The blood test is what he is talking about. What the tests say

Blood test. What do the indicators say?

Each of us donated blood for analysis, but not everyone knows what the indicators of this analysis indicate.

A general blood test is one of the most common diagnostic methods that allows a doctor to diagnose inflammatory and infectious diseases, and assess the effectiveness of the treatment.

For the analysis, capillary blood (from a finger) or venous blood (from a vein) is used. It is not required to prepare for this examination, but it is recommended to carry it out in the morning on an empty stomach.

The main indicators of a general blood test

• Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells, staining the blood red and delivering oxygen to all organs and tissues.

Hemoglobin rate for men - 130-160 g / l, for women - 120-140 g / l

Increased hemoglobin may indicate polycythemia, excessive physical exertion, dehydration, and blood clots. Decreased hemoglobin may indicate anemia.

• Color index

The color index is determined by the ratio of the amount of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. This indicator is used to determine the type of anemia.

Color index rate for men - 0.85-1.15, for women - 0.85-1.15

An excess of the norm may indicate spherocytosis, a decrease in the norm - about iron deficiency anemia.

• Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes are red blood cells that have lost their nucleus, contain hemoglobin, and transport oxygen.

Erythrocyte rate for men - 4-5.1x10 12, for women - 3.7-4.7x10 12

An increase in the rate of erythrocytes can indicate polycythemia (bone marrow disease) and dehydration, a decrease - about anemia due to blood loss, lack of iron, vitamins.

• Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes are young, immature erythrocytes with remnants of the nucleus. Only an insignificant part of such erythrocytes enters the blood, and the main one is contained in the bone marrow.

The rate of reticulocytesfor men - 0.2-1.2%, for women - 0.2-1.2%

An excess content of reticulocytes in the blood speaks of anemia, blood loss. A decrease in the number of reticulocytes can be a sign of kidney disease, erythrocyte metabolism disorders, aplastic anemia.

• Platelets

Platelets are blood cells that are made from cells in the bone marrow. Thanks to these cells, the blood can clot.

Platelet rate for men - 180-320x10 9, for women - 180-320x10 9

An increase in platelets may indicate an inflammatory process, polycythemia, and also be a consequence surgical operations... A decrease in platelet count may indicate systemic autoimmune diseases, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease, isoimmunization for the Rh factor and blood groups.

ESR - this abbreviation stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Deviation of ESR from the norm may be a sign of an inflammatory or pathological process in the body.

ESR rate for men - 1-10 mm / h, for women - 2-15 mm / h

ESR can increase during pregnancy, an infectious disease, an inflammatory process, anemia, and tumor formation.

• Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells. Their main function is to protect the body from microbes and foreign substances.

Leukocyte ratefor men - 4-9x10 9, for women - 4-9x10 9

An increase in the number of leukocytes can indicate leukemia, an inflammatory or infectious process, allergies, blood loss, and autoimmune diseases. A decrease in the number of leukocytes can indicate some infections (influenza, rubella, measles, etc.), genetic anomalies of immunity, increased spleen function, bone marrow pathology.

The rate of segmented neutrophilsfor men - 47-72%, for women - 47-72%

An increase in neutrophils indicates the presence of bacterial, fungal and some other infections, inflammatory processes due to tissue trauma, with arthritis, arthrosis, etc. Neutrophils can also increase due to physical exertion, temperature changes, during pregnancy.

Decrease in neutrophils can occur due to depletion of the body, afterbirth of long-term chronic diseases, thyroid disease.

• Eosinophils

The rate of eosinophilsfor men - 0-5%, for women - 0-5%

• Basophils

Basophils - take part in allergic reactions immediate type.

Basophil normfor men - 0-1%, for women - 0-1%

The number of basophils increases with blood diseases, ulcerative colitis, chickenpox, intolerance food products and medicines. It decreases with hyperthyroidism, ovulation, pregnancy, stress, acute infections and increased production of adrenal hormones.

• Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes - fight against foreign cells and proteins, viral infections, release antibodies into the blood and block antigens.

Lymphocyte ratefor men - 18-40%, for women - 18-40%

The number of lymphocytes increases with infectious monoculosis, hepatitis, tuberculosis and syphilis, viral infections, and leukemia. Decreases in acute infection, autoimmune diseases, cancer, immunodeficiency.

• Monocytes

Monocytes - destroy foreign proteins and cells in tissues.

Basophil normfor men - 2-9%, for women -2-9%

The number of monocytes rises after acute infections, with tuberculosis, syphilis, rheumatic diseases. Decreases with damage to the bone marrow.

General analysis indicators:

1. HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) is a blood pigment, contained in erythrocytes (red blood cells), its main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

Normal values \u200b\u200bfor men are 130-160 g / l, women are 120-140 g / l.

Decreased hemoglobin occurs with anemia, blood loss, hidden internal bleeding, with damage internal organssuch as kidneys, etc.

It can increase with dehydration of the body, with blood diseases and some types of heart failure.

2. Erythrocytes - blood cells that contain hemoglobin.

Normal values \u200b\u200b(4.0-5.1) * 10 in the 12th degree / l and (3.7-4.7) * 10 in the 12th degree / l, for men and women, respectively.

An increase in red blood cells occurs, for example, in healthy people at high altitudes in the mountains, as well as with congenital or acquired heart defects, diseases of the bronchi, lungs, kidneys and liver. The increase may be due to an excess of steroid hormones in the body. For example, in case of illness and Cushing's syndrome, or in treatment with hormonal drugs.

Decrease - with anemia, acute blood loss, with chronic inflammatory processes in the body, as well as in late pregnancy.

3. LEUKOCYTES - white blood cells, they are formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes... Their main function is to protect the body from adverse effects. The norm is (4.0-9.0) x 10 in the 9th degree / l. Excess indicates the presence of infection and inflammation.

There are five types of leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), each of them has a specific function. If necessary, a detailed blood test is done, which shows the ratio of all five types of leukocytes. For example, if the level of leukocytes in the blood is increased, a detailed analysis will show due to which type their total number increased. If due to lymphocytes, then there is an inflammatory process in the body, if there are more eosinophils than the norm, then an allergic reaction can be suspected.

Why are there a lot of leukocytes?

There are many conditions in which there is a change in the level of leukocytes. This does not necessarily mean illness. Leukocytes, as well as all indicators of the general analysis, respond to various changes in the body. For example, during stress, pregnancy, after physical exertion, their number increases.

An increased number of leukocytes in the blood (in another way, leukocytosis) occurs with:
+ infections (bacterial),

Inflammatory processes

Allergic reactions

Malignant neoplasms and leukemias,

Taking hormonal medications, certain heart medications (such as digoxin).

But a reduced number of leukocytes in the blood (or leukopenia): this condition often happens with a viral infection (for example, with the flu) or taking certain medications, for example, analgesics, anticonvulsants.

4. Platelets - blood cells, an indicator of normal blood clotting, are involved in the formation of blood clots.

Normal amount - (180-320) * 10 in the 9th degree / l

An increased amount occurs when:
chronic inflammatory diseases (tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, liver cirrhosis), after surgery, treatment with hormonal drugs.

Reduced at:
the effects of alcohol, heavy metal poisoning, blood diseases, renal failure, liver and spleen diseases, hormonal disorders. And also with the action of certain drugs: antibiotics, diuretics, digoxin, nitroglycerin, hormones.

5. ESR or ROE - erythrocyte sedimentation rate (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction) is the same thing, an indicator of the course of the disease. Usually ESR increases by 2-4 days of the disease, sometimes it reaches its maximum during the recovery period. The norm for men is 2-10 mm / h, for women - 2-15 mm / h.

Increased at:
infections, inflammation, anemia, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, shock after injuries and operations, during pregnancy, after childbirth, during menstruation.

Decreased:
with circulatory failure, anaphylactic shock.

In order to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment, doctors offer the patient a general blood test. The results that the patient receives do not tell him anything, since only the attending physician can figure out all the numbers. In order to understand even a little the results of a blood test, a person needs a digestible decoding of indicators.

general information

So, a clinical blood test is able to show the total number of erythrocytes and the rate of their sedimentation. Also, a clinical blood test reports the number of actual leukocytes and the level of hemoglobin.

The clinical blood test is divided into:

1. Serological.
2. Biochemical.
3. Hormone.
4. Immunological.

Features of decoding the results

The decoding of the indicators of the clinical blood test is carried out in stages. During the decoding period, the specialist carefully evaluates the main blood indicators.

In modern laboratories there is special equipment that allows you to automatically determine the basic parameters of blood.

Thanks to this equipment, the specialist receives a decoding of the indicators in the form of a printout. It is not difficult to decipher the results, since the main indicators are indicated by an abbreviation in English.

Red blood cells are called erythrocytes. If the decoding of the blood test shows that their number is insufficient, then there is a threat of anemia. If their level goes off scale, then the likelihood of thrombosis is high.

• newborns - six to seven million per mm3;
• women - 3.5-4.5 million per mm3;
• men - 4.5-5.5 million per mm3.

Hemoglobin

The red pigment, which is the actual constituent of the erythrocyte, is called hemoglobin. Each red blood cell contains approximately 265 million hemoglobin molecules. For males and females, the "quality" of hemoglobin can be fundamentally different.

If a person is completely healthy, he / she may also have a slightly underestimated hemoglobin. This happens when a man or woman is actively involved in sports. In order not to mislead the doctor, you must immediately warn him about this.

Indicators can be underestimated in the case of dehydration. Due to the rapid thickening of the blood, this can lead to very serious consequences.

Platelets that are actively produced by the bone marrow are called platelets. Thanks to the action of these plates, the blood coagulation process is ensured. if a person is faced with poor blood clotting, this means that his body does not have enough platelets. If the blood quickly stops flowing, this means that platelets are in excess.

• children - two hundred thousand per mm3;
• adults leading a passive lifestyle - two hundred and fifty thousand per mm3;
• adults leading an active lifestyle - three hundred thousand per mm3.

Leukocytes

A blood test allows you to decipher the number of leukocytes, or white blood cells. Leukocytes can be called "watchmen", since they indicate the state immune system human.

Leukocytes successfully protect the human body from various infectious pathologies. If the leukocyte count is overestimated, then we can talk about the course of an infectious process of a bacterial nature. If their level is reduced, then there is a risk of diagnosing one or another blood disease.

However, decreased leukocyte counts are also observed while taking certain medications.

• men and women - 4.5-10 thousand per mm3;
• newborns - 20 thousand per mm3;
• adolescents - 5.5-6 thousand per mm3.

Lymphocytes

Leukocytes that are directly involved in protecting the immune system are called lymphocytes.

If their number increases, this may indicate the progression of one or another infectious disease. Most often, with lymphocytosis, flu or rubella develops, but cases of viral hepatitis are not uncommon. Against this background, more ominous diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia arise.

The condition is considered especially dangerous. when a blood test shows that the number of lymphocytes is reduced. This may indicate ongoing renal failure or the presence of HIV infection. But sometimes a decrease in lymphocytes is observed against the background of the use of medications that suppress the immune system.

• small children (under twelve months old) - eighty percent;
• adolescents - 18-39 percent;
• adults - 18-39 percent.

The largest cells among leukocytes are called monocytes. These cells are able to quickly respond to an external "pest" and block its access. also monocytes carry out quite successful fight against various kinds of infections.

If the number of monocytes in the blood is increased, this may indicate the presence of dangerous infectious pathologies. Most often, increased rates indicate the progression of such terrible diseases as syphilis and tuberculosis.

But sometimes a person's excessive enthusiasm for food can lead to an increase in performance. A decrease in indicators can occur while taking medications that suppress the immune system. Dieters also lack monocytes.

The rate of monocytes varies from two to ten percent of the total number of leukocytes. If, against this background, the analysis reveals the presence of basophils, then there is a possibility that a person has liver problems.

Other indicators

In decoding the results of a general blood test, other indicators are also important. The specialist carefully examines the level:

1. Hematocrit.
2. Basofilov.
3. Eosinophils.
4. Neutrophils.
5. Rod nuclear.
6. Segmented.

Hematocrit

The indicator reflecting the erythrocyte volume is called hematocrit. This indicator is most often expressed as a percentage. If the hematocrit level is elevated, this means that a large number of red blood cells are observed in the person's blood. Also given result can be observed if the human body suffers from dehydration.

A decrease in hematocrit should be considered an equally alarming indicator. In this case, the doctor can diagnose anemia. Sometimes this indicator indicates that the amount of its liquid part in the blood has increased.

Basophils

Basophils are leukocytes that are actively involved in the body's defense in the event of a toxic effect of one or another harmful substance.

The complete absence of basophils is considered the norm. This speaks of the excellent work of the liver. But rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 percent are considered normal.

The alarm should be beaten in the event that the number of basophils varies from 0.5 to one percent. This may indicate that certain poisons are actively acting on the human body.

An equally alarming indicator is considered to be 1 percent of basophils. This may indicate poor liver function. Also, such a person may seriously suffer from one or another allergy.

Eosinophils

Cells that indicate the presence of free oxygen in the tissues are called eosinophils.

It is important to know that hemoglobin and oxygen are inextricably linked with each other. Oxygen, which is not required in tissues, is considered a pathological phenomenon. This should not be, because otherwise it will turn into poison and cause significant harm to the body.

Neutrophils

The largest population of leukocytes is neutrophils. These cells play an essential role when acute bacterial infections enter the human body. In a blood test, these cells are segmented and stab cells.

Segmented

The deviation of segmented from the norm is a sign of the course of one or another pathological process. The norm of segmented should be considered:

• newborns - ten percent;
• children of kindergarten and school age - fifty percent;
• young people - sixty-sixty-five percent;
• elderly - seventy to seventy-five percent.

Stab

One to two percent is considered the norm for an adult. The norm for a child is five percent. If an adult has a higher score, this indicates a serious inflammatory process.

Conclusion

A highly qualified specialist interprets the data obtained on the basis of exclusively specified standards.

Most often, in practical medical practice, a general clinical, or general, blood test is prescribed. What does this concept itself include?

Firstly, determination of the concentration of hemoglobin.
Secondly, establishing the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes - red and white blood cells, respectively.
Thirdlyis also calculated leukocyte formula, in other words, how many leukocytes of each different types contains blood.

As for red blood cells, they are also related to such an important indicator as ESR - the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Even if you are not very versed in medical abbreviations and other details, you have already heard about ESR somewhere. This is indeed one of the most important parameters in blood testing.

In addition, a general clinical blood test includes data on the number of platelets, a color indicator, as well as some data on the blood coagulation system.

The main indicators of a general blood test are:

The number of red blood cells;
hemoglobin level;
color indicator;
hematocrit;
the number of leukocytes;
leukocyte formula and leukocyte index;
platelet count;
ESR.

Determination of the quantitative and qualitative composition of blood (hemogram) is carried out, as a rule, by capillary blood, which is taken from a finger using sterile needles - disposable scarifiers and individual sterile pipettes. For biochemical analyzes (they will be discussed in more detail below) mainly venous blood is used.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the red "respiratory" pigment in the blood. Its main function is transport, that is, the transfer of oxygen from the respiratory organs to the tissues, and in the reverse order - the transfer of carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin consists of a protein (globin) and iron porphyrin (heme), from these two words it got its name. It is the main protein substance of the blood.

Many blood diseases, including hereditary ones, are associated with disturbances in the structure of hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin rates:

For men - 14.5 g%,
for women - 13.0 g%.

A wider range of norms, depending on gender and age, looks like this (g / l):

Newborns - 210;
infants aged 2-4 weeks - 170.6;
children aged 1-3 months - 132.6;
children 4-6 months old - 129.2;
children 7-12 months - 127.5;
children from 2 years old - 116-135;
women, 115-145;
men - 132-164.

If the hemoglobin index is more or less than the normal range, this indicates the presence of pathological conditions. Thus, a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood is observed with anemia of various etiologies and with blood loss. This condition is also called anemia. In general, a lack of hemoglobin is already a sign of an anemic condition. As for the types of anemia, there is their classification, formulated by A.I. Vorobyov:

Iron deficiency anemia;
acute posthemorrhagic anemia;
hemolytic anemias;
anemia associated with inhibition of bone marrow proliferation cells;
megaloblastic anemias, in which the synthesis of DNA and RNA is impaired;
sideroachrestic anemias, in which the exchange of porphyrins is impaired.

An increase in the concentration of hemoglobin occurs with erythremia (a decrease in the number of red blood cells), erythrocytosis (an increase in the number of red blood cells), as well as with thickening of the blood - a consequence of a large loss of fluid in the body. In addition, the hemoglobin index is increased with cardiovascular decompensation.

Color index

Since hemoglobin is a blood dye, the color indicator expresses the relative content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte, i.e., the degree of saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin. Normally, this degree ranges from 0.85 to 1.15.

The value of the color indicator is important in determining the form of anemia. Based on the value obtained in the study, anemias are divided into three types:

Hypochromic (color index is less than 0.85);
normochromic (the color indicator is within the normal range, i.e., from 0.85 to 1.15);
hyperchromic (color indicator is more than 1.15 - the upper limit of the norm).

Erythrocytes and ESR

Red blood cells are red blood cells, or non-nuclear blood cells that contain hemoglobin. They are formed in the bone marrow. The total volume of red blood cells is called the hematocrit value. Knowing this value, we can imagine how the volumes of the fluid and all the formed elements correlate in the blood.

Normal red blood cell count in men - 4-5 million in 1 μl of blood. Women have slightly less of them - "only" 3.7-4.7 million. There is another way to measure the number of red blood cells, where the values \u200b\u200b- namely, their volumes - are expressed in other units of measurement. So, the norms of the ratio of blood elements in people who are considered practically healthy look like this.

Plasma, volume - (43.3 + 5.97) ml / kg.
Erythrocytes, volume - (31.8 ± 3.5) ml / kg.

The hematocrit itself is expressed as a percentage. In men, a normal hematocrit (percentage of red blood cells) is considered to be 40-48%. In women, red blood cells have a slightly smaller proportion, or specific gravity - 36-42%. If the number of erythrocytes is more than normal, then this is usually associated with diseases in which patients have an increased concentration of hemoglobin. An increase in the number of red blood cells is a characteristic phenomenon for:

Any conditions of dehydration: toxicosis, vomiting, diarrhea;
polycethemia;
insufficient function of the adrenal cortex;
congenital heart defects, which are accompanied by qi-anoses.

A decrease in the number of erythrocytes is characteristic of an organism with a reduced function of the bone marrow or its pathological changes, such as leukemia, myeloma, metastases malignant tumors and others. The level of erythrocytes in the blood becomes lower and in diseases that are characterized by increased breakdown of red blood cells:

Hemolytic anemia;
iron deficiency in the body;
lack of vitamin B12;
bleeding.

ESR indicator

Determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - one of the most important and therefore the most frequently prescribed tests... This indicator is expressed in millimeters of plasma exfoliating within an hour.

The change in ESR is not specific to any disease. However, the acceleration of erythrocyte sedimentation always indicates the presence of a pathological process. As a rule, to assess the processes occurring in the body, the stability of a particular reaction is important. When a pathological process develops, a slow acceleration of ESR occurs. After recovery, the ESR also slowly returns to normal (normal). Normally, in women, the ESR indicator is from 2 to 14-15 mm / h, in men - from 1 to 10 mm / h.

In children, its rate depends on age and varies as follows:

1 mm / h - in newborns;
2-6 mm / h - in children under 1 month;
4-14 mm / h - in children from 6 months to 1 year;
4-12 mm / h - in children under 10 years of age.

The acceleration of ESR, as a rule, is a sign of one of the following conditions of the body:

Infectious diseases;
inflammatory processes;
malignant tumors;
kidney disease;
liver disease;
most types of anemia (excluding drepanocytic and microspherocytic anemia);
anemia associated with impaired protein metabolism, or paraproteinemia: atypical leukemia, myeloma, macroglobulinanemia.

A slowdown in ESR and a tendency towards the lower limit of the norm of this indicator is observed in cardiovascular diseases. One of the reasons for this is an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the patient's blood.

Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes - name of blood particles (formed elements), relatively little known to a wide readership. Meanwhile, they are young forms of erythrocytes. Reticulocytes contain granular inclusions that scientists have identified using special staining methods. The norms of the content of reticulocytes in the blood are very elastic. Their lower limit is equal to 0.2-1.2%, the upper reaches 12%, which is almost a quarter of all erythrocytes in the male body and the third in the female.

Reticulocytosis - an increase in the level of young erythrocytes in the blood - in humans, it can be observed in the following cases:

With anemia;
with malaria;
in a state of polycethemia.

If the number of reticulocytes has fallen, and even more so if they have completely disappeared, this is a poor predictive sign for patients with anemia. This suggests that the function of the bone marrow for the regeneration of erythrocytes is in a depressed state.

Platelets

Platelets are blood cells containing a nucleus... They are the smallest in size: only 2-3 microns in size. They play an important role in the process of blood clotting. Blood clotting is a protective reaction of the body necessary to prevent blood loss. It should also be noted that the process of blood coagulation is quite complicated; it is regulated by the endocrine and nervous systems.

The opposite quality of blood clotting is fluidity. Normally, blood has a balanced balance of clotting and fluidity. This is called the hemostatic system. On the one hand, the walls of the vessels (endothelium) themselves release substances into the blood, due to which the blood cannot stick together and adhere to the walls of the vessels. But, on the other hand, as soon as the vessel is damaged, substances that form blood clots at the site of damage begin to be released.

During the day, the number of platelets in the blood can change. In women, it decreases during pregnancy and during menstruation. After physical exertion, platelets become more than they were at rest. The normal platelet count is 180 × 10e - 320 × 109 cells / l. If this indicator is less than normal, doctors talk about the so-called thrombocytopenia - a decrease in platelet count, which indicates the presence of some kind of disease from the series below:

Hemotilic disease of the newborn;
acute or (less often) chronic leukemia;
poisoning chemicals;
infectious diseases (secondary thrombocytopenia);
Werlhof's disease (primary thrombocytopenia).

In addition, some medications may lower your platelet count. These include aspirin, sulfonamides, anesthetics and antibiotics. An increase in platelet counts is called thrombocytosis and usually occurs in postoperative period and at:

Asphyxia;
injuries;
malignant tumors;
polycethemia;
primary idiopathic thrombocythemia.

Blood clotting indicators

The bleeding time is determined by its duration from a superficial puncture or skin incision. Norm: 1-4 minutes (according to Duke). The clotting time covers the moment from contact of blood with a foreign surface to the formation of a clot. Norm: 6-10 minutes (Lee-White).

In the future, we will return to the topic of blood coagulation and talk about the so-called coagulation factors - special substances that contribute to this process.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are usually called large group cells, combined under the definition of "white blood cells". These are colorless blood cells. They are of several types: lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils. They all have a nucleus and are capable of active amoeboid movement.

The role of leukocytes in our body is enormous and very important. They absorb bacteria and dead cells and produce antibodies. These are our protective cells. Without them, no immunity would be possible and, accordingly, no fight of the body against diseases would be possible.

Leukocytes can be found not only in the blood, but also in the lymph. This type of white blood cell is called lymphocyte. By structure, all leukocytes are divided into granular and non-granular. Each type of leukocytes is on guard for the safety of the body in its own way, that is, it performs its specific functions.

Lymphocytes produce a special type of proteins - antibodies that neutralize foreign substances and their poisons that enter the body. Some antibodies "work" only against certain substances, others are more universal - they fight the pathogens of not one but several diseases. Due to the long-term preservation of antibodies in the body, its overall resistance increases.

Monocytes, they are also blood phagocytes (from the Greek "phagos" - devouring) absorb pathogens, foreign particles, as well as their remains.

Neutrophils are capable of phagocytosis, like monocytes. But their function of body cleaners is even wider: neutrophils destroy viruses, bacteria and their waste products - toxins; they carry out detoxification of the body, that is, its disinfection.

Eosinophils - are involved in inflammatory processes, allergic reactions, cleansing the body of foreign substances and bacteria. Eosinophils contain antihistamines that are associated with allergies.

Basophils - contain histamine and heparin, save the body in case of inflammation and allergic reactions.

The average number of leukocytes ranges from 4 to 9 thousand in 1 μl of blood. The quantitative ratio between the individual forms of leukocytes is called the leukocyte formula. Normally, leukocytes are distributed in the following ratios:

Basophils - 0.1%,
eosinophils - 0.5-5%,
stab neutrophils 1-6%,
segmented neutrophils 47-72%,
lymphocytes 19-38%,
monocytes 2-11%.

If changes occur in the leukocyte formula, this indicates pathological processes in the body. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that leukocytosis - an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood - can be not only pathogenic, but also physiological. Leukocytes increase numerically, for example, during pregnancy. And even active digestion promotes the growth of leukocytes. This does not go beyond the normal range. Physiological leukocytosis occurs in healthy people, pathological - in painful conditions.

The causes of physiological leukocytosis:

Food intake (while the number of leukocytes does not exceed 10х109-12 × 109 l / l);
physical labor;
taking hot and cold baths;
pregnancy;
childbirth;
premenstrual period.

By the way, it is precisely because of the possible distortion of the analysis picture due to physiological leukocytosis that blood should be donated on an empty stomach. Before going to the hospital, you should not do heavy physical work. For pregnant women, women in labor and postpartum women, their own standards have been established. The same is true for children.

Pathological leukocytosis is manifested when:

Acute and some chronic infections;
inflammatory diseases;
intoxications (nitrobenzene, carbon monoxide, food, quinine, arsenous hydrogen);
severe oxygen starvation;
allergic reactions;
purulent-septic processes;
malignant formations;
diseases of the blood (leukemia, diseases of the hematopoietic system);
coma;
myocardial infarction;
epilepsy;
pregnancy at a period of 5-6 months.

Pathological leukocytosis also manifests itself:

During lactation;
after profuse blood loss;
with extensive burns;
in the premenstrual period;
after heavy physical or mental stress;
after the introduction of camphor, insulin, adrenaline.

Usually, leukocytosis is associated with an increase in the number of neutrophils, less often - other types of leukocytes. Thus, the most common causes of pathological leukocytosis are infectious diseases (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, pyelonephritis, etc.). Among them, infectious diseases with a predominant damage to the cells of the immune system ( infectious mononucleosis and infectious lymphocytes), as well as various inflammatory diseasescaused by microorganisms (peritonitis, phlegmon, etc.). Some infectious diseases always occur with leukopenia. These are typhoid fever, malaria, brucellosis, measles, rubella, influenza, viral hepatitis in the acute phase. If there is no leukocytosis in the acute phase of an infectious disease, this is an unfavorable sign, meaning that the body has weak reactivity (resistance).

The level of leukocytes rises in people suffering from inflammatory diseases of non-microbial etiology, such as, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus. The same applies to heart attacks of various organs - myocardium, lungs, etc., since they are based on aseptic (non-microbial) inflammation.

Bone marrow metastases can interfere with blood formation and cause leukopenia. This is also facilitated by the proliferation of body tissues as a result of cell neoplasms, diseases of the blood system of the leukemic (more than 50х109-80 × 109 cells / l leukocytes) and subleukemic (50х109-80 × 109 cells / l leukocytes) forms. With leukopenic form and aleukemic 20 (the content of leukocytes in the blood is below normal), there will be no forms of leukocytosis.

When the spleen is removed (splenectomy), leukocytosis is observed with indices of 15x109-20x109 cells / l with an increase in the number of neutrophils up to 90%.

But besides leukocytosis, there may be its opposite. This is leukopenia - a decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood - which is usually a concomitant symptom:

Radiation injury - exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays, radiation);
contact with certain chemicals (benzene, arsenic, DDT, etc.);
collagen diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus);
reception medications (cytostatic agents, some types of antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.);
viral and severe bacterial infections;
diseases of the blood system, in particular leukopenic and aleukemic forms of leukemia, as well as other forms in case of overdose of cytostatics;
functional diseases of central nervous system;
disorders of hematopoiesis, its insufficiency (hypoplasia of the bone marrow);
diseases of the spleen, in which there is an increased destruction of blood cells in this organ (cirrhosis of the liver, proceeding with an increase in the spleen);
lymphogranulomatosis;
some endocrine diseases (acromegaly, Cushing's disease and syndrome);
some infectious diseases (typhoid fever, malaria, influenza, measles, brucellosis, viral hepatitis, lingering septic endocarditis);
metastasis of tumors to the bone marrow;
inflammatory diseases (endometritis, gastritis, colitis, cholecystoangiocholitis - a lot of leukocytes are excreted from the body, therefore, with a severe course of inflammatory and purulent-septic diseases, the initially occurring leukocytosis is replaced by leukopenia).

Often, leukopenia is found in old people and emaciated people with inflammatory and purulent-septic diseases. Lack of leukocytes is also observed with Addison's disease, sometimes with thyrotoxicosis.

Violations of the leukocyte formula

1. Imbalance in the ratio of neutrophils. Violations of the normal ratio of neutrophils are of several types. A nuclear shift of neutrophils to the left is a condition when many young and degenerative forms of neutrophils appear in the blood. This is usually the case for:

Intoxication;
infectious diseases;
inflammatory processes;
malignant tumors.

Moreover, p there are two types of such a shift — regenerative and degenerative... Regenerative shift - this means that the number of stab and young neutrophils increases against the background of leukocytosis. This indicates an increased activity of the bone marrow, which is known to be the organ of hematopoiesis. This state of the body is typical for purulent-septic and inflammatory processes.

With a degenerative shift, only the number of stab neutrophils increases; at the same time, degenerative changes in cells appear. This suggests that the function of hematopoiesis (bone marrow) is depressed.

If at the same time the patient has leukocytosis, then he may have

Toxic dysentery;
acute peritonitis;
salmonellosis;
uremic or diabetic coma.

Degenerative shift of neutrophils against the background of leukopenia indicates the development of:

Imphoparatyphoid diseases;
viral infections.

There is another form of nuclear shift to the left, in which immature forms of leukocytes (myelocytes, promyelocytes, or even their precursors - myeloblasts) appear in the blood. All this happens against the background of a sharp leukocytosis. Such a shift in the blood count indicates the likely presence of:

Tuberculosis;
malignant tumors (cancer of the stomach, colon, breast);
infectious disease.

Experts know the formula for calculating the severity of the disease by the ratio of leukocytes in the body. According to their structure, leukocytes are divided into segmented and non-segmented, each type performs its own functions. The ratio of the second to the first is a value called the "shift index". This index is calculated using the formula:

shift index \u003d (M + Y + P) / S,

in which M is the number of myelocytes, Yu is the number of young neutrophils, P is the number of stab neutrophils, C is the number of segmented neutrophils.

The normal shift index is expressed in values \u200b\u200bof 0.05-0.08. Its change in one direction or another indicates the severity of the disease:

With an index of 1.0 or more - severe degree;
in the range of 0.3-1.0 - a disease of moderate severity;
with an index of 0.3 or less, the degree of the disease is mild.

Nuclear shift of neutrophils to the right is a state of blood when neutrophils of mature forms prevail in it, containing five or six instead of three segments. In such cases, the shift index becomes less than the lower limit of the norm - less than 0.04.

For the sake of fairness, it should be immediately said that the nuclear shift of neutrophils to the right occurs in a fifth of the practically healthy population. However, in some cases, it can be a sign of anomalies, in particular, the situation requires further verification due to suspicions of the presence of:

Radiation sickness;
polycethemia;
Addison-Birmer's anemia.

If a nuclear shift of neutrophils to the right is detected during the period of an infectious or inflammatory disease, this is a good sign: the human body is actively fighting and there is a high probability of a quick and successful recovery.

2. Other disorders of the ratio between leukocytes

Eosinophilia is an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood. As a rule, this is the body's reaction to the intake of foreign protein and histamine: after all, these cells perform antihistamine, phagocytic and antitoxic functions. Their increase is typical for the following conditions:

In contrast to eosinophilia, eosinopenia is a decrease in the number of eosinophils in the blood, and aneosinophilia is their complete absence. These blood conditions are characteristic of diseases such as:

Typhoid fever;
acute infectious diseases (at the peak of exacerbation);
agonal state.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are type of leukocytes, characterized by its ability to be in the lymph. Their main function is to protect the body from external factorssubstances and bacteria entering the body in the form of particles.

Normally, the absolute content of lymphocytes in the blood should be in the range of 1200-3000 cells / μL. That is, 1 microliter of blood should ideally contain 1200-3000 lymphocytes.

An increase in the number of lymphocytes above normal is called lymphocytosis, a decrease is called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia. Both of these conditions can be absolute and relative. In the first case, the analysis result is expressed in the number of cells per unit volume. In the case of relative lymphocytosis or lymphopenia, the analysis data are expressed as a percentage.

As a rule, a change in the number of lymphocytes occurs due to an increase or decrease in the content of other cells in the blood serum, for example, neutrophils.

Reasons for absolute lymphocytosis:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (proliferative (Latin proles offspring + ferre bear \u003d growth of body tissue as a result of neoplasm (multiplication) of cells) disease of the blood system);

Chronic radiation sickness;
bronchial asthma;
thyrotoxicosis (increased production of thyroid hormones);
some infectious diseases (whooping cough, tuberculosis);
condition after splenectomy (after removal of the spleen);
taking drugs.

The causes of absolute lymphopenia:

Anomalies in the development of the lymphoid system (while in the bone marrow, lymphocytes are not produced enough);
ionizing radiation (sometimes);
sometimes - proliferative diseases of the blood system (with leukemia, myeloma, lymphosarcoma, sarcoidosis, carcinoma);
autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus);
Cushing's disease and taking corticosteroid medications;
some forms of tuberculosis (caseous pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis);
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

T-lymphocytes

it one of the types of lymphocytes... The cheapest and at the same time quite accurate method for determining the number of T-lymphocytes is the method of rosette formation. It is based on the presence of an affinity between the CD2 receptor of T-lymphocytes and glycoproteins ( specific antigens) ram erythrocyte membranes. When lymphocytes (serum of the analyzed blood) are mixed with the erythrocytes of a ram, figures are formed, which are called rosettes. The number of such rosette-forming cells (E-ROC) corresponds to the number of T-lymphocytes, which are characterized by the presence of CD2 antigen on the surface.

Normally, the relative content of T-lymphocytes is 50-90%, the absolute content is 800-2500 cells / μl, or 0.8x109-2.5x109 cells / l.

The reasons for the increase in the content of T-lymphocytes:

Diseases lymphatic system;
delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (HRT) - a type of allergic reactions carried out by T cells; an example of HRT is allergic dermatitis;
recovery from illness when the patient is "on the mend";
tuberculosis.

The reasons for the decrease in the content of T-lymphocytes:

Bacterial chronic infections;
immunodeficiencies;
tumors;
tuberculosis;
stress;
injury;
burns;
hemorrhage;
some forms of allergies;
heart attack.

T-helpers

Lymphocytes have their own varieties - the so-called subpopulations. Important among them are the so-called T-helpers and T-suppressors. Most often they are determined using special monoclonal antibodies.

The relative content of these lymphocytes in an amount of 30-50% is considered normal, and the absolute content is 600-1600 cells / μl, or 0.6x109-1.6x109 cells / l.

The ratio between T-helpers and T-suppressors can be determined in the theophylline test. The principle of the method is that in the presence of theophylline substance, T-suppressors lose their ability to E-rosette formation. Such cells are called the-ofillin-sensitive (PM). The so-called theophylline-resistant, ie, theophylline-resistant cells (TP) in most cases contain T-helpers.

The TP / PM ratio is normally 2.5-3.5.

The reasons for the increase in the content of T-helpers:

Infection;
allergy;
autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, etc.).

The reasons for the decrease in the content of T-helpers:

Immunodeficiency states;
AIDS;
cytomegalovirus infection.

Determination of the state of T-helpers and T-suppressors is included in the immunological study of blood.

A complete blood count is a simple and informative blood test. Based on the results of a general blood test, you can obtain the necessary information for the diagnosis of many diseases, as well as assess the severity of some diseases and trace the dynamics against the background of the treatment. The general blood test includes the following indicators: hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, leukocyte formula (eosinophils, basophils, segmented and stab neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), platelets, color index and hematocrit. Although in a general blood test, if there are no direct indications, all these indicators are not always determined, sometimes they are limited to determining only ESR, leukocytes, hemoglobin and leukoformula.

Hemoglobin Hb

120-160 g / l for men, 120-140 g / lfor women

Increased hemoglobin levels:

• Diseases accompanied by an increase in the number of red blood cells (primary and secondary erythrocytosis)
• Thickening of the blood (dehydration)
• Congenital heart defects, pulmonary heart failure
• Smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO)
• Physiological reasons (for residents of highlands, pilots after high-altitude flights, climbers, after increased physical activity)

Decreased hemoglobin levels (anemia):

• Increased loss of hemoglobin during bleeding - hemorrhagic anemia
• Increased destruction (hemolysis) of red blood cells - hemolytic anemia
• Lack of iron necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin, or vitamins involved in the formation of red blood cells (mainly B12, folic acid) - iron deficiency or B12-deficiency anemia
• Disorders of blood cell formation in specific hematological diseases - hypoplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia

Hematocrit Нt

40-45% for men 36-42% for women

Shows how many percent of cells in the blood - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets in relation to its liquid part - plasma. If the hematocrit falls, the person either suffered bleeding, or the formation of new blood cells is sharply suppressed. This happens with severe infections and autoimmune diseases. An increase in hematocrit indicates a thickening of the blood, for example, with dehydration.

Increased hematocrit:

• Erythremia (primary erythrocytosis)
• Secondary erythrocytosis ( congenital defects heart, respiratory failure, hemoglobinopathies, neoplasms of the kidneys, accompanied by increased formation of erythropoietin, polycystic kidney disease)
• Decrease in the volume of circulating plasma (blood thickening) with burn disease, peritonitis, etc.
• Dehydration of the body (with severe diarrhea, indomitable vomiting, excessive sweating, diabetes)

Decrease in hematocrit:

• Anemias
• Increased circulating blood volume (second half of pregnancy, hyperproteinemia)
• Hyperhydration

Erythrocytes RBC

4-5 * 1012 per liter for men 3-4 * 1012 per liter for women

Cells that carry hemoglobin. Changes in the number of erythrocytes are closely related to hemoglobin: few erythrocytes - little hemoglobin (and vice versa).

Increased red blood cell count (erythrocytosis):

1. Absolute erythrocytosis (due to increased production of erythrocytes)

• Erythremia, or Vakez's disease, is one of the variants of chronic leukemia (primary erythrocytosis)
• Secondary erythrocytosis:

- Caused by hypoxia (chronic lung disease, congenital heart defects, the presence of abnormal hemoglobins, increased exercise stress, stay at high altitudes)
- associated with increased production of erythropoietin, which stimulates erythropoiesis (renal parenchymal cancer, hydronephrosis and polycystic kidney disease, liver parenchymal cancer, benign familial erythrocytosis)
- associated with an excess of adrenocorticosteroids or androgens (pheochromocytoma, Itsenko-Cushing disease / syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, cerebellar hemangioblastoma)

1. Relative - with thickening of the blood, when the volume of plasma decreases while maintaining the number of erythrocytes

• dehydration (excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, increasing edema and ascites)
• emotional stress
• alcoholism
• smoking
• systemic hypertension

Decreased levels (erythrocytopenia):

• Acute blood loss
• Deficiency anemias of various etiologies - as a result of a deficiency of iron, protein, vitamins
• Hemolysis
• Can occur secondarily with various kinds of chronic non-hematological diseases
• The number of erythrocytes may physiologically decrease slightly after eating, between 17.00 and 7.00, as well as when taking blood in the supine position.

Color index CPU

0.85-1.05V

The ratio of the hemoglobin level to the number of red blood cells. The color index changes with various anemias: it increases with B12-, folate deficiency, aplastic and autoimmune anemias and decreases with iron deficiency.

Leukocytes WBC

3-8 * 109 per liter

Leukocytes are responsible for fighting off infections. The number of leukocytes increases with infections, leukemia. Decreases due to the suppression of the formation of leukocytes in the bone marrow in severe infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Increased levels (leukocytosis):

• Acute infections, especially if their causative agents are cocci (staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus, gonococcus). Although a number of acute infections (typhoid, paratyphoid, salmonellosis, etc.) can in some cases lead to leukopenia (a decrease in the number of leukocytes)
• Inflammatory conditions; rheumatic attack
• Intoxication, including endogenous (diabetic acidosis, eclampsia, uremia, gout)
• Malignant neoplasms
• Injuries, burns
• Acute bleeding (especially if the bleeding is internal: in abdominal cavity, pleural space, joint or in the immediate vicinity of the dura mater)
• Operative interventions
• Infarctions of internal organs (myocardium, lungs, kidneys, spleen)
• Myelo- and lymphocytic leukemia
• The result of the action of adrenaline and steroid hormones
• Reactive (physiological) leukocytosis: exposure to physiological factors (pain, cold or hot bath, exercise, emotional stress, exposure to sunlight and UV rays); menstruation; period of labor

Decreased levels (leukopenia):

• Some viral and bacterial infections (influenza, typhoid fever, tularemia, measles, malaria, rubella, mumps, infectious mononucleosis, miliary tuberculosis, AIDS)
• Sepsis
• Bone marrow hypo- and aplasia
• Damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs
• Exposure to ionizing radiation
• Splenomegaly, hypersplenism, condition after splenectomy
• Acute leukemia
• Myelofibrosis
• Myelodysplastic syndromes
• Plasmacytoma
• Bone marrow metastases of neoplasms
• Addison-Birmer disease
• Anaphylactic shock
• Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other collagenoses
• Reception of sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, cytostatics

Neutrophils NEU

up to 70% of the total number of leukocytes

Neutrophils are cells of a nonspecific immune response; they are found in huge numbers in the submucosa and on the mucous membranes. Their main task is to swallow foreign microorganisms. Their increase indicates a purulent inflammatory process. But it should be especially alarming if there is a purulent process, and there is no increase in neutrophils in the blood test.

Increased neutrophil count (neutrophilia, neutrophilia):

• Acute bacterial infections

1. localized (abscesses, osteomyelitis, acute appendicitis, acute otitis media, pneumonia, acute pyelonephritis, salpingitis, meningitis, tonsillitis, acute cholecystitis and etc.)
2. generalized (sepsis, peritonitis, pleural empyema, scarlet fever, cholera, etc.)

• Inflammatory processes and tissue necrosis (myocardial infarction, extensive burns, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, dermatitis, peritonitis)
• Condition after surgery
• Endogenous intoxication ( diabetes, uremia, eclampsia, hepatocyte necrosis)
• Exogenous intoxication (lead, snake venom, vaccines)
• Oncological diseases (tumors of various organs)
• Reception of some drugse.g. corticosteroids, digitalis drugs, heparin, acetylcholine
• Physical stress and emotional stress and stressful situations: exposure to heat, cold, pain, burns and childbirth, pregnancy, fear, anger, joy

Decreased neutrophil count (neutropenia):

• Some infections caused by bacteria (typhoid and paratyphoid fever, brucellosis), viruses (influenza, measles, chickenpox, viral hepatitis, rubella), protozoa (malaria), rickettsiae ( typhus), lingering infections in the elderly and debilitated people
• Diseases of the blood system (hypo- and aplastic, megaloblastic and iron deficiency anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, acute leukemia)
• Congenital neutropenia (hereditary agranulocytosis)
• Anaphylactic shock
• Splenomegaly of various origins
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Ionizing radiation
• Effects of cytostatics, anticancer drugs
• Medicinal neutropenias associated with increased sensitivity of individuals to the action of certain medicines (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, psychotropic drugs, drugs affecting the cardiovascular system, diuretics, antidiabetic drugs)

Eosinophils EOS

1-5% of the total number of leukocytes

Increased levels (eosinophilia):

Decreased levels (eosinopenia):

• The initial phase of the inflammatory process
• Severe purulent infections
• Shock, stress
• Intoxication with various chemical compounds, heavy metals

LymphocytesLYM

Cells of specific immunity. If, with severe inflammation, the indicator falls below 15%, it is important to estimate the absolute number of lymphocytes per microliter. It should not be lower than 1200-1500 cells.

Increased lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis):

• Infectious diseases: infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus infection, whooping cough, ARVI, toxoplasmosis, herpes, rubella, HIV infection
• Diseases of the blood system (chronic lymphocytic leukemia; lymphosarcoma, heavy chain disease - Franklin's disease)
• Poisoning with tetrachloroethane, lead, arsenic, carbon disulfide
• Treatment with drugs such as levodopa, phenytoin, valproic acid, narcotic analgesics

Decreased lymphocyte count (lymphopenia):

• Severe viral diseases
• Miliary tuberculosis
• Lymphogranulomatosis
• Aplastic anemia
• Pancytopenia
• Renal failure
• Circulatory failure
• Terminal stage of cancer
• Immunodeficiencies (with T cell deficiency)
• X-ray therapy
• Taking drugs with a cytostatic effect (chlorambucil, asparaginase), glucocorticoids

PlateletsPLT

170-320 * 109 per liter

Platelets - cells responsible for stopping bleeding - hemostasis. And they, like scavengers, collect the remnants of inflammatory wars on the membrane - circulating immune complexes. A platelet count below normal may indicate an immunological disease or severe inflammation.

Increased levels (thrombocytosis):

1. Primary thrombocytosis (resulting from proliferation of megakaryocytes)

• Essential thrombocythemia
• Erythremia
• Myeloproliferative disorders (myeloid leukemia)

1. Secondary thrombocytosis (occurring against the background of a disease)

• Inflammatory processes (systemic inflammatory diseases, osteomyelitis, ulcerative colitis, tuberculosis)
• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Acute blood loss or hemolysis
• Condition after splenectomy (within 2 months or more)
• Oncological diseases (cancer, lymphoma)
• Conditions after surgery (within 2 weeks)

Decreased levels (thrombocytopenia):

1. Congenital thrombocytopenia:

• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
• Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
• Fanconi syndrome
• May-Hegglin anomaly
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome (giant platelets)

1. Acquired thrombocytopenia:

• Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
• Drug-induced thrombocytopenia
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Thrombocytopenia associated with infection (viral and bacterial infections, rickettsiosis, malaria, toxoplasmosis)
• Splenomegaly
• Aplastic anemia and myelophthisis (replacement of bone marrow with tumor cells or fibrous tissue)
• Tumor metastases to the bone marrow
• Megaloblastic anemias
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Markiafava-Micheli disease)
• Evans syndrome (autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia)
• DIC syndrome (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
• Massive blood transfusions, extracorporeal circulation
• During the neonatal period (prematurity, hemolytic disease of the newborn, neonatal autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura)
• Congestive heart failure
• Renal vein thrombosis

ESR-speederythrocyte sedimentation

10 mm / h for men 15 mm / h for women

An increase in ESR signals an inflammatory or other pathological process. Increased without apparent reasons ESR should not be ignored!

Increase (acceleration of ESR):

• Inflammatory diseases of various etiologies
• Acute and chronic infections (pneumonia, osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, syphilis)
• Paraproteinemia (multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's disease)
• Tumor diseases (carcinoma, sarcoma, acute leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphoma)
• Autoimmune diseases (collagenoses)
• Kidney disease (chronic nephritis, nephrotic syndrome)
• Myocardial infarction
• Hypoproteinemia
• Anemia, condition after blood loss
• Intoxication
• Injuries, bone fractures
• Condition after shock, surgery
• Hyperfibrinogenemia
• In women during pregnancy, menstruation, in the postpartum period
• Elderly age
• Taking medications (estrogens, glucocorticoids)

Decrease (deceleration of ESR):

• Erythremias and reactive erythrocytosis
• Pronounced symptoms of circulatory failure
• Epilepsy
• Fasting, decreased muscle mass
• Taking corticosteroids, salicylates, calcium, and mercury preparations
• Pregnancy (especially 1 and 2 semester)
• Vegetarian diet
• Myodystrophies

Agranulocytosis - a sharp decrease in the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood up to their complete disappearance, leading to a decrease in the body's resistance to infection and the development of bacterial complications. Depending on the mechanism of occurrence, a distinction is made between myelotoxic (resulting from the action of cytostatic factors) and immune agranulocytosis.

Monocytes (Monocytes) - the largest cells among leukocytes, do not contain granules. They are formed in the bone marrow from monoblasts and belong to the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells. Monocytes circulate in the blood for 36 to 104 hours, and then migrate to tissues, where they differentiate into organo- and tissue-specific macrophages.

Macrophages play an important role in the processes of phagocytosis. They are capable of absorbing up to 100 microbes, while neutrophils - only 20-30. Macrophages appear in the focus of inflammation after neutrophils and show maximum activity in an acidic environment, in which neutrophils lose their activity. In the focus of inflammation, macrophages phagocytose microbes, dead leukocytes, and damaged cells of the inflamed tissue, thereby clearing the focus of inflammation and preparing it for regeneration. For this function, monocytes are called "body wipers".

Increased monocyte count (monocytosis):

• Infections (viral (infectious mononucleosis), fungal, protozoal (malaria, leishmaniasis) and rickettsial etiology), septic endocarditis, as well as the period of convalescence after acute infections
• Granulomatosis: tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis (nonspecific)
• Diseases of the blood (acute monoblastic and myelomnoblastic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, myeloma, lymphogranulomatosis)
• Systemic collagenosis (systemic lupus erythematosus), rheumatoid arthritis, periarteritis nodosa
• Poisoning with phosphorus, tetrachloroethane

Decreased monocyte count (monocytopenia):

• Aplastic anemia (bone marrow damage)
• Hairy cell leukemia
• Operative interventions
• Shock states
• Taking glucocorticoids

Basophils - the smallest population of leukocytes. The life span of basophils is 8-12 days; the circulation time in peripheral blood, like all granulocytes, is short - several hours. The main function of basophils is to participate in an anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction of an immediate type. They are also involved in delayed-type reactions through lymphocytes, in inflammatory and allergic reactions, in the regulation of vascular wall permeability. Basophils contain such biologically active substanceslike heparin and histamine (similar to connective tissue mast cells).

Increased basophil levels (basophilia):

• Allergic reactions to food, drugs, the introduction of a foreign protein
• Chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, erythremia
• Lymphogranulomatosis
• Chronic ulcerative colitis
• Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
• Chicken pox
• Nephrosis
• Condition after splenectomy
• Hodgkin's disease
• Estrogen treatment

Decreased basophil levels (basopenia) - difficult to assess due to the low content of basophils in the norm.