Who is Sigmund Freud short biography. Dr. Freud

12.11.2020

I hate these scribblers! - growled Freud, twirling a fresh copy of his next biography in his hands. - I repeated a thousand times that the public has no right to my private life! I'll die - then please. And Zweig - there, he wants, you see, to perpetuate my life! So I wrote to him: "Whoever becomes a biographer undertakes to lie, conceal, hypocrisy, embellish and hide his own misunderstanding." Freud's biographers were perplexed: well, wow, what a swell. All my life shamelessly delved into other people's lives, and here - on you!

But who is he, this Viennese professor, who attributed to all mankind the most base instincts from the point of view of this humanity? Who is he who allegedly proved that every man is attracted to his mother, and every woman subconsciously desires to share a bed with her father? Who were his parents and how is he himself with all this filth? Freud did not want to give answers to these questions, refusing audiences to potential biographers. He did not want to let anyone into the cellars of his own subconscious.

Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in the town of Freiberg, located near the border of Prussia and Poland. Five streets, two barbers, a dozen grocers and one undertaker. The town was located 240 km from Vienna and no aromas of the turbulent metropolitan life reached there. Freud's father Jacob was a poor wool merchant. Recently, he married for the third time - to a girl fit for his daughter, who year after year bore him children. The firstborn was Sigmund. Jacob's new family was located in one, however, quite spacious room, rented in the house of an eternally drunk tinsmith.

In October 1859, the completely impoverished Freuds set off in search of happiness in other cities. They settled first in Leipzig, then in Vienna. But Vienna did not provide material wealth either. "Poverty and poverty, poverty and extreme squalor," Freud recalled his childhood. And also diligent study at the lyceum, success in languages, literature, especially ancient literature, philosophy, praise from teachers and the hatred of peers, bringing a black-haired excellent student with heavy curls to tears. From his school years, he obviously endured a complex that was inconvenient for later life: dislike to look the interlocutor in the eye.

Subsequently, as befits a poor Jewish youth, he became interested in politics and Marxism. His lyceum friend Heinrich Braun, who founded the Die Neue Zeit (an organ of the German Social Democratic Party) in 1883 together with Kautsky and Liebkhnecht, invited him to cooperate. But Freud himself did not know what he wanted. At first he thought about studying law, then - philosophy. As a result, grimacing with disgust, he went to the medical - a typical field for a young man of his nationality at that time. The teachers treated him the same way. They did not like his inconsistency in hobbies, superficiality and focus on quick and easy success.

After graduating from the medical faculty, Freud rushed to the Institute of Physiology, where he worked from 1876 to 1882. He received various scholarships and enthusiastically studied the genitals of eels and other similar creatures. "No one has ever," Freud fumed, "have ever seen the testicles of an eel." "These were not the sexual organs of an eel, but the beginnings of psychoanalysis," his psychoanalyst followers would say in chorus years later.

In 1884, Freud gets tired of eels, fish and crustaceans, and he goes to the professor's laboratory clinical psychiatry Meinert to study the brains of human fetuses, children, kittens and puppies. It was exciting, but not profitable. Freud wrote articles, even wrote a book on the then fashionable topic - aphasia, a speech disorder in patients who had a stroke, but - silence. Over the next 9 years, only 257 copies of the book were sold. No money, no fame.

And then there's love. Once, on vacation, he saw a 21-year-old, fragile, pale, short girl of very refined manners - Martha Verneuil. Freud's courtship was peculiar. On August 2, 1882, a few months after they met, he wrote to her: "I know that you are ugly in the sense that artists and sculptors understand it." They quarrel and reconcile, Freud arranges violent scenes of jealousy, periods of nightmare are replaced by happy rare months of consent, but he cannot marry without money. In 1882, Freud entered the main hospital of Vienna as a student and received an assistant post there a year later. Then he conducts paid classes for interns there, but all this is mere pennies. The received title of Privatdozent in neuropathology also does not radically change his position.

Best of the day

In 1884, there is finally a hope to get rich. Freud brought to Vienna from Merck a then little-known alkaloid - cocaine - and hoped to be the first to discover its properties. However, the discovery is made by his friends Koenigsten and Koller: Freud went to rest with his fiancee, entrusting them with starting the research, and by his arrival they manage not only to start, but also to finish it. The world will know a sensation: cocaine has a local anesthetic effect. Freud repeats at every corner: "I'm not mad at my fiancee for missing a happy opportunity." However, in his autobiography much later he writes: "Because of my engagement, I did not become famous in those young years." And all the time he complains about poverty, slowly coming success, difficulties in winning the favor of people, hypersensitivity, nerves, worries.

The next time Freud missed his chance in Paris was when he went on an internship with Dr. Charcot, the same one who invented cold and hot shower. Charcot treated hysterics, and at the turn of the century there were more of them than mushrooms after rain. Women in unison fell into a swoon, did not see, did not hear and did not smell, hoarse, sobbed and laid hands on themselves. It was here that Freud hoped to show what he was capable of. Before leaving, he writes to his fiancee: "My little princess. I will come with money. I will become a great scientist and return to Vienna with a big, huge halo over my head, and we will get married right away." But it was not possible to come with money. In Paris, Freud snorted cocaine, roamed the streets, drank absinthe, resented appearance Parisians (ugly, bow-legged, long-nosed), writing a global work at night. About his work in one of his letters, he said: "Every night I do what I fantasize, ponder, guess, stopping only when I reach complete absurdity and exhaustion."

In general, Freud and Charcot did not work out. Charcot's dark eyes, exuding an unusually soft look, looked more over the head of young Freud, who did not hesitate to share with his friends the idea that had become obsessive by that time: "Why am I worse than Charcot? Why can't I be as famous?" On Tuesdays, Charcot held public sessions that fascinated Freud (a picture of such a session always hung later in his office). A hysterical woman writhing in a fit was brought into the hall, packed to overflowing with spectators, and Charcot cured her with hypnosis. Treatment is theater, Freud realized then. This is how a new type of clinical practice should look like.

The only thing Freud managed to get from Charcot was his works for translation into German. He translated several thick books on hypnosis, which he never managed to master.

The return to Vienna was painful. All hopes were dashed. He did get married, got into debt, moved to big apartment at Berggasse, 19. His report on hysterics, made at the end of the internship, caused the deepest boredom among the learned fraternity. He could not continue his research, the doctors did not let Freud near their patients. True, he was offered to manage the neuropathological service at the hospital institute, but he refused: the position, although a good one, was almost free.

And Freud wanted money. The only way out is private practice. He advertises in newspapers: "I'm flying nervous disorders He equips one of the rooms in his apartment as an office. There are no clients yet. But Freud is sure that there will be. He is waiting. And then the first ones appeared. Sent by doctor friends. stay in the office for half a day and it is not clear what to do with them.

What am I to do with them, Martha, huh? - Freud is perplexed. - I have no practice either. Maybe read a textbook?

The textbook - on electrotherapy - was brought by a university friend. Freud immediately sticks electrodes into unfortunate patients. Results - zero. He tries hypnosis in the image and likeness of Charcot. It also doesn't work. He does not like to look people in the eye - ever since those very lyceums. Then he invents a method of concentration, puts his hands or a finger on the forehead of the patient and begins to press and ask: what worries you, what, what? Then, out of desperation, she tries massages, baths, rest, diets, enhanced nutrition. All in vain. He stopped touching patients with his hands and tormenting him with questions after 1896, when the sick Emma von N. complained that Freud was only bothering her.

After these failures, Freud changed his mind and tried to make the process of unsuccessful treatment comfortable, at least for himself. "I can't when they examine me for 8 hours a day," he said in the evenings to Martha. "And I can't look into the eyes of patients either." The solution was found: lay the patient on the couch and sit behind his head. Rationale: so that he relaxes and nothing embarrasses him. Another justification: so as not to see the doctor's idiotic grimaces in response to the nonsense that he carries. The third rationale: that he felt the oppressive presence of the doctor. And no questions: let him say what he wants. This is the method of free association that exposes the subconscious. This is how the basic norms and dogmas of the new profession were born. Freud tried to adjust the practice and laws of psychoanalysis to suit himself. He talks about much of this on March 15 in German medical journal, for the first time using the term "psychoanalysis".

There is still little money, but Freud feels that things have started. He works hard, writes books and articles, avoids idleness, smokes 20 cigars a day (this helps him concentrate). His study is already different: a sofa with an armchair at the head, coffee tables with antique figurines, a painting depicting a Charcot seance, subdued lighting. Gradually, Freud thinks out other details that provide comfort to the psychoanalyst. Such, for example: the session should be expensive. "Paying for therapy," says Freud, "must have a significant impact on the patient's pocket, otherwise the therapy goes badly." As proof of this, he receives one free patient every week and then shrugged his shoulders: the patient does not progress at all (why they do not progress is a separate topic and worthy of special theories that Freud presented in an impeccably vivid literary form and for which he received the Goethe Prize for Literature in 1930) . In general, Freud took a lot for his work. One session cost 40 crowns or 1 pound 13 shillings (that's how much an expensive suit cost then).

Gradually, Freud discovered the rest of the foundations of the craft. For example, I limited the session time to 45 - 50 minutes. Many patients were ready to chat for hours, tried to stay longer, but he kicked them out, explaining that temporary pressure was exactly what would help them get rid of the disease as soon as possible. And, finally, the last and most important, the foundation of the foundations is the principle of non-intervention, non-sympathy, indifference to the patient. Also to stimulate various beneficial processes. Another thing is also clear: to feel sympathy is tiresome and unreasonable, harmful to the doctor's mental health. The practical instruction looks like this: "The psychoanalyst should listen for a long time, show no reaction, and only insert individual remarks from time to time. The psychoanalyst should not satisfy the patient with his assessments and advice."

By the beginning of this century, Freud already knew that he had hit a gold mine. The spreading atheism recruited armies of clients for him. In his imagination, he clearly saw the marble plaques that would mark all the milestones of his great path, but glory was late. "I'm already 44 years old," he writes in another letter to his friend Fliess, "and who am I? An old poor Jew. Every Saturday I plunge into an orgy of fortune-telling cards, and I spend every second Tuesday with my Jewish brothers."

The turn to real fame and big money took place on March 5, 1902, when Emperor François-Joseph I signed an official decree conferring the title of assistant professor to Sigmund Freud. The exalted audience of the beginning of the century - ladies puffing on cigarettes and dreaming of suicide - rushed towards him like a river. Freud worked 12-14 hours a day and was forced to call for help from two young associates, Max Kahane and Rudolf Reitler. Others soon joined them. After some time, Freud already regularly arranged classes at his home on Wednesdays, which received the name of the Psychological Society of the Environment, and since 1908 - the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. The decadent beau monde gathered here, meetings were conducted not only by doctors, but also by writers, musicians, poets, and publishers. All the talk about Freud's books, despite the fact that they diverged badly (a thousand copies of "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" hardly sold in 4 years), only increased his fame. The more critics talked about obscenity, pornography, an attack on morality, the more friendly the decadent generation went to see him.

An indicator of true glory was the honoring in 1922 by the University of London of the five great geniuses of mankind - Philo, Memonides, Spinoza, Freud and Einstein. The Vienna house at 19 Berggasse was filled with celebrities, Freud's receptions were signed up from different countries, and it seemed to have been booked for many years to come. He is invited to lecture in the USA. Promise $ 10 thousand: in the morning - patients, in the afternoon - lectures. Freud counts his expenses and answers: not enough, I will return tired and even poorer. The contract is being reviewed in his favor.

However, the money and fame received at such a price is overshadowed by a serious illness: in April 1923, he was operated on for cancer. oral cavity. A terrible prosthesis and excruciating pain make the life of the father of psychoanalysts unbearable. He has difficulty eating and speaking. Freud is stoic about illness, jokes a lot, writes articles about Thanatos, the god of death, builds a theory about a person’s attraction to death. Against this background, rabid fame only annoys him. For example, the famous Hollywood mogul Samuel Goldwyn offered Sigmund Freud $100,000 just to put his name in the credits of a film about the famous love stories of mankind. Freud writes him an angry letter of rejection. The same fate befell the German company UFA, who wished to make a film about psychoanalysis itself. In 1928, the movie "Secrets of the Soul" was released on European screens, in the advertisement of which Freud's name is widely used. Freud makes a scandal and demands compensation.

The advent of fascism darkens his life even more. In Berlin, his books are publicly burned, his beloved daughter Anna, who followed in his footsteps and headed the World Psychoanalytic Society, was captured by the Gestapo. Freud's family flees to London. By then, Freud's health had become hopeless. And he determined his end himself: on September 23, 1939, Freud's attending physician, at his request, injected him with a lethal dose of morphine.

Freud is a fool
proavanzzzzzz 12.02.2006 08:33:12

Freud is an idiot! holding cocaine in his hands he was so unable to use it properly! put the whole nation on him, and then he would treat them! Look, there would be no Nazism!

freud
neo quincy 31.03.2006 09:37:12

Great article So much about Freud Even I didn't know Well done guys! (Historian)

Freud
Onikoua 19.05.2006 06:07:03

Sigmund is the person without whom humanity would not be what it is now ...

Freud
Slavic Slavutici 25.07.2006 07:50:33

The human soul is the most interesting object to study. Many do not understand how different we are. I hate patterns. Freud's work is very interesting to me. Respect to you and may the earth rest in peace.

Sigmund Freud is an Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist. Founder of psychoanalysis. He proposed innovative ideas that resonate in scientific circles even today.

Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg (now Příbor, Czech Republic) on May 6, 1856, becoming the third child in the family. Sigmund's mother is the second wife of Jacob Freud, who already had two sons from his first marriage. The textile trade brought the family a profit that was quite enough to live on. But the revolution that broke out trampled even such a small undertaking against the background of other ideas, and the family had to leave their home. First, the Freud family moved to Leipzig, and a year later to Vienna.

A poor area, dirt, noise and unpleasant neighbors are the reasons that did not create a positive atmosphere in the house of the future scientist. Sigmund himself did not like to remember his early childhood, considering those years unworthy of his own attention.

Parents loved their son very much, placing great hopes on him. Passion for literature and philosophical works was only encouraged. And Sigmund Freud read not childishly serious literature. In the boy's personal library, the works of Hegel occupied an honorable place. In addition, the psychoanalyst was fond of studying foreign languages, and even difficult Latin was given to the young genius surprisingly easily.

Studying at home allowed the boy to enter the gymnasium earlier than expected. During his school years, Sigmund was provided with conditions for the unimpeded completion of assignments in various subjects. Such love of parents was fully justified, and Freud graduated from the gymnasium successfully.

After school, Sigmund spent many days alone, thinking about his future. Strict and unjust laws gave the Jewish boy not so much choice: medicine, law, commerce and industry. All options, except for the first, Sigmund immediately rejected, considering them unsuitable for such an educated person. But Freud was not particularly interested in medicine either. In the end, the future founder of psychoanalysis chose this science, and psychology will become the basis in the study various theories.

The impetus for the final decision was a lecture at which a work entitled "Nature" was read. The future philosopher studied medicine without his usual zeal and interest. During his student years in Brücke's laboratory, Freud published interesting and informative papers on nervous system some animals.

After graduation, Sigmund planned to pursue an academic career, but the environment required the ability to earn a living. Therefore, after working for several years under the supervision of some of the famous therapists of the time, in 1885 Sigmund Freud applied to open his own neuropathology office. Thanks to the recommendations, the scientist received permission.

It is known that Sigmund also tried cocaine. The action of the drug struck the philosopher, and he wrote a large number of works in which he revealed the properties of the destructive powder. One of Freud's closest friends died as a result of cocaine treatment, but the enthusiastic researcher of the mysteries of human consciousness did not pay due attention to this fact. After all, Sigmund Freud himself suffered from cocaine addiction. After many years and a lot of efforts, the professor nevertheless recovered from addiction. All this time, Freud did not leave philosophy, attending various lectures and keeping his own notes.

Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis

In 1885, thanks to the support of friends, influential luminaries of medicine, Sigmund Freud got an internship with the French psychiatrist Jean Charcot. The practice opened the eyes of the future psychoanalyst to the difference between illnesses. From Charcot, Freud learned to use hypnosis in treatment, with the help of which it was possible to heal patients or alleviate suffering.

Sigmund Freud began to use conversations with patients in the treatment, allowing people to speak out, to change their minds. This technique has become known as the Free Association Method. These conversations of random thoughts and phrases helped the astute psychiatrist understand the problems of patients and find solutions. The method helped to abandon the use of hypnosis and pushed to communicate with patients in full and pure consciousness.

Freud introduced the world to the view that any psychosis is a consequence of a person's memories, which are difficult to get rid of. At the same time, the scientist deduced the theory that most psychoses are based on the Oedipus complex and infantile childhood sexuality. Sexuality, according to Freud, is the factor that determines a large number of human psychological problems. "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" supplemented the opinion of the scientist. Such a statement based on structured works caused scandals and disagreements among Freud's psychiatric colleagues who opposed the theory. Representatives of the scientific community said that Sigmund was delusional, and he himself, as experts assumed, became a victim of psychosis.

The publication of the book "The Interpretation of Dreams" at first did not bring due recognition to the author, but later psychoanalysts and psychiatrists recognized the importance of dreams in the treatment of patients. According to the scientist, dreams are a significant factor influencing the physiological state human body. After the release of the book, Professor Freud was invited to lecture at universities in Germany and the USA, which the representative of medicine himself considered a great achievement.

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is another work by Freud. This book is considered the second work after The Interpretation of Dreams, which influenced the creation of a topological model of the psyche developed by the scientist.

The book "Introduction to Psychoanalysis" took a special place among the works of the scientist. This work contains the core of the concept, ways of interpreting the theoretical principles and methods of psychoanalysis, as well as the philosophy of the author's thinking. In the future, the basics of philosophy will become the basis for creating a set of mental processes and phenomena that have received a new definition - "Unconscious".

Freud also tried to explain social phenomena. In the book Psychology of the Masses and the Analysis of the Human Self, the psychoanalyst talked about the factors that affect the crowd, the behavior of the leader, the "prestige" received as a result of being in power. All of these books by the author are still bestsellers.

In 1910 there was a split in the ranks of Freud's students and followers. Disagreement of students with the fact that psychosis and hysteria are associated with the suppression of human sexual energy (such a theory was adhered to by Freud) is the reason for the contradictions that led to the split. Disagreements and strife tired the great psychiatrist. The psychoanalyst decided to gather around him only those who adhered to the foundations of his theory. So, in 1913, a secretive and almost secret community "Committee" appeared.

Personal life

For decades, Sigmund Freud ignored the female gender. Frankly, the scientist was afraid of women. This fact caused a lot of jokes and gossip, which confused the psychiatrist. Freud convinced himself that he could do without women interfering in his personal space all his life. But the circumstances were such that the great scientist succumbed to the influence of the charm of the fair sex.

One day, on the way to the printing house, Freud almost fell under the wheels of a carriage. The passenger, who regretted the incident, sent the scientist an invitation to the ball as a sign of reconciliation. Already at the event, Sigmund Freud met his future wife Martha Beirnays, as well as her sister Minna. Some time later, a magnificent engagement took place, and after the wedding. Married life was often overshadowed by scandals, the jealous Martha insisted that her husband break off communication with Minna. Not wanting to quarrel with his wife, Freud did just that.

For 8 years family life Marta gave her husband six children. After the birth of his youngest daughter Anna, Sigmund Freud decided to completely renounce his sexual life. Judging by the fact that Anna has become last child, the great psychoanalyst kept his word. It was the youngest daughter who looked after Freud at the end of the scientist's life. In addition, Anna is the only one of the children who continued the work of the famous father. A children's psychotherapy center in London is named after Anna Freud.

The biography of Sigmund Freud is full of interesting stories.

It is known that the psychoanalyst was afraid of the numbers 6 and 2. The scientist never tried his best in hotels with more than 61 rooms. Thus, Freud avoided falling into the "hellish room" at number "62". In addition, under any pretext, on February 6, the Austrian did not go out, he was afraid of negative events, which, as the scientist assumed, were expected on that day.

Freud listened only to himself, considering his own opinion the only true and correct one. The scientist demanded from people that they listened to the speeches with the utmost attention. Surely not one theory of the scientist is connected with these moments, but the psychoanalyst tried to prove his superiority by similar requirements to others, satisfying his pride.
The phenomenal memory of a psychiatrist is another mysterious moment in the biography of an Austrian doctor. From childhood, the scientist memorized the content of books, notes and pictures that he liked. Such abilities helped Freud in learning languages. The famous Austrian, in addition to German, knew a large number of other languages.

Sigmund Freud never looked people in the eye. This feature was clearly noticed by those around him who met the physician during his lifetime. The scientist avoided stares, so members of the scientific community speculate that the famous couch that appeared in the psychoanalyst's room is related to this moment.

Death

Intensive study of medical and philosophical works, a busy daily routine and the work of a thinker left a heavy imprint on the health of Sigmund Freud. An Austrian psychoanalyst fell ill with cancer.

Having undergone a large number of operations and not having received the desired result, Freud asked the attending physician to provide a service and help him die, getting rid of the torment. In September 1939, a dose of morphine ended the life of a scientist, betraying the body to ashes.

A large number of museums have been created in honor of Freud. The main such institution is organized in London, in the building where the scientist lived after forced emigration from Vienna. Also, the museum and the memory hall of Sigmund Freud is located in the city of Příbor (Czech Republic), in the homeland of the scientist. The photo of the founder of psychoanalysis is often found at international events dedicated to psychology.

Quotes

"Love and work are the cornerstones of our humanity."
"The task of making man happy was not part of the plan for the creation of the world."
"The voice of the intellect is quiet, but he does not get tired of repeating - and the listeners are."
“You do not stop looking for strength and confidence outside, but you should look for yourself. They have always been there."
“In a whole series of cases, falling in love is nothing but a mental capture by an object, dictated by sexual primal impulses for the purpose of direct sexual satisfaction and with the achievement of this goal, and fading away; this is what is called base, sensual love. But, as you know, the libidinal situation rarely remains so simple. Confidence in a new awakening of a need that had just died out was probably the immediate motive why the capture of a sexual object turned out to be prolonged and it was “loved” even in those periods of time when there was no desire.
“Just today, my dead daughter would have turned thirty-six years old ... We find a place for the one we have lost. Although we know that acute grief will be erased after such a loss, we remain inconsolable and will never be able to find a replacement. Everything that stands in an empty place, even if it manages to fill it, remains something else. That's the way it should be. This is the only way to prolong the love we don't want to give up." — from a letter to Ludwig Binswanger, April 12, 1929.

Bibliography

Dream interpretation
Three essays on the theory of sexuality
Totem and taboo
Mass psychology and analysis of the human "I"
The future of one illusion
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
me and it
Introduction to psychoanalysis

Freud was born in Freiberg (Moravia) on May 6, 1856. In his youth he was interested in philosophy and other humanities, but he constantly felt the need to study the natural sciences. He entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, where he received his doctorate in medicine in 1881, and became a physician at the Vienna Hospital. In 1884 he joined Josef Breuer, one of the leading Viennese doctors, who conducted research on patients with hysteria using hypnosis. In 1885-1886 he worked with the French neuropathologist Jean Martin Charcot in the Salpêtrière clinic in Paris. On his return to Vienna, he went into private practice. In 1902, Freud's work had already received recognition, and he was appointed professor of neuropathology at the University of Vienna; he held this post until 1938. In 1938, after the capture of Austria by the Nazis, he was forced to leave Vienna. The escape from Vienna and the opportunity to temporarily settle in London were organized by the English psychiatrist Ernst Jones, the Greek princess Marie Bonaparte, and the United States ambassador to France, William Bullitt.

Psychoanalysis

In 1882, Freud began treating Bertha Pappenheim (identified in his books as Anna O.), who had previously been a patient of Breuer's. Her varied hysterical symptoms provided Freud with a wealth of material for analysis. The first important phenomenon was deeply hidden memories that broke through during hypnosis sessions. Breuer suggested that they are associated with states in which consciousness is reduced. Freud believed that such a disappearance from the field of action of ordinary associative connections (the field of consciousness) is the result of a process that he called repression; memories are locked in what he called the "unconscious" where they were "sent" by the conscious part of the psyche. An important function of repression is to protect the individual from the influence of negative memories. Freud also suggested that the process of becoming aware of old and forgotten memories brings relief, albeit temporary, expressed in the removal of hysterical symptoms.

At first, Freud, like Breuer, used hypnosis to release repressed memories, and later replaced it with the technique of the so-called. free association, in which the patient was allowed to say whatever came to mind. Having proposed the concept of the unconscious, the theory of defense and the concept of repression, Freud began the development of a new method, which he called psychoanalysis.

In the course of this work, Freud expanded the range of data needed to include dreams, i.e. mental activity occurring in a state of reduced consciousness called sleep. Studying his own dreams, he observed what he had already deduced from the phenomenon of hysteria - many mental processes never reach consciousness and are removed from associative links with the rest of experience. Comparing the explicit content of dreams with free associations, Freud discovered their hidden or unconscious content and described a number of adaptive mental techniques that correlate the explicit content of dreams with their hidden meaning. Some of them resemble condensation, when several events or characters merge into one image. Another technique, in which the motives of the dreamer are transferred to someone else, causes a distortion of perception - so, "I hate you" becomes "you hate me." Of great importance is the fact that mechanisms of this kind represent intrapsychic maneuvers that effectively change the entire organization of perception, on which both motivation and activity itself depend.

Freud then moved on to the problem of neuroses. He came to the conclusion that the main area of repression is the sexual sphere and that repression occurs as a result of real or imagined sexual trauma. Freud attached great importance predisposition factor, which manifests itself in connection with a traumatic experience gained during the period of development and changed its normal course.

The search for the causes of neurosis led to Freud's most controversial theory - the theory of libido. The theory of libido explains the development and synthesis of the sexual instinct in its preparation for reproductive function, and also interprets the corresponding energy changes. Freud distinguished a number of stages of development - oral, anal and genital. A variety of developmental complexities can prevent a person from reaching maturity, or the genital phase, by trapping him in the oral or anal stage. Such an assumption was based on the study of normal development, sexual deviations and neuroses.

In 1921, Freud modified his theory, taking as a basis the idea of two opposite instincts - the desire for life (eros) and the desire for death (thanatos). This theory, in addition to its low clinical value, has caused an incredible number of interpretations.

The theory of libido was then applied to the study of character formation (1908) and, together with the theory of narcissism, to the explanation of schizophrenia (1912). In 1921, mainly to refute Adler's concepts, Freud described a number of applications of libido theory to the study of cultural phenomena. He then tried to use the concept of libido as the energy of the sexual instinct to explain the dynamics of social institutions such as the army and the church, which, being non-hereditary hierarchical systems, differ in a number of important respects from other social institutions.

In 1923, Freud attempted to develop the concept of libido by describing the structure of the personality in terms of "It" or "Id" (the original reservoir of energy or the unconscious), "I" or "Ego" (that side of the "It" that comes into contact from outside world) and "Super-I", or "Super-Ego" (conscience). Three years later, largely under the influence of Otto Rank, who was one of his early followers, Freud revised the theory of neuroses so that it was again closer to his earlier conceptions; he now characterized the ego as the leading apparatus of adaptation and reworked the very understanding of the general structure of neurotic phenomena.

By 1908, Freud had followers all over the world, which allowed him to organize the 1st International Congress of Psychoanalysts. The New York Psychoanalytic Society was founded in 1911. The rapid spread of the movement gave it not so much a scientific as a completely religious character. Freud's influence on modern culture is truly enormous. Despite the fact that it has declined in Europe, psychoanalysis remains the main psychiatric method used in the US and (to a lesser extent) in the UK.

In the United States, psychoanalysis has had a significant impact on literature and theater, especially on the works of such famous authors as Eugene O "Neill and Tennessee Williams. Psychoanalysis inadvertently promoted the idea that all repression and suppression should be avoided so that it does not lead to an "explosion steam boiler”, and that education should in no case resort to prohibitions and coercion.

Although Freud's observations and theories have always been the subject of discussion and often disputed, there is no doubt that he made an enormous and original contribution to understanding the nature of the human psyche.

Freud's most famous works

Research hysteria (Studien über Hysterie, 1895), together with Breuer;
Dream interpretation(Die Traumdeutung, 1900);
Psychopathology of everyday life (Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens, 1901);
Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis (Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalysis, 1916–1917);
Totem and taboo (Totem und Tabu, 1913);
Leonardo da Vinci (Leonardo da Vinci, 1910);
me and it (Das Ich und das Es, 1923);
Civilization and those who are dissatisfied with it (Das Unbehagen in der Kultur, 1930);
New lectures on introduction to psychoanalysis (Neue Folge der Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalysis, 1933);
A Man Called Moses and the Monotheistic Religion (Der Mann Moses und die monotheistische Religion, 1939).

Alexander/ 8.01.2019 erfolg.ru/erfolg/v_vyasmin.htm
This link is available to Vadim Vyazmin's article Painting, Psychoanalysis and the Golden Game.
“Sigmund Freud is a great feat of one, separate person! - made humanity more conscious; I say more conscious, not happier. He deepened the picture of the world for a whole generation, I say deepened, not embellished. For the radical never brings happiness, it only brings certainty” (Stefan Zweig).

Anna/ 03/06/2016 To everyone who is tormented by mental problems, I advise you to read dissatisfaction with culture several times. Especially the last three chapters. This is the solution to all your problems.

Reader1989/ 01/19/2016 Freud, Jung, Adler, Fromm, like many other people, felt other people's mood (good or bad), will, mind. But each described these qualities in their own way.
Each of them adjusted the facts to his theory, interpreted the facts in his own way. On the contrary, it is necessary that the theory be created on the basis of facts, that the theory describe the facts logically, clearly, clearly, and without contradiction.
I do not want to say that they were bad psychologists. Each of them in something (or maybe in many ways) was right. But still too much subjectivity.
any act, or character of a person, they (let Freud and Adler) could describe in mutually exclusive ways. So at least one of them is wrong. This applies to other psychologists as well.

Sad/ 01/07/2016 Freud was a member of the Masonic Jewish community... Freud's views on people. nature is largely incompatible with the information from the books of Bekhtereva Natalya Petrovna - Soviet and Russian neurophysiologist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1975). Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1981). Since 1990 - scientific director of the Center "Brain" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

doChtor/ 01/5/2016 Freud only said that the psychic energy of a person is of sexual origin and therefore sexually colored, but it serves not only sexual goals, but in general all the goals of a person in society. This is the essence of sublimation. Such is the fate of all instincts in the atmosphere of society. Not only in humans, but in animals. All instincts are deprived to a certain extent of their individual purpose and are forced to serve the interests of a society of people or a pack. " ------ - the question is: if creativity, etc., is sublimation, that we are driven by hormones, then how to justify creativity in young children, creativity in those who were born without ovaries and testicles (this happens)?)) I advise you to read with the more scientific works of sociobiologists, such as M. Bowen - one of the few who has explained the behavior of people from a scientific point of view in the finest way (with all due respect to the largely subjective work of Freud)

And Freud does not need to be "defended", let the truth (if it has a place to be) prove itself in the form of a scientific experiment. Freud wrote well, but if he was understood correctly (without taking phrases out of context), many of his adherents would simply leave him, because. Freud was by no means a supporter of sex, he positioned himself as a rather emotionally restrained in this regard, extremely subject to the morality of bourgeois society.

question/ 01/5/2016 learn biology better)) Much of Freud and others is purely subjective. The WHO currently recommends a behavioral approach. Still, there must be some objective evidence.

/ 11/19/2015 You guys have nothing to do. And this is the worst

/ 8.10.2015 Thanks to Freud, I realized that all our emotions and behavior are deeply sexual. It is impossible to deny what is inherent in us by nature, no matter how much we disagree with it.

the guest/ 08/15/2015 who would not pour anything on Freud, and the basics of his teachings are very significant, in particular, the components of the psyche (id, ego and supoego), and his statement about the existence of a supernatural mind (god) directly pleased me: people are afraid of non-existence and therefore, in order to sweeten the bitterness of death, I invented bullshit about eternal life, about heaven and hell, and other crap ... remember from Gogol: people want a miracle and I can give it to them, because I traveled a lot and know how to create new religion... -> i.e. to rule a dumb herd of ignoramuses, hehe

Valera/ 3.11.2014 Sigmund Freud - I and It (audio book)
http://turbobit.net/6rncs5r51pl8.html

the guest/ 3.11.2014 audio options
Essay on the history of psychoanalysis http://turbobit.net/zhm0gfctnrxx.html

Introduction to psychoanalysis
http://turbobit.net/o625zzasovlh.html

Dissatisfaction with culture
http://turbobit.net/0ff4wrh2ukdc.html

psychology religion culture
http://turbobit.net/5c4btrz6o935.html

Psychopathology of everyday life
http://turbobit.net/pk2cgcporvwn.html

Anna Aleksandrovna/ 1.04.2014 Freud is one of the best psychologists....Very interesting books!

Lyokha/ 01/16/2014 I realized that Freud's books are one of the best and help to understand not only yourself but also those who want to provide invaluable help. How many books on psychology I read and Freud helps to look at the "bottom of the Ocean" and not just float on the surface of an ocean drop ...

Maria/ 9.12.2013 he has not lived in the UK since the age of 38, but in the USA

Disappointed optimist/ 20.10.2013 Dear Doctor, I am worried about a different kind of problem...why do people want to be psychotherapists...is it really out of love for humanity and the masses? Maybe they just like to push some buttons in people and enjoy the secret power or just enjoy the fact that someone has even more problems than they have. Agree, the coolest way to make money. haha. Doctor, I see that you have a great future. You need to get into the big air, and there you can propagate Freud, as well as the correct pronunciation. Why stoop to squabbling on a site where almost no one can hear you? Professionals don't mess with amateurs. Well, I don't know about you in Paris, but we have a wonderful autumn day in Washington today. No respect.

Freud S., 1856-1939). An outstanding physician and psychologist, the founder of psychoanalysis. F. was born in the Moravian city of Freiburg. In 1860, the family moved to Vienna, where he graduated from the gymnasium with honors, then entered the medical faculty of the university and in 1881 received a doctorate in medicine.

F. dreamed of devoting himself to theoretical research in the field of neurology, but was forced to go into private practice as a neurologist. He was not satisfied with the physiotherapy procedures used at that time for the treatment of neurological patients, and he turned to hypnosis. Under the influence of medical practice, F. developed an interest in mental disorders functional nature. In 1885-1886. he attended the Charcot J. M. clinic in Paris, where hypnosis was used in the study and treatment of hysterical patients. In 1889 - a trip to Nancy and acquaintance with the work of another French school of hypnosis. This trip contributed to the fact that F. had an idea about the basic mechanism of functional mental illness, about the presence of mental processes that, being outside the sphere of consciousness, influence behavior, and the patient himself does not know about it.

The decisive moment in the formation of the original theory of F. was the departure from hypnosis as a means of penetration to the forgotten experiences that underlie neuroses. In many, and just the most severe cases, hypnosis remained powerless, as it encountered resistance that it could not overcome. F. was forced to look for other ways to pathogenic affects and eventually found them in the interpretation of dreams, freely floating associations, small and large psychopathological manifestations, excessively increased or decreased sensitivity, movement disorders, slips of the tongue, forgetting, etc. drew attention to the phenomenon of the transfer by the patient to the doctor of feelings that took place in early childhood towards important people.

Research and interpretation of this diverse material F. called psychoanalysis - the original form of psychotherapy and research method. The core of psychoanalysis as a new psychological direction is the doctrine of the unconscious.

The scientific activity of F. covers several decades, during which his concept has undergone significant changes, which gives grounds for the conditional allocation of three periods.

In the first period, psychoanalysis basically remained a method of treating neuroses, with occasional attempts at general conclusions about the nature of mental life. Such works by F. of this period as "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1900), "Psychopathology of Everyday Life" (1901) have not lost their significance. F. considered the suppressed sexual desire - "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905) - to be the main motivating force in human behavior. At this time, psychoanalysis began to gain popularity, around F. there was a circle of representatives of various professions (doctors, writers, artists) who wanted to study psychoanalysis (1902). F.'s extension of the facts obtained in the study of psychoneuroses to an understanding of the mental life of healthy people was met with great criticism.

In the second period, the concept of F. turned into a general psychological doctrine of the personality and its development. In 1909, he lectured in the United States, which was then published as a complete, albeit brief, presentation of psychoanalysis - "On Psychoanalysis: Five Lectures" (1910). The most widespread work is the "Introduction to Psychoanalysis Lectures", the first two volumes of which are a record of lectures delivered to physicians in 1916-1917.

In the third period, the teachings of F. - Freudianism - underwent significant changes and received its philosophical completion. Psychoanalytic theory became the basis for understanding culture, religion, civilization. The doctrine of instincts was supplemented by ideas about the attraction to death, destruction - "Beyond the principle of pleasure" (1920). These ideas, received by F. in the treatment of wartime neuroses, led him to the conclusion that wars are the result of the death instinct, that is, due to human nature. The description of the three-component model of human personality - "I and It" (1923) belongs to the same period.

Thus, F. developed a number of hypotheses, models, concepts that captured the originality of the psyche and firmly entered the arsenal of scientific knowledge about it. Phenomena were involved in the circle of scientific analysis that traditional academic psychology was not accustomed to take into account.

After the occupation of Austria by the Nazis, F. was persecuted. The International Union of Psychoanalytic Societies, having paid the fascist authorities in the form of a ransom a significant amount of money, obtained permission to leave F. to England. In England he was greeted enthusiastically, but F.'s days were numbered. He died on 23 September 1939 at the age of 83 in London.

FREUD Sigmund

1856–1939) was an Austrian neuropathologist and founder of psychoanalysis. Born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (now Příbor), located near the border of Moravia and Silesia, about two hundred and forty kilometers northeast of Vienna. Seven days later, the boy was circumcised and given two names - Shlomo and Sigismund. He inherited the Hebrew name Shlomo from his grandfather, who died two and a half months before the birth of his grandson. Only at the age of sixteen did the young man change his name Sigismund to the name Sigmund.

His father Jacob Freud married Amalia Natanson, Freud's mother, being much older than her and having two sons from his first marriage, one of whom was the same age as Amalia. By the time their first child was born, Freud's father was 41 years old, while his mother was three months away from turning 21. Over the next ten years, seven children were born in the Freud family - five daughters and two sons, one of whom died a few months after his birth, when Sigismund was less than two years old.

Due to a number of circumstances related to economic decline, the growth of nationalism and the futility of further life in a small town, the Freud family moved in 1859 to Leipzig, and then a year later to Vienna. Freud lived in the capital of the Austrian Empire for almost 80 years.

During this time, he brilliantly graduated from the gymnasium, in 1873 at the age of 17 he entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, from which he graduated in 1881, receiving a medical degree. For several years, Freud worked at the E. Brücke Physiological Institute and the Vienna City Hospital. In 1885-1886, he completed a six-month internship in Paris with the famous French physician J. Charcot at the Salpêtrière. Upon his return from the internship, he married Martha Bernays, eventually becoming the father of six children - three daughters and three sons.

Having opened a private practice in 1886, Z. Freud used various ways treatment of nervous patients and put forward his understanding of the origin of neuroses. In the 1990s, he laid the foundations for a new method of research and treatment called psychoanalysis. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he developed the psychoanalytic ideas put forward by him.

Over the next two decades, S. Freud made further contributions to the theory and technique of classical psychoanalysis, used his ideas and methods of treatment in private practice, wrote and published numerous works devoted to refining his initial ideas about the unconscious drives of a person and the use of psychoanalytic ideas in various fields. knowledge.

Z. Freud received international recognition, was friends and corresponded with such prominent figures of science and culture as Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, Romain Rolland, Arnold Zweig, Stefan Zweig and many others.

In 1922, the University of London and the Jewish Historical Society organized a series of lectures on five famous Jewish philosophers, including Freud along with Philo, Maimonides, Spinoza, Einstein. In 1924, the Vienna City Council awarded Z. Freud the title of honorary citizen. On his seventieth birthday, he received congratulatory telegrams and letters from all over the world. In 1930 he was awarded the Goethe Prize for Literature. In honor of his seventy-fifth birthday, a memorial plaque was erected in Freiberg on the house in which he was born.

On the occasion of Freud's 80th birthday, Thomas Mann read out his address to the Academic Society of Medical Psychology. The appeal was signed by about two hundred famous writers and artists, including Virginia Woolf, Herman Hess, Salvador Dali, James Joyce, Pablo Picasso, Romain Rolland, Stefan Zweig, Aldous Huxley, H. G. Wells.

Z. Freud was elected an honorary member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the French Psychoanalytic Society, and the British Royal Medical Psychological Association. He was given the official title of Corresponding Member of the Royal Society.

After the Nazi invasion of Austria in March 1938, the life of S. Freud and his family was in danger. The Nazis seized the library of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, visited the house of Z. Freud, conducted a thorough search there, confiscated his bank account, and summoned his children Martin and Anna Freud to the Gestapo.

Thanks to the help and support from the American Ambassador to France, W.S. Bullitt, Princess Marie Bonaparte and other influential persons Z. Freud received permission to leave and at the beginning of June 1938 left Vienna in order to move to London via Paris.

Z. Freud spent the last year and a half of his life in England. In the very first days of his stay in London, he was visited by HG Wells, Bronislaw Malinowski, Stefan Zweig, who brought Salvador Dali with him, secretaries of the Royal Society, acquaintances, friends. Despite his advanced age, the development of cancer, which was first discovered in him in April 1923, accompanied by numerous operations and steadfastly endured by him for 16 years, S. Freud carried out almost daily analyzes of patients and continued to work on his handwritten materials.

On September 21, 1938, Z. Freud asked his attending physician Max Schur to fulfill the promise that he had given him ten years ago at their first meeting. In order to avoid unbearable suffering, M. Schur twice injected his famous patient with a small dose of morphine, which turned out to be sufficient for a worthy death of the founder of psychoanalysis. On September 23, 1939, Z. Freud died without knowing that a few years later, his four sisters, who remained in Vienna, would be burned in a crematorium by the Nazis.

From the pen of Z. Freud came out not only a variety of works on the technique of medical use of psychoanalysis, but also such books as The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), Wit and its relation to the unconscious (1905), "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905), "Delirium and Dreams in Gradiva" by W. Jensen (1907), "Memories of Leonardo da Vinci" (1910), "Totem and Taboo" (1913) , Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1916/17), Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Human Self (1921), Self and It (1923), Inhibition, Symptom and Fear (1926), The Future of an Illusion (1927), Dostoevsky and Parricide (1928), Dissatisfaction with Culture (1930), Moses the Man and Monotheistic Religion (1938) and others.