Major and minor sentences: how to find them without unnecessary difficulties. Major and minor clauses: how to find them without unnecessary difficulties There are no minor clauses in any sentence

We speak to express our thoughts. Each complete thought is usually expressed by a group of words. These words are closely related. For example: We went down to the valley. The young moon appeared in the clear sky. The evening air was quiet and warm.

There are three complete thoughts in this passage, and each one is expressed in several related words.

A finished thought can be expressed in one word. For example: Heat. It is getting dark. Here, each word expresses a complete thought.

A combination of words or a single word expressing a complete thought is called a sentence.

In oral speech, a stop (pause) is made between sentences. In writing, one sentence is separated from another by a dot, question or exclamation mark.

Interrogative, exclamatory and declarative sentences.

Sentences can be interrogative, exclamatory, declarative.

Interrogative sentence is the name of a proposal that contains a question. Is the library open? Are you ready? What is the weather today? Who's come? What time is it now?

At the end of an interrogative sentence, a question mark is put on the letter.

Exclamation clause such a sentence is called in which the thought is accompanied by some strong feeling (surprise, delight, admiration, etc.). Such a great weather! Amazingly pleasant morning / The airship is flying!

At the end of an exclamation sentence, an exclamation mark is placed on the letter.

A sentence that communicates something and does not contain a question or an exclamation is called narrative. It was dawning. The larks are singing. The first rays of the sun play in the bright river.

The declarative sentence is pronounced with a lower voice towards the end of the sentence.

In writing, a full stop is put at the end of a declarative sentence.

The main members of the proposal.

Those words in a sentence that answer a question are called members of the sentence.

For example, in the sentence Our family moves from city to country in the summer- six members. Who is moving? - A family. What is the family doing? - Moves. Whose family? - Our. When does it move? - In summer. Where is he moving from? - From the city. Where is he moving? - To the village. The words of and in do not answer questions and therefore are not independent members of the proposal, but are included in those members to which they relate.

The members of the proposal are divided into major and minor. There are two main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.

Subject denotes what something is said in a sentence and answers questions Who? what?

For example: The rider drove up to the village. Who drove up? Rider(subject). The book is on the table. What lies? - Book (subject).

Predicate denotes what is said about the subject, and answers one of the questions: what does the item do? what is done to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?

For example: Tourists descended into the valley. What did the tourists do? - Went down(predicate). The old gazebo in the garden has fallen apart completely. What happened to the gazebo? - Fell apart(predicate). The day is clear. What is the day? - Yasen(predicate). Mathematics-science. What is mathematics? - The science(predicate). Pushkin the writer. Who is Pushkin? - Writer(predicate).

Minor members of the proposal.

In addition to the main members, there may be minor ones in the proposal.

The minor members of the sentence explain the predicate, the subject, or one of the minor members.

In a sentence The long wagon train moved slowly along the dusty road subject wagon train, and the predicate was moving; minor members of the proposal: long, slowly, along the dusty road.

Word a long explains the subject wagon train showing which train was moving; word slow explains the predicate was moving and shows how the train was moving; the words on the way to explain the predicate was moving and show where the convoy was moving; word dusty explains the minor member of the sentence on the way to and shows the road along which the convoy was moving. The relationship of the members of the proposal to each other can be depicted by the following scheme:

From all that has been said, it becomes clear why the subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence. Every minor member depends on some other word in the sentence, and the subject and predicate do not depend on any other words and are thus the basis of the whole sentence. Subject and predicate and without secondary members can make up a sentence.

The proposal that consists only from subject and predicate is called simple uncirculated. For example: The wind was rustling.

A sentence in which, in addition to the subject and predicate, there are also minor members is called simple common. For example: The fresh wind briskly rustled in the green leaves.

Definition, addition and circumstance.

Minor members of the proposal, depending on how they explain other members of the proposal, are divided into definitions, additions and circumstances.

By definition a minor member of the sentence is called, which shows a sign of an object and answers the questions: which one? her? which the? The definition refers to a noun.

On the clear cab a snowy mountain gleamed white. Which sky? - On a clear(definition). What mountain? - Snowy(definition). My father works in a factory. Whose Father? - My(definition). Volodya is now six years old. Which year? - Sixth(definition).

Supplement a minor member of the sentence is called, which denotes an object and answers questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? than? about whom? about what?

The addition usually refers to the verb.

We study mathematics. Examining what? - Mathematics(addition). The whole country welcomed the Papanin people. Who greeted? - Papanintsev(addition). The meeting sent a welcoming telegram to the heroes. Sent what? - Telegram(addition). Sent to whom? - Heroes (addition).

Circumstance is called a minor member of the sentence, which denotes how and under what circumstances (i.e. Where? when? why? etc.) the action is performed. The circumstance answers the questions: as? how? Where? when? where to? from where? why? what for?

The circumstance usually refers to the verb.

In the summer, the pioneers rested in the camp... When did you rest? - In summer(circumstance). Where did you rest? - in the camp(circumstance).

From the stuffy room we went out into the fresh air. Where did you come from? - From the room(circumstance). Where did you go? - Into the air(circumstance). Due to illness, the student was absent from class. Absent why? - Due to illness(circumstance). The elephant was taken to the show along the streets. Why did they take you? - To show(circumstance). The wind is pitiful and quiet. How did you howl? - Plain and quiet(circumstances).

Simple and complex sentence.

Coherent speech can consist of individual sentences. My horse was ready. I was traveling with a guide. The morning was beating beautifully. The sun was shining. (P.)

There are four separate, self-contained sentences in this passage. Each of them contains one complete thought and has its own subject and predicate. Such sentences are called simple.

Thoughts expressed in simple sentences can be put in close connection, combined into one complex thought. Then simple sentences expressing these thoughts are combined into one whole complex sentence.

For example, two simple sentences - The wind died down. The sea continued to agitate- can be combined into one complex sentence: The wind died down, the sea continued to agitate. In this complex sentence, two thoughts are opposed to each other.

Simple sentences that are part of a complex are connected with special words (a, and, but, when), and in pronunciation they are combined with a voice.

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more simple sentences expressing one complex thought. For example: My companion was shivering from the cold, and I felt his jaw shaking.(This complex sentence consists of three simple sentences.)

Simple sentences included in complex sentence, are separated in the letter from each other by various punctuation marks.

Any sentence of the Russian language can be subdivided into its constituent parts, which in science are called "members of the sentence". Major and minor are distinguished among them. It cannot exist without the main most of sentences, they form its basis, and secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and secondary members. offers?

The main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

• Subject means an object that performs an action. Questions to help detect it when parsing are "who?" (if the action is performed by an animated object) or "what?" (in case the sentence speaks of a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
• The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - "what is doing, what will it do?"

Let's give an example: Good mood helped boys overcome difficulties... The word “mood” answers the question “what” in our example, it is precisely this that is the subject and is emphasized by one line during analysis. To find the predicate, we ask the question: "What was the mood doing?" It helped. This word is a predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: Good (what?) Mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did it?) Helped (underlined by two continuous horizontal stripes) boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out the subject and predicate when parsing

In order not to make a mistake, figuring out where the subject is, you should use the hint table.

First of all, you should find actor by asking the question: “Who? What? ”, This will be the subject. Next, they look for the predicate.

Secondary

To parse a sentence by members, you should be able to find both circumstances, definitions and additions. It is they who are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to concretize and clarify the main (or other secondary) ones. How do I find them?

• Definition. Questions that will help you find it in a sentence - "which", "whose".
• Addition. Most often, cases are given to it: "to whom (what)", "with whom (with what)", "about whom (about what)" and others. That is, questions of all cases, except for the nominative.
• Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: "where", "where", "why", "how", "where" and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and secondary members. offers:

The little boy walked hastily along the path.

If you have to parse the proposal by members, it will turn out like this:

(what, definition) A small (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hastily (what the predicate did) walked (along what, the addition) along the path.

Each major and minor member. sentences answers their own question, carries a certain load and performs their own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes in identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use such a summary table-hint.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. Subject and predicate are not a phrase, this is already a sentence, albeit very short. The main members are independent from each other.

Parsing should begin with the discovery of the subject, then it becomes clear what the predicate is, how it is expressed. Then you should identify the group of the subject with the help of questions, only after that - the group of the predicate. Each minor member is dependent:

• from one of the main ones;
• from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can contain several major and minor members. offers. If there are several basics, then the sentence is complex - complex or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is one, then the proposal is simple and widespread.

Quite often you can find references, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the appeal "Katya" resembles the subject, it is not a member of the sentence and is designated as an appeal.

Difficult cases

Not all major and minor sentences look obvious. Difficult but interesting cases are varied:

• There is only one main term in a one-part sentence. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, vaguely personal sentence), that the exam has been canceled.
• The predicate can include an adjective name: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination "was rainy" is a compound nominal predicate.
• A predicate can include several verbs: Vasya started to study today."Began to study" is a compound verb predicate.

Major and minor members sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.

To understand what the minor members of the sentence are, you need very little - to understand the essence of the sentence itself, and this is already half the battle.

The foundation

First, you need to highlight the basis of the phrase (subject and predicate). Two main words / phrases denoting what / who is being said and what exactly is being told.

1. Vasya sang.

2. Maxim was silent.

3. Nikolai shook his leg.

In the first two sentences, everything is extremely simple (it is clear who did what), it is not difficult to single out the main members of the sentence, that is, the basis.

Secondary words

In the third, a word appears that gives a description (how the action is performed). Such words are already secondary members of the sentence, that is, those words / phrases that explain the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate). The example above is the most basic one. Our speech is much brighter, therefore, to replenish the ranks of such explanations by the strength of various parts of speech: adjectives or verbs, numerals or pronouns. They can be definitions, circumstances, additions, applications.

Forms of proposals

By the way, all statements that have secondary members of the sentence are called common. If the phrase includes only the subject and predicate, then this is an uncommon form. The first two examples above are in this category, but the last one is no longer. If the example above is slightly modified and turned into one whole, then we get a complex sentence, consisting of several bases. (Vasya sang, Maxim was silent, Nikolai shook his leg.) It contains three separate bases in its composition, which gives us the right to call it a compound one.

Homogeneous words

Having one basis, the simple form of the sentence allows for both main and secondary members of the sentence. Let's change the sentence as follows: Vasya, Maxim and Nikolay were silent, then sang, then shook their legs.

We will get a simple sentence with homogeneous members. This form of a simple sentence is called a complicated one. That is, "Vasya, Maxim and Nikolai" will form the basis, they will be the main members of the sentence, since they are the ones they are talking about (in this case, they are considered the subject), but "they sang, kept silent, shook" - predicates explaining the action of those about com speech. The word "feet" is a minor member of the sentence.

If we add “hands and head” to the “legs”, we get several secondary words referring to the same stem and answering one question. We will have homogeneous secondary members of the proposal: Vasya, Maxim and Nikolai were either silent, or singing, or with their legs, arms, and heads shaking.

Syntax

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence are almost always put, this is a simple enumeration or there are repeated unions, there are not many exceptions. A comma is not put if the phrase is considered well-established (neither to people, nor fish, nor meat, etc.), if the words are connected by a union (Vasya, Maxim and Nikolai were either silent, then sang and shook their feet), a dividing union (Vasya, Maxim and Nikolai were silent or singing?).

It is the secondary members of the sentence that decorate our language, make it richer, brighter and more interesting.

I. QUESTION ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES OF SELECTING SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSAL

The predicative basis of a sentence is formed by a group of main members - a common subject and predicate for a two-part sentence (DSP) or one independent main member for a one-part sentence (PCB). A sentence that has only a predicative basis in its composition is called uncommon, for example: It got colder (OSB), Rooks arrived (chipboard), Life began to improve (chipboard), Masha became a student (chipboard). Out of direct connection with our topic, we note that in such sentences there is not a single word combination, although there is a syntactic connection - the subject and predicate group is not considered as a word combination, this is a connection between two interdependent components, it is impossible to single out the main and dependent word among them.

But at the same time, the subject and predicate can become basic words for attaching dependent words to them, to which, in turn, dependent word forms will be attached. Thus, the proposal becomes widespread, filled with secondary members of the proposal. Already according to the explanation given above, it is clear that in relation to the formation of the structure of the sentence, these secondary members can be divided into two types:
Spreading the proper grammatical (predicative) basis of the sentence, they are sometimes called primary, we will talk about them as secondary members of the "first" degree: Katya became the best student. It will get warmer on Tuesday. Life reconciled us.
Extending the existing minor minor members, that is, minor members of the "second" degree: Warmer next Tuesday. Katya became the best student in the school.

This classification of secondary members is traditionally not presented in manuals for high school students and those entering universities, since it is assumed that it is perceived on an empirical level and is well applied by everyone, without exception. This is exactly how the teaching of the "expanding" sentence from the ABC book to the first textbooks is structured already in the "Russian language". Children are taught to guess the "main" members, and then ask questions from them to the "addicts". The logic of the order of questions should be preserved by anyone who wants to highlight the members of the proposal, but for some reason it is this very logic that "suffers" most often. For example, in the last example we have given (Katya became the best student in school), the most frequent error will not be the incorrect definition of the types of secondary members (the best in school), but the erroneous assignment of the word "student" to secondary members!

Why do errors occur when defining members of a common sentence? The answer is simple: the order of posing questions to determine the members of the proposal is wrong. Learned in the first grade, it seems to experienced high school students "expired", as a result, they try to change it arbitrarily and ask questions about the order in which words are included in the sentence: Katya (what did she do?) Became (the best in school) (* whom?) ... The mechanism of the error is simple and, unfortunately, can be explained by the principle of the approach to the study of minor members (hereinafter referred to as VSP). School textbooks pay more attention not to the principles of identifying HPP, but to the principles of classifying HPP by value (meaning definitions, additions and circumstances), and to determine the category they teach to pose questions, not to mention the difference in the formulation of the questions themselves.

As a result, the following approach to a common sentence is formed: "* each of its words answers a specific question (there is a list of those that need to be asked); by asking a question from this group, I will define a member of the sentence." We have shown the erroneous separation of the compound nominal predicate with this approach above. Another common mistake is this: During (what?) Week we lived (on what?) On a raft. Circumstances of time and place are erroneously classified as complementary because the question is incorrectly asked.

It turns out that working with a widespread sentence becomes exactly the stage at which attention to the organization of the sentence is replaced by a parsing scheme. Therefore, both schoolchildren and teachers are asked to pay attention to MAIN REQUIREMENT TO WORK WITH A DISTRIBUTED OFFER:
1.determine the grammatical basis of the sentence, highlight the subject and predicate or one main member, describe the type of the main members;
2. asking a question from the main members to the secondary members of the first and further the second degree, to find out the nature of the secondary members.
In other words, when parsing the sentence On the last Monday in November, the weather became truly wintry. the order should be like this:
1. highlighting the basis "the weather has become winter"
2. allocation of HPP of the first degree "on Monday" and "for real"
3. allocation of VCHP of the second degree "last" and "November".

The next point will be the correct approach to the choice of the question to determine the member of the VSP. The manuals of recent years specifically note that the question asked by the word can be GRAMMATIC and SYNTAX. With a grammatical question, we attribute a word to any part of speech by identifying it with other words answering the same question. Both "home" and "beauty" answer the general grammatical question "what?" as nouns; this question does not say anything about their functioning in the sentence, but it allows us to establish that gender, number, case, type of declension will be distinguished for both words. This question does not speak about lexical meaning, only correlates words with "objects" and "everything that can be thought of as a subject of speech." The mistake in the phrase Katya became the best student, where the last word turned out to be an addition, also lies in the formulation of a grammatical question to him. And the mistake in the definition of the members of the proposal is definitely connected with the choice of the question. During the week we lived on a raft.

A syntactic question is associated with identifying the role of a word form in a sentence, the person asking it should try to determine the place of the word in the sentence by choosing the right question. In the phrase During the week we lived on a raft, the syntactic questions will be posed from the predicate: "lived" (how long ?, where?). Note that, with this approach, the question asked may turn out to be "not from the list", that is, not from the number of questions given in all manuals for schoolchildren to additions, definitions and circumstances. For example, when parsing a sentence In the twilight, I did not see the road, the circumstance "in the twilight" answers the questions "when" and "where" at the same time ("in the twilight" = "when it got chilled", but also "where it was getting dark"). Further, it will be necessary either to explain the unconventional nature of the category of circumstance, declaring it "special", or to single it out as "places + time".

II. THE QUESTION ABOUT THE REASONS FOR SELECTING THREE TYPES OF SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSAL IN RUSSIAN

At the level of the phrase for the Russian language, there are three types of communication - coordination, management and adjoining. It seems that it is this distribution that underlies the selection of exactly three types of VSP. In fact, the relationship here is somewhat different. The fact is that, in addition to the types of grammatical connection between words, there is also the nature of semantic relations, which is built at the level of a word combination.

First, it can be identified DEFINITIVE the type of semantic relations, when the dependent word indicates a sign of the main thing. We see this type first of all in phrases organized according to the principle of agreement: white snow, first lesson, smiling child. The same character of semantic relations can be when adjoining: his house, the newspaper Trud. You can also find it in the office: a girl with pigtails, a dress with polka dots. In all the above examples, the basic question will be "which" (the "whose" option), for this reason such models are included in the VSP, called DEFINITION.

Secondly, the OBJECT type of semantic relations is distinguished, when the dependent word is the object of action from the side of the main word. This type of semantic relationship exists in management: reading a novel, reading a novel, watching a movie. There is also an object type of relationship in the case when it is indicated that the dependent word is a certain "additional object" available at the disposal of another "object / person" expressed by the main word: a lady with a dog, a suit with a shirt. The questions of indirect cases asked in such examples will be the basis for highlighting the SUPPLEMENT.

Thirdly, there is ADVERBIAL type of relationship, indicating that the dependent word describes the place, time, reason and other circumstances of the action named as the main one. The basic type of subordinate connection here will be contiguity: live long, go looking around. Often this meaning is conveyed by management: to live in the forest, to write with mistakes (compare: "making a mistake"). In this case, trying to identify the nature of the circumstances of the action, we ask adverbial questions "when?", "Where?", "Where?" and the like. This minor member will BY THE CIRCUMSTANCES.

Obviously, some phrases will turn out to be difficult for solving the question of the nature of the semantic relationship and posing the question. For example, the phrase boat with a sail allows you to ask the question "which one?" and "with what?", here we have both determinative and object relations. Likewise, a house in a village indicates an attribute (= rustic) and a place. It turns out that not all phrases in the Russian language unambiguously fit into three types of semantic relations, there are "transitional" cases.

Analyzing such examples at the level of sentences, we must analyze the entire sentence as a whole, since the meaning of the statement affects the nature of the dominant relationship. Compare phrases:
There were different boats in the port: they were motor boats, they were with a sail. - At first, the Slavs built boats with oars, but, having discovered that after passing the rapids of the Dnieper, the wind helps the boats to sail faster, they began to build boats with a sail.
He has houses everywhere: there is a house in Moscow, there is a house in the village, there is a house on the sea. - Petya did not like the city house, but the house in the village seemed to him the embodiment of his cherished dream.
A careful analysis of each of the phrases will tell you that one of the semantic relations may come to the fore, prevail over the other in a specific context.

TASK 1. At one time in the manuals of DE Rosenthal examples were given: A person breathes with lungs. The first leaves appeared on the birch. Light came from the window above the door. Try to think of contexts where only one of the possible types of semantic relations would come to the fore. Is there an example where such a context cannot be invented? Come up with your own examples where it is possible to combine different types of semantic relations with the emphasis of one. Are there cases where the "ambiguity" of the context always remains?

It turns out that in the Russian sentence, contexts are quite possible when two (or even all three) types of semantic relations are combined. Guided by the usual terminology, this means that we can ask two questions for the same HPP. What to do?
Traditional manuals do not answer this question. The logic of the need to select only one PPP for each word in a phrase turns out to be the main one for a common sentence. But at the same time, nowhere is it said that a word can be only one type of VSP, which gives us the opportunity in difficult cases to emphasize the parsed word form at once as two types of VSP. Without urging to do this always, we note the possibility of such an approach, and we will analyze the most frequent cases of such analysis in the last section.

III. QUESTION OF THE QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE SECONDARY MEMBER OF THE PROPOSAL

The tradition of the school curriculum says that each word in the text (excluding phraseological units) will be some member of the sentence - either the main one or the minor one. Analyzing the main members, we noted the possibility of phraseological units to be included in their composition. In the phrase We took part in the discussion, the phraseological unit was completely included in the CGS, in the phrase We expressed a desire to take part in the competition as part of the CGS, two whole turns - both in the auxiliary part and in the semantic part.

Obviously, such a possibility should be realized at the level of the VSP. Therefore, when identifying the first and second degree VSP in the proposal, we must also look at the degree of cohesion of the components among themselves. Let's look at some examples:
Tanya and her sister regularly visit big theater... - On the day of the premiere, I met Tanya and my sister again. In the first example, in the role of the subject, the combination of compatibility described in all the manuals, nothing prevents it from being a complement (and not two complements) in the second.
Vasya loses his temper every time he needs to help his little sister with something. - Vasin's ability to lose his temper at the first hint of difficulties does not allow him to study well. In the first example, the phraseological unit will be a predicate (PGS), in the second phrase - a definition for the subject.

But there are cases when, with the free nature of the connection in one sentence, in another, the turnover turns out to be welded: Katya's bad character spoils her life. - People with a bad character cannot succeed in life. With a free combination of the words "bad" and "character" in the first example, their solidarity in the second is obvious, where the combination "with a bad character" will be the definition.

Similar examples have been analyzed in some textbooks, but there is no general scheme for the functioning of indecomposable combinations as HPPs for the school curriculum. It remains only to read the sentence, trying to feel the meaning of the phrase.

Official words will be another problem for schoolchildren. The author of the article has been teaching Russian for many years at various courses and always hears the question: "Is there a pretext to emphasize here?" The question is again connected with the mechanical analysis of the VChP, proposed in high school. Think, because in the sentence Katya lives in Moscow, the circumstance of the place will be precisely "in Moscow", the prepositional-case form, and not just "* Moscow". The syntactic use of a preposition includes a noun in a sentence; without a preposition, such an inclusion is impossible. By the way, there is incomplete sentences, where the repeating component is omitted in a combination of two words, and the preposition remains: Children with flowers and without went to school. Obviously, "without ..." here will be a homogeneous definition with the prepositional-case form "with flowers". In science, such examples have been described for a long time.

It seems logical to include the negation "not" in the composition of the sentence: It's not for you to teach me life! He did not start reading the book from the beginning. Obviously, "not" in these examples is logically part of the VSP. By the way, there is a special name for sentences with this use of "not" - partial negative. But the inclusion of excretory and restrictive particles ("only", "only") in the next term of the sentence is by no means necessary, they emphasize the allocation of VSP logically, intonationally, the general meaning of the sentence remains the same: Sveta was able to finish urgent work (only) by the evening... Note at the same time that schoolchildren need to learn a list of particles and words that can be used in the role of particles (among them "already"), so as not to highlight the "extra" VSP. By themselves, the particles are not members of the proposal!

The easiest way to isolate VSP is to skip unions, both compositional, connecting homogeneous members, and subordinate, used to connect parts of a complex sentence. With the latter, only one problem is possible: they can be synonymous with union words (this is important for "what", "when", "how" and "what"), then a question can be asked to them and singled out as a member of a sentence. It turns out that you first need to analyze the structure of a complex sentence, because the mechanical selection of the question is not always correct.

The third variant of non-single-word VCHP will be a non-isolated determinative or adverbial turnover. The very fact of its possible separation from the sentence in certain positions suggests that the speaker always perceives such a turn as a whole: The book written by my mother has become a sales leader. A separate definition is highlighted with commas in connection with its statement after the word being defined. But the possibility of isolation is primarily associated with the close cohesion of the components of the turnover, therefore, when used before the word "book", we would recommend to consider it as one definition.

And the last: a combination of a quantitative numeral and a noun ("two friends", "with five girlfriends") is considered a single member of a sentence. When considering such phrases, they usually talk about a special type of connection that is not correlated with any of the three main ones. The trick is that in direct cases - nominative and accusative - the main word will be the numeral that controls the form of the noun ("five friends"), while in indirect cases the main word will be the noun that agrees with the dependent number ("with five friends"). This type of relationship is described in detail in the section "Numeral name" (see "Morphology"). Syntactically, such a combination of words turns out to be indecomposable, therefore it acts as a single member of the sentence.

IV. THREE KINDS OF SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSAL. WAYS OF EXPRESSING DEFINITIONS, ADDITIONS and CIRCUMSTANCES

In the Russian language, there are three main types of VSP - definition, addition and circumstance. The type of VSP is determined by the way it is expressed (i.e. what part of speech is expressed by the VSP), by the type of syntactic connection with the reference word and by the nature of the syntactic question asked to the VSP from the reference word.

1. Definition - this is the VSP, which names the attribute of an object and a person, answers the questions "which" and "whose" and relies primarily on agreement as a type of connection.
A definition that meets the three conditions listed above is called consistent. It can be expressed:
full adjective: Dusya beautiful cat.
full communion: Sleeping Dusya purred softly in her sleep.
pronominal adjectives (possessive, demonstrative, attributive, etc.): Our Dusya will not communicate with any guest!
ordinal: The fifth portion of "Whiskas" that morning did not suit Dusya's taste.
a definitive turnover (participle and an adjective with a dependent word), not isolated in a sentence: Dusya's crab stick was the best way to finish the breakfast.
All the listed parts of speech, used as definitions, are consistent with the basic noun (or substantivized word) in gender, number and case. Some forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives (smarter, smarter than everyone) and unchangeable pronouns of him, her, them do not meet this condition. They will not fall under the agreed definition.

The agreed definition can also be a noun, it is called an appendix - a kind of definition. A noun as an attachment agrees with another noun in number and case, but may be inconsistent in gender. The gender of a noun is a constant sign, it cannot independently change the gender under the influence of the reference word, phrases arise: eucalyptus tree, orchid flower. In a proposal, consistent applications are most often consistent in kind: We invited our old friend Vasya and his friend Petya.

It happens that not all the conditions of the definition of the type of VSP given by us are met, there is no type of connection named above - coordination, VSP is associated with the reference word by adjunction or control. In this case, we are talking about inconsistent definitions. They can be expressed:
indirect nouns with and without prepositions: Her polka-dot blouse was soiled. The arrival of the guests was inappropriate. (complex cases will be discussed below). The type of communication here is control.
possessive pronouns "him", "her" and "them", which do not change in the literary Russian language, therefore they are connected with the reference word by adjoining: His work won first place in the competition of young poets. "I don't understand their words!" - said the grandfather angrily.
non-declining adjectives: The beige dress emphasized her slender waist. Here, the type of connection is also adjoining.
adjectives in the form of a simple comparative and one of the compound excellent forms. Adjacent immutable forms: Tell me a more interesting story! - are actually similar to the adverbs used in the same function.
adverbs (not in -o / -e) associated with the pivot word by adjunction. In fact, these are the same adverbs that can be used in the role of the nominal part of the ICU, compare: Conversation will be frank - Conversation frankly did not work out. In the first case, the word "honestly" is included in the ICU, in the second example it is an inconsistent definition.
infinitive with a noun (it is most often also associated with a verb - verbal lio, or single-root): The dream of eating a delicious piece of ham made Dusya jump onto the table. The subordinate connection between the infinitive and the noun is adjoining.
an indecomposable combination of words (here, as a type of connection, control often arises). Indecomposability is opposed by semantic characteristics, as well as the impossibility of removing one of the words without changing the meaning of the other and the whole phrase: Girl with blue eyes smiled at Vasya in the subway (the meaninglessness of "a girl with eyes" makes him include the definition in the "necessary minimum"); Or: It rains all over the US coast from California to Alaska. The meaning of the definition "from California to Alaska" unambiguously defines the boundaries of the region, the indecomposability of the combination is obvious. Such definitions can be a combination of numbers: A three by four photograph must be taken within a month.
inconsistent can be nouns with nouns (that is, attachments). In this case, in addition to the difference with the reference word in gender, they will not be related in case, that is, a change in the cases of the reference word will not affect the change in the dependent: I love the novel "Crime and Punishment" - The novel "Crime and Punishment" presents one of the possibilities to define the character of a person of the second half of the 19th century.

The issue of the application as a special type of definition and the punctuation marks associated with the application will be considered in a separate work.

From the above, it follows that the definitions are diverse in the way of expression, therefore, in order to highlight them, it is especially important to think about the meaning of what has been said, and not just try to substitute the questions named in the definition for words.

Note to the teacher! Since schoolchildren use one sign to highlight a definition during parsing - a wavy line, we would advise you to come up with ways of different designations to test the topic "agreed and inconsistent definitions". This difference is especially important in the examples: The leafy paths of the park of the Sheremetyevs' estate "Kuskovo" look now the same as in the 18th century. The first of the underlined definitions is consistent, expressed by the "participial phrase", while the second hides both inconsistent definitions and the application, it would be desirable to distinguish where there is what.

TASK 2. Anyone who reads our work knows - after such a theoretical fragment, compiled tasks are usually offered for practical analysis. In this work, such tasks will not be, since artificially compared common sentences indicate too clearly what will be the subject of the search. We advise schoolchildren to independently come up with phrases with definitions of different types and ways of expression. The skill gained in such work will help to better learn how to analyze any proposed as an examination text. You can also take a literary text (small) and try to find different definitions and ways of expressing them in it.

2. An addendum is a VSP that has a substantive meaning and indicates the participants in the situation described in the proposal. Supplements answer questions of indirect cases and are most often expressed by the prepositional-case form of a noun (i.e., the main type of connection is control). The simplest thing is to say the following right away: additions are expressed in the same way as subjects, only instead of the nominative case, any other is used. In other words, in the phrase Dusya purrs, our Dusya will be the subject, and in the Morning I am in a hurry to feed Dusya, she, due to the change to the accusative case, will turn out to be an addition.

In the same way, phrases will be additions, if they are not in the nominative case, compare: One of my friends has been afraid of cats and dogs since childhood. - Dusya has never scratched any of my friends... In our opinion, as a single member of the sentence, it is necessary to disassemble the combination of compatibility, if this stands out in meaning: I met Masha with Katya(if they walked together, and not one by one, in the latter case, first Masha will be the addition, and then Katya).

In terms of the form of expression, all the examples given by us are the same - in them the addition is expressed by the non-sentence accusative case, and the additions themselves have the meaning of the direct object of action. These additions refer to transitive verbs, so their accusative case is, as it were, given by the properties of the verb (in science, this can be described as strong control, although the concept of "strong" control itself is somewhat broader). In all school textbooks, it is determined that such an addition is called direct and is expressed by a noun and pronoun. We see no reason to deny the standard composition phrases allocated for expressing the subject, in describing them as direct additions, therefore we supplement the third paragraph with "and phrases that are subjects in them."

The direct object can also appear in the genitive case without a preposition with a transitive verb, most often this happens with negation, the introduction of the particle NOT into the sentence: Children do not like bitter medicines. There are verbs that are fluent in both the accusative and genitive no excuse: We have been waiting for the train / train for 40 minutes.
All other additions are considered indirect. They are expressed primarily:
forms of indirect cases of nouns, pronouns and substantivized words with and without prepositions: I had been talking with the teacher for an hour, but I could not understand what she was asking me about. Either it is necessary to work out with the laggards, or to solve the entire control for them.
a numeral name - To four it was necessary to add eight (?). The textbooks do not say anything about the form "eight" in the accusative non-sentence, in our understanding it cannot be considered as an object of action, therefore the addition "eight" can also be considered as indirect. For the formalists who see first of all here transitive verb and the accusative without a pretext, the solution will be different, "eight" will be a direct addition.
an indirect addition can be expressed by an object infinitive: Dad asked his daughter to cook dinner for him, but the daughter did not even know how to peel potatoes. In the first part "daddy" we correlate only with the predicate verb "ask", and the SGS of the second part, and the infinitive (addition) in the first indicate the action of the girl.
we also call indirect additions in the case when they are expressed by indirect cases of nouns and refer not to a verb, but to a noun: Reading glossy magazines gradually became the main occupation of a lazy woman who did not enter the university. ATTENTION! In our example, two nouns at once in the indirect case refer to another noun. However, one is highlighted as an addition, the other is not. The criteria for separating such seemingly similar cases will be discussed below.

ASSIGNMENT 3. Come up with your own phrases with additions different types and ways of expression, or find additions in a small piece of artistic text.

3. Circumstance is a VSP, which serves to characterize the action or feature referred to in the sentence. Supplements answer questions of adverbs and are most often expressed in an adverb or an expression that is equal in meaning to the adverb. It is the circumstances that most often turn out to be associated with the reference word adjoining, although control is no less common for them type of subordinate connection.

Circumstances are categorized by value:
1. modes of action, they indicate a way of performing an action, answer the questions "how?", "How?" - He ate in silence.
2. time; indicate the time of action, the question "when?" - In the evening, the winners will be awarded.
3. Places indicating the place of the action when asked "where?", "Where?" - He lived in Kiev.
4. reasons answering "why?" - Out of despair, Masha tore up the work already done and began to write again.
5. goals with the question "why?" - I'm going to St. Petersburg to work in the library. It is this type of circumstance that "likes" to be expressed by the infinitive of the goal in the verb of motion.
6. measures and degrees indicating the quantitative characteristic or the degree of manifestation of an action or sign ("how much?", "To what extent?") - Masha loves chocolate very much, she can eat a bar of tasty product three times a day.
7. conditions ("under what condition?" - If there is a quorum, the defense of the thesis will necessarily take place).
8. concessions indicating the existence of additional conditions that may interfere with the implementation of the action, however, the question "in spite of what?" indicates that the speaker will definitely try to overcome them: Despite the rain, the children played merrily in the yard. (it turns out that the proposals with the circumstances of the conditions are even more "pessimistic", compare: In good weather and light wind, we will go to the park - Despite the rain and wind, we still went to the park. the course of action in time.

By the way, circumstances of all types, except the last two, can be expressed in different ways, but in adverbs in the first place. But the circumstances, conditions and concessions are primarily expressed by nouns with prepositions.
So, in order to determine the type of circumstance, it is necessary to ask a SYNTAX question to it (see part 1). Especially dangerous are nouns with prepositions, very often, without recognizing the preposition, schoolchildren highlight the circumstances as additions, the question is asked first to the preposition, then from it to the noun. Moreover, the longer the preposition, the more often this happens, compare: We returned early, contrary to the forecasts of the parents. - * He lived (* where?) Next to (* with what?) The school. In the first example, mistakes are rare, while the second is difficult even for strong schoolchildren (they can remember the adverbial use of "Sit side by side and listen"). Therefore, we recommend that you learn the list of "long" prepositions of the Russian language, moreover, not written in one word. Lists of such prepositions are given when setting out the rules for their spelling.

We must also define the ways of expressing circumstances. Two are obvious from the above - an adverb and a noun with a preposition. The infinitive in the target value was also mentioned. Adverbs and adverbs often play the role of circumstances - Katya, jumping [from happiness], ran into the apartment - she was enrolled in Moscow State University! In the event of a proliferation of traffic, the offer is usually complicated.

In addition, in the Russian language there are a lot of adverbial expressions and phraseological units that act as circumstances: Masha got up before dawn. A circumstance connected by a single meaning may also enter a definition if its removal changes the nature of the meaning: We swam in the summer every morning and evening. The circumstance makes sense "constantly"; there is no need to break it down into elements. According to our observations, pronominal adjectives are most often part of such indecomposable adjectives ("every year" = always, "in any weather" = constantly). The single circumstance will be "all day", "all life."

All of the above examples showed cases of the adverb use of circumstances. A subjective use is also possible (that is, with an adjective or an adverb), it is in this case that circumstances with the meanings of measure and degree are used: Vasya was amazingly handsome, but only unusually stupid.

TASK 4. Usually, self-inventing different circumstances leads to an essay of one or three types, and not all of the selected ones. Conditions, concessions, goals are especially "difficult" to come up with (usually they are modeled like those given in the text). Therefore, we advise you to take any text and try to understand it. Do not be alarmed if at first all circumstances turn out to be of the same type, the writer does not create specifically for our analysis.

V. COMPLEX CASES OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF THE SECONDARY MEMBER - NUN IN OTHER NON

It was said above that the use of a noun with another noun presents certain difficulties. What are they connected with? First of all, with the fact that schoolchildren most often ask the case question to the noun in the indirect case, which turns out to be not syntactic, but grammatical, compare: Masha bought a bag with flowers (that is, flowers are drawn on it). - After spending 10 hours in the store, Masha bought only a bag with a wallet, nothing else (i.e. made 2 purchases). - In the morning Masha usually does not do exercises, but in the late afternoon she happily goes to gym(two times are compared - "in the morning" and "in the evening"). According to the meaning, it turned out that in the first example we have a definition, in the second addition, in the third circumstance. In all cases, we determined not by the question asked, but only based on the meaning of the sentence.

In our opinion, it is the meaning that is the main criterion by which the proposal should be analyzed. By formal selection of questions, we do not always get the desired result, and often the proposal simply does not provide an opportunity to ask a question "from the list". Try asking a question: I didn't see her in the dark. Where is it?" or "when?" Another example: The phone ringing brought her out of her reverie. What is the question: "where?" or "from what?" Nice results gives reflection on the meaning, rather than a formal approach.

And yet, there are some standard combinations in which it is extremely easy to determine the differences between the meanings and uses of dependent words, which means it is easy to determine what they will become members of the sentence.

1.without sentence genitive with the meaning of subject (Sub) or object (Obj). Try to compare these examples yourself:
arrival of a guest reading a magazine
lightning strike homeland defense
singing nightingale harvesting vegetables
What are the differences between the examples in the first and second columns? I think everyone saw that in the first column the word dependent, in the genitive case, denotes an active agent, a subject - * a guest has arrived, lightning has struck, the nightingale is singing. In the second column, the dependent word object - * (someone) reads a book, protects the Motherland, prepares vegetables for the winter. In the first group of examples, the dependent word is considered as a DEFINITION, in the second - as an addition (which is understandable based on the meaning of the addition). Transformations overall value Sub, also expressed in genitive, for definitions can be considered as follows:
Accessories - the question "whose?" - Sergeev's textbook (either he learns from it, or he is the author, in any case, there is active use);
The bearer of the attribute is the question "whose?" in this case, artificial, it is better not to ask any - the behavior of Petrov (Petrov somehow behaved himself, as a result, there was a certain sign).
Material - the question "what?", But the dependent word rather describes a feature usually expressed using an adjective - a mahogany wardrobe (there is simply no adjective in the language like "birch = birch"), a green suit (which is similar to the use of "green" ).

From what has been said, we can conclude that the definition in the Russian language will be a phrase expressing the property of the named person or object itself, while the form of expression is of lesser importance. True, in very many examples, it is possible to replace a noun with an adjective as a typical case of definition.

2. instrumental case with the preposition "s" with the meanings of an accompanying sign or consistency. For comparison, examples will be as follows:
magazine 1.with pictures 2.with attachment
jacket 1.with pockets 2.with tie
girl 1.with character 2.with a paddle
In examples 1, the nouns will name the attribute of the pivot word, therefore we consider them definitions, in examples 2 one more subject is indicated when already named, these are additions. Sometimes the solution to the question of the type of HPP, taking into account the knowledge of the realities of life, is very simple, for example: Usually on Fridays we buy a roll with strawberries. Obviously buying a roll with strawberry filling - definition. At the pharmacy I bought toothpaste with analgin. In my opinion, there is no such product on the market, it is obvious that two items were purchased - a supplement (= and analgin). On the contrary, knowledge of the "nature of things" can interfere with an accurate definition of PPP: He bought a printer with a scanner. There are items on sale separately (addition), and a kind of "mix" (although, perhaps, reflection should lead us to the idea that, working in different ways, these items, even when combined, will be different - an addition; but by the way , we do not know how they are connected - definition?).

A variation for the instrumental case in the role of definition will be a prepositional case with a definitive meaning: a face in wrinkles, a sky in diamonds, a shirt in a cage. It seems that there are no parallels with the meaning of the addition - with an explanatory meaning, two solutions are possible (more on this in the next section), and with a local ("in the forest") meaning of the circumstance of a place.

Vi. WHEN ONE MEMBER OFFERS WE CAN CONSIDER AS TWO AT THE SAME TIME. OVERLAPPING TYPES

The last part of our reflection is devoted to cases of overlapping of one and the other type of PPP value. Take examples like this:
The roads to the beach were different: one was gentle, easy, the other steep, in the middle there was a staircase of 43 steps.
I love spending the summer with my childhood friend Sergei, but at that difficult time I had to spend a vacation with my family.
Talk of higher gas prices scares the poorest of the population.
We believe that the underlined words (for the latter, the phrase "price increases") cannot be unambiguously defined as one of the three members of the sentence singled out in the school. Therefore, we would propose to allocate in disputable cases simultaneously two HPPs. For example, in the first example we have a definition + circumstance, in the second - addition and circumstance, and the same in the third.

In general, when combining values, the following options can be distinguished:
Definition + addition - for complex cases of nouns: Peter's desk was littered with pens, felt-tip pens, and pencils with erasers. In the latter combination, highlighting the addition will indicate "four" types of items, the definition will make them three. If the analysis of the text is not fundamentally important, then 2 HPPs can be simultaneously distinguished. Or such a case: He was worried about buying a new car. With a verbal noun (we are not talking about the derivational characteristics of the word "thought", but about its semantic connection with the verb), the highlighted word can be considered as a definition and addition together (compare: "thinking about buying" - addition).

Definition + circumstance is not such a rare case! For example: The house in the Crimea was the subject of his pride. What does the speaker mean? A place? General form your home? We do not know, let it remain two HPPs at the same time. Or: Smoke is pouring from a window on the top floor. In our opinion, here it is possible to single out the general circumstance of place (everything except the predicative basis), and to parse the emphasized combination also as a definition.

Supplement + circumstance - in our opinion, the case is infrequent, but the most "* erroneous", since the VChP is expressed in this case by a noun with a preposition. The opportunity to ask both questions, as a rule, is realized in the formulation of a grammatical question, that is, to the case, which makes the considered member of the sentence an addition. Examples indicate the difficulty in determining the type of HPP, for example: Tiny leaves appeared on the branches. Man lives with hope. On the chair lies a hat forgotten by the guests. Even analysis will not help to distinguish “on what” and “where”, “what” and “how”, therefore, in our opinion, this is the purest case of coincidence of two meanings. We would advise you to isolate two HPPs at the same time in such cases.

At the end of the analysis, before proposing the assignment, we note that when working with different literary texts, students may have questions, the answers to which are not specifically given in the work. But we hope that imagination and attention to language will help you do your research on your own.

TASK 5. Below is the text for parsing. Your task is to select all the members of the sentence, first the main ones, then the minor ones.

Medieval castles made a terrifying impression on enemies. Let's move our imagination back seven centuries, look at the then castle from afar, then close up and try to tell about its structure. First of all, it should be noted that the courtyard of the castle was surrounded by a battlement, around which a moat was also dug, which was filled with water. A suspension bridge was thrown across the moat. In the event of an attack, you raise a bridge - and the castle could immediately become impregnable. The wall itself was also a defensive structure.

If the inhabitants of the castle for some reason missed the appearance of enemies, then at their disposal there were many means to stop the enemy. For example, an iron grate could suddenly drop down at one moment, or a special circular fortification could be erected near the gate, from the outside, to shoot arrows.

The main stronghold of those living in the castle was the central tower. It was the most powerful and impregnable structure. The wall of the tower was distinguished by its thickness, the passage to the room itself was arranged five meters above its base. The tower could only be reached by means of such a staircase, which could be easily removed in the shortest possible time, or even completely destroyed.

The basement of the tower, that is, the entire space from its base to the entrance, was occupied either by a dungeon or a storeroom with various supplies in case of a siege. Both were equipped with meager openings for air flow.

In the center of the tower there were premises for the inhabitants of the castle, and at the very top lived a watchman. Watching the tower was the hardest of the duties. The watchman had to experience hunger, cold, bad weather, it was necessary to monitor with constant attention from his high post what was happening in the vicinity. The central tower was a strong stronghold, but it could not always withstand a long siege. In such a case, an underground passage was organized in the castle - from the main hall directly to the neighboring forest.

Arrange punctuation marks... Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) I wanted to give my mom a box or hat or silk comforter for her birthday.

2) It was freezing at night and the stars dotted the sky.

3) At the Bird Market, you could both buy your favorite animals and just admire them.

4) Lightning flashed and the forest for a few moments lit up with an inexpressibly bright light filled with bizarre shadows.

5) Copernicus reflected on the Ptolemaic system of the world and was amazed at its complexity and artificiality, illogicality and confusion.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's place punctuation marks. Let's underline the supplied commas.

1) I wanted to give my mother a box for her birthday, and whether a hat, or a silk comforter. In one row there are three OCH according to the model: O, or O, or O, put two commas.

2) (It was freezing at night) and (stars dotted the sky). A compound sentence with a common minor term, no comma.

3) At the Bird Market it was possible both to buy the animals you liked, SO And just to admire them. A simple sentence with a double union, put one comma.

4) (Lightning flashed), and (for a few moments the forest was illuminated with an inexpressibly bright light, and filled with bizarre shadows). Compound sentence, in the second simple OCH row without union, two commas.

5) Copernicus reflected on the Ptolemaic system of the world and was amazed at its complexity and artificiality, illogical and confusing. Simple sentence with two rows of OCH. In the second row, the SPs are connected in pairs, according to the model O and O, O and O, put one comma

Answer: 35

Answer: 35 | 53

Rule: Task 16. Punctuation marks in the SSP and in a sentence with homogeneous members

DREAMING SIGNS IN A COMPLICATED SENTENCE AND IN A SENTENCY MEMBERSHIP PROPOSAL

In this task, knowledge of two punctograms is tested:

1. Commas in a simple sentence with homogeneous members.

2. Commas in a compound sentence, parts of which connect the compositional conjunctions, in particular, the union of I.

purpose: find TWO sentences in which you need to put ONE comma in each. Not two, not three (and this happens!) Commas, but one. In this case, it is necessary to indicate the numbers of those sentences where the missing comma was SUPPLIED, since there are cases when the sentence already contains a comma, for example, in the adverbial turnover. We don't count it.

You should not look for commas with different turns, introductory words and in the SPP: according to the specification in this task, only three indicated punctograms are checked. If the sentence requires commas for other rules, they will already be placed

The correct answer will be two digits, from 1 to 5, in any sequence, without commas and spaces, for example: 15, 12, 34.

Legend:

OCH - homogeneous members.

SSP is a complex sentence.

The task execution algorithm should be as follows:

1. Determine the number of bases.

2. If the sentence is simple, then we find ALL rows in it homogeneous members and refer to the rule.

3. If there are two bases, then this is a complex proposal, and each part is considered separately (see point 2).

Do not forget that homogeneous subjects and predicates create NOT a complex, but a simple complicated sentence.

15.1 SIGNS OF DREAMING WITH HOMETER MEMBERS

Homogeneous proposal members are those that answer the same question and refer to the same proposal member. Homogeneous members of the sentence (both major and minor) are always connected by a compositional connection, with or without a union.

For example: In "The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson" S. Aksakov describes with truly poetic inspiration both summer and winter pictures of Russian nature.

In this proposal there is one series of OCH, these are two homogeneous definitions.

One sentence can contain several rows of homogeneous members. So, in the sentence Soon a heavy downpour struck and covered with the noise of rain streams and gusts of wind, and the groans of a pine forest two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and moans.

note: each row of the OCH has its own punctuation rules.

Let's consider various schemes of sentences with OCH and formulate the rules for setting commas.

15.1.1. A number of homogeneous members, connected ONLY by intonation, without unions.

General scheme: LTD .

Rule: if two or more ORs are connected only by intonation, a comma is placed between them.

Example: yellow, green, red apples.

15.1.2 Two homogeneous members are connected by the union AND, YES (in the meaning of AND), OR, OR

General scheme: О and / yes / either / or О.

Rule: if two OCH are connected by a single Y / YES union, no comma is placed between them.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.

Example 2: Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly.

Example 3: Only you and I will stay in this house.

Example 4: I will cook rice with vegetables or pilaf.

15.1.3 The last OCH is annexed by the union I.

General scheme: Oh, Oh and Oh.

Rule: If the last homogeneous member is joined by a union and, then a comma is not put in front of it.

Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.

15.1.4. There are more than two homogeneous members and a union AND repeats at least twice

Rule: With various combinations of union (clause 15.1.2) and non-union (clause 15.1.1) combination of homogeneous members of the proposal, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union AND is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members

General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.

General scheme: and O, and O, and O.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and green and red apples.

Example 2: The still life depicts and yellow and green and red apples.

More complex examples:

Example 3: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery- long shadows ran far from everything.

Two unions and, four OCH. Comma between OCH.

Example 4: It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the carriage... Three unions and, three OCH. Comma between OCH.

Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered in snow... Two unions and, three OCH. Comma between OCH.

Please note that there is no comma after the last OCH, because it is not between the OCH, but after it.

It is this scheme that is often perceived as erroneous and non-existent, keep this in mind when completing the assignment.

note: this rule works only on condition that the union And is repeated in one row of OCH, and not in the whole sentence.

Let's look at some examples.

Example 1: In the evenings, they gathered at the table children and adults and read aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read... The union is not repeated in every row, it is used once. Therefore, commas are NOT used according to rule 15.1.2.

Example 2: In the evening, Vadim went to his room and sat down re-read letter and write a reply. Two rows: left and sat down; sat down (why? for what purpose?) to reread and write.

15.1.5 Homogeneous members are connected by the union A, NO, YES (= NO)

Scheme: О, а / but / yes О

Rule: If there is a union A, NO, YES (= but), commas are put.

Example 1: The student writes quickly, but sloppily.

Example 2: The kid no longer whimpered, but cried bitterly.

Example 3: Small spool but precious .

15.1.6 With homogeneous members, unions are repeated NO NO; NOT THAT, NOT THAT; THAT, THAT; OR EITHER; OR OR

Scheme: O, or O, or O

Rule: with a two-fold repetition of other unions (except I), neither, nor; not that, not that; then, then; or either; or, or the comma is always used:

Example 1: And the old man paced around the room and sometimes hummed psalms in an undertone, then he taught his daughter impressively.

Please note that there are also similar circumstances and additions in the proposal, but we do not highlight them for a clearer picture.

There is no comma after the predicate! But if instead of the union AND THAT, AND THAT would have been just AND, there would be three commas (according to rule 15.1.4)

15.1.7. With homogeneous members, there are double unions.

Rule: With double conjunctions, a comma is placed before the second part. These are unions like ... and; not only but; not so much ... how much; as much ... as much; although ... but; if not ... then; not that ... but; not that ... but; not only not, but rather ... than others.

Examples: I have an assignment as from the judge, So equally and from all our friends.

Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of the plot, but It was still and a very subtle psychologist.

Mum not that angry but all the same she was unhappy.

There are fogs in London if not everyday , then every other day without fail.

He was not so much upset , how much surprised by the current situation.

Please note that each part of the double alliance is BEFORE OCH, which is very important to take into account when performing task 7 (type "error on homogeneous members"), we have already met with these unions.

15.1.8. Often homogeneous members are connected in pairs

General scheme: Scheme: O and O, O and O

Rule: When pairing minor members of a sentence, a comma is placed between pairs (the AND union acts locally, only within groups):

Example 1: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage.

Example 2: The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the past day and the day to come.

Example 3: Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild places in Bulgaria.

15.1.9. Are not homogeneous, therefore they are not separated by commas:

A number of repetitions with an intensifying shade are not homogeneous members.

And the snow went and went.

Simple complicated predicates are also not homogeneous.

Said so said, I'll go check it out.

Phraseologisms with repeating unions are not homogeneous members

Neither this nor that, neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night

If the sentence contains heterogeneous definitions, which stand in front of the explained word and characterize one object from different sides, it is impossible to insert the union and between them.

A sleepy golden bumblebee suddenly rose from the depths of the flower.

15.2. PREPARATION SIGNS IN A COMPLICATED OFFER

Compound sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by creative unions. Parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and make up one semantic whole.

Example: He wintered three times in Mirny, and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.

Depending on the type of the compositional union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:

1) SSP with connecting unions (and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ..., nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ... and);

2) SSP with dividing unions (then ..., then; not that ..., not that; or; either; either ..., or);

3) SSP with adversary alliances (a, but, yes, in the meaning, but, however, but, but, only, the same).

15.2.1 The main rule for setting a comma in the MTP.

A comma between parts of a complex sentence is placed according to the main rule, that is, ALWAYS, except for special conditions that restrict the validity of this rule. These conditions are discussed in the second part of the rule. In any case, in order to determine if a sentence is difficult, you need to find its grammatical basis. What you need to consider when doing this:

a) Not always every simple sentence can have both a subject and a predicate. So, frequent sentences with one impersonal part, with verb in indefinite personal proposal... For example: Much work lay ahead of him, and he knew it.

Scheme: [to be], and [he knew].

The doorbell rang and no one moved.

Scheme: [called] and [no one moved].

b) The subject can be expressed by pronouns, both personal and other categories: I suddenly heard a painfully familiar voice, and it brought me back to life.

Schematic: [I heard] and [it returned]. Don't lose the subject pronoun if it duplicates the subject from the first part! These are two sentences, each with its own basis, for example: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests, and he was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.

Scheme: [The artist was familiar] and [he was surprised]. Compare with a similar construction in a simple sentence: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests and was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.[About the Tale and About the Tale].

c) Since a complex sentence consists of two simple ones, it is likely that each of them can have homogeneous members in its composition. Commas are put both according to the rule of homogeneous members and according to the rule of a compound sentence. For example: Leaves crimson, gold fell quietly to the ground, and the wind whirled them in the air and tossed them. Sentence outline: [Leaves fell], and [wind O Tale and O Tale].

15.2.2 Special conditions for the placement of signs in a compound sentence

In the school course of the Russian language, the only condition under which a comma is not put between the parts of a complex sentence is the presence common minor member.

The most difficult thing for students is to understand if there is common minor clause, which will give the right not to put a comma between the parts, or not. General means referring simultaneously to the first part and to the second. If there is a common term, there is no comma between the parts of the MTP... If there is one, then in the second part there can be no analogous minor member, he is only one, stands at the very beginning of the sentence. Let's consider simple cases:

Example 1: A year later, my daughter went to school and my mother was able to go to work..

Both simple sentences can equally apply to the circumstance of time "in a year". What happened in a year? My daughter went to school. Mom was able to go to work.

Rearranging the common term at the end of the sentence changes the meaning: My daughter went to school, and my mother was able to go to work a year later. And now this minor term is no longer common, but refers only to the second simple sentence... Therefore, it is so important for us, firstly, the place of the common member, just the beginning of a sentence and secondly, the general meaning of the sentence.

Example 2:By evening, the wind died down and started to freeze. What happened By the evening? The wind died down. Beginning to freeze.

Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the city the snow had already begun to melt, and there was already quite a spring picture... There are two circumstances in the sentence, each simple one has its own. That is why comma supplied... There is no common minor member. Thus, the presence of a second minor member of the same type (place, time, purpose) in the second sentence gives the right to put a comma.

Example 2: By nightfall, my mother's temperature rose even more, and we did not sleep all night. There is no reason to attribute the circumstance "to the night" to the second part of the complex sentence, therefore comma is put.

It should be noted that there are other cases in which a comma is not placed between parts of a compound sentence. These include the presence of a common introductory word, a common subordinate clause, as well as two sentences of indefinite personal, impersonal, identical in structure, exclamation points. But these cases were not included in the USE assignments, and they are not presented in the manuals and are not studied in the school course.