A ready-made presentation on the topic of immunity and health. Presentation on the topic "Immunity

Methodical development in biology

vladikavkaz

Kozaeva Larisa Alekseevna

The plague, cholera, smallpox and flu epidemics left a deep mark in the history of mankind. In the 14th century, a terrible epidemic of "black death" went through Europe, claiming 15 million people. It was a plague that swept all countries and killed 100 million people. Smallpox, called "blackpox", left a no less terrible mark. The smallpox virus has killed 400 million people, and the survivors have become blind forever. 6 epidemics of cholera were recorded, the last in 1992-93 in India, Bangladesh. An influenza epidemic called "Spanish flu" in 1918-19 killed hundreds of thousands of people, epidemics called "Asian", "Hong Kong", and nowadays - "swine" flu .

CH U M A

CHOLERA

O S P A

The most terrible diseases took the life of some and did not affect others. A person becomes infected more often than sick, in other words, a person does not always get sick. Why?

It turns out that the body has several barriers to everything foreign: the skin and mucous membranes, and also in our body there are blood cells that protect our body - these are blood cells, lymphocytes and leukocytes. You are already familiar with them.

Our lesson is devoted to one of the most important problems modern medicine –

IMMUNITY.

Immunity - the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens and viruses

Another definition:

Immunity Is the body's immunity to infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Immunity mechanism

• The body has special cells that kill pathogens and foreign bodies - these are lymphocytes, phagocytes.

• Lymphocytes come in two types:

• B-lymphocytes - they themselves find foreign cells and kill them;
• T-lymphocytes - secrete special substances - antibodies that find microorganisms and kill them

The lymphocyte attacks the cancer cell.

With corrosive enzymes

it breaks through the cell wall

and forces her to commit suicide.

Immunity mechanism

cellular

humoral

The immune system

• Central organs (red bone marrow, thymus, or thymus (thymus) gland).

• Peripheral organs ( the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen).

Types of immunity

Artificial

Acquired

Passive

Congenital

Active

Natural

Natural immunity

Congenital

Inherited by the child from the mother, people have antibodies in the blood from birth. Protects against canine plague and rinderpest

Natural immunity tet

Acquired

Appears after

getting into the blood

foreign proteins

after transfer

diseases (measles,

chickenpox, smallpox)

Chickenpox ( chickenpox)

Artificial immunity

Active

Appears after

vaccinations (introduction into the body

weakened

or killed

pathogens

infectious

diseases)

Artificial immunity

Passive

Appears with the action of medicinal serum,

necessary antibodies.

Obtained from Plasma

blood of the sick

animals or people.

HIV and AIDS

HIV infection is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The final stage of HIV infection is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection leads to severe damage to the immune and nervous system, to inevitable death.

HIV is characterized by a very high genetic variability, so it is difficult to create a universal vaccine against this virus.

How can you get HIV? Routes of HIV transmission

• Sexual
• When using non-sterile medical instruments
• From mother to child: in utero, during childbirth, during milk feeding

Your protection is in your hands!

Common Sense Is Your Best Advisor .

The knower cannot be defeated.

We choose LIFE!

Smallpox, plague, typhus, cholera, and many other diseases have deprived a huge number of people of their lives.

Every minute they carry the dead And the groans of the living Fearfully asking God Calm their souls! You need a place every minute And the graves among themselves, Like a frightened flock They huddle in a close row.

A.S. Pushkin

"Feast in Time of Plague"

Immunity - the body's ability to protect its own integrity and biological identity.

Immunity - it is the body's immunity to infectious diseases.

Terms

Antigens - bacteria, viruses or their toxins (poisons), as well as degenerated cells of the body.

Antibodies – protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of an antigen. Each antibody recognizes its own antigen.

Lymphocytes (T and B) – they have receptors on the cell surface that recognize the "enemy", form "antigen-antibody" complexes and neutralize antigens.

The immune system

The immune system – unites organs and tissues that provide protection of the body from genetically foreign cells or substances coming from outside or formed in the body.

Central bodies

(red bone marrow,

thymus)

Peripheral organs

(The lymph nodes,

tonsils, spleen)

The layout of the organs of the human immune system

Central immune system

Lymphocytes are formed: in red bone marrow - B-lymphocytes and predecessors T lymphocytes and in thymus - yourself T-lymphocytes .

T- and B - lymphocytes are transferred by blood to peripheral organs, where they mature and carry out their functions.

Peripheral immune system

Tonsils located in a ring in the mucous membrane of the pharynx, surrounding the place of entry into the body of air and food.

Lymph nodules located on the borders with the external environment - in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tracts, as well as in the skin.

Located in spleen lymphocytes recognize foreign objects in the blood, which is "filtered" in this organ.

IN lymph nodes Lymph flowing from all organs is "filtered".

Types of immunity

Congenital

(passive)

Acquired

(active)

Natural

Inherited by the child from the mother.

Appears after infection.

disease.

VIEWS

IMMUNITY

Passive

Active

Artificial

Appears under the action of medicinal serum.

Appears after vaccination.

Active immunity

Active immunity (natural, artificial) is formed by the body itself in response to the introduction of an antigen.

Natural active immunity occurs after an infectious disease.

Active immunity

Artificial active immunity occurs after the introduction of vaccines.

Passive immunity

Passive immunity (natural, artificial) is created by ready-made antibodies obtained from another organism.

Natural passive immunity is created by antibodies passed from mother to child.

Passive immunity

Artificial passive immunity arises after the introduction of therapeutic sera or as a result of volumetric blood transfusion.

How the immune system works

The peculiarity of the immune system is the ability of its main cells - lymphocytes - to recognize genetically "ours" and "foreign".

Immunity mechanism

Immunity provided by the activity of leukocytes phagocytes and lymphocytes.

Cellular (phagocytic) immunity

(opened by I.I. Mechnikov in 1863)

Phagocytosis- capture and digestion of bacteria .

T-lymphocytes

Cellular immunity

T-killers

(the killers)

Blocks B-lymphocyte reactions

T-lymphocytes

(formed in the bone marrow, ripen in the thymus).

T-suppressors

(oppressors)

Helps B-lymphocytes turn into plasma cells

T-helpers

(assistants)

Immunity mechanism

Humoral immunity

B-lymphocytes

Humoral immunity

Plasma cells

B-lymphocytes

(formed in the bone marrow, mature in lymphoid tissue).

Impact

antigen

Acquired immunity

Memory cells

Vaccination

Vaccination (from the Latin "vassa" - cow) was introduced into practice in 1796 by the English doctor Edward Jenner, who gave the first vaccination of "cowpox" to an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps.

Vaccination calendar

The calendar preventive vaccinations Russia (entered into force on 01.01.2002)

12 hours first vaccination hepatitis B 3-7th day vaccination tuberculosis 1st month second vaccination hepatitis B 3 months first vaccination diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, haemophilus influenza 4.5 months second vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, haemophilus influenza 6 months third vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection, third vaccination hepatitis B 12 months vaccination measles, mumps, rubella

Vaccination calendar

18 months first revaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection 20 months second revaccination of poliomyelitis 6 years second vaccination measles, mumps, rubella 7 years the second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, the first revaccination of tuberculosis 13 years old hepatitis B vaccination, rubella vaccination (girls) 14 years third revaccination of diphtheria and tetanus, revaccination of tuberculosis, third revaccination against poliomyelitis adults revaccination of diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years from the moment of the last revaccination

HIV and AIDS

HIV infection is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The final stage of HIV infection is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection leads to severe damage to the immune and nervous systems, and inevitable death.

Your protection is in your hands!

Common sense is your best advisor.

The knower cannot be defeated.

We choose LIFE!

Slide 1

Immunity

Slide 2

Knowledge update
1. What components make up the internal environment of the body? 2. What is homeostasis? 3. What are the main functions of blood? 4. What is in the blood? 5. What is plasma, what is its composition and significance? 6. Characterize blood cells. 7. What is phagocytosis?

Slide 3

"Protective properties of blood":

Slide 4

"Protective properties of blood":
Microbes lie in wait for people at every step. How can one explain that a person does not always get sick when infected with microbes, and if he does get sick, then the disease is not the same for everyone? Infection and disease are different processes. A person can become infected, that is, be a carrier of a variety of microbes, including very dangerous ones, but not always get sick. For some diseases, one case of the disease occurs for 8-10 cases of carriers of the infection. Especially often people are carriers of the tubercle bacillus. The body actively fights infection, delays its development, and the person does not get sick. Infection turns into a disease if the body is weakened (immunity from malnutrition, overwork, nervous shock, etc.) is promoted by cooling the body. Alcohol has a detrimental effect on the course of diseases - it suppresses the immune system.

Slide 5

Immunity is the body's ability to find foreign substances (antigens) and get rid of them.
Antigens (microbes and the poisons they release) trigger an immune response in the body.
During historical development the immune system has developed in humans and animals.

Slide 6

Organs of the immune system.
Bone marrow - blood cells are formed. Thymus (thymus gland) - lymphocytes and antibodies are formed Lymph nodes - lymphocytes and antibodies are formed, detain and neutralize bacteria and toxins. Spleen - produces antibodies, reproduces phagocytes.

Slide 7

Lymphoid tissue in digestive system... Maturation of lymphocytes. Palatine tonsils. (Lymphoid tissue in the respiratory system.) Maturation of lymphocytes.

Slide 8

Distinguish between immunity:
cellular
The destruction of foreign bodies is carried out by cells, for example phagocytes. Cellular immunity was discovered by I.I. Mechnikov
humoral
Foreign bodies are removed using antibodies - chemicals delivered by the blood. Humoral immunity was discovered by Paul Ehrlich.

Slide 9

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich 1845 - 1916
Cellular immunity was discovered by I.I. Mechnikov

Slide 10

Phagocytes can destroy any antigens, antibodies - only those against which they were developed.

Slide 11

Message. The discovery of the protective function of leukocytes belongs to the remarkable Russian scientist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. This is how it happened. On the microscope stage there is a transparent sea star larva. It contains small dark lumps - carcass grains. II Mechnikov observes how the amoeba cells capture them. He goes into the garden and picks thorns from a rose bush. Pluses them into the body of the larva. The next morning sees many such cells around the thorn. So II Mechnikov discovered the devouring function of cells - phagocytosis. Phagocytic cells are capable of devouring, or better to say, absorbing microbes. II Mechnikov also proved the ability of phagocytes to process useless and harmful substances. He noticed that amoeba cells can perceive and, if possible, digest substances foreign to the body. As a result of his many years of work, Mechnikov came to the conclusion that phagocytosis is a widespread phenomenon. It has its own evolution. In lower animals, phagocytes perform digestive function, for the higher - protective. Remember, for example, how the hydra digests food. On the basis of these studies, I.I.Mechnikov explained the essence of inflammation.

Slide 12

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Slide 14

Types of immunity.
Species Hereditary Acquired
The causative agent of dog plague does not infect humans. Congenital. Appears after the antigen has been identified and identified, and then rendered harmless.

Slide 15

The cause of many diseases is pathogenic bacteria. These diseases are usually contagious and can spread to entire countries. Epidemics - outbreaks infectious diseases.

Slide 16

An excerpt from the work of A. Pushkin "Feast during the plague":
Now the church is empty; The school is deafly locked; The cornfield is idly overripe; The dark grove is empty; And the village, like a burnt dwelling, stands, - Everything is quiet. (One cemetery) Not empty, not silent. Every minute they carry the dead, And the groans of the living Fearfully ask God to Calm their souls! Every minute the place is needed, And the graves among themselves, Like a frightened herd, They huddle in a close sequence.

Slide 17

Message. Plague has been known since ancient times. In the 6th century in the Byzantine Empire, the plague lasted 50 years and killed 100 million people. In the chronicles of the Middle Ages, terrible pictures of the raging plague are described: “Cities and villages were devastated. Everywhere there was the smell of corpses, life died away, in the squares and streets one could see only gravediggers. " In the 6th century, one fourth of the population - 10 million people - died from the plague in Europe. The plague was called the black death. Smallpox was no less dangerous. In the 18th century, 400,000 people died of smallpox annually in Western Europe. 2/3 of those born fell ill with it, and out of 8 people, three died. A special feature of that time was considered "Has no smallpox signs." In the early 19th century, with the development of world trade, cholera began to spread. Six cholera epidemics have been reported. It was brought to Russia with caravans from Iraq and Afghanistan, and later from Western Europe. In Russia, until 1917, 5.6 million people fell ill with cholera in 59 years, and almost half of them died. Six cholera epidemics have been reported. The last world epidemic lasted from 1902 to 1926. According to the World Health Organization, there was the seventh cholera epidemic in 1961-1962. In 1965-1966, from Asia and the Middle East, the disease approached the southern borders of Europe.

Slide 18

Slide 19

The involvement of microbes in infectious diseases was proven by the French scientist Louis Pasteur.

Slide 20

He expressed the idea that if you infect a person with weakened microbes that cause a mild illness, then in the future the person will not get sick with this disease. He will develop immunity. This idea was prompted by the work of the English physician Edward Jenner.

Slide 21

What is the merit of E. Jenner.
English rural doctor E. Jenner made the world's first vaccination - the smallpox vaccine. To do this, he rubbed the liquid from the abscess on the cow's udder into the wound of an eight-year-old boy. After a month and a half, he infected the child with smallpox pus and the boy did not get sick: he developed immunity to smallpox.

Slide 22

Monument to Edward Jenner.
The sculptor captured the first smallpox vaccination of a child. This is how the noble feat of the scientist, who won the recognition of all mankind, is immortalized.

Slide 23

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Slide 26

Vaccine is a liquid containing a culture of weakened microbes or their poisons. If a person becomes infected with any infectious disease, then he is injected with a medicinal serum. Medicinal serum is a preparation of antibodies formed in the blood of an animal that was previously specially infected with this pathogen.

Slide 27

The heroism of scientists. Scientific advances in the fight against infectious diseases are enormous. Many diseases are a thing of the past and are only of historical interest. Scientists who glorified their names in the fight against microbes deserve the gratitude of all mankind. The names of E. Jenner, L. Pasteur, I. I. Mechnikov, N. F. Gamaleya, E. Roux, R. Koch and many others are included in the history of science in golden letters. Our domestic scientists have written many bright pages in microbiology. How much courage and nobility was in their service for the benefit of people's health! Many heroes of science died courageously for the sake of its interests. An example of selfless heroism can be the act of the doctor I. A. Deminsky, who, for scientific purposes, infected himself with the plague in 1927. He gave the following telegram: “... contracted pneumonic plague from gophers ... Take the crops you got. Open my corpse as a case of experimental human infection from gophers ... "1. Deminsky's discovery, which cost him his life, confirmed his earlier suggestion that gophers are carriers of the plague in the steppes.

Slide 28

Thanks to the heroic efforts of Russian doctors in 1910-1911, an outbreak of plague in Harbin was extinguished and its advance to the East and Siberia was stopped. One of the members of this anti-plague expedition, a medical student I. V. Mamontov, wrote in the last hour of his life: “Life now is a struggle for the future ... We must believe that all this is not in vain and people will achieve it, even if by many suffering, real human existence on Earth, so beautiful that for one idea of \u200b\u200bit you can give everything that is personal and life itself ”2. Doctor N.K. Zavyalova in 1951 herself contracted the pneumonic form of plague, deciding to test for herself how long the immunity lasted after recovery. She puts on a heroic experiment - again exposes herself to contact with a patient with pneumonic plague. The disease was mild. So it was found out - immunity exists. Doctor N.I. Latyshev repeatedly infected himself with relapsing fever in order to study the course of the disease. His research was of great scientific importance. He established the latent period of infection, discovered one of the pathogens named after him.

Slide 29

Classification of immunity.

Slide 30

Immunity classification:
Natural Natural Artificial Artificial
Active Passive Active Passive
Species Hereditary Acquired in the course of the disease. Antibodies are passed on in mother's milk. Vaccination - the introduction of weakened antigens that cause the formation of their own antibodies. Administration of therapeutic serum containing antibodies developed in the donor's body.

Slide 31

Rabies vaccination.
Rabies is caused by a virus that infects dogs, wolves, foxes, and other animals. It is also dangerous for humans. The virus infects cells of the nervous system. A sick animal or person from water causes cramps of the pharynx and larynx. Impossible to drink, although thirsty. From paralysis of the respiratory muscles or from the cessation of cardiac activity, death can occur. If you are bitten by a dog, you should immediately consult a doctor. He will give a course of vaccinations against rabies that Louis Pasteur suggested. Remember! The immunity against rabies lasts only one year, and therefore, with repeated bites, you have to be vaccinated again if this period has passed.

Slide 32

Tetanus.
Special vigilance should be exercised with injuries sustained in rural areas, as tetanus can become infected. Tetanus pathogens develop in the intestines of domestic animals and enter the soil with manure. If the wound is contaminated with soil, an anti-tetanus medicinal serum should be administered. Tetanus is a dangerous, incurable disease. It starts out like a sore throat - a sore throat. Then convulsions follow, which lead to painful death. The introduction of therapeutic serum, which contains ready-made antibodies, destroys tetanus poison.

Slide 33

AIDS and allergic reactions.

Slide 34

AIDS and allergic reactions.
Currently, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a fairly common incurable disease. The causative agent of this disease, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), makes the immune system inoperable, and people die from those microbes, bacteria, fungi that are absolutely safe for a healthy person, that is, with a healthy immune system. Prevention of AIDS is the observance of the following rules: - exclusion of casual sex; - use of disposable syringes for injection. Another ailment of the century is allergic reactions to various environmental factors, that is, allergy is an increased reaction of the body to certain environmental factors. In this case, a person is observed: - sneezing; - lacrimation; - puffiness. In case of a predisposition to allergic reactions the following rules should be observed for prevention purposes: - diet; - timely examination and treatment of the disease; - refusal of self-medication.

Slide 35

Anchoring
Solution of the puzzle "Immunity" (Fig) 1. Substances that can cause the body's immune response. 2. The scientist who discovered cellular immunity. 3. Immunity, in which foreign bodies are removed using chemicals delivered by the blood. 4. Immunity acquired after vaccination or after administration of medicinal serum. 5. Protective proteins of the body, neutralizing antigens. 6. A preparation made from killed or weakened microorganisms or their waste products. 7. Immunity, congenital or acquired as a result of a previous illness. 8. The scientist who created the rabies vaccine. 9. A preparation made of ready-made antibodies, obtained from the blood of a sick person or animal, specially infected with this or that pathogen.

Slide 36

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4 U
5 N
6 and
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Slide 2

• Epidemics of plague, cholera, smallpox, flu have left a deep imprint in the history of mankind. In the 14th century, a terrible epidemic of "black death" swept across Europe, claiming 15 million people. It was a plague that engulfed all countries and from which 100 million people died. Smallpox, called "blackpox", left an equally terrible mark. The smallpox virus has killed 400 million people, and the survivors have become blind forever. 6 epidemics of cholera were recorded, the last in 1992-93 in India, Bangladesh. An influenza epidemic called "Spanish flu" in 1918-19 killed hundreds of thousands of people, epidemics called "Asian", "Hong Kong", and nowadays - "swine" flu.

Immunity The presentation was made by: Derevyanchenko Polina MAOU gymnasium №69 and M. Sergei Yesenin teacher: Znamenshchikova Galina Mikhailovna.

Immunity (Latin immunitas ‘liberation, getting rid of something’) is the ability of the immune system to rid the body of genetically foreign objects. Provides homeostasis of the body at the cellular and molecular level of organization.

Purpose of immunity: The simplest defense mechanisms aimed at recognizing and neutralizing pathogens, resisting the invasion of genetically alien objects; Ensuring the genetic integrity of individuals of a species throughout their individual life

Characteristic signs of the immune system: Ability to distinguish "ours" from "others"; Formation of memory after initial contact with foreign antigenic material; Clonal organization of immunocompetent cells, in which an individual cell clone is capable, as a rule, of responding to only one of many antigenic determinants.

Classifications Classification There are also several other classifications of immunity: Acquired active immunity occurs after a previous illness or after the introduction of a vaccine. Acquired passive immunity develops when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body in the form of serum or when they are transferred to a newborn with mother's colostrum or intrauterinely. Natural immunity includes innate immunity and acquired active immunity (after a previous illness), as well as passive immunity when antibodies are transmitted to the child from the mother. Artificial immunity includes acquired active after vaccination (vaccine administration) and acquired passive (serum administration). Congenital (non-specific) Adaptive (acquired, specific)

Immunity is subdivided into specific (inherited by us due to the peculiarities of our - human - organism) and acquired as a result of "training" of the immune system. So, it is innate properties that protect us from canine plague, and "vaccination training" - from tetanus.

Sterile and non-sterile immunity. After the disease, in some cases, immunity lasts for life. For example measles, chicken pox. This is sterile immunity. And in some cases, immunity lasts only as long as there is a pathogen in the body (tuberculosis, syphilis) - non-sterile immunity.

The main organs responsible for immunity are the red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. Each of them does their own important job and complements each other. yayaya

Defense Mechanisms of the Immune System There are two main mechanisms by which immune responses are carried out. This is humoral and cellular immunity. The name shows that humoral immunity is realized due to the formation of certain substances, and cellular - due to the work of certain cells of the body.

Humoral immunity This mechanism of immunity manifests itself in the formation of antibodies to antigens - foreign chemicalsas well as microbial cells. The fundamental role in humoral immunity is taken by B-lymphocytes. It is they who recognize foreign structures in the body, and then produce antibodies on them - specific substances of a protein nature, which are also called immunoglobulins. The antibodies that are produced are extremely specific, that is, they can interact only with those foreign particles that caused the formation of these antibodies. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are found in the blood (serum), on the surface of immunocompetent cells (superficial), as well as in the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, lacrimal fluid, breast milk (secretory immunoglobulins).

Humoral immunity In addition to being highly specific, antigens have other biological characteristics. They have one or more active sites that interact with antigens. Most often there are two or more. The strength of the bond between the active site of the antibody and the antigen depends on the spatial structure of the substances entering into the bond (i.e., antibodies and antigen), as well as the number of active sites in one immunoglobulin. Several antibodies can bind to one antigen at once. Immunoglobulins have their own classification using Latin letters. In accordance with it, immunoglobulins are subdivided into Ig G, Ig M, Ig A, Ig D and Ig E. They differ in structure and function. Some antibodies appear immediately after infection, while others appear later. Ehrlich Paul discovered humoral immunity.

Phagocytosis Phagocytosis (Phago - to devour and cytos - a cell) is a process in which special cells of the blood and body tissues (phagocytes) capture and digest infectious agents and dead cells. It is carried out by two types of cells: granular leukocytes (granulocytes) circulating in the blood and tissue macrophages. The discovery of phagocytosis belongs to I.I.Mechnikov, who revealed this process by doing experiments with starfish and daphnia, introducing into their organisms foreign bodies... For example, when Mechnikov placed a spore of a fungus in the body of a daphnia, he noticed that it was attacked by special mobile cells. When he introduced too many spores, the cells did not have time to digest them all, and the animal died. The cells that protect the body from bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, etc. Mechnikov called phagocytes.

Conclusion Immunity - critical process our body, helping to maintain its integrity, protecting it from harmful microorganisms and foreign agents.