatic tourniquet for arterial bleeding
4) maximum flexion of the limb in the joint with arterial bleeding;
5) the imposition of a pressure bandage for venous, capillary and minor arterial bleeding;
6) tight wound tamponade;
7) 
pressing the bleeding vessel in the wound with fingers;
8) the imposition of a hemostatic clamp on a bleeding vessel in a wound when providing first aid in a FAP, a health center, a surgical office of a polyclinic;
9) local application of cold.
Finger pressure of the arteries. Pressing the arteries with fingers at certain anatomical points allows you to immediately stop bleeding and prepare for a more reliable hemostasis (Fig. 2.2-2.6).
The point of digital pressure of the temporal artery is 1 cm anterior and above the ear tragus. The external jaw artery is pressed against the lower edge of the lower jaw at the border of its posterior and middle third. The point of digital pressure of the carotid artery is located at the level of the thyroid cartilage along the antero-inner edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The artery is pressed against the sleepy tubercle of the transverse process of the VI cervical vertebra. The point of digital pressure of the subclavian artery is located in the middle of the supraclavicular region. The artery is pressed from above to the first rib. The axillary artery in the axilla is pressed against the head of the humerus. The brachial artery is pressed against the humerus at the inner edge of the biceps. The radial artery is pressed against the radius at the location where the pulse is usually measured. The ulnar artery is pressed against the ulna opposite the radial artery pressure point. The femoral artery is pressed in the groin to the pubic tubercle. The popliteal artery is pressed in the middle of the popliteal fossa against the tibia. The digital pressure point of the posterior tibial artery is located behind the inner ankle. Pressure point rear noah the artery of the foot is located between the first and second metatarsal bones.
Abdominal aorta pressed with a fist to the spine to the left of the navel.
The artery is pressed throughout skin to bone II-IV with fingers, palm or fist. This method manages to stop bleeding when some large arteries are injured: carotid, subclavian, temporal, brachial, femoral, etc. Unfortunately, the fingers of the person providing assistance quickly get tired, the bleeding resumes.
Giving the injured limb an elevated position.
This technique empties the veins and reduces blood flow to the wound.
Arterial tourniquet application. Currently, for the purpose of temporary hemostasis in arterial bleeding, a standard Esmarch rubber band is used. If it is absent, you can use a cloth rope in the form of a braid with a twist and other means, but not wire, rope, etc.
A twist rope is a strip of strong fabric 1 m long and 3 cm wide with a twist and a fastener at one end. The twist - a loop of braid with a stick in the middle and cloth rings to fix its ends - is connected to the cord strip by two rectangular buckles located not far from the fastener.
Rules for the imposition of a hemostatic tourniquet (Fig. 2.7).
1. The tourniquet is used only for damage to the arteries of the extremities. In case of damage to the carotid artery, an impromptu splint or Kramer splint is applied on the opposite side of the neck with an emphasis on the head and shoulder joint (Mikulich's method - Fig. 2.8). If no splints are available, you can use the hand on the healthy side, which is placed on the head and bandaged. The splint (arm) should prevent compression of the carotid artery from the opposite side. In this case, the tourniquet is applied below the wound. A roller is applied to the damaged carotid artery. After that, a tourniquet is pulled through the tire (hand) and the roller.
2. Do not apply tourniquet to bare wound. The lining should not be wrinkled.
3.The injured limb is given an elevated position and the artery is pressed with the fingers above the wound.
4. The tourniquet is applied above the wound and as close to it as possible. The optimal localization of the tourniquet on the upper limb is the upper and lower third of the shoulder, on the lower limb - the thigh area. A tourniquet cannot be applied to the middle third of the shoulder, since here the radial nerve lies on the bone. From the crushing of this nerve, paralysis of the muscles of the forearm and hand will develop.
5. 
The first round should be tight, the rest - fixing.
6. The tourniquet is applied in a tiled manner, without pinching the skin.
7. The tourniquet should not be crushing.
8.With a correctly applied tourniquet, bleeding stops, the pulse on the artery below the tourniquet is not detected, the skin becomes pale.
9.Under the last round of the tourniquet, a note is recorded indicating the date and time of its imposition.
10. Be sure to carry out transport immobilization
injured limb and pain relief.
11. The tourniquet must always be visible.
12.In the cold season, the limb must be insulated to avoid frostbite.
13.In the summer, the tourniquet can be kept up to 2 hours, in the winter - up to 1 hour. Exceeding the time is fraught with necrosis of the limb.
14. If the time has expired, but the tourniquet cannot be removed:
■ press the damaged artery with the fingers above the tourniquet;
■ gently loosen the tourniquet for 20-30 minutes to restore blood circulation in the injured limb;
■ re-apply a tourniquet, but above or below the previous location and indicate a new time;
■ 
if necessary, the procedure is repeated after 0.5-1.0 hours. The technique of applying a twist rope (Fig. 2.9). Cloth tourniquet
put on a limb, pass the free end through the buckle and tighten as much as possible. Next, the cloth tourniquet is tightened by rotating the stick, squeezing the limb until
the bleeding will stop. Then attach the stick in one of the loops.
In the same way, you can apply an impromptu tourniquet from a trouser belt, scarf, headscarf, etc. From the material at hand, you need to fold a ribbon 3 cm wide, wrap it around the limb, tie the ends and insert a stick into the resulting loop. When the stick is rotated, the tourniquet is tightened. To prevent it from unwinding, it must be fixed with one or two rounds of a circular bandage.
Errors when applying a tourniquet. There are the following main errors:
1) the imposition of a tourniquet not according to indications;
2) weak application of a tourniquet - arterial bleeding continues;
3) excessive stretching of the tourniquet, which leads to trauma to the nerve trunks and muscles;
4) no date and time stamp of the harness application;
5) masking the tourniquet under clothes or bandages;
6) the application of a tourniquet on the naked body and far from the wound;
7) the imposition of a tourniquet in the middle third of the shoulder;
8) delivery of the victim to the medical facility with a tourniquet without immobilization of the limb and insulation.
Maximum flexion of the limb in the joint. In the absence of a hemostatic tourniquet to stop arterial bleeding, you can apply the method of maximum flexion of the limb in the joint (Fig. 2.10). When bleeding from the arteries of the forearm or hand, maximum flexion of the arm at the elbow joint is effective, followed by fixation in this position. When bleeding from the arteries of the lower leg and foot, maximum flexion of the leg in the knee joint is performed. When bleeding from the femoral artery - maximum flexion of the leg in the hip joint. In case of bleeding from the subclavian, axillary or brachial arteries, it is recommended that both elbow joints with bent forearms be pulled back almost to their contact and fixed, for example, with a bandage. It is advisable to put a dense roller in the fold area.
The method of limb flexion cannot be used in case of a fracture of one of the bones that form the joint in which maximum flexion is planned. The timing of maximum flexion of the limb in the joint corresponds to the timing of the tourniquet.
Applying a pressure bandage for venous, capillary and minor arterial bleeding. This method gives good results, especially if the limb is given an elevated position (Fig. 2.11). The manipulation is performed as follows: several napkins are applied to the wound, a cotton ball or a piece of bandage is placed on top of them and bandaged tightly. An ice pack and a sandbag weight can be placed on top of the bandage.
Tight wound tamponade. When bleeding from a deep wound, when it is impossible to apply other methods of hemostasis, use a tight wound tamponade. With sterile forceps or forceps, a sterile swab is inserted into the wound, filling it tightly. The outer end of the tampon should be visible so that it is not forgotten in the wound. Tight wound tamponade can be completed by applying a pressure bandage with local application of cold and weight.
Tight tamponade is contraindicated for injuries in the popliteal fossa, since compression of the great vessels may occur with the subsequent development of limb gangrene. For mild nosebleeds, an easy way to stop is to press the wing of the nose against the septum with your finger. It is also recommended to insert a piece of cotton wool moistened with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution or petroleum jelly into the nose and press it through the wing of the nose to the septum. In the absence of effect, resort to anterior tamponade of the nasal cavity. An ice pack is placed on the back of the head, which reflexively helps to reduce bleeding.
Pressing the bleeding vessel in the wound with fingers. In emergency situations, often during operations, pressing the bleeding vessel in the wound with fingers is used. In other situations, if the situation permits, you need to quickly put on a sterile glove or treat your hands with alcohol (other antiseptics), insert your fingers into the wound and stop the bleeding by pressing the bleeding vessel.
Applying a hemostatic forceps to a bleeding vessel. In cases where the vessel is visible, a clamp is applied across it, closer to the end, and firmly fixed with a bandage. It is necessary to perform transport immobilization of the limb and maintain the immobility of the applied clamp.
Using the cold. With local exposure to cold, capillary spasm occurs, which helps to reduce or even stop bleeding. An ice pack is usually used for this purpose. It is not recommended to keep the cold for longer than 15 minutes, as capillary paralysis sets in and bleeding resumes.
MOU Klevantsovskaya secondary school of the Ostrovsky district of the Kostroma region
Related tests
"First aid"
Completed by: Abronov Alexander Nikolaevich OBZh teacher, NVP
Kostroma-2010
Introduction.
The main function of testing is a controlling function, which consists in monitoring the knowledge and skills of students, determining the achievement of a basic level of training by students, mastering the mandatory minimum of the content of the discipline.
Distinguish between current, thematic and final testing of students' knowledge. All types of verification are carried out using different forms, methods and techniques.
Testing has a number of advantages over traditional forms and methods, it naturally fits into modern pedagogical concepts, allows more rational use of class time, cover a larger volume of content, quickly establish feedback with students and determine the results of mastering the material, focus on knowledge gaps and make adjustments to them. Test control provides simultaneous verification of the knowledge of the entire class and forms their motivation to prepare for each lesson, disciplines them.
^
Explanatory note for tests
General Provisions
It is possible to apply tests, both directly for a specific section in the process of studying it (checking homework, reflection), and in a complex manner in several sections as a final certification. Also, the presented tests can be offered to students as a basic platform for creating their own tests.
The electronic version allows you to quickly, easily and with a minimum amount of time create test tasks of any size and complexity, while maintaining the sequential numbering of sections and tests in sections for consistency with the table of answers.
Test preparation.
Questions have 3 levels of difficulty:
1.Less complexity.
2. Medium difficulty.
3. Increased complexity.
The numbering of questions of least complexity is not accompanied by anything.
Numbering of questions of medium difficulty - accompanied by the sign - *
Numbering of questions of increased complexity - accompanied by the sign - **
^ 2.2 Test control conditions:
Any outside help is prohibited during the test.
Test participants have only writing materials with them. (There shouldn't be any reference material).
before testing, students are familiar with the conditions for the test.
A specific time is allocated for the test.
Tasks can be completed in any order.
The correct answer is marked with any sign (cross, check mark, circle, etc.).
Testing starts simultaneously for all participants.
The final result.
^ 3. An approximate sample of the task card
| Surname, name of the student |
||||||
| Question number | Selected answer |
|||||
| AND | B | IN | D | D | Indicate the order of answers |
|
| 1.1 | ||||||
| 1.2 | ||||||
| 1.3 | ||||||
| 1.4 | ||||||
| 1.5 | ||||||
| 1.6 | ||||||
| 1.7 | ||||||
^ Test Answer Table
| № test | answer | № test | answer | № test | answer |
| 1.1 | AND | 4.1 | IN | 7.1 | C, B, D, A, D |
| 1.2 | D | 4.2 | B | 7.2 | C, A, B, D, D |
| 1.3 | B | 4.3 | D | 7.3 | AND |
| 1.4 | IN | 4.4 | B | 7.4 | B |
| 1.5 | B | 4.5 | AND | 7.5 | D |
| 1.6 | B | 4.6 | IN | 7.6 | AND |
| 1.7 | AND | 4.7 | D | 7.7 | B |
| 1.8 | IN | 4.8 | B | 7.8 | IN |
| 1.9 | D | 4.9 | D | 7.9 | AND |
| 1.0 | D | 4.0 | B | 7.0 | D |
| 2.1 | B | 5.1 | IN | 8.1 | C, D, A, B |
| 2.2 | IN | 5.2 | D | 8.2 | AND |
| 2.3 | D | 5.3 | AND | 8.3 | IN |
| 2.4 | IN | 5.4 | B | 8.4 | IN |
| 2.5 | AND | 5.5 | B | 8.5 | B |
| 2.6 | B | 5.6 | IN | 8.6 | AND |
| 2.7 | IN | 5.7 | IN | 8.7 | AND |
| 2.8 | D | 5.8 | B | 8.8 | B |
| 2.9 | B | 5.9 | B | 8.9 | |
| 2.0 | D | 5.0 | IN | 8.0 | |
| 3.1 | IN | 6.1 | IN | 9.1 | IN |
| 3.2 | AND | 6.2 | IN | 9.2 | IN |
| 3.3 | B | 6.3 | AND | 9.3 | D |
| 3.4 | AND | 6.4 | B, F, I | 9.4 | AND |
| 3.5 | D | 6.5 | B, A, D, C, D | 9.5 | AND |
| 3.6 | IN | 6.6 | B | 9.6 | B |
| 3.7 | B | 6.7 | IN | 9.7 | IN |
| 3.8 | IN | 6.8 | IN | 9.8 | AND |
| 3.9 | AND | 6.9 | AND | 9.9 | B |
| 3.0 | IN | 6.0 | D | 9.0 | B |
Tests
1. Bleeding1.1 What is hypoxia?
A - oxygen starvation;
B - dehydration of the body;
B - overheating of the body;
G - cooling of the body;
D - thermal irradiation.
^ 1.2 Bleeding is
A - poisoning with hazardous substances;
B - respiratory function;
B - high blood pressure;
D - bleeding from blood vessels in violation of the integrity of their walls;
D - bone fracture.
^ 1.3 How to stop heavy venous bleeding?
A - apply a pressure bandage;
B- apply a tourniquet;
B- treat the wound with alcohol and close with a sterile napkin;
D - disinfect with alcohol and treat with iodine;
D - sprinkle with salt.
^ 1.4 In case of injury to the carotid artery, it is urgent to:
A - apply a tight bandage.
B- apply a tourniquet.
B - pinch the artery below the wound with your finger.
1.5 When injured, blood flows in a continuous stream. This is bleeding
A- Parenchymal
B- Venous.
B- Capillary.
D - Arterial ..
^ 1.6 Characteristic signs of arterial bleeding:
A- Blood of a dark color flows out in an even stream.
B- The blood of scarlet color flows out in a pulsating stream.
B- The entire surface bleeds, flows out in the form of small drops.
^ 1.7 Arterial bleeding occurs when:
A - damage to any artery with deep injury;
B- superficial injury;
B - a shallow wound in case of damage to any of the vessels.
^ 1.8 Reducing bleeding by elevating the injured limb is mainly used for:
A - internal bleeding;
B- superficial wounds;
B - any injuries to the limb.
^ 1.9 The most reliable way to stop bleeding in case of damage to large arterial vessels of the arms and legs is:
A - applying a pressure bandage;
B - finger pressure;
B - maximum flexion of the limb;
G - harness imposition;
^ 1.0 For an open fracture of a limb with severe bleeding, the first step is to:
A - Treat the edge of the wound with iodine;
B - Immobilize the limb;
B - Rinse the wound with hydrogen peroxide;
D - Stop bleeding.
^ 2. Applying a tourniquet
2.1 The tourniquet is applied:
A- With capillary bleeding.
B. With arterial and venous bleeding.
B. With parenchymal bleeding.
^ 2.2 How to choose the right place for the application of a hemostatic tourniquet for arterial bleeding?
B - 10-15 cm above the wound;
B - 15-20 cm below the wound;
G - 20-25 cm below the wound;
D - 30 cm below the wound.
^ 2.3 How to choose the right place for the application of the hemostatic tourniquet for venous bleeding?
A - apply a tourniquet to the treated wound;
B - 10-15 cm above the wound;
B- 30 cm below the wound;
G - 20-25 cm below the wound;
D - 10-15 cm below the wound;
^ 2.4 How long is the tourniquet applied in the summer?
B- For 1 hour 30 minutes
B- For 2 hours
G- For 2 h 30 min
D-For 3 hours
2.5 How long is the tourniquet applied in winter?
B- For 1 hour 30 minutes
B- For 2 hours
G- For 2 h 30 min
D-For 3 hours
^ 2.6 Instead of a bundle, you can use:
A - Pressure bandage.
B- Twist.
B- Cold to the wound.
G- Compress
2.7 * What information should be included in the note attached to the harness:
A- surname, name, patronymic of the victim, time of injury;
B- date and exact time (hours and minutes) of the harness overlay;
В- date, exact time (hours and minutes) of the harness application, as well as the surname, name, patronymic of the victim, surname, name of the fatherland of the person who applied the harness.
^ 2.8 In the field, in the event of a leg injury with severe pulsating bleeding, it is possible
A - apply a tight bandage of clean cloth and cotton wool;
B - pull the femoral artery;
B - apply a tight sterile bandage;
D - pull the popliteal artery with a kerchief.
^ 2.9 How many minutes after the application of the tourniquet, it must be loosened for several minutes
A - 30-50 min;
B-30-40 min;
B - 20-30 min;
G - 20-25 min.
^ 2.0 What can lead to continuous long-term presence of a limb with an imposed tourniquet (more than 2 hours)
A - to an increase in the temperature of the limb, tingling pains, redness of the skin;
B - to the entry into the blood of a significant amount of toxins from the tissues above the tourniquet and the development of traumatic toxicosis;
G - to the entry into the blood of a significant amount of toxins from the tissues below the tourniquet and the development of traumatic toxicosis.
3. Wounds
3.1 How to properly treat a wound?
A - disinfect the wound with alcohol and tie tightly;
B - moisten gauze with iodine and apply to the wound;
B- treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide;
G - lubricate the wound itself with iodine;
D- sprinkle with salt
3.2 Closed damage includes:
A - dislocations, strains, bruises;
B - abrasions and wounds;
B- scratches and cuts.
^
3.3 In case of frostbite, a skin area must:
A- Rub with snow.
B- Warm up and give a warm drink.
B- Rub with a mitten.
3.4 ** What is the sequence of first aid for tick bites:
A - wash your hands with soap and water, drop a drop of oil, kerosene or petroleum jelly into the place where the tick was sucked, remove the tick with tweezers by swinging it from side to side, treat the bite site with alcohol and iodine, send the victim to a medical facility;
B - drop a drop of iodine on the place where the tick sucked, remove the tick with tweezers by gently swaying from side to side, treat the bite site with alcohol and iodine;
B- wash your hands with soap and water, drop a drop of oil, kerosene or petroleum jelly into the place where the tick has sucked, and then treat with alcohol and iodine, send the victim to a medical facility
^ 3.5 Pneumothorax is:
A- Open wound of the abdomen
B- Shortness of breath
B- Type of lung disease
D- Open wound of the chest.
^ 3.6 ** Determine the correctness and sequence of first aid to the victim with closed pneumothorax:
A - if it is possible, give the victim oxygen, call an ambulance, keep the spine motionless, give the victim a sedative;
B - give the victim a sedative, maintain the victim's body temperature, put cold on the sternum, call an ambulance;
B - give the victim an anesthetic, give him an elevated position with a raised head, if possible, give oxygen, urgently call an ambulance.
3.7 * The victim has severe abdominal pain, dry tongue, nausea, vomiting, swollen belly, “the stomach is like a board. The patient lies on his back or on his side with legs bent at the knee and hip joints. Our actions
A - warmth on the stomach and the fastest transportation to the surgical department of the hospital
B- cold on the stomach and the fastest transportation to the surgical department of the hospital
B - cold on the stomach, give a drink and the fastest transportation to the surgical department of the hospital
^ 3.8 * In the event of an open injury to the abdomen,
AND-An aseptic bandage is applied to the wound. When intestinal or omentum loops fall out into the wound, the organs should be adjusted and pinched.
B- Give the patient a drink. An aseptic bandage is applied to the wound.
B- An aseptic dressing is applied to the wound. If the intestinal loops or the omentum fall out into the wound, the organs are not adjusted, it is necessary to cover them with a sterile gauze napkin or ironed cotton cloth and bandage loosely.
^ 3.9 ** The victim fell from a height, paralysis of the legs, necessary
A- Complete rest. The victim is laid with his back on a shield placed on a stretcher. A small roller is placed under the lumbar region. If there is no shield, the victim can be transported on a stretcher in a prone position, with clothes or a rolled blanket under his chest and thighs. Urgent hospitalization
B- The victim is seated. A small roller is placed under the lumbar region. Urgent hospitalization
B- The victim is placed with his back on a soft stretcher. A small roller is placed under the lumbar region. If there is no stretcher, the victim can be transported by hand. Urgent hospitalization
^ 3.0 For a soft tissue laceration of the head,
A - apply a bandage, anesthetize and deliver the victim to a hospital;
B - apply a bandage, anesthetize;
B - apply an aseptic bandage, anesthetize and deliver the victim to a hospital.
4. Fractures
4.1 The fracture is
A - destruction of bone soft tissues;
B- cracks, chips, fractures of keratinized parts of the body;
B- cracks, chips, crushing of bones.
^ 4.2 * How to provide first aid for a fracture of the pelvic bones?
A- treat the fracture site with a disinfectant, apply a splint;
B - lay the victim on a flat hard surface, put a roller under the bent and parted knee joints (frog pose);
B - lay on a hard surface, apply two splints on the inside and outside of the thigh;
D-straighten your legs, lay motionless and call a doctor;
D - do not touch the victim.
^ 4.3 In case of an open fracture with displacement of the bones, it is necessary:
B- Correct displacement and bandage
D- Bandage the wound without disturbing the fracture, and apply a splint.
^ 4.4 In case of a closed fracture with displacement of the bones, it is necessary:
A- Correct the misalignment and apply a splint
B- Apply a splint
B- Apply a splint with the return of the bones to their original position
D- To bandage the wound without disturbing the fracture, and apply a splint
^ 4.5 When the spine and pelvic bones are fractured, paralysis occurs ...
A - parts of the body below the fracture site;
B- Lower limbs.
B- Upper limbs.
^ 4.6 * Determine the sequence of first aid for open fractures:
A - give the victim a comfortable position, gently adjust the bone to its original position, apply a bandage and immobilize, deliver the victim to a hospital;
B- give an anesthetic, immobilize the limb, send the victim to a hospital;
B-stop bleeding, apply a sterile bandage, give anesthetic, immobilize, deliver the victim to a hospital.
^ 4.7 With an open fracture, first of all, it is necessary:
B- to immobilize the limb in the position in which it is at the moment of injury;
B - apply a sterile bandage to the wound in the area of \u200b\u200bthe fracture;
D- stop bleeding.
^ 4.8 When providing first aid in case of a fracture, it is prohibited:
A - to immobilize injured limbs;
B- insert bone fragments in place and set the released bone in place;
B- stop bleeding.
^ 4.9 What are the signs of a closed fracture
A - pain, swelling;
B - bleeding, pain, itching;
B - pain, swelling, bleeding;
^ 4.0 What are the signs of an open fracture
A - pain, swelling;
B - open wound, bone tissue is visible, pain, impaired motor function of the damaged organ
B- pain, swelling, bleeding
D - violation of the motor function of the damaged organ, pain, swelling, deformation at the site of injury.
^ 5. Sprains, dislocations
5.1 Dislocating it
A - displacement of the limb with a sharp movement;
B - displacement of bones relative to each other;
B - persistent displacement of the articular ends of the bones;
D - persistent displacement of the joint.
^ 5.2 The main signs of traumatic dislocation
A - sharp pain;
B - sharp pain, increase in body temperature;
B - sharp pain, swelling;
D - severe pain, change in the shape of the joint, inability to move in it or their limitation.
^ 5.3 ** First aid for rupture of ligaments and muscles is:
A - apply cold and a tight bandage to the damaged area, provide peace to the victim, give him an anesthetic and deliver the victim to a medical facility;
B- apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, provide peace to the victim, give him an anesthetic and deliver the victim to a medical facility;
B - urgently steam out the damaged area, and then apply a tight bandage, provide peace to the victim, give him an anesthetic, give the injured limb an elevated position and deliver the victim to a medical facility.
^ 5.4 * What is the first aid sequence for stretching:
A - apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, ensure the rest of the injured limb, lowering it as low as possible to the ground, and deliver the victim to a medical institution;
B - apply cold and apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, ensure peace of the injured limb, give it an elevated position and deliver the victim to a medical facility;
B- to ensure the rest of the injured limb, give it an elevated position and take the victim to a medical facility
5.5 * While playing football, one of the team's players fell onto his hand. He developed severe pain, deformity and abnormal mobility in his forearm. What first aid should you provide:
A - give an anesthetic, apply a pressure bandage and deliver to a medical facility;
B- give an anesthetic, bend the arm at a right angle at the elbow joint and immobilize it with a splint or improvised means and deliver it to a medical institution;
B- lubricate the site of injury with iodine, give an anesthetic and deliver to a medical facility.
^ 5.6 Immobilization is
A - gathering of military personnel;
B- bringing body parts to a free state;
B - bringing a part of the body (limb, spine) to a stationary state.
^ 5.7 A splint of hard material is applied
A - on a naked body
B- on a twisted scarf
B - on cotton, towel or other soft cloth without folds
^ 5.8 When immobilized, fix
A- damaged joint
B- damaged and adjacent joint
B- all joints
5.9 As a bus you can use
A - ski stick, board, towel;
B - a piece of board, a suitable branch of a tree, a ski;
B- ski pole, board, towel, flexible cable, board cut, suitable tree branch, ski.
^ 5.0 In the absence of a suitable splint, a fractured tibia may cause
A - immobilize the limb with tape;
B- immobilize the limb with glue and tarpaulin;
B - bandage the affected leg to the healthy one.
^ 6. ERP
6.1 When to Resuscitate
A - with a fracture;
B - with bleeding;
B - when there is no breathing and cardiac activity;
G - with dislocation of the leg;
Y- there is no correct answer
^ 6.2 When should chest compressions be used?
A - after the release of the victim from a dangerous factor;
B - with an increase in blood pressure;
B - in the absence of a pulse;
G - when using artificial respiration;
D- with bleeding
^ 6.3 In what sequence is it necessary to provide first aid to the victim in case of cessation of cardiac activity and breathing?
A - to free the airways, perform artificial respiration and external heart massage;
B- perform a heart massage, free the airways, and then administer artificial respiration;
B- free the airways, perform artificial respiration and heart massage.
** Choose from the proposed answer options the correct actions to determine the signs of clinical death:
B – Ensure full respiratory activity;
IN – Make sure there is no breathing;
D – Make sure there is no consciousness;
D – Make sure that the victim has no speech;
E – Make sure the pupils respond to light;
F – Make sure there is no reaction of the pupils to light;
Z – Make sure the victim has bruises, head or spine trauma;
AND – Make sure there is no pulse in the carotid artery;
TO – Determine the presence of hearing in the victim.
^ Determine the sequence of resuscitation assistance to the victim:
B - put the victim on his back on a hard surface;
B - carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs;
D - start an indirect heart massage;
D - call an ambulance or urgently deliver the victim to the hospital.
^ 6.6 ** When providing resuscitation care, it is necessary:
A - put the victim on his back on a soft surface, perform a precordial blow in the neck area, start chest compressions and artificial lung ventilation, urgently deliver the victim to the hospital;
B - put the victim on his back on a hard surface, make a precordial blow in the sternum, start chest compressions and artificial lung ventilation, call an ambulance or urgently deliver the victim to the hospital;
B - to strike in the area of \u200b\u200bthe xiphoid process, proceed to indirect heart massage and artificial ventilation of the lungs, call an ambulance or urgently deliver the victim to the hospital.
^ 6.7 ** The victim should be given an indirect heart massage. What is the sequence of your actions:
A - put the victim on a flat hard surface, kneel on the left side of the victim parallel to his longitudinal axis, put two palms on the heart area at once, while the fingers should be unclenched, alternately press on the sternum, first with the right, then with the left palm;
B - put the victim on a bed or on a sofa and stand from him on the left side, put your palms at the point of projection of the heart on the sternum, press on the sternum with hands with bent fingers alternately rhythmically every 2-3 seconds;
B- put the victim on a flat hard surface, kneel on the left side of the victim parallel to his longitudinal axis, put the palm of one hand on the lower third of the sternum (2-2.5 cm above the xiphoid process), cover the first with the palm of the other hand to strengthen pressure. The fingers of both hands should not touch the chest, the thumbs should look in different directions, press on the chest only with straight arms, using the weight of the body, the palms should not be torn off the victim's sternum, each subsequent movement should be made after the chest returns to its original position.
^ 6.8 ** What is the correct procedure for delivering a precordial blow to the sternum:
A- precordial blow, short and rather sharp, is applied to a point located on the sternum 2-3 cm above the xiphoid process, the elbow of the blowing hand should be directed along the victim's body, immediately after the blow, find out whether the heart has resumed
B - the precordial blow is applied with the palm of the hand to a point located on the sternum above the xiphoid process by 2-3 cm and 2 cm to the left of the center of the sternum, the elbow of the hand striking should be directed across the victim's body, the blow should be sliding;
the precordial blow is applied with the edge of a palm clenched into a fist to a point located on the sternum 2-3 cm above the xiphoid process, check the pulse immediately after the blow.
^ 6.9 * In the text below, determine the correct procedure for gastric lavage:
A - give the victim to drink at least 2 glasses of boiled water or a weak solution of baking soda and, irritating the root of the tongue with your fingers, induce vomiting;
B - give the victim to drink at least 2 glasses of cold water from the tap, pressing on the abdomen, induce vomiting;
B - give the victim to drink 2 glasses of vinegar essence and, pressing on the neck area, induce vomiting.
^ 6.0 "Cat's eye" sign
A - clinical death;
B - agony;
B - fainting, traumatic shock;
G - biological death.
7. Burns
7.1 * Determine the sequence of first aid for chemical burns with acid:
A - give an anesthetic;
B - rinse the skin with running water;
B - remove acid soaked clothing from a person;
D - rinse the damaged area with a weak solution of baking soda;
D - deliver the victim to a hospital.
^ 7.2 Determine the sequence of first aid for a chemical burn with alkali:
A - rinse the skin with running water;
B - wash the damaged area with a weak solution (1-2%) of acetic acid;
B- remove clothes soaked in alkali;
D - deliver the victim to a medical facility;
D - give an anesthetic.
^ 7.3 * In case of a burn, you must:
A - remove a hot object from the surface of the body, cut off clothes with scissors, apply cold on the damaged surface for 5-10 minutes, disinfect healthy skin around the burn, apply a sterile bandage on the burned surface and send the victim to a medical institution;
B - remove a hot object from the surface of the body, cut off the clothes with scissors, lubricate the damaged surface with iodine and then oil, apply a sterile bandage and send the victim to a medical institution;
B - remove a hot object from the surface of the body without cutting off the clothes with scissors, pour oil over the burned surface, apply a sterile bandage and send the victim to a medical facility.
^ 7.4In case of a third-degree burn, call an ambulance immediately and:
A - Pour water over the bubbles;
B - Give the victim a large amount of liquid;
B - Treat the skin with fat or brilliant green;
7.5 * A person injured in a fire damaged tissues lying deep (subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, bones), partially charred feet, what is his degree of burn
^ 7.6 * Signs of heatstroke
{!LANG-af9fb50f7b15d41d965dcce31ffd1893!}
{!LANG-fb20f7d0e750399d4195a4e23e202287!}
{!LANG-d9da33b320778267237f0571e4cb05df!}
^ 7.7 * Causes contributing to frostbite
{!LANG-77efeff437b805b31fa54870068304bc!}
{!LANG-b829de5dc233acaeed66f1eaf2020558!}
{!LANG-8f6c08c73bdbeb7e8550d11f00ee4622!}
^ 7.8 * In case of shallow frostbite of the auricles, nose, cheeks
{!LANG-bec737bb8dc7ad5165b70a9b649ed10f!}
{!LANG-323de0c06892256ad5f7f89732d103d4!}
{!LANG-be6784df9d83ed009d940184ce63a013!}
^ 7.9 * In case of thermal shock,
{!LANG-badff9feb2e16864078a2d24e2419cab!}
{!LANG-006c75b9dd36632015d802234020c396!}
{!LANG-34e547124bc7c0fcb4f70495943b3790!}
^ 7.0 During hard physical work in a room with high air temperature and humidity, it is possible
{!LANG-89c79beeb6770ce0dbbc008456e45c35!}
{!LANG-e4a7ea79089fe6c7571fd30267671b34!}
{!LANG-ce80a98701040cf8b651020ac02d5d58!}
{!LANG-cd3630176f3520f1d781f92032063ddc!}
^ 8 head bruises, concussions, traumatic shock, heart failure
{!LANG-0e09935555b1ce433d89c3f95ca56206!}
A - spray your face with cold water;
B- give the legs an elevated position;
{!LANG-5577b5dc82ae52cb4dafdd4d8a032103!}
D - open the collar and give fresh air access.
^ 8.2 * Determine the sequence of first aid for concussion:
{!LANG-49ab8680f5561973e9dce1b0f6b94a06!}
{!LANG-366e7f5c1e3f055d21c318d9472708c8!}
{!LANG-09c7c6d540c3a16709ceee3b36f2fec4!}
8.3 * As a result of the fall, the teenager developed nausea and vomiting, and the coordination of movements was impaired. What is the sequence of first aid steps:
{!LANG-f08a1f4954ff8b69d5220720a6721e9c!}
{!LANG-5003a92b691c0e6f5974c0302398507b!}
{!LANG-1cfc1edbfaa2df7bb5ee1cbceade35c2!}
^ 8.4 In traumatic shock, first of all, it is necessary:
{!LANG-ed4a67ebba650757f9dc3dea32f18a50!}
{!LANG-8665afd892fc71a959c3175ca2d12c51!}
{!LANG-e7156505e3abf555959f4a53bf00f04c!}
^ {!LANG-02479c34daebbc381c18a1f90be84e23!}
B - Fainting;
B - Migraine;
D - Collapse.
8.6 ** The causes of heart failure can be:
{!LANG-4568470311ac6fbba126170adb1c0c22!}
{!LANG-1a5e4e4b3ce98475ec8b729788e782a7!}
{!LANG-e426d69dd2f7aa83cecd377c4e7327fb!}
^ 8.7 ** Signs of a concussion
{!LANG-9cd58ae90cd3e1acc6cca072d0a3a969!}
{!LANG-ea97288ba29599e181c6edf7bdbf7b39!}
{!LANG-1caaa5d5baa8c680d47221c16a9fead3!}
^ 8.8 * Main causes of traumatic shock
{!LANG-f561654d29bcc861026c02ceec84633e!}
{!LANG-5a34d1dc338834a8f60d19eac3650c0c!}
{!LANG-e9d8119fb93b413b0b6a7d522e3008fd!}
^ 8.9 Normal blood pressure is
{!LANG-3fbff08b0804fe2c6ed51725e9e5abaa!}
{!LANG-3da3e872c34995079a6fc4d9831142c3!}
{!LANG-958021fe158ea6d011256a6ac2e9330c!}
With an arterial pressure of 160/110, the patient is prohibited
{!LANG-524e5faa7d35e567c4b783dedfd04b4a!}
{!LANG-61b3e147128a58ba98abe2806590721d!}
9. Bandages
9.1 In case of neck injuries, a bandage is applied:
A - Kosynochnaya
B - Spiral;
B - Cruciform.
^ 9.2 Any bandage begins with fixing moves. It means:
{!LANG-647bebdef8b5136325cd7088066238a8!}
{!LANG-e72a61fcba4543c1f68ee35145b3d2e1!}
{!LANG-1f42386432a86879c2fa2312147884ea!}
^ 9.3 * Find the mistake in listing the purpose of the dressing:
{!LANG-319cfd7aca613a41066b39d7ef878d11!}
B- bandage protects the wound from contamination
{!LANG-c3ab8c61ff438ea894ec128522cd0e52!}
G-bandage reduces pain.
^ 9.4 When applying a bandage, it is prohibited
{!LANG-f0194fa5694aca3c9b35817ab5fecdc7!}
{!LANG-3f96888385fa37a81046d70e566c9e11!}
{!LANG-1776d4a01a1ca87ff099e6c4920133a2!}
^ 9.5 Bandaging is usually carried out
{!LANG-31527459ababfb1c9a35aead1f9fc739!}
{!LANG-f7a2d0250c3ae3a079cd7a280f3f76c7!}
{!LANG-5c16418290a388ffc2fb1c0749da12c7!}
^ 9.6 For injuries to the cheeks and chin area, apply
{!LANG-36a5dce15ac69238e04d63066abacfc3!}
{!LANG-bb3d7d13fcce6d7900f5970f9127ced3!}
{!LANG-d27321aab325b501dd6ca1bdc068a2ed!} - "Hippocratic hat".
^ 9.7 For damage to the scalp, apply
{!LANG-c193bbc434149f7159069db7e719be09!} - "Hippocratic hat".
{!LANG-bb3d7d13fcce6d7900f5970f9127ced3!}
{!LANG-313b3b02209e40248a0e1c3c83d3c3d3!}
^ 9.8 * When applying a bandage with open pneumotrax, it is necessary
{!LANG-4a096f3b2b01dc39df0035c01263abfd!}
{!LANG-e563d4639bb6e78bb9e196d9c10cdf76!}
{!LANG-2777004228eded0188387ed884b73311!}
^ 9.9 * For first aid in case of open injuries (wounds, burns), it is most convenient to use as an aseptic dressing
{!LANG-81e26fa0aec8a64a5754d2381321f0a6!}
{!LANG-78262279ed0cebaba431d6937ad5f3be!}
{!LANG-1b53a7fef2c1475850a597ad46961cbd!}
9.0 For a bullet wound to the soft tissues of the lower leg,
{!LANG-48be30954ac71834ff919bd9be5c3a48!}
{!LANG-fe6c8a3fb6c9410efdcc469cb2952b93!}
{!LANG-8adf94f4f82cc4cbe9bbde252e9b873c!}
{!LANG-13a397a6d56cf7358d12efabc51c0144!}
Bibliography
{!LANG-a8b858f39d0d444f1b9061a8688fdf67!}{!LANG-48ce7c32b0aadeae5af2970a0709bcac!}