Occlusion orthopedics. Articulation and occlusion of the dentition

09.09.2020

Every person who comes to see a dentist is faced with the concept of “occlusion.” It is checked before and after procedures for installing fillings and crowns, dentures and implants. In general, everyone should know what to determine general state bite, identify possible pathologies and cure it only an orthodontist can. It is important to see this specialist in a timely manner and begin to eliminate violations, if any. After all, thanks to the correct occlusion of teeth or closing of the jaws, a person does not have unnecessary health problems, his smile looks smooth, complete and beautiful, and he does not experience overload of the maxillofacial apparatus and discomfort in the process of chewing food.

Let’s try to understand what the term “occlusion” means, what types of bite doctors distinguish and how they deal with abnormal situations.

What does this term mean?

To be precise, “occlusion” is translated from Latin as “closing.” Thus, occlusion of teeth is the most dense and complete contact of their chewing surfaces with each other. To put it more in simple words, then this is the ratio of the jaws relative to each other. However, there is still ongoing debate among scientists regarding the accuracy of this term. However, they are unanimous on one thing: there are several types of occlusion, it can also be correct and incorrect, i.e. pathological.

About the correct closure of the jaws

Correct bite in dentistry is called central occlusion. With it, the muscles of the lower part of the face contract evenly, and the jaws are developed proportionally. The position of the teeth with central occlusion creates the correct axial load, so a person can chew food thoroughly without causing injury soft fabrics or periodontium and without overloading the temporomandibular joint.

This is interesting! How to determine the correct occlusion visually and without the help of a doctor? With a correct bite, the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth by no more than a third. In all other cases, we can talk about pathology or deviation from the norm. But in any case, to confirm your guesses, it is important to visit an orthodontist.

The so-called occlusion key helps specialists identify the correct bite. In the classification developed by Andrews, the key indicator is the closure of the “sixth” tooth upper jaw with the sixth tooth of the lower jaw. Occlusion is considered normal when the anterior external tubercle of the upper “six” falls into the fossa between the chewing tubercles of the sixth lower antagonist.

“Occlusion can be static or dynamic. With the latter, the dentition interacts with each other only during chewing or articulation. With static, the teeth are in contact at rest, that is, the jaws are compressed, and the dentitions are in contact with each other.”, emphasizes orthodontist Z.I. Vagapov.

However, there are pathologies in which central occlusion is disrupted.

Bite disorders: types of pathologies

1. Mesial bite

This is the most common type of impaired jaw closure - in this case, anterior and lateral occlusion are equally common. In the first pathology, the lower jaw moves forward noticeably to reach contact with the upper incisors. With lateral occlusion, the conditional central axis passing between the front incisors is shifted to the side. Lateral occlusion can be right or left, depending on which side the chewing surfaces of the molars touch more strongly. This closure affects the aesthetics of the face, and the more pronounced the pathology, the more pronounced the asymmetry of the face.

2. Deep bite

Here the situation is the opposite: the upper jaw moves forward strongly, and the lower jaw moves back. The upper teeth overlap the lower ones much more than normal.

3. Prognathic bite

It is often compared and confused with deep, because... the symptoms of the manifestations are similar: the upper jaw protrudes strongly forward, and the lower jaw is underdeveloped.

4. Crossbite

In this case, the teeth on both jaws are in a disorderly arrangement; they often intertwine with each other when the jaws close. Very often this bite is compared to scissors.

5. Open bite

Pathology is characterized by the absence of any contact at all between the upper and lower rows. Especially between the teeth located in the frontal area of the smile. Parents often discover this disorder in their children already in childhood and immediately begin treatment, because the deviation is very difficult to leave unnoticed; it causes the child problems with nutrition or completely makes it impossible to fully chew food.

Also, doctors include the presence of crowded dentition in the mouth caused by this type of malocclusion. pathological condition like dystopia. It occurs due to improper formation of the maxillofacial apparatus, when the timing of teething is violated.

The main reasons for the development of pathologies

The causes of malocclusion can be congenital: features of skeletal formation, genetics. Also, the reason why a baby may develop an abnormal bite is the quality of nutrition and illness of his mother during pregnancy.

But more often doctors talk about acquired: maxillofacial injuries, absence large quantity teeth, muscle and joint diseases, presence bad habits in childhood – pacifier and finger sucking, the presence of foreign objects in the baby’s mouth, infantile type of swallowing, breathing through the nose, untimely loss of baby teeth, delay in the eruption of permanent teeth.

Important! Malocclusion affects not only aesthetics, but also oral health. The fact is that most hygiene devices are designed for people with a correct bite. Hygiene for a person with impaired occlusion oral cavity is not easy, and some areas are generally very difficult to treat. This increases the risk of tooth decay, periodontitis and gum disease.

Consequences of malocclusion

Even light forms malocclusion require orthodontic intervention. However, severe forms can also lead to various serious diseases.

Why is incorrect occlusion dangerous?

dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint due to uneven load,
violation of muscle tone (on one side the muscles contract more strongly), which can lead to speech defects, the formation of incorrect posture, curvature of the spine, headaches,
increased risk of developing dental and gum diseases,
development of diseases of the digestive system,
discomfort due to facial asymmetry, against which psychological complexes and social phobia develop.

Interesting! Studying various types Occlusion in dentistry is dealt with by doctors of various profiles. It is very important for therapists to take into account the factor of the closure of dental surfaces when placing fillings and performing restoration work. For orthopedists, knowledge of the nuances of occlusion is important, because the manufactured prosthesis or installed implant must optimize the chewing function as much as possible. Periodontists also face the consequences of malocclusion because it leads to diseases due to excessive stress on it. And correcting closure defects is the direct task of orthodontists.

How to treat pathology

It is best to restore impaired occlusion in childhood, when teeth are forming. Depending on the characteristics and severity of the pathology, the doctor selects treatment methods.

1. Gymnastics

It helps with minor defects. Performing special exercises every day will allow the child to strengthen the jaw muscles, teach them to breathe correctly (through the nose, not the mouth), chew and even speak. In addition, in the process of gymnastics, the child unlearns bad habits that led to impaired closure. Most often this is thumb or pacifier sucking.

2. Removable plates

Typically used to correct malocclusion in children under 12 years of age. They are made of polymers and attached to the teeth with special hooks. The purpose of the design is to prevent the displacement of teeth by holding them in correct position. The plates can both stimulate the growth of an underdeveloped jaw and slow down the development of an overly large jaw, which ultimately leads to a change in its shape.

3. Mouth guard or aligner

Allows a gentle impact on growing teeth. Mouthguards are convenient because they are made from an individual impression, which means the doctor can predict what the jaw will look like after each stage of treatment is completed. These are removable corrective devices, so if they are recommended for children, the main task of parents is to ensure that the child wears them as long as necessary. Otherwise, the result may not be achieved. Modern aligners are also suitable for adult patients as a more comfortable alternative to braces.

4. Braces

This type of correction is perhaps the most common, but at the same time causing discomfort at the initial stage of treatment. This design consists of clasps that are attached to a steel arch that firmly secures the teeth. The braces need to be “twisted” from time to time in order to again and again influence the incisors and molars, forcing them to take the desired position. The advantage of this method is its undeniable effectiveness, the disadvantage is the labor-intensive care of the oral cavity during the correction period. Treatment is prescribed only to children over 14 years of age and adults.

5. Trainers

They correct not only the bite, but also functional disorders. At the first stage of correction, the patient wears soft trainers made of silicone. They help relieve crowding, improve swallowing and even breathing. After 6-8 months, soft trainers are replaced by hard ones, which correct jaw defects.

6. Surgery

Sometimes the jaw deformation is so severe that it is impossible to correct it only with hardware methods. As a rule, with this diagnosis it is used complex treatment: surgical straightening of the jaw with laser periodontal therapy and subsequent wearing of braces or trainers. Most often, a complex method of treating occlusal defects is resorted to in cases where the formation of the patient’s teeth has already completed.

Important! The result obtained is always secured by wearing retainers, which do not allow the teeth to return to the wrong position.

Thus, the problem of pathological occlusion is quite common and inattention to it leads to disastrous consequences. However, if you take care of the formation of your child’s teeth in a timely manner, you can avoid the development of malocclusion and, accordingly, long-term and sometimes very expensive treatment in adulthood.

Video on the topic

When the lower jaw moves forward, the maximum contact of the cusps of the dentition disappears. This situation is called anterior occlusion(according to K.M. Lehmann, E. Helving).

Anterior occlusion is formed when the lower jaw moves forward (Fig. 21)

Rice. 21. Anterior occlusion (Bonville three-point contact).

In this case, the cutting edges of the frontal teeth of the lower jaw, moving forward, are set “butt-to-end” with the antagonists according to the type of direct bite. In this case, there is disocclusion of the lateral teeth (or contact of the distal cusps of the second molars), the articular heads are located against the lower third of the posterior slopes of the articular cusps. If there are contacts in the area of chewing teeth, Bonville's three-point contact is observed. The presence of three-point contact ensures the distribution of chewing pressure not only on the frontal group of teeth, but also on the molars.

Lateral occlusion

Lateral occlusion – closing of teeth when moving the lower jaw to the side (Fig. 22). Lateral occlusion balancing contacts (according to Gysi). This type of occlusal contact is divided into right and left. They are formed when the lower jaw moves to the sides - to the right or left.

Rice. 22. Lateral occlusion.

With lateral occlusion, the midline is shifted accordingly towards the lateral displacement of the jaw relative to the midline of the upper jaw. The articular heads move differently. There are three types of occlusal contacts observed normally:

1. Contact of the buccal cusps of the chewing teeth on the laterotrusive side, the absence of occlusal contacts on the mediotrusive side - group guiding function of the teeth - group contacts. 2. Canine contacts on the laterotrusive side and the absence of occlusal contacts on the mediotrusive side - canine guiding function - canine protection.

3. Contact of the same cusps of the chewing teeth of the laterotrusion side and the opposite cusps of the chewing teeth of the mediotrusive side - recommended for restoring occlusion in the complete absence of teeth.

Posterior occlusion

Posterior occlusion(synonyms: distal, retrocuspid, posterior contact position) – when the articular heads of the lower jaw are in the upper, mid-sagittal position, which is called the central ratio, then the contacts of the teeth are posterior occlusion.

Due to the posterior displacement of the lower jaw, posterior occlusion is achieved (observed in 90% of patients), while there is no contact of the tubercles. About 10% of patients cannot move lower jaw from the bite position. In these cases, cuspal contact and posterior occlusion are identical. The displacement of the dental arches relative to each other, with significant interdental contacts, from the occlusal position to other positions, is defined as articulatory movement.

Posterior position of the lower jaw– a reproducible physiological position, determined during fixation of central occlusion and necessary for its determination after the loss of the last pair of antagonist teeth or the formation of a new structural occlusal height, for example, when hard tissues are erased.

Rear contact position(terminal hinge position of the lower jaw, posterior contact position, retrusion contact position, Centric Relation) - occlusal analogue of the central relationship of the jaws - occlusal contacts of teeth in the position of the central relationship of the jaws. With intact dentition, there is symmetrical contact between the cusps of the chewing teeth. Occlusion in the terminal hinge position of the mandible, in which the articular heads are located in the most extreme superior-posterior position.

Jaw ratio – position of the lower jaw in relation to the upper.

This term originates from Latin and means “closure.”

Central occlusion is a state of evenly distributed tension of the jaw muscles, while ensuring simultaneous contact of all surfaces of the elements of the dentition.

The need to determine central occlusion is to correctly manufacture a partial or removable denture.

Main features

Experts have determined the following indicators of central occlusion:

Muscular. Synchronous, normal contraction of the muscles responsible for the functioning of the lower jaw bone.
Articular. The surfaces of the articular heads of the lower jaw are located directly at the bases of the slopes of the articular tubercles, in the depths of the articular fossa.
Dental:

full surface contact;
opposite rows are brought together so that each unit is in contact with the same and the next element;
the direction of the upper frontal incisors and the similar direction of the lower ones lie in a single sagittal plane;
the overlap of the elements of the upper row of fragments of the lower one in the front part is 30% of the length;
the anterior units contact in such a way that the edges of the lower fragments abut the palatine tubercles of the upper ones;
the upper molar comes into contact with the lower one so that two-thirds of its area is combined with the first, and the rest with the second;

If we consider the transverse direction of the rows, then their buccal tubercles overlap, while the tubercles on the palate are oriented longitudinally, in the fissure between the buccal and lingual of the lower row.

Signs of correct row contact

the rows converge in a single vertical plane;
incisors and molars of both rows have a pair of antagonists;
there is contact between units of the same name;
the lower incisors do not have antagonists in the central part;
the upper eighths have no antagonists.

Applies to anterior units only:

if we conditionally divide the patient’s face into two symmetrical parts, then the line of symmetry should pass between the front elements of both rows;
the upper row of fragments overlaps the lower one in the anterior zone to a height of 30% of the total crown size;
the cutting edges of the lower units are in contact with the tubercles of the inner part of the upper ones.

Applies only to lateral ones:

the buccal distal cusp of the upper row is based in the space between the 6th and 7th molars of the lower row;
the lateral elements of the upper row close with the lower ones in such a way that they fall strictly into the intertubercular grooves.

Methods used

Central occlusion is determined at the stage of manufacturing prosthetic structures when several units are lost.

In this case, the height of the lower third of the face is of great importance. However, in the absence of a large number of units, this indicator may be violated and must be restored.

If the patient has partial adentia, several options for determining the indicator are used.

The presence of antagonists on both sides

The method is used when antagonists are present in all functional areas of the jaws.

In the presence of a large number of antagonists, the height of the lower third of the face is maintained and fixed.

The occlusion index is determined based on as many contact zones as possible of the same units of the upper and lower rows.

This option is the simplest, since it does not require the additional use of occlusal ridges or specialized orthopedic templates.

Presence of three occlusion points between antagonists

This method is used if the patient still has antagonists in the three main contact zones of the rows. At the same time, the small number of antagonists does not allow normal positioning of plaster casts of the jaw in the articulator.

In this case, the natural height of the lower third of the face is disrupted, and occlusal ridges made of wax or thermoplastic polymer are used to correctly match the casts.

The roller is placed on the bottom row, after which the patient brings his jaw together. After the roller is removed from the oral cavity, imprints of the contact zones of the antagonists remain on it.

These prints are subsequently used by technicians in the laboratory to position the casts and create a fully functional and correct, from an orthopedic point of view, prosthesis.

Absence of antagonistic pairs

The most labor-intensive scenario is the complete absence of the same elements on both jaws.

In this situation, instead of the position of central occlusion determine the central relationship of the jaws.

The procedure includes the following steps:

Work on the formation of a prosthetic plane, which is positioned along the chewing surfaces of the lateral units and is parallel to the beam. It is built from the lower point of the nasal septum to the upper edges of the ear canals.
Determination of the normal height of the lower third of the face.
Fixing the mesiodistal relationship of the upper and lower jaw due to wax or polymer bases with occlusal ridges.

Checking central occlusion with existing pairs of elements of the same name is carried out by closing the teeth and is carried out as follows:

a thin strip of wax is placed on the already prepared and fitted contact surface of the occlusal roller and glued;
the resulting structure is heated until the wax softens;
heated templates are placed in the patient’s oral cavity;
After bringing the jaws together, the teeth leave imprints on the wax strip.

It is these fingerprints that are used in the process of modeling central occlusion in the laboratory.

If, during the process of determining occlusion, the surfaces of the upper and lower rollers close, the specialist adjusts their contact surfaces.

Wedge-shaped cuts are made on the upper one, and a certain amount of material is cut off from the lower one, after which a wax strip is glued to the treated surface. After the rows are brought together again, the strip material is pressed into the cutouts.

The products are removed from the patient’s mouth and sent to the laboratory for subsequent production of a prosthesis.

Calculations for orthopedic purposes

In the process of creating prosthetic structures for malocclusion, an orthopedic specialist takes measurements of the heights of the lower third of the patient’s face using an anatomical and physiological method.

To do this, the height of the bite is measured in a state of complete reduction of the jaws, with central occlusion and in a state of physiological rest.

Payment procedure:

At the bottom of the nose, at the level of the nasal septum, the first mark is placed strictly in the center. In some cases, the specialist places a mark on the tip of the patient's nose.
In the center of the chin, a second mark is placed in its lower zone.
Measurement is taken between the applied marks heights in the state of central occlusion of the jaws. To do this, bases with biting rollers are placed in the patient’s oral cavity.
Re-measuring between marks is performed, but already in a state of physiological rest of the lower jaw. To do this, the specialist must distract the patient so that he really relaxes. In some cases, the patient is offered a glass of water. After a few sips, the muscles of the lower jaw really relax.
The results are recorded. However, the standardized indicator of normal bite height, which is 2-3 mm, is subtracted from the height at rest. And if after this the indicators are equal, we can talk about normal bite height.

If, when measuring the height based on the calculation results, a negative result is obtained - the lower third of the patient's face is understated. Accordingly, if the result deviates by positive side – overbite.

Techniques for correct positioning of the lower jaw

Correct positioning of the patient's jaw in the position of central occlusion involves the use of two methods of placement: functional and instrumental.

The main condition for correct placement is muscle relaxation of the jaw muscles.

Functional

The procedure for carrying out this method is as follows:

the patient moves his head back slightly until the neck muscles tense, which prevents protrusion of the jaw;
touches the tongue to the back of the palate, as close to the throat as possible;
at this time, the specialist places his index fingers on the patient’s teeth, lightly pressing on them and at the same time slightly moving the corners of the mouth in different directions;
the patient imitates swallowing food, which in almost 100% of cases leads to muscle relaxation and prevents jaw protrusion;
When bringing the jaws together, the specialist touches the surfaces of the teeth and holds the corners of the mouth until it is completely closed.

In some cases, the procedure is repeated several times until complete muscle relaxation and correct reduction of both rows are achieved.

Instrumental

It is performed using specialized devices that copy jaw movements. It is used only in extremely serious situations, when bite deviations are significant and it is necessary to correct the position of the jaw using the physical efforts of a specialist.

Most often, when carrying out this method Larin apparatus is used and special orthopedic rulers that allow you to record jaw movements in several planes.

Errors allowed

Creating a prosthetic structure in conditions of malocclusion is a most complex orthopedic procedure, the quality of which depends 100% on the qualifications of the specialist and a responsible approach to work.

Violations in determining the position of central occlusion can lead to the following problems:

The bite is too high

The folds of the face are smoothed, the relief of the nasolabial zone is poorly defined;
the patient's face looks surprised;
the patient feels tension when closing the mouth, while closing the lips;
the patient feels that during communication the teeth are knocking against each other.

Low bite

The folds of the face are very pronounced, especially in the chin area;
the lower third of the face visually becomes smaller;
the patient becomes like an elderly person;
the corners of the mouth are lowered;
lips sink;
uncontrolled salivation.

Permanent anterior occlusion

There is a noticeable gap between the front incisors;
the lateral elements do not contact normally, tubercle reduction does not occur.

Permanent lateral occlusion

Overbite;
clearance on the offset side;
shifting the bottom row to the side.

Reasons for such problems

Incorrect preparation of wax templates.
Insufficient softening of the material for taking impressions and impressions.
Violation of the integrity of wax forms due to their premature removal from the oral cavity.
Excessive jaw pressure on the ridges during impression taking.
Errors and violations on the part of the specialist.
Errors in the work of the technician.

The video presents Additional Information on the topic of the article.

conclusions

The procedure for determining the position of the central occlusion is only one stage of a complex and lengthy procedure for creating a prosthetic structure for the patient. But this stage can confidently be called the most significant and responsible.

The comfort of further use of the product by the patient and the absence of problems with the temporomandibular joint depend on the qualifications, professionalism and experience of the orthopedic specialist.

After all, various disorders in its work, although treatable, take a significant period of time, causing discomfort, pain and inconvenience to the patient.

Take care of your teeth, seek timely help from the dentist’s office to maintain the health of your oral cavity and dentition. long years. In addition, taking care of your teeth and gums will help you avoid such unpleasant procedures described in our article.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

Definition of concepts " articulation” and “occlusion” cause great controversy among prosthodontists. Some define occlusion as closure, and articulation as articulation and consider these two concepts to be identical. Others define articulation as the relationship of the dentition during movement of the lower jaw, and occlusion as the relationship of the dentition during its rest. Thus, these authors consider occlusion to be a static moment and contrast it with articulation as a dynamic one.

It must be admitted, however, that both of these opinions are incorrect. Correct definition articulation and occlusion is given by A. Ya. Katz. It includes in the concept of articulation all possible positions and movements of the lower jaw in relation to the upper jaw, carried out through the masticatory muscles. He considers occlusion as a special case of articulation, meaning the position of the lower jaw in which the smaller or most of articulating teeth are in contact. A.K. Nedergin shares the same opinion.

B. N. Bynin defines articulation as the ratio of the dentition during any movements of the lower jaw, and occlusion - as the ratio of the dentition during chewing movements. We also find that articulation is general concept, occlusion is one of the elements of articulation, and we define articulation as the totality of all dynamic and static moments that arise at different positions of the lower jaw, and occlusion as one of the moments of articulation, but not static, but dynamic. Consequently, articulation and occlusion are neither identical nor opposite concepts.
Articulation refers to occlusion, as a whole to a part (articulation is a whole, and occlusion is part of a whole).

To understand why we consider occlusion to dynamic rather than static moments, it is necessary to point out the following: the motor apparatus consists of two parts - active and passive. The muscles are active, the bone skeleton is passive.

Since every change lower jaw position in relation to the upper, including closure, occurs as a result of the work of the muscles, then we must interpret all moments of articulation, taking into account the state in which the muscles are located, and not bone. During occlusion, the chewing muscles are in working condition, since muscle contraction is necessary to close the dentition, and, therefore, occlusion is a dynamic moment. There is only one moment in the position of the lower jaw that can be called static - this is the so-called state of relative rest.

Distinguish three types of occlusion: front, side and central. Anterior occlusion is the closure of the dentition when the lower jaw is moved forward, lateral occlusion is the closure of the dentition when the lower jaw moves to the side. As for central occlusion, different authors define it differently. Some characterize it from the point of view of the position of the articular head in the articular fossa and call central occlusion such a closure of the dentition in which the articular head is located in the articular fossa and is adjacent to the posterior surface of the articular tubercle at its base.

Others come from conditions of the masticatory muscles and they call central occlusion such a closure of the dentition, in which the greatest contraction of the masticatory muscles themselves and the anterior bundles of the temporal muscles is observed. Thus, D. A. Entin finds that the habitual clenching of the jaws (central occlusion) is accompanied by a simultaneous and uniform contraction of the masticatory and temporal muscles on both sides. Still others determine central occlusion based on the nature of the relationship of the dentition during their closure.
In their opinion, central occlusion characterized by multiple contacts of the dentition (B. N. Bynin).

Finally there is determination of central occlusion as the initial and final moment of articulation (M. Muller). This definition will become clear if we remember that Gisi distinguishes four phases in the act of chewing: the first phase starts from the central occlusion, and the fourth ends with the transition of the lower dentition to its original position, i.e., to the central occlusion.

However, these signs cannot be used in a prosthetics clinic to determine central occlusion, as they require complex research methods. For example, to determine the position of the articular head in the articular fossa, radiography is necessary, to determine multiple closure, it is necessary to make plaster models of the dentition, etc. The most accessible and practically valuable way to determine central occlusion in the presence of a large number of pairs of antagonizing teeth is to use signs visible with the naked eye(N.I. Agapov, A.Ya. Katz, B.N. Bynin, A.K. Nedergin, etc.).

Translated from Latin in a dental sense, occlusion means contact between the dentition of the upper and lower jaws at rest. In popular conversation the term "occlusion" is used.

At the age of 4 to 6 years, the most active formation of the dental system occurs. Therefore, most occlusion disorders occur during this period. Because of this, it is important to monitor your baby's habits and prevent him from sucking his fingers and pacifier for a long time.

Because this causes the person to swallow incorrectly and pushes the lower jaw forward. Often developmental anomalies occur due to diseases of the upper respiratory tract, especially the nasopharynx.

The dental system finally completes its formation by the age of 16, so before this age most defects are much easier to correct. Therefore, it is important to have an annual check-up with your dentist for timely determination and start it on early stage development.

Modern classification

Experts divide occlusion into permanent and temporary. The last option occurs during active formation dental system in the period from 4 to 6 years, when the child has more than 20 milk teeth.

During this period, the joints and muscles of the jaws gradually adapt to the most advantageous positions. can be classified according to developmental anomalies and slight deviations in location.

Incorrect bite formation based on the location of the upper row of teeth relative to the lower one is divided into two types - distal and mesial.

Distal occlusion

Open and deep bite

Special mention should be made of. This form abnormal development dental system is caused by physiological factor. In humans, certain groups of teeth do not close together.

According to statistics, it occurs in 2% of patients with dental problems. Sometimes the problem is combined with mesial or distal occlusion. The same applies to vertical anomalies in the development of the dental system. The appearance of an open form of the disorder is mainly due to illnesses of the mother during pregnancy.

To diagnose malocclusion, the patient should contact one of the following specialists:

dentist;
orthodontist;
maxillofacial surgeon;
dentist-therapist.

After the examination, the specialist will choose the most suitable treatment method:

wearing orthodontic devices( , screws, etc.);
surgical correction.

At the appointment, the doctor examines the patient and determines the degree of occlusion. As a rule, the patient is given one of orthodontic structures and then periodically monitor the correctness of treatment.

The most common and effective way correction is the installation of braces. Sometimes surgery may be required to correct the dental system.

Improper occlusion impairs the functionality of a person and also causes discomfort due to the violation appearance faces. Therefore, it is important to identify the pathology at the initial stage of development and begin its treatment in time.