Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: The main treatment for neurotic disorders. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy tools, a practical guide KBT psychology

I admire this science called PSYCHOLOGY. And specialists in this profile simply work miracles at times. But psychologists say that everything can be corrected as long as a person is alive in the body, the soul can always be healed! A very interesting article, I read it in one breath)) maybe you can help me too, 3 years ago I was an eyewitness to a terrible picture ... I still can't come to my senses. Constant fear worries, what would you advise?

Studying the world, we look at it through the prism of already acquired knowledge. But sometimes it may turn out that our own thoughts and feelings can distort what is happening and injure us. Such stereotypical thoughts, cognitions, arise unconsciously, showing a reaction to what is happening. However, despite their unintentional appearance and seeming harmlessness, they interfere with living in harmony with oneself. Such thoughts must be dealt with through cognitive behavioral therapy.

History of therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), also called cognitive behavioral therapy, originated in the 50s and 60s of the twentieth century. The founders of cognitive-behavioral therapy are A. Beck, A. Ellis and D. Kelly. Scientists have studied a person's perception of various situations, his mental activity and further behavior. This was the innovation - the fusion of the principles and methods of cognitive psychology with behavioral ones. Behaviorism is a direction in psychology that specializes in the study of human and animal behavior. However, the discovery of CBT did not mean that similar methods have never been used in psychology. Some psychotherapists have used the cognitive capabilities of their patients to dilute and complement behavioral therapy.

It is not by chance that the cognitive-behavioral direction in psychotherapy began to develop in the United States. At that time, behavioral psychotherapy was popular in the United States - a positive-minded concept that believes that a person can create himself, while in Europe, on the contrary, pessimistic psychoanalysis prevailed in this regard. The direction of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy was based on the fact that a person chooses behavior based on their own ideas about reality. A person perceives himself and other people based on his own type of thinking, which, in turn, is obtained through learning. Thus, the wrong, pessimistic, negative thinking that a person has learned carries with it wrong and negative ideas about reality, which leads to inappropriate and destructive behavior.

Therapy model

What is cognitive behavioral therapy and what is it? The basis of cognitive behavioral therapy is the elements of cognitive and behavioral therapy, aimed at correcting a person's actions, thoughts and emotions in problem situations. It can be expressed in the form of a kind of formula: situation - thoughts - emotions - actions. In order to understand the current situation and understand your own actions, you need to find answers to questions - what did you think and feel when it happened. After all, in the end it turns out that the reaction is predetermined not so much by the current situation as by your own thoughts on this matter, from which your opinion is formed. It is these thoughts, sometimes even unconscious ones, that lead to the appearance of problems - fears, anxieties and other painful sensations. It is in them that the key to solving many problems of people is located.

The main task of the psychotherapist is to identify erroneous, inadequate and inapplicable thinking, which must be corrected or completely changed, instilling in the patient acceptable thoughts and patterns of behavior. For this, therapy is carried out in three stages:

• logical analysis;
• empirical analysis;
• pragmatic analysis.

At the first stage, the psychotherapist helps the patient to analyze the emerging thoughts and feelings, finds mistakes that need to be corrected or removed. The second stage is characterized by teaching the patient to accept the most objective model of reality and to compare the perceived information with reality. At the third stage, the patient is offered new, adequate life attitudes, based on which it is necessary to learn how to react to events.

Cognitive errors

Inappropriate, painful, and negatively directed thoughts are viewed by the behavioral approach as cognitive errors. Such errors are quite typical and can occur in different people in different situations. These include, for example, arbitrary inferences. In this case, a person draws conclusions without having confirmation or even in the presence of facts that contradict these conclusions. There is also overgeneralization - a generalization based on multiple occurrences, implying general principles actions. However, it is abnormal here that such overgeneralization applies in situations in which it should not be done. The next mistake is selective abstraction, in which certain information is selectively ignored, and information is pulled out of context. Most often this happens with negative information to the detriment of positive.

Cognitive errors also include inadequate perception of the significance of an event. Within the framework of this error, both exaggeration and underestimation can occur, which, in any case, does not correspond to reality. A deviation like personalization also doesn't bring anything positive. People who are prone to personalization regard the actions, words, or emotions of others as related to them, when in fact they had nothing to do with them. Maximalism, also called black and white thinking, is also considered abnormal. With him, a person distinguishes between things that have happened into completely black or completely white, which makes it difficult to see the essence of the actions.

Basic principles of therapy

If you want to get rid of negative attitudes, you should remember and understand some of the rules on which CBT is based. The most important thing is that your negative feelings are primarily caused by your assessment of what is happening around, as well as yourself and everyone around you. The significance of the situation that has occurred should not be exaggerated, you need to look inside yourself, in an effort to understand the processes driving you. Assessment of reality is usually subjective, therefore, in most situations, you can radically change the attitude from negative to positive.

It is important to realize this subjectivity even when you are confident in the veracity and correctness of your conclusions. This frequent inconsistency of internal attitudes with reality disturbs your peace of mind, so it is better to try to get rid of them.

It is also very important for you to understand that all of this - wrong thinking, inadequate attitudes - can be changed. The typical thinking you have developed can be corrected for minor problems, and for major problems it can be completely corrected.

Teaching new thinking is carried out with a psychotherapist in sessions and independent studies, which subsequently ensures the patient's ability to adequately respond to emerging events.

Therapies

The most important element of CBT in psychological counseling is teaching the patient to think correctly, that is, to critically assess what is happening, use the available facts (and search for them), understand the probability and analyze the collected data. This analysis is also called empirical testing. The patient carries out this check independently. For example, if it seems to a person that everyone is constantly turning at him on the street, you should just take and count, and how many people will actually do this? This uncomplicated test can achieve serious results, but only if done and done responsibly.

Therapy for mental disorders involves the use of psychotherapists and other techniques, such as the reevaluation technique. When applied, the patient checks for the likelihood of this event occurring due to other reasons. The most complete analysis of the set possible reasons and their influence, which helps to soberly assess what happened in general. Depersonalization is used in cognitive behavioral therapy for those patients who feel constantly in the spotlight and suffer from it.

With the help of assignments, they understand that others are most often carried away by their affairs and thoughts, and not by the patient. An important direction is also the elimination of fears, for which conscious self-observation and decatastrophication are used. With these methods, the specialist makes the patient understand that all bad events end, that we tend to exaggerate their consequences. Another behavioral approach implies the repetition of the desired result in practice, its constant consolidation.

Treatment of neuroses with therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, the list of which is vast and overwhelming. In general, using her methods, they treat fears and phobias, neuroses, depression, psychological trauma, panic attacks and other psychosomatics.

There are a lot of methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their choice depends on the individual and his thoughts. For example, there is a technique called reframing, in which the therapist helps the patient get rid of the rigid framework into which he has driven himself. In order to better understand oneself, the patient may be offered to keep a kind of diary in which feelings and thoughts are recorded. Such a diary will also be useful for the doctor, as he can thus choose a more suitable program. A psychologist can teach his patient positive thinking, which replaces the formed negative picture of the world. The behavioral approach has an interesting way - role reversal, in which the patient looks at the problem from the outside, as if it is happening in another person, and tries to give advice.

Behavioral therapy uses implosion therapy to treat phobias or panic attacks. This is the so-called immersion, when the patient is deliberately forced to remember what happened, as if to relive.

Systematic desensitization is also used, which differs in that the patient is preliminarily trained in relaxation techniques. Such procedures are aimed at eliminating unpleasant and traumatic emotions.

Depression treatment

Depression is a common mental disorder, one of the key symptoms of which is impaired thinking. Therefore, the need for CBT in the treatment of depression is undeniable.

Three typical patterns have been found in the thinking of people with depression:

• thoughts about the loss of loved ones, the destruction of love relationships, loss of self-esteem;
• negatively directed thoughts about oneself, the expected future, others;
• an uncompromising attitude towards oneself, presentation of unreasonably strict requirements and frameworks.

Behavioral psychotherapy should help in solving problems caused by such thoughts. For example, stress inoculation techniques are used to treat depression. For this, the patient is taught to be aware of what is happening and intelligently deal with stress. The doctor teaches the patient, and then fixes the result with independent studies, the so-called homework.

But with the help of the reattribution technique, you can show the patient the inconsistency of his negative thoughts and judgments and give new logical attitudes. CBT methods such as the stop technique are also used to treat depression, in which the patient learns to stop negative thoughts. At the moment when a person begins to return to such thoughts, it is necessary to erect a conditional barrier for the negative, which will not allow them. By bringing the technique to automatism, you can be sure that such thoughts will no longer bother you.

Cognitive psychotherapy... The beginning of cognitive therapy is associated with the activities of George Kelly. In the 20s. J. Kelly used psychoanalytic interpretations in his clinical work. He was amazed at the ease with which patients accepted Freud's concepts, which J. Kelly himself found absurd. As an experiment, J. Kelly began to vary the interpretations he gave to patients within the framework of various psychodynamic schools.

It turned out that patients equally accept the proposed principles and are full of desire to change their lives in accordance with them. J. Kelly came to the conclusion that neither Freud's analysis of children's conflicts, nor even the study of the past as such is of decisive importance. According to J. Kelly, Freud's interpretations turned out to be effective, since they shattered the usual way of thinking for patients and provided them with the opportunity to think and understand in a new way.

The success of clinical practice with a variety of theoretical approaches, according to J. Kelly, is explained by the fact that in the process of therapy there is a change in how people interpret their experience and how they look at the future. People become depressed or anxious because they fall into the trap of rigid, inappropriate categories own thinking... For example, some people believe that authority figures are always right, so any criticism from an authority figure is depressing for them. Any technique that changes this belief, be it based on a theory that links such belief to the Oedipus complex, to the fear of losing parental love, or to the need for a spiritual guide, will be effective. J. Kelly decided to create techniques for the direct correction of inadequate ways of thinking.

He encouraged patients to become aware of their beliefs and test them. For example, an anxious, depressed patient was convinced that disagreeing with her husband's opinion would generate intense anger and aggression in him. J. Kelly insisted that she try to express her own opinion to her husband. After completing the task, the patient was convinced that it was not dangerous. Such homework has become common practice in J. Kelly. He also used role-playing games, invited patients to play roles new personality... He concluded that maladaptive thinking is at the heart of neuroses. The neurotic's problems lie in present ways of thinking, not in the past. The task of the therapist is to clarify the unconscious categories of thinking that lead to suffering, and to teach new ways of thinking.

Kelly was one of the first psychotherapists to directly change the mindset of patients. This goal is at the heart of many therapeutic approaches that are collectively referred to as cognitive psychotherapy.

Cognitive psychotherapy - represents the development of a behavioral approach in psychotherapy, which considers mental disorders as mediated by cognitive structures and actual cognitive processes acquired in the past, that is, a thought is introduced as an intermediate variable between stimulus and response.

Representatives of cognitive psychotherapy are: A. Beck, A. Ellis and others.

According to Aaron Beck, three leading schools, traditional psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and behavioral therapy, argue that the source of the patient's disorder lies outside of his consciousness. They pay little attention to conscious concepts, concrete thoughts and fantasies, that is, cognitions. New approach - cognitive therapy - assumes that emotional disorders can be approached in a different way: the key to understanding and solving psychological problems is in the minds of patients.

Cognitive therapy assumes that an individual's problems stem primarily from some distortion of reality based on erroneous premises and assumptions. These misconceptions arise from misleading learning in the process of personality development. From this it is easy to deduce a formula for treatment: the therapist helps the patient to find distortions in thinking and to learn alternative, more realistic ways of formulating their experiences.

The cognitive approach to emotional disorders changes the way you view yourself and your problems. Having abandoned the idea of \u200b\u200boneself as a helpless generation of biochemical reactions, blind impulses or automatic reflexes, a person gets the opportunity to see in himself a creature inclined to give birth to erroneous ideas, but also able to unlearn them and correct them.

The main concept of cognitive therapy is that information processing is critical to the body's survival.

In various psychopathological conditions (anxiety, depression, mania, paranoid state, etc.), the processing of information is influenced by systematic bias. This bias is specific to various psychopathological disorders. In other words, patients' thinking is biased. Thus, a depressed patient selectively synthesizes the themes of loss or defeat from the information provided by the environment. And there is a shift in the anxious patient about the danger themes.

These cognitive shifts can be analogously thought of as a computer program. The program dictates the type of information entered, determines the way information is processed and the resulting behavior. With anxiety disorders, for example, a "survival program" is activated. The resulting behavior will be that he overreacts to relatively minor stimuli as a strong threat.

Strategies and tactics of cognitive therapy are designed to deactivate such maladaptive programs, to shift the information processing apparatus (cognitive apparatus) to a more neutral position.

Accordingly, the work of a psychotherapist consists of several stages. An important task of the initial stage is the reduction of problems (identification of problems based on the same causes, their grouping). The next stage is awareness, verbalization of non-adaptive cognitions that distort the perception of reality; objective consideration of maladaptive cognitions (distance). The next stage was called the stage of changing the rules of behavior regulation. Changing attitudes towards the rules of self-regulation, learning to see hypotheses in thoughts, not facts, testing their truth, replacing them with new, more flexible rules are the next stages of cognitive psychotherapy.

Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy

In experimental work in the field of cognitive psychology, in particular in the studies of J. Piaget, clear scientific principles were formulated that could be applied in practice. Even the study of animal behavior has shown that it is necessary to take into account their cognitive capabilities to understand how they learn.

In addition, it became clear that behavioral therapists unknowingly use the cognitive abilities of their patients. Desensitization, for example, exploits the patient's willingness and capacity for imagination. The use of imagination, new ways of thinking, and the application of strategies involve cognitive processes.

Behavioral and cognitive therapists have a number of similarities:

1. Both are not interested in the causes of disorders or the past of patients, but are dealing with the present: behavioral therapists focus on actual behavior, and cognitive therapists - on what a person thinks about himself and the world in the present.
2. Both look at therapy as a learning process. Behavioral therapists teach new ways of behaving, and cognitive therapists teach new ways of thinking.
3. Both give their patients homework.
4. Both prefer a practical, non-absurd (meaning psychoanalysis) approach, not burdened with complex theories of personality.

The clinical area that converges cognitive and behavioral approaches is neurotic depression. A. Beck (1967), observing patients with neurotic depression, drew attention to the fact that in their experiences the themes of defeat, hopelessness and inadequacy were constantly heard. Influenced by the ideas of J. Piaget, A. Beck conceptualized the problems of a depressed patient: events are assimilated into an absolutist cognitive structure, resulting in a withdrawal from reality and social life. Piaget also taught that activities and their consequences have the power to alter cognitive structure. This led Beck to design a therapy program that used some of the tools developed by behavioral therapists (self-control, role play, modeling).

Another example is rational-emotive therapy by Albert Ellis... Ellis proceeds rather from the phenomenological position that anxiety, guilt, depression and other psychological problems are caused not by traumatic situations as such, but by the way people perceive these events, what they think about them. Ellis says, for example, that you are not upset about failing an exam, but because you think failure is a misfortune that indicates your inability. Ellis Therapy seeks primarily to identify such damaging personalities and causing problems thoughts that the patient acquired as a result of incorrect teaching, and then help the patient to replace these maladaptive thinking stereotypes with more realistic ones, using modeling, encouragement, logic. As in A. Beck's cognitive therapy, Ellis's rational-emotive therapy pays much attention to behavioral techniques and homework.

So, a new stage in the development of behavioral therapy is marked by the transformation of its classical model, based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning, into a cognitive-behavioral model. The target of a behavioral therapist is behavior change; the target of a cognitive therapist is a change in the perception of oneself and the surrounding reality. Cognitive behavioral therapists recognize both: knowledge about oneself and the world influences behavior, and behavior and its consequences affect ideas about oneself and the world.

Basic provisions cognitive behavioral psychotherapy are as follows:

1. Many behavioral problems are the result of learning and parenting gaps.
2. There is a reciprocal relationship between behavior and environment.
3. From the point of view of learning theory, chance experiences leave a more significant mark on the personality than the traditional stimulus-response model.
4. Behavior modeling is both a teaching and a psychotherapeutic process. The cognitive aspect is crucial in the course of learning. Maladaptive behavior can be changed through personal self-learning techniques that activate cognitive structures.

Cognitive learning includes self-control, introspection, contracting, work in the patient's rule system.

A person reacts to external stress in a certain way and at the same time a certain behavior model is developed that is inherent exclusively to this person and a reaction that is familiar only to him, which is far from always correct. " Wrong"Behavior pattern or" wrong "response and causes the symptoms of the disorder. However, you need to clearly understand that this model can be changed, and you can unlearn the developed habitual reaction, and most importantly, learn. correct”, Useful and constructive, which will help to cope with difficulties without bringing on new stresses and fears.

Cognitiveness in psychology is a person's ability to mentally perceive and process external information, based on their deepest beliefs, attitudes and automatic (unconscious) thoughts. Such thought processes it is customary to call " mental state person. "

Cognitions are stereotypical, "automatic", sometimes instantaneous thoughts that arise in a person and are a reaction to a certain situation. Cognitions psychologically traumatize a person and lead him to panic attacks, fears, depression and other nervous disorders. Such disastrous assessments and negative attitudes make a person react to what is happening with resentment, fear, guilt, anger, or even hopelessness. The psychologist works with this.

Cognitive behavioral therapy can be expressed as a cognitive formula:

Negative feelings of a person are not the result of a given situation, but the ability of a person, once in a certain situation, to develop his own opinion about it and it is after that to decide how he relates to this situation, who he sees himself in it and what emotions it causes in him ...

In other words, for a person it is not so important what happens to him, as much as what he thinks about it, what thoughts underlie his experiences and how he will act further ... These are the thoughts that lead to negative experiences ( panic fears, phobias and other nervous disorders) and are unconscious "taken for granted" and therefore poorly understood by a person.

The main task of the CBT psychologist is to work with thoughts, with an attitude to a given situation, with correcting distortions and errors of thinking, which will ultimately lead to the formation of more adaptive, positive, constructive and life-affirming stereotypes of future behavior.

Cognitive behavioral therapy consists of several stages... At consultations with a psychologist, the client gradually "step by step" learns to change his thinking, which leads him to panic attacks, he gradually opens vicious circleconsisting of the fear that causes this panic, and also learns techniques to reduce the level of anxiety. As a result, the client overcomes frightening situations and qualitatively changes his life.

The main advantage of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is that the result obtained from consultations with a psychologist is stable and lasts a long time. This is due to the fact that after CBT, the client becomes his own psychologist, since during the consultations he masters the methods and techniques of self-control, self-diagnosis and self-treatment.

The main points of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy:

1. Your negative experiences are not the result of a past situation, but your personal assessment of this situation, your thoughts about it, and also who you see yourself and the people who surround you in this situation.
2. It is possible to radically change your assessment of a particular situation and change the flow of thoughts about it from negative to positive.
3. Although your negative beliefs look believable in your opinion, this does not mean that they are true. It is from such false "plausible" thoughts that you get worse and worse.
4. Your negative experiences are directly related to the patterns of typical thinking to which you are accustomed, as well as to the erroneous processing of information that you received. You can change your thinking pattern and check for mistakes.

• identify negative thoughts that cause PA, fears, depression and other nervous disorders;
• revise the lifestyle and normalize it (for example, avoid chronic overload, revise poor organization of work and rest, eliminate all provoking factors, etc.);
• keep the results obtained for a long time and not lose in the future the acquired skills (not to avoid, but to resist future negative situations, to be able to cope with depression and anxiety, etc.);
• overcome the shame of anxiety, stop hiding your existing problems from loved ones, enjoy support and accept help with gratitude.

Cognitive techniques (techniques) of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy:

At consultations, the CBT psychologist, depending on the problem, uses various cognitive techniques (techniques) that help to analyze and recognize the negative perception of the situation in order to eventually change it to a positive one.

Very often a person is afraid of what he has prophesied to himself and in anticipation of this moment he starts to panic. On a subconscious level, he is already ready for danger, long before it happens. As a result, the person is mortally frightened in advance and tries in all possible ways to avoid this situation.

Cognitive techniques can help you control negative emotions and change negative thinking, thereby reducing premature fear that escalates into panic attacks. With the help of these techniques, a person changes his fatal perception of panic (which is characteristic of his negative thinking) and thereby shortens the duration of the attack itself, and also significantly reduces its impact on the general emotional state.

During consultations, a psychologist creates an individual system of tasks for his client. (how positive the result of the course of therapy depends on the client's active participation and homework). This technique is better called "learning". The psychologist teaches the client to control his negative thoughts and resist them in the future.

These homework assignments include introducing a special diary, completing step by step instructions, training of internal optimistic dialogue, the use of relaxation (relaxing) exercises, the implementation of certain breathing exercises and much more. In each case, different cognitive techniques are selected.

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? Objectives and core principles

Have you noticed that often people behave differently in the same situation? But in some cases, others may react in the same way to any irritating factors. This suggests that their perception of the situation is the same. Behavior will depend on the perception of the situation, and outlooks on life are formed during a person's life.

Definition of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy

Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy or cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is one of the branches of science, based on the assumption that the causes of mental disorders are dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs.

This can be said about the useful habit of preparing for tomorrow so that you can get ready on time and not be late for school or work. It is worth not doing this once and there will be an unpleasant experience of untimely arrival, for example, to a meeting. As a result of the acquisition of negative experience in the subconscious of a person, it is memorized. When this situation repeats, the brain gives a signal or a guide to action to get away from trouble. Or vice versa, do nothing. That is why some people, having received the first rejection of an offer, the next time they try not to do it again. We are always guided by our thoughts, we are under the influence of our own images. What about a person who during his life had many negative contacts, and under their influence a certain worldview was formed? It interferes with moving on, conquering new peaks. There is an exit. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is called.

This method is one of the modern trends in therapy. mental illness... The treatment is based on the study of the origin of human complexes and his psychological problems. The American psychiatrist Aaron Beck is considered the creator of this method of therapy. Beck's cognitive psychotherapy is currently one of the effective ways treatment of depression, suicidal tendencies. Psychotherapy uses the principle of changing the patient's behavior and detecting the thoughts that cause the illness.

Purpose of therapy

The main goals of cognitive therapy are:

1. Elimination of symptoms of the disease.
2. Reducing the frequency of relapses after treatment.
3. The effectiveness of the use of drugs is increasing.
4. The solution to many of the patient's social problems.
5. Eliminating the reasons that can cause this condition, changing human behavior, adapting it to various life situations.

Basic Principles of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy

This technique allows you to eliminate negative thoughts, create new ways of thinking and analyze the real problem. Psychoanalysis includes:

• The emergence of new thinking stereotypes.
• Exploring unwanted or desirable thoughts and what triggers them.
• Visualizing that a new behavior pattern can lead to emotional well-being.
• How to apply new conclusions in your life, new situations.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bcognitive psychotherapy is that all of the patient's problems stem from his thinking. A person himself forms his attitude to everything that happens. Thus, he has corresponding feelings - fear, joy, anger, excitement. The person who inadequately evaluates the things around him, people and events, can endow them with such qualities that are not inherent in them.

Doctor's help

First of all, the psychiatrist, when treating such patients, tries to identify how they think, which leads to neurosis and suffering. And how to try to replace these categories of feelings with positive ones. People again learn new methods of thinking that will lead to a more adequate assessment of any life situation. But the main condition for treatment is the patient's desire to be cured. If a person is not aware of his disease, experiences some resistance, then the treatment may be ineffective. An attempt to change negative thoughts and stimulation to change is quite difficult, because a person does not want to change his behavior, thinking. Many do not understand why they should change something in their life, if they already feel good. Conducting cognitive behavioral therapy alone will be ineffective. A specialist should be involved in the treatment, diagnosis and assessment of the degree of impairment.

Varieties of therapy

Like other treatments, cognitive psychotherapy has a variety of techniques. Some of the most popular ones are:

• Simulation treatment. Man presents possible development situations as a consequence of his behavior. An analysis of his actions is carried out and how you can cope with this. Various relaxation techniques are used to get rid of anxiety and remove possible triggers that lead to stress. The method has proven itself well in the treatment of self-doubt and various fears.
• Cognitive therapy. It is based on the acceptance that when the patient is emotionally disturbed, he deliberately has thoughts of failure. A person immediately thinks that he will not succeed, while self-esteem is lowered, the slightest hint of failure is perceived as the end of the world. During treatment, the cause of such thoughts is studied. Various situations are asked in order to gain positive life experiences. The more successful events in life, the more self-confident the patient is, the faster he develops a positive opinion of himself. Over time, a person from a failure turns into a successful and self-confident.
• Anxiety control exercise. The physician teaches the patient to use anxiety as a relaxant. During the session, the psychiatrist works through possible situations to prepare the patient for frequent events. This technique is used for those people who, in stressful situations, cannot control themselves and cannot make a decision quickly.
• Dealing with stress. As a result of applying this technique against stress, the patient is taught relaxation with the help of a therapist. The person gets stressed on purpose. This helps to gain experience with the relaxation technique, which may be useful in the future.
• Rational emotive therapy. There are people who consider themselves to be the best. These thoughts often lead to a discrepancy between real life and dreams. Which can lead to constant stress, the divergence of dreams and reality is perceived as a terrible event. Treatment is about motivating the person to live a real life, not a fictional one. Over time, the ability to make the right decisions will protect you from unnecessary stress, the patient will no longer be dependent on his dreams.

What the patient will receive as a result of treatment:

• Ability to identify negative thoughts.
• Realistically evaluate thoughts, change them to more constructive ones that do not cause anxiety and depression.
• Normalize and maintain a lifestyle, eliminate provoking factors for stress.
• Use the skills learned to combat anxiety.
• Overcome anxiety, not hide problems from loved ones, consult with them and enjoy their support.

Anxious joy and sadness

Let's proceed to the presentation of the main provisions of the article "Modeling User Behavior in Internet Search and Cognitive Styles." Gigerenzer (1996), Heselton et al. (2005) argue that the content and direction of cognitive biases can be controlled.

The concept of "cognitive processes" has often been applied to such processes as memory, attention, perception, action, decision making, and imagination. The above division is now considered largely artificial, and research is being conducted that studies the cognitive component of emotions. Along with this, there is often also the personality ability to “be aware” of cognitive strategies and methods, known as “metacognition”. The tremendous success of the cognitive approach can be explained, first of all, by its prevalence as fundamental in modern psychology.

How much conscious human intervention is required to carry out the cognitive process? What influence does individuality have on the cognitive process? If so, what is the connection? The simple explanation for this is that living beings tend to maintain their attention to something, trying to avoid interruption and distraction at each of the levels of perception.

Cognitive development

In another way, this whole complex of stable characteristics of how individuals think, seek, perceive and remember information, prefer to solve problems, is called cognitive style. Do you know how these well-established behaviors affect the way your potential customers search for marketing information and choose an offer?

To begin with, they passed a special test (Riding's cognitive style analysis test) to determine their personal cognitive behavioral model. There is also an intermediate type that combines the characteristics of both holists and analysts.

Cognitive ontology

These people are good at writing texts and great at working with visual, spatial and graphic information. This approach is very helpful for those visitors who are looking for a certain specific product: the more search terms in a query, the faster and easier it is to find what they are looking for.

Unsolved problems of cognitive theory

How often a word is used in search queries doesn't necessarily mean it's the best possible keyword for your particular landing page. Of course, the research we talked about in this post by no means brought the final clarity to the description of the cognitive behavior model of Internet users.

Tailor your content to fit different cognitive patterns of user behavior. Explore the cognitive styles of your target audience. In this case, both past experience and an analysis of available opportunities are used, as a result of which an optimal solution is formed. The cognitive capabilities of animals are determined by their intelligence, which means the highest form of mental activity of animals (monkeys and a number of other higher vertebrates).

According to L. V. Krushinsky, rational (intellectual) activity differs from any form of behavior and learning. This form of adaptive behavior can occur when an animal first encounters an unusual situation. The fact that an animal can immediately, without special training, make the right decision, is a unique feature of rational activity.

However, intelligent cognitive activity not only does not exclude previous experience, but also uses it, although it is not reduced to practice, in which it differs significantly from the conditioned reflex. The task of the psychotherapist is to voice and verbalize this formula.

The cognitive (cognitive) approach, possessing the features of "behavioral", reflects the essence of rational-emotional psychotherapy. Imperfect thinking is found in what people say to themselves; this “self-talk” also affects behavior.

People tend to create their own "subjective social reality", depending on their perception, and this subjective reality can determine their behavior in society. Thus, cognitive biases can lead to imprecise judgment, illogical interpretations, or irrational behavior in the broadest sense of the word. Tversky and Kahneman explained these discrepancies in judgment and decision making in terms of heuristics.

In practice, investors act on the basis of all sorts of cognitive biases (biases, heuristic stereotypes, emotional effects, etc.)

The influence of stereotypes in decision making is also mentioned by Heselton and other researchers. They exist as cognitive biases characteristic of social groups (such as psychological phenomenon polarization of groups (English), and manifested at the individual level. Some cognitive biases influence decision making where the desirability of decision options is important (for example, the sunk cost fallacy).

Emotions are traditionally not classified as cognitive processes. The concept of correcting cognitive distortions (eng.) There is a group of cognitive distortions associated with the way the brain perceives, recalls, and draws conclusions. Kahneman and Tversky (1996) also argue that the study of cognitive biases is of great practical importance, in particular in the medical field. In addition, some cognitive biases allow faster decision making in situations where decision speed is more important than accuracy.

Cognitivism is a modern trend in psychology

In psychology, such a concept as "cognitivism" is often encountered.

What is it? What does this term mean?

In simple words about the theory of cognitive dissonance here.

Explanation of the term

Cognitivism is a trend in psychology, according to which individuals do not just mechanically react to external events or internal factors, but use the power of reason for this.

His theoretical approach is to understand how thinking is arranged, how the incoming information is deciphered and how it is organized to make decisions or perform everyday tasks.

Research is related to human cognitive activity, and cognitivism is based on mental activity, not behavioral responses.

Cognitiveness - what is it in simple words? Cognitiveness is a term that denotes a person's ability to mentally perceive and process external information.

Cognition concept

The main concept in cognitivism is cognition, which is itself cognitive process or a combination mental processes, which includes perception, thinking, attention, memory, speech, awareness, etc.

That is, such processes that are associated with the processing of information in the structures of the brain and its subsequent processing.

What does cognitive mean?

When something is described as "cognitive" - \u200b\u200bwhat do they mean? Which one?

Cognitive means referring in one way or another to cognition, thinking, consciousness and brain functions, providing the receipt of introductory knowledge and information, the formation of concepts and their operation.

For a better understanding, consider a few more definitions directly related to cognitivism.

Several definitions for example

What does the word "cognitive" mean?

Cognitive style is understood as relatively stable individual characteristics of how different people go through the process of thinking and understanding, how they perceive, process information and remember it, as well as the way of solving problems or problems that the individual chooses.

This video explores cognitive styles:

What is cognitive behavior?

Cognitive behavior of a person is the thoughts and ideas that are inherent to a greater extent in this particular individual.

These are behavioral reactions that arise to a certain situation after processing and ordering information.

The cognitive component is a collection of different attitudes towards oneself. It includes the following elements:

• self-image;
• self-esteem, that is, an assessment of this idea, which can have a different emotional color;
• potential behavioral response, that is, possible behavior based on self-image and self-esteem.

A cognitive model is understood as a theoretical model that describes the structure of knowledge, the relationship between concepts, indicators, factors, observations, and also reflects how information is received, stored and used.

In other words, it is an abstraction of a psychological process that reproduces key points in the opinion of a given researcher for his research.

The video clearly demonstrates the classic cognitive model:

Cognitive perception is the intermediary between the event that happened and your perception of it.

This perception is called one of the most effective ways to deal with psychological stress. That is, it is your assessment of the event, the brain's reaction to it and the formation of a meaningful behavioral response.

The phenomenon in which the ability of an individual to assimilate and comprehend what is happening from the external environment is limited is called cognitive deprivation. It includes a lack of information, its variability or chaos, lack of order.

Because of it, there are obstacles to productive behavioral responses in the world around.

Thus, in professional activities, cognitive deprivation can lead to errors and interfere with effective decision-making. And in everyday life, it can be the result of false conclusions about the surrounding individuals or events.

Empathy is the ability to empathize with a person, to understand the feelings, thoughts, goals and aspirations of another individual.

It is subdivided into emotional and cognitive.

And if the first is based on emotions, then the second is based on intellectual processes, reason.

The most difficult types of learning include cognitive.

Thanks to it, the functional structure of the environment is formed, that is, the relationships between its components are extracted, after which the results obtained are transferred to reality.

Cognitive learning includes observation, mental and mental activity.

The cognitive apparatus is understood as the internal resources of cognition, thanks to which intellectual structures and the structure of thinking are formed.

Cognitive flexibility is the ability of the brain to move smoothly from one thought to another, and also to think about several things at once at the same time.

It also includes the ability to adapt behavioral responses to new or unexpected situations... Cognitive flexibility has great importance when teaching and solving complex problems.

It allows you to receive information from the environment, monitor its variability and correct behavior in accordance with the new requirements of the situation.

The cognitive component is usually closely related to the self-concept.

This is an individual's idea of \u200b\u200bhimself and a set of certain characteristics that, in his opinion, he possesses.

These beliefs can be of varying importance and change over time. The cognitive component can be based both on objective knowledge and on any subjective opinion.

Cognitive properties are understood to be those properties that characterize the abilities of the individual, as well as the activity of cognitive processes.

Cognitive factors play an important role in our mental health.

These include the ability to analyze one's own state and environmental factors, assess past experience and make predictions for the future, determine the ratio of existing needs and the level of their satisfaction, and control the current state and situation.

Cognitive impairment - what is it? Find out about it from our article.

What is “I-Concept”? A clinical psychologist explains in this video:

Cognitive assessment is an element of the emotional process, which includes the interpretation of an ongoing event, as well as one's own and other people's behavior based on attitudes towards values, interests, and needs.

In the cognitive theory of emotion, it is noted that cognitive assessment determines the quality of experienced emotions and their strength.

Cognitive traits are specific characteristics of the cognitive style associated with an individual's age, gender, place of residence, social status and environment.

Cognitive experience is understood as mental structures that ensure the perception of information, its storage and ordering. They allow the psyche to further reproduce stable aspects of the environment and, in accordance with this, promptly respond to them.

Cognitive rigidity is the inability of an individual to change his own perception of the environment and ideas about it when receiving additional, sometimes conflicting, information and the emergence of new situational requirements.

Cognitive cognition is looking for methods and ways to improve efficiency, improve human mental activity.

With its help, it becomes possible to form a multifaceted, successful, thinking personality. Thus, cognitive cognition is a tool for the formation of the cognitive abilities of an individual.

One of the traits of common sense is cognitive biases. Individuals often reason about something or make decisions that are appropriate in some cases but misleading in others.

They represent the biases of the individual, biased biases in the assessment, the tendency to unjustified conclusions as a result of insufficient information or unwillingness to take it into account.

Thus, cognitivism comprehensively examines the mental activity of a person, examines thinking in various changing situations. This term is closely related to cognitive activity and its effectiveness.

You can learn how to deal with cognitive biases in this video:

Cognitive behavior

General psychology: a glossary. R. Comer.