Cholecystitis symptoms and how to treat it. Gallbladder inflammation - signs, treatment and diet

Among the most common diseases of the digestive tract, medical statistics include cholecystitis - an inflammation of the gallbladder, accompanied by local and general clinical manifestations.

This pathology proceeds in an acute or chronic variant, it is more common in women. In children, it is also not uncommon, but it is more difficult to diagnose due to the atypical nature of the symptoms.

The annual increase in morbidity dictates the need to familiarize people who are far from medicine with this problem.

To understand the meaning of the disease, it is desirable to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe anatomical basis of the pathological process. What is the gallbladder? It is a hollow oval organ, the size of a hen's egg, which is located in the human body on the lower surface of the liver and is its structural part.

It serves as a reservoir for the accumulation and concentration of bile entering it, as well as for its periodic release into small intestine through the main duct (choledoch) to ensure normal digestion of food.

Inflammation in this part of the gastrointestinal tract never appears from scratch; two conditions are necessary for the occurrence of cholecystitis:

• pathogen - pathogenic bacteria are brought here with the flow of blood or lymph from foci of chronic infection (carious teeth, hypertrophied tonsils, adenoids, etc.);
• stagnation of bile (cholestasis) - occurs due to anomalies in the structure of the organ (bend of the bottom, constrictions, adhesions) or the formation of stones that make it difficult to empty the bladder.

With a normally functioning biliary system, microbes entering it are quickly removed without harming the human body. In conditions of stagnation, bile loses its bactericidal properties and becomes a favorable environment for the multiplication of pathogenic staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus and other bacteria.

In adults, gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is in the first place among the causes of cholecystitis, in children - congenital malformations of the gallbladder.

What factors provoke the development of the disease:

• a sedentary lifestyle or a forced sedentary state;
• family genetic predisposition;
• features of the course of pregnancy;
• excess or loss of weight;
• malnutrition, prolonged fasting;
• worms and giardia;
• refresher courses hormone therapy etc.

Classification

Clinicians distinguish between acute and chronic cholecystitis. In the first case, the onset of the disease will be sudden, and the symptoms are bright, while its duration is limited to three months.

For the development of the second option, at least six months are necessary, the clinic during remission is sluggish, and with an exacerbation it becomes pronounced. Prolonged inflammation usually develops independently and gradually against the background of gallstone disease, concomitant diseases of the stomach, pancreas, etc., less often it is a consequence of the previous infection.

According to the severity of changes in the wall of the gallbladder, there are:

• catarrhal variant of the disease - superficial mild damage to the mucous membrane, occurs in the initial stage;
• phlegmonous cholecystitis is a deep-seated process with purulent fusion of tissues;
• gangrenous form - a serious condition occurring with necrosis (necrosis) of certain parts of the organ, it happens in weakened individuals with immunodeficiency.

In adults, pathology develops most often with stones in the bladder cavity (90% of cases), therefore cholecystitis is called calculous. In children, the chronic course is predominant, and in the catarrhal version, it is possible to find other types of the disease in a child only in isolated cases.

Clinical picture

Symptoms of inflammation in gallbladder expressed in patients in different ways, depending on the form of the disease, the degree of damage to the organ wall, the state of immunity and other individual characteristics of the organism.

Acute current

The following manifestations are most characteristic:

1. Pain syndrome is a painful and persistent colic that is localized first in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and in the epigastrium (epigastric region), then it can spread throughout the abdomen. Typical for adult patients is irradiation (spread) of pain in the lower back, collarbone, scapula, neck on the right side. With a purulent process in the bladder, deterioration occurs with any movement of the body, cough, inhalation, conversation.
2. Dyspeptic syndrome - nausea, repeated vomiting with an admixture of bile, bloating, constipation.
3. Intoxication - weakness, an increase in temperature from subfebrile numbers to high fever, which does not decrease during the entire attack. The patient is worried about tachycardia, headache, feeling of panic and fear.

Chronic course

In remission, cholecystitis manifests itself as a bitter taste in the mouth after eating, dull pain or discomfort under the right rib, malaise, decreased performance.

During the period of exacerbation, all symptoms are more pronounced, an error in food (fatty, fried, smoked food), emotional stress, flu, hypothermia, pathology in another organ, pregnancy can provoke a relapse.

Possible complications

They develop more often when the calculous process is running in weakened people who did not manage to remove the inflammation of the gallbladder in time and prevent the formation and growth of stones. The most formidable consequences:

• empyema (suppuration) and gangrene of the bladder;
• perforation of the walls, the release of calculi and pus into the abdominal cavity, followed by sepsis and peritonitis;
• obturation (blockage) of the common bile duct with a small stone and development obstructive jaundice - clinically, the patient will have dark urine, discolored feces, yellow sclera and skin;
• pressure of the duodenum (DPC) by a distended bladder from the outside, as a result - intestinal obstruction.

Diagnostic methods

Severe abdominal pains are inherent not only in cholecystitis, but also in closely related pancreatitis, however, in the latter case, they are predominantly shingles and are often accompanied by diarrhea.

Differentiation is also carried out:

• with appendicitis;
• pyelonephritis and ICD;
• ulcerative lesion of the gastric mucosa and duodenum;
• stratification of an aneurysm in the abdominal aortic trunk;
• intestinal infarction;
• oncology, etc.

If a patient is found to have characteristic acute inflammation gallbladder symptoms, treatment is carried out in a hospital after a clarifying examination by the following methods:

1. Laboratory tests - leukocytosis and neutrophilia are detected in a general blood test, pathological changes in urine, an increase in alkaline phosphatase, amylase in biochemical samples, etc.
2. Radiography - previously used as the main method, is now used in cases of suspected gallbladder cancer or complications of cholecystitis.
3. Ultrasonography of the abdominal cavity (ultrasound) is the most informative study in the pathology of the biliary system, pancreas and liver.
4. Computed tomography (CT) or MRI of the bladder - are used for a more accurate diagnosis, especially in complicated forms of the disease, when it is necessary to assess the condition of the surrounding organs and tissues.

Scintigraphy of the hepatobiliary system - performed with insufficient data from other studies.

How to treat gallbladder inflammation

The symptoms and treatment of different forms of the disease are different, so specialists should deal with the problem. It is necessary to consult a doctor at the most early stages when the first signs of illness appear.

Medical care for cholecystitis consists of therapeutic and surgical activities, which are often combined with each other.

With advanced forms of the disease, only surgery is the choice, in the initial stages in the absence of pronounced morphological changes in the bladder and small size stones are allowed outpatient therapy.

Conservative activities

Medicines, regimen and proper nutrition - this is enough for the treatment of cholecystitis without complications. Medications include broad-spectrum antibiotics such as Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone.

Surgical methods

In most cases, when a gallstone disease with bright symptoms is detected in a person, cholecystectomy is a radical method of treatment. The operation is best done after preliminary preparation of the patient. For this purpose, antibiotics are prescribed in the preoperative period.

With a complicated course of the calculous process, surgical intervention is carried out immediately. The most optimal way is laparoscopy.

However, in some patients, classical cholecystectomy is performed, for example, with morbid obesity, large calculi, suspected cancer, gallbladder perforation, etc.

In the elderly and weakened people, if it is impossible radical surgery surgeons carry out percutaneous drainage and the introduction of antimicrobial drugs to subside acute events and improve well-being.

In the diet, the content of not only fat is limited, but also easily digestible carbohydrates (jam, sweets, honey) and vegetables with high content oxalic acid salts (spinach, lettuce, radish).

Correction of the diet is carried out by the attending physician depending on the patient's condition, whether he has concomitant problems with other organs of the gastrointestinal tract, etc.

Prevention

Any disease, including cholecystitis, can be prevented only with careful attention to your health. The appearance of heaviness and pain in the abdomen against the background of constant dyspeptic disorders can serve as a signal that the gallbladder has become inflamed, in this case, an appeal to the doctor should be urgent.

The initial manifestations of pathology must be alerted - frequent belching, bad breath, constant yellow plaque on the tongue, instability of the stool, unpleasant sensations of heaviness in the right side under the rib after eating or exercise.

To prevent relapse, patients with a chronic illness need to review and change their daily routine. This means that you need to eat often up to 5 or 6 times a day, you cannot eat on the go and eat dry food.

Fast food, carbonated drinks, excess fat and alcohol are prohibited, you need daily physical activity, a full drinking regimen and the sanitation of all existing foci of infection in the body.

Dispensary observation of people from families with a hereditary predisposition to gallstones is the right approach. Ignoring the signs of illness and self-medication is the path leading to the operating table.

For example, with obvious inflammation of the gallbladder, treatment with folk remedies is ineffective and even dangerous. Application choleretic herbs can provoke the movement of calculi, blockage of the ducts with the subsequent appearance of jaundice and the threat of rupture of the walls.

Content

The main symptoms of pathology are nausea, bitterness in oral cavity and a pulling feeling in the right hypochondrium. Treatment of cholecystitis should be complex and systemic, while the choice of therapeutic methods and medications can only be carried out by a doctor.

Diets for cholecystitis

For the treatment of calculous and stoneless types of the disease, as a rule, diet No. 5 is used, the main principle of which is to reduce the consumption of foods rich in cholesterol. At the same time, nutritional therapy for cholecystitis implies an increase in the amount of plant fiber in the menu of a sick person. In case of an exacerbation and chronic course of the disease, the following foods should be excluded from the diet:

• any marinades, sauces;
• fish / meat broths;
• legumes;
• fried food;
• sausages;
• canned food, semi-finished products;
• spicy food, spices;
• sour berries such as viburnum or cranberries;
• rich pastries;
• cocoa, coffee.

With gallstone disease, it is worth supplementing your menu:

• bran / rye bread;
• milk, cottage cheese, sour cream;
• different cereals;
• butter, olive oil;
• lean soups in vegetable broth;
• boiled lean poultry, fish;
• pasta;
• fresh sweet fruits;
• raw vegetables;
• weak tea, compotes, jelly, mineral water.

Eating with inflammation of the gallbladder and liver must be correct: you should eat fractionally, 5-6 times a day, while the portions should be small. This is the only way to ensure that bile is secreted in sufficient quantities and at the right time. To avoid spasms of the bile ducts, you should refuse too hot or cold food. During a therapeutic diet, it is worth arranging 1-2 days of fasting per week. At the same time, it is allowed to use only mineral water and herbal decoctions.

Treatment of cholecystitis with drugs

An attack of acute cholecystitis is a good reason for hospitalization of the patient. At the same time, doctors conduct research and take the necessary materials for analysis to determine whether the patient has any complications in the gallbladder cavity. After a complete examination, the patient is diagnosed and prescribed adequate therapy. How will cholecystitis be treated in the hospital? If was identified inflammatory process, as evidenced by the increased body temperature of the patient, he is prescribed:

• antibiotics;
• anti-inflammatory drugs.

After the focus of inflammation is suppressed, the doctor prescribes an appointment choleretic agents... This is a necessary measure to accelerate the removal of excess bile, stones from the body and to improve the general condition of a patient with cholecystitis. The main task is to weaken the inflammatory process. With the help of choleretic drugs, this can be done quickly, therefore, they are used to treat even those patients who have an early stage of development of pathology.

If during the diagnosis stones or calcifications were detected in the ducts or the organ itself, which is accompanied by serious inflammation of the gall organ, the doctor prescribes an operation. Conservative treatment in this case will be ineffective. Surgical intervention, in addition, it can be prescribed to a man or woman with cholecystitis, if drug therapy did not give the expected results. In all other cases, drugs are used to treat cholecystitis. Find out how to treat the disease below.

Choleretic drugs

The main drugs and prescriptions are:

1. Allochol. A bile acid based cholecystitis remedy stimulates the bile production process. The disease should be treated by taking 2 tablets 3-4 times a day. The course of therapy is 2 months.
2. Nikodin. An effective synthetic agent against calculous cholecystitis is taken for 2-3 weeks, 1-2 tablets three times a day.
3. Xylitol. The drug irritates the duodenal membrane, due to which it has not only choleretic, but also a laxative effect. The tool accelerates lipid metabolism and is taken in 50-100 ml twice or three times a day for a maximum of 3 months.
4. Berberine. Cholecystitis is treated with this drug for a month, taking 1-2 tablets three times a day.
5. Holonerton. The drug for calculous cholecystitis eliminates stagnation of bile in the bladder, has an antispasmodic effect. Holonerton normalizes pressure in the gallbladder. It is worth treating their illness until the moment when the patient's condition is normalized. The recommended daily dosage is no more than 3 tablets.

Pain Relief Pills

It is forbidden to use any drugs for the treatment of cholecystitis at home, as they can aggravate the patient's condition. Any remedies must be prescribed by a doctor. So, with a hypotonic and large gallbladder, any antispasmodics cannot be taken, otherwise stagnation may form. Conventional pain relievers like Aspirin, Paracetamol, or Ibuprofen will be ineffective. How to treat cholecystitis with antispasmodics? The following drugs will help relieve pain and spasm:

• Drotaverin;
• Atropine;
• Papaverine;
• Duspatalin;
• Platyphyllin.

Antibiotic

Have healthy person bile is sterile, and with the development of cholecystitis, pathogenic bacteria begin to multiply in it, provoking inflammation of the walls of the bladder. Since bile in the intestine is immediately contaminated by microflora, sowing in this case is ineffective, and the doctor prescribes broad-spectrum antibiotics. If the patient has leukocytosis in the blood and high temperature body treatment at home involves the use of penicillins, macrolides. When the patient is in the hospital, cholecystitis is treated with gentamicin and cephalosporins, which are administered intramuscularly.

Anti-inflammatory drugs

This group of drugs for cholecystitis, in addition to its main function, has an analgesic effect and helps to normalize body temperature. Doctors for this purpose, as a rule, prescribe drugs based on:

• piroxicam;
• paracetamol;
• ibuprofen.

Surgical treatment of the gallbladder

If the inflammation becomes purulent or destructive form and spreads, there is a risk of rupture of the gallbladder with subsequent peritonitis. At the same time, postponing surgical intervention is unacceptable. In addition, the indication for the operation is the presence of numerous or large stones in the organ. The doctor can choose one of two methods of surgical treatment of the disease:

1. Remove the gallbladder.
2. Drain the organ outward to heal first acute symptoms with the help of drugs, and operate later.

How to treat the gallbladder with folk remedies

Herbal medicine in the treatment of cholecystitis has a complex effect on the body. Folk remedies contribute to the liquefaction of bile, its withdrawal, relieve spasms and inflammation from the bile ducts. However, decoctions and herbal infusions should not treat the patient: the substances are used as an additional, rather than the main, measure to combat the disease. In addition, folk remedies can be used for chronic cholecystitis to prevent exacerbation. Mineral waters also perfectly treat the gallbladder.

Herbs

A great advantage of herbal medicine is its gentle effect on the body, due to which such means can be treated even during pregnancy. When complex therapy inflammation of the gallbladder, the following herbs are used:

• parsley;
• tansy;
• corn silk;
• yarrow;
• rosehip;
• mint;
• barberry;
• immortelle.

Recipes effective meansto help treat chronic cholecystitis at home:

1. Herbal collection No. 1. Mix equal amounts of tansy flowers, immortelle, corn silk. Pour in ½ tbsp. collection with boiling water (250 ml). Take the infusion in small sips throughout the day.
2. Herbal collection No. 2. Combine 1 spoonful of calendula flowers, tansy, St. John's wort, rose hips, horsetail greens, coltsfoot, plantain, mint, yarrow, nettle, eucalyptus, birch buds. Boil this mixture in a liter of water, then let it stand for at least half an hour. Take the broth daily for ½ tbsp. half an hour before meals twice.
3. Vegetable juices. Effective against disease. You should drink a mixture of cucumber, carrot, lemon, beet juice (½ tbsp each) throughout the day. This remedy will quickly remove stones from the gallbladder.

Homeopathic treatment for cholecystitis

The main principle of homeopathy is to use a remedy similar to chemical compositionthat the stones themselves have in the gallbladder. For example, if the analysis of urine determined that they consist of phosphate and oxalic acids, then cholecystitis should be treated with the same substances. These acids contain the following drugs:

• Hekalava;
• Acidum;
• Okvalikum;
• Lipodum;
• Likopodium, pr.

Video

Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). The main symptom of the disease strong pain in the right side when the position of the body changes. From year to year, the number of these diseases increases by 15%, and the occurrence of stones increases by 20% annually among the adult population. Men are less prone to cholecystitis than women after 50 years.

Classification

Diseases of the digestive system belong to the category of constantly diagnosed serious health problems. The constantly deteriorating ecology, violations in the technology of food preparation, the introduction of various chemicals into the methods of growing vegetables and fruits, as well as the feeding of animals and poultry, have led to a sharp rise indicators of morbidity of the digestive tract and the entire human digestive system.

There are subspecies, with the mention of ICD 10 codes:

• calculous;
• non-calculus.

And also the stages:

• Chronic cholecystitis (K81.1) can last up to 6 months (in difficult cases, the period increases);
• Acute (K81.0) - this form is more transient (on average, about 3 months).

Chronic cholecystitis can be (other forms of cholecystitis K 81.8):

• Phlegmonous (the bladder contains pus, the walls of the organ are completely inflamed);
• Catarrhal (the membrane of the gallbladder is red, edematous, but the mucous membrane is inflamed only superficially);
• Gangrenous (pronounced form, up to fragmentary tissue necrosis).

Reasons 👩\u200d⚕️

The gallbladder is a significant organ in digestive system, but under certain conditions it can become inflamed, and then the diagnosis is made - cholecystitis. Of the many diseases of the abdominal cavity, this is the most common, and has already been proven to strive for further growth.

The main reasons for the development of cholecystitis: impaired motility, hypodynamia of the gallbladder. Poor bile circulation has the following consequences:

• Firstly, its thickening contributes to the formation of stones, they disrupt its acid-base balance, structure, integrity of the bladder membrane.
• Secondly, pathogenic bacteria enter the gallbladder from the intestines, through the blood or lymph from the foci of infection, and as a result - inflammation.

The reasons for the violation of the outflow of bile (dyskinesia) and as a result of inflammation of the gallbladder:

Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder is mainly a consequence of the formation and prolonged course of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver.

Acute

In 90% of cases, stones are the cause of the development of acute cholecystitis. Already in the early stages of their appearance, the microflora of the gallbladder and the composition of bile change, and the motor function of the pathways responsible for its evacuation also deteriorates. Ultimately, the mucous membrane is injured, and the lesion becomes a favorable site for an infectious agent. This further contributes to internal inflammation.

Symptoms 🤒

The main symptoms of gallbladder inflammation are pain in the hypochondrium on the right, nausea, indigestion and indigestion. The signs of cholecystitis also depend on the stage, we will consider them separately:

Chronic

Chronic cholecystitis develops slowly over a long time, periodic exacerbations alternate with relative rest. At moments of deterioration, which can last for several weeks, the pain is mild, dull, aching, localized in the right hypochondrium. Possible belching with bitterness, nausea, sometimes vomiting is present. The body temperature rises slightly.

With atypical symptoms, dull pain in the heart, bloating, food is difficult to swallow. Acute periods usually occur with the intake of unwanted and harmful foods, carbonated drinks, stress and hypothermia.

With a prolonged course of the disease, adhesions can form, the bladder is deformed and there is a possibility of its adhesion with adjacent organs.

The presence of stones in the gallbladder aggravates the situation and significantly worsens the prognosis. It happens that the chronic stage develops into an acute one, and then it can threaten with perforation of the gallbladder wall, purulent inflammation.

Symptoms depending on the subspecies of cholecystitis:

• For gangrenous inflammation of the gallbladder clinical picture characterized by a period of apparent recovery due to the death of nerve endings.
• The most difficult case is a phlegmonous appearance, intoxication causes a strong fever, the patient is chilly, tortured severe attacks thirst, irritation of the peritoneum is observed, painful sensations become especially strong. Healing occurs after several days, but this form often becomes chronic.

Sharp

If the pain is paroxysmal and lasts several days, it is given to the right to the collarbone, shoulder or under the scapula, nausea and even vomiting appears, and after it does not become easier, we can talk about an acute form of cholecystitis.

Symptoms intensify when the body cannot cope with inflammation and intoxication, the body temperature rises steadily to 38 degrees and higher, the body seizes with chills, and the pulse quickens.

In the resulting erosions and ulcers, pus appears, over time, the abscess can open up, breaking the bladder membrane, and its contents rush into the intestines. Then peritonitis sets in.

Diagnostics 🔍

The final conclusion is formed from several components. When interviewing a patient, a doctor, based on complaints, working conditions, lifestyle, eating habits, concomitant diseases, can already make a preliminary verdict. Palpation of the abdomen reveals pain in the gallbladder region. Further, laboratory and instrumental research, allowing you to make a final diagnosis.

Laboratory

• General and biochemical analysis blood;
• Feces on the eggs of the worm;
• Analysis of urine;
• Examination of bile;
• Immunoassay blood test;
• Analysis of feces for elastase;

Instrumental

1. Ultrasound and radiography. They contribute to the detection of stones, stagnation of bile, determine the thickening of the walls of the inflamed organ along the contours, and show whether dyskinesia is present.
2. Duodenal intubation. Will help determine the state of gallbladder secretion.
3. In especially difficult cases, the doctor prescribes computed tomography.

🏥 If an acute form is detected, patients are hospitalized in the surgery department, with chronic indicators, the patient is sent to the therapy or gastroenterology department.

Treatment 🚑

Cholecystitis treatment methods:

Medication

Taking pills means prescribing antibiotics, antioxidants, and drugs that can prevent inflammation. To enhance the outflow of bile, antispasmodics, choleretic drugs are prescribed. Special diet for conservative treatment is of great importance. With its strict adherence, the exclusion of irritating food is provided.

Surgical

Emergency surgery (cholecystectomy) is indicated for acute pronounced form, if you suspect peritonitis or if you have symptoms of purulent intoxication of the body. A common reason for immediate intervention is the diagnosis of stony deposits.

Diet

During the period of exacerbation of the disease, the patient is admitted to a hospital in a therapeutic or gastroenterological department. At first, a gentle diet involves drinking plenty of small portions, a few croutons, weak, slightly sweetened tea, juices diluted with water. After the pain subsides, the list of products can be expanded. If a diagnosis is made that confirms the disease, the patient will have to carry out a serious correction of his taste preferences and follow all the doctor's prescriptions.

⛔️ The basic rule is to protect the body from excessive thermal, chemical, or mechanical overload. You need to try to forget about fried, spicy, fatty foods. The use of alcohol and chocolate is strictly prohibited.

Sample menu

• Soups from cereals and vegetables, only pureed;
• Porridge oatmeal buckwheat semi-liquid;
• Low-calorie cottage cheese;
• Kissels and mousses;
• Boiled low-fat fish;
• Boiled and mashed meat, dietary (rabbit, chicken, turkey);
• Steamed cutlets;
• White crackers;
• Sour milk products only with low fat content, and butter should be limited;
• Vegetables and fruits can be eaten fresh, boiled and baked.

☝️ Food is taken frequently, in small doses, 6 times a day.

Exercises

We have selected for you a very useful video with a selection of exercises for the treatment of cholecystitis, since we consider it ineffective to describe in text form.

Folk remedies

You can cure inflammation of the gallbladder using funds traditional medicine... This is a more gentle way, many carriers of the disease deliberately choose herbal infusions and teas against the appointment of tablets and mixtures that have a chemical basis.

Especially often, folk recipes are used by women during pregnancy, as well as elderly citizens. Cholecystitis can be treated with herbs that can improve the passage of bile through the ducts. Choleretic plants relieve pain, normalize the outflow of bile, and eliminate stagnation.

Choleretic collection

One of the most common and popular choleretic fees a composition is considered that includes the following components:

1. mint;
2. immortelle flowers;
3. dill seeds;
4. rosehip;
5. corn silk;
6. barberry root.

The ingredients are mixed in the same amount in a clean dish, then crushed, 1 spoon of the resulting mixture is brewed in 1 glass of water, consumed 3 times a day before meals. The dosage is a third of a glass. Cucumber juice relieves pain well - it is enough to take 100 ml of fresh drug once a day.

From other means are recommended: well-steamed dried apricots (will help eliminate bile stagnation), infusion from the collection: yarrow, knotweed, dandelion flowers, calendula. Dried herbs are brewed in boiling water for 3 hours (proportion of st. L / 0.5 l), used after straining.

First aid

Chronic cholecystitis often exacerbates acute attacks diseases resulting from:

• great physical exertion;
• received hypothermia;
• infectious attack.

When the condition worsens sharply and the pain grows, it is necessary to give the patient first aid - lay on the right side, release the pressure of the clothes. If it is precisely known about stones in the gallbladder, then heat is applied to the sore spot, if inflammation has begun, cold is needed. Pain medications should be used with extreme caution.

When an attack occurs, the patient needs urgent medical attention, because only specialists can correctly assess what is happening and take the necessary measures. However, if the reasons for feeling unwell are not established and there is no understanding of how to relieve an attack, an urgent need to call medical help, since wrong actions can only aggravate the patient's condition.

How to avoid complications?

With age, the risk of developing a disease only increases, so you need to listen carefully to your body, health should be treated more responsibly. Disease prevention is the foundation of well-being.

Fatty and fried foods, smoked and salted foods, alcohol should disappear from the diet. The correct measured lifestyle will help maintain immunity. And if the first signs of cholecystitis appear, an urgent examination and tests are necessary. Then the ailment will be identified in the early stages, and it is much easier to eliminate it at the very beginning than to treat it in a neglected state.

Conclusion

When the treatment is not late, and all the measures are carried out correctly, the patient can count on recovery and restoration of working capacity, although he will always have to remember that if the necessary diet is not followed, the disease may return again. But in especially advanced cases, when it has gone too far, a rupture of the gallbladder may occur, and peritonitis may develop. Here, even with the maximum efforts of doctors, no one can guarantee that it will be possible to save the patient's life.

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Inna Lavrenko

Reading time: 12 minutes

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Cholecystitis is an inflammatory disease of the gallbladder.

Among all organ diseases abdominal the body, this ailment is the most common. According to statistics, at the moment it suffers from 10 to 20 percent of the entire adult population, and the trend towards an increase in the incidence of cholecystitis continues.

This is due to the fact that the majority of the urbanized population leads a sedentary lifestyle, urban residents are characterized by food containing a lot of animal fats, as well as an increased incidence of endocrine pathologies (diabetes mellitus, obesity, and so on). Women are susceptible to this disease more often (about 4 times) than men. This is due to the use of oral contraceptives and the state of pregnancy.

Among all the pathologies of the bile ducts and gallbladder, functional disorders are of the following types: cholecystitis (inflammation) and cholelithiasis (metabolic disease).

Both of these conditions are stages of the same pathological process: first, the motility of the gallbladder is impaired (dyskinesia occurs), then inflammation occurs (acalculous cholecystitis), which eventually turns into gallstone disease (so-called cholelithiasis).

Causes of inflammation of the gallbladder

The main factors provoking this disease are various kinds of infections that penetrate the gallbladder with blood, lymph, or from the intestines (ascending).

Among the primary sources of infectious lesions, the following are distinguished:

In addition to the above, there are additional factors that can provoke this disease:

• dyskinesia of the bile ducts, which is manifested by a functional disorder of the motility and tone of the biliary apparatus of bile excretion. Dyskinesia accompanies any chronic cholecystitis. Stagnation of bile in this case is caused by a violation of its outflow;
• anomalies of the gallbladder of a congenital nature;
• pancreatic reflux, causing the contents of the duodenum to enter the bile ducts. This pancreatic juice contains active enzymes that damage the walls of the gallbladder. As a rule, it manifests itself in diseases of the duodenum and pancreas;
• impaired blood supply to this organ. It can be caused by atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, which are characterized by vasoconstriction;
• dyscholia, or a change in the composition of bile. Such a change in the ratio of the components of this secretion causes damage to the walls of the gallbladder. As a rule, it is provoked by the constant consumption of fatty foods;
• also, inflammation of the walls of this organ can be caused by allergies and various immunological reactions;
• hereditary predisposition;
• changes in the body of an endocrine nature (obesity, pregnancy, disturbed menstrual cycle, taking oral contraceptives).

All of these factors are additional and create in the gallbladder favorable conditionsthat contribute to the development of the inflammatory process, and also prepare the ground for easy development microbial flora.

Symptoms of this disease

Depending on the nature of the course of the disease, cholecystitis can be in acute and chronic forms.

Acute cholecystitis without stones is rare.

This disease, as a rule, does not lead to complications and is successfully treated. In some cases, a chronic form may occur.

As a rule, the acute form of this disease occurs as a complication of cholelithiasis.

For the initial stage characteristic symptoms there are bouts of intense pain in the right hypochondrium, nausea and vomiting, as well as an increase in temperature (up to 38 - 39 degrees). Chills, yellowish skin and sclera, constipation and flatulence are possible.

The most severe course is characterized by acute calculous cholecystitis, since with this form of the disease, inflammation affects the surrounding tissues and organs.

Complications of such cholecystitis can be:

• liver abscess;
• peritonitis (local or diffuse);
• inflammation of the biliary tract (cholangitis);
• pancreatitis.

In such cases, immediate medical attention is required with a high probability of surgical intervention.

In this case, the development of pathology occurs gradually, often starting from adolescence. The patient's complaints appear with improper nutrition and as a result of stress.

The main symptom is pain in the right hypochondrium, with possible displacement to the left hypochondrium and to the upper abdomen.

The non-calculous form of the disease is characterized by some forms of secondary dyskinesia, and the nature of the pain syndrome depends on this form.

Hypomotor dyskinesia provokes constant aching pains (not intense). Often, along with pain, there is a heaviness or burning sensation in the right hypochondrium.

Hyperkinetic dyskinesia causes intense short-term bouts of pain. Such pain is given under the scapula, in the supraclavicular fossa, in the lumbar region and heart.

Cholecystocardial syndrome manifests itself as pain in the region of the heart, heart palpitations and disturbances in the normal rhythm of cardiac activity. This is due to the effect on the heart muscle of an infectious-toxic nature.

In the course of long-term therapeutic therapy, the solar plexus region can be drawn into the pathological process. In such cases, they speak of solar syndrome. The main symptom is intense burning pain near the navel, which echoes in the back.

The appearance and increase in the intensity of pain syndrome, as a rule, are provoked by non-compliance with the diet, intense physical activity, strong vibration, stress, hypothermia and alcohol intake.

In about 30-50 percent of cases, chronic cholecystitis with bile congestion is accompanied by nausea and reflex vomiting, which is caused by disturbances in the tone and motility of the gallbladder. Also, vomiting and nausea can be triggered by pancreatitis or gastroduodenitis. As a rule, bile is present in such vomit. Improper diet and alcohol can also cause vomiting.

With inflammation of this organ, patients often complain of bitterness in the mouth and bitter belching. The possible appearance of itchy skin is associated with a violation of the bile separation process, in which bile acids accumulating in the blood begin to irritate the skin receptors. Impaired outflow of bile causes short-term jaundice.

Exacerbation of inflammation is accompanied by chills and an increase in body temperature.

With this disease, patients often have severe vegetative-vascular dystonia. In such cases, seizures are accompanied by neurotic syndromes, which include: excessive sweating, weakness, heart palpitations, headaches, mood swings and sleep disturbances.

Exacerbation of chronic cholecystitis in allergic patients can provoke various allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, urticaria).

Women are at risk of premenstrual tension syndrome, which can cause headaches, swelling of the legs, hands and face, and mood swings two to ten days before menstruation.

The external signs of chronic cholecystitis are quite diverse and consist of a variety of symptoms. In this regard, the establishment of an accurate diagnosis and the appointment of the necessary complex of body studies is in the exclusive competence of a qualified gastroenterologist.

Cholecystitis - diagnosis

For the initial diagnosis of this disease, the following laboratory tests are used:

1. to identify signs of an inflammatory process - a complete blood count;
2. to determine the level of bilirubin, its fractions, as well as indicators such as the level of cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase and transaminase - a blood test for biochemistry (as a rule, their level is moderately elevated);
3. in order to identify signs of diabetes mellitus - a blood sugar test;
4. for differential diagnosis in order to exclude renal diseases - a general urine test;
5. to determine the presence of ascaris and lamblia - analysis of helminth eggs gala;
6. bacteriological and microscopic laboratory examination of bile;
7. blood test for giardiasis (enzyme immunoassay);
8. to determine the presence of pancreatitis - analysis of feces for elastase 1.

Instrumental types of diagnostics:

Mandatory is initial inspection from a general practitioner and gastroenterologist.

If there is evidence, consultations are needed:

1. if there is a suspicion of possible complications - surgeon;
2. in order to exclude possible diseases cardiovascular system - cardiologist;
3. if there is a need for hormonal correction in female patients - a gynecologist;
4. if necessary, rational psychotherapy - a psychotherapist.

Ultrasound diagnostics of cholecystitis

Cholecystitis treatment

The presence of pronounced clinical symptoms inflammation confirmed by results laboratory researchand in the case of a positive bile culture test, as a rule, is the basis for the appointment of antibiotic treatment. The choice of antibiotic drug is in the competence of the attending physician.

Symptomatic treatment

In order to normalize the functions of the bile ducts and relieve pain, the following are prescribed:

• anticholinergic drugs (for example, 2 milliliters of riabal intramuscularly or one or two tablets of the same drug three times a day);
• antispasmodics, myotropes, such as:

1. no-shpa (two tablets three times a day);
2. papaverine (intramuscularly - two milliliters of a two percent solution, two to three times a day);
3. mebeverine (one to two tablets three times a day);
4. anticholinergic drugs (for example, platifillin);
5. analgesic drugs (baralgin, analgin, and so on).

In the case of hypotension of the gallbladder against the background of the absence of calculi, as a rule, the use of choleretic drugs is indicated:

• allochol (one - two tablets after meals three times a day);
• cholenzime (two tablets three times a day after meals);
• herbal medicine (herbal teas and herbal teas).

Traditional medicine for the treatment of cholecystitis

The following folk remedies help to treat this disease:

1. immortelle. Take 15 grams of flowers of this plant, 10 grams of St. John's wort. The resulting mixture is poured with half a liter of water. Boil for five minutes and drain. Reception scheme: half a glass three times a day a quarter of an hour before meals.
2. corn silk. 10 grams is filled with 200 milliliters of water. Boil for five minutes. Treatment regimen: one quarter of a glass before meals three times a day.
3. tansy. Five grams of flowers of this plant are poured with 250 milliliters of boiling water and infused for half an hour. Reception - one tablespoon before meals three times a day.
4. peppermint. Five grams of leaves are poured with 200 milliliters of boiling water. Then the mixture is placed in a water bath for a quarter of an hour. Drink half a glass three times a day before meals.
5. rose hips:

• Holosas (syrup from rosehip extract and sugar) is taken according to the following scheme: 2 teaspoons before meals three times a day;
• infusion - 10 grams of crushed fruits are taken and poured with boiling water in an amount of 400 milliliters. Then - 15 minutes in a water bath. Let it brew. Reception - three times a day before meals, half a glass.

Typically, the course of treatment lasts from two weeks to a month.

Mineral waters (without gas). Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. The specific type of such water is prescribed by the doctor. Treatment regimen: one glass three times a day before meals (half an hour - an hour and a half, depending on the specific secretion of the patient's stomach). Drink warm (from 40 to 50 degrees).

If there are microliths in the bile, as well as with hypotension and cholestatic gallbladder syndrome, it is recommended to use preparations containing bile acids (for example, based on ursodeoxycholic acid). Reception is carried out under compulsory medical supervision for one to three months.

To normalize the function of the liver, which is responsible for the secretion of bile, drugs are prescribed - hepatoprotectors with a choleretic effect.

One of these plant hepatoprotectors is Hofitol, made on the basis of the leaves of the field artichoke plant. Dosing regimen: 2 tablets twenty minutes before meals three times a day. The duration of the course is one month.

The combined remedies include the herbal medicine Gepabene, which includes: medicinal smoke and the fruits of milk thistle. Dosing regimen: one capsule three times a day after the end of the meal.

If vegetative-vascular dystonia occurs, then the following are prescribed:

• sedatives natural preparations (motherwort, valerian);
• anxiolytics (adaptol).

If gallstone disease is accompanied by advanced chronic cholecystitis, removal of the gallbladder is very likely. This operation is called a cholecystectomy. After removing the gallbladder and following the recommended diet, patients live full life and are fully able to work.

Important! Whatever medicines are used, only a qualified specialist can appoint them! Self-medication can only make the situation worse!

In the first two days of exacerbation of cholecystitis, only warm drinks are allowed (sweet weak teas, fruit and vegetable juices diluted with water, still mineral water). Drink one and a half liters in small doses during the day. Some croutons allowed. As the intensity of the pain decreases, and general state - improves, the diet is expanded.

Diet food for cholecystitis

1. mashed vegetable soups with cereals;
2. porridge (buckwheat, oatmeal, semolina, rice);
3. various mousses, jelly, jelly;
4. low-fat cottage cheese;
5. boiled fish (lean);
6. boiled mashed meat (rabbit, turkey, chicken or veal);
7. steamed cutlets;
8. white bread croutons.

You need to eat fractionally, five to six times during the day, in small portions.

During an exacerbation, it is necessary to arrange a fasting day once a week:

• kefir-curd day: 900 grams of kefir for six meals; 300 grams of low-fat cottage cheese in three doses; 100 grams of sugar (throughout the day);
• compote-rice day: one and a half liters of fresh (one and a half kilograms) or dried (240 grams) fruit compote in six doses; rice porridge in water (50 grams of rice in three doses).

At the end of the relief of exacerbation, as well as after removal of the gallbladder, it is necessary to follow the diet number 5.

• dairy, fruit and vegetable soups with noodles or cereals;
• boiled lean meat (rabbit, chicken, beef or turkey);
• steamed cutlets from this meat (or meatballs);
• low-fat boiled or baked fish (river or sea) with the obligatory removal of the crust;
• one (maximum two eggs) per day in the form of a steamed or soft-boiled omelet;
• low-fat milk;
• low-fat cottage cheese;
• kefir;
• curdled milk;
• yogurt;
• a small amount of butter;
• boiled or baked vegetables (some can be eaten raw a little):

1. potatoes;
2. carrot;
3. beet;
4. tomatoes;
5. pumpkin;
6. cucumbers;
7. bell pepper;
8. cauliflower or Chinese cabbage;
9. eggplant;
10. zucchini;

• oatmeal;
• semolina;
• sweets (limited):

1. marmalade;
2. paste;
3. jam;
4. jelly;
5. jam.

• flour:

1. rye and wheat bread yesterday;
2. white bread croutons;
3. uncooked and dry cookies.

Breakfast is a must, dinner should not be abundant, two to three hours before bedtime. The daily amount of fluid you drink is not limited.

In such cases, a large amount of food consumed at one time leads to a violation of the rhythm of bile secretion, which causes a spasm of the gallbladder, and, consequently, pains appear.

• foods containing a large amount of animal fats;
• fried foods;
• smoked meats;
• fatty sausages;
• fat meat;
• fatty fish;
• fatty bird (for example, duck);
• mayonnaise;
• cakes;
• cakes;
• ice cream;
• raw onions;
• radish;
• garlic;
• spinach;
• sorrel;
• mushrooms;
• legumes (beans, peas, etc.);
• cold drinks;
• carbonated drinks;
• concentrated types of juices;
• cocoa;
• coffee;
• alcohol (including beer).

These include:

1. cholangitis;
2. pancreatitis;
3. pericholecystitis;
4. duodenitis;
5. reactive hepatitis.

Cholangitis is an inflammatory process in the biliary tract. The main symptoms: temperature up to 40 degrees, chills, nausea, vomiting, cramping pains in the right hypochondrium.

The occurrence of pericholecystitis is associated with the involvement of the serous membrane of the peritoneum and all walls of the gallbladder in the pathological lesion. Pain in the right side - intense and constant, aggravated by bending and turning the body.

Cholecystitis in a non-calculous form often involves other digestive organs in the pathological process. For example, if, in addition to pain in the right hypochondrium, there are pains of "girdle" localization against the background of loosening of the stool - this may also indicate the defeat of the pancreas. If the pain syndrome captures the area of \u200b\u200bthe liver and it is enlarged, reactive hepatitis is possible. Late hungry pain in the upper abdomen is evidence of duodenitis.

Complications can not only limit the ability to work, but also threaten the patient's life. In this regard, when the very first disturbing symptoms appear, you should immediately seek medical help.

Cholecystitis is a disease in which inflammation occurs in the gallbladder. This ailment refers to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is most common. The cause of cholecystitis, as a rule, is associated with metabolic disorders and poor nutrition.

There is statistics that the disease occurs in women much more often than in men. As a rule, they get sick in middle age. There is statistics that the symptoms of cholecystitis in women are 3 or 8 times more common than in men.

The essence of the disease is that the outflow from the gallbladder is blocked. Further, the intestinal microflora becomes infected and the inflammatory process begins. The gallbladder begins to hurt and there is a risk of infection.

The bile ducts also become inflamed, this ailment is called cholangitis. Signs of cholecystitis in women are manifested in the same way as in men, the difference lies in the causes of this disease.

Predisposition to disease

There are reasons for the body's predisposition to the occurrence of cholecystitis:

1. During pregnancy, some women experience gallbladder compression. This contributes to a violation of the acid content in it, as a result of which stagnation can form in the gallbladder. Then there are symptoms of cholecystitis in women. For an accurate diagnosis, you should consult a doctor.
2. The female body is subject to hormonal surges, such is its nature. It has been proven that progesterone, which is actively produced during pregnancy, as well as during menopause, causes malfunctioning of the gallbladder.
3. Diets and other restrictions on food lead to a violation of the contractions of the above-named organ. As a result, symptoms of cholecystitis in women may occur. At the first sign of discomfort, a girl should consult a doctor.

Risk group

Violation of the blood supply to the gallbladder can lead to chronic acalculous cholecystitis. This disease is of different types. Cholecystitis can be calculous, that is, with the presence of stones. The second type of disease is non-calculous, that is, stoneless.

In the course of the disease, the disease is divided into chronic acalculous cholecystitis and acute. Calculus is classified similarly.

Classification

There is also a classification according to the inflammatory process. We'll look at it now. Cholecystitis happens:

1. Catarrhal.
2. Purulent.
3. Gangrenous.
4. Phlegmonous.
5. Mixed.

The role of bile in the body

You should know that the gallbladder is in close proximity to the liver. The main task of the first is to release bile. It exits through the rectum. Part of the bile remains in the gallbladder. It is used by the body in parts. Bile is needed for the digestive process in the human body.

1. Bile is a thinner for food that has been processed with gastric juices. Through it, gastric digestion goes into intestinal.
2. Bile provides the peristalsis of the small intestine. It also activates the protective mucus, which is needed for the intestines to function.
3. Bile removes substances such as cholesterol, bilirubin and others.
4. Provides the launch of digestive enzymes.

Cholecystitis: symptoms and treatment of this disease

The first sign of cholecystitis in the body is pain in the right side. Sensations arise in the area under the ribs. As a rule, the pain is sharp. These sensations indicate that there is a stone in the bile duct that blocks the exit of bile from the bladder. Next, the inflammatory process begins. Then, the pain may go away for a while. But then they become permanent. The patient's condition worsens, the body temperature rises, nausea and vomiting appear.

Bile ceases to enter the human intestine. As a result, the patient's skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. This state of the body is a precursor to jaundice. The person has a very rapid pulse. Its frequency exceeds 100 beats per minute. This means that there are serious disorders in the body's work.

When it comes to chronic cholecystitis in a woman, then acute signs there is no disease. Treatment of this type of ailment is carried out in a hospital. The patient has the likelihood of a transition from a chronic form to an acute one. In this case, all the symptoms of cholecystitis in a woman will appear.

How does a doctor make a diagnosis?

In order to make a diagnosis, the doctor asks the patient about his health and conducts palpation and examination of the patient.

1. When interviewing a patient, attention is drawn to the presence of diseases of the stomach or intestines in his body. Also, the patient may complain of pain in the abdomen. A person has problems with the digestive process, namely: he is sick, vomits, there is diarrhea or constipation, and so on.
2. When examining the patient, a coated tongue is revealed. This is a clear sign that stagnation is taking place in the gallbladder. When probing the patient, he experiences pain.
3. The patient is assigned an ultrasound and x-ray in order to identify or refute the patency of bile.

How does the patient's nausea manifest with cholecystitis?

Nausea usually appears before vomiting. As a rule, in this way, the body is protected from poisoning. Nausea is an integral part of a disease such as cholecystitis. But you should know that it can be a sign of other pathologies in the body. For example, with appendicitis, poisoning, colic in the kidneys, ulcers, pancreatitis and ectopic pregnancy, nausea is also felt.

In order to identify that this symptom belongs to cholecystitis, it is necessary to pay attention to the following signs:

1. At what time the patient begins to feel sick.
2. How long does it take after eating before this symptom appears?
3. How long does the nausea last, whether it ends with vomiting.
4. Is it easier after vomiting.
5. Food during vomiting is overcooked or not.
6. Are there any impurities such as blood or mucus?

Diarrhea with cholecystitis

Diarrhea is not uncommon with cholecystitis. If it starts during treatment, it means that there is a complication.

1. Diarrhea can be a consequence of dysbiosis. It occurs due to antibiotic treatment.
2. Toxic infection can cause diarrhea.
3. Disorders of bowel function due to the influence of other digestive organs.

Constipation and bloating

Constipation and bloating also occur with cholecystitis. Why is this happening?

1. Constipation can occur when peritonitis appears in the body.
2. The supine regimen of the patient leads to such problems.
3. Long-term inflammation of the gallbladder can lead to constipation.

Causes of occurrence

Why does cholecystitis occur? Its reasons are different. The main one is the formation of stones in the gallbladder or duct. The inability to exit bile occurs, and cholecystitis develops. The causes of this disease can lie in trauma or in the defeat of the body by some infectious disease.

Also, cholecystitis can be a complication of a serious chronic illness, such as diabetes. The signs of cholecystitis in women are the same as in men.

The chronic form of the disease is a prolonged inflammation of the gallbladder with compaction of its walls.

Acute form of the disease

The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is an attack of nausea and the onset of severe pain after eating. This problem goes away after taking strong pain medications.

These manifestations indicate that a blockage of the duct has already occurred in the human body or an increase in the gallbladder has occurred due to the inflammatory process. Also, acute cholecystitis is characterized by the following symptoms:

1. The person begins to vomit and vomit, and bitterness is felt in the mouth.
2. The body temperature rises to 39 degrees.
3. The patient's liver is enlarged.
4. Neutrophilia manifests itself when donating blood.

Complications

What complications can an acute form of cholecystitis cause?

1. Peritonitis of a purulent or diffuse character.
2. Rupture of the gallbladder.
3. Acute form of pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice.

Signs

Consider what other signs of cholecystitis in women. Where it hurts with this disease, everyone who gets sick with this disease can feel. Signs of cholecystitis can be as follows:

1. Pain sensations arise in the right side of the human body in the hypochondrium.
2. Also, pain occurs under the xiphoid process. The area that is affected is triangular in shape.
3. Discomfort and discomfort can appear around the navel.

As a rule, the pain is of a different nature - from acute to dull, burning and aching, and so on.

Provocative methods

To diagnose this disease, the doctor may resort to provocative methods of causing discomfort.

1. Minor blows and touches on the right lower rib in a patient with cholecystitis cause pain. This reaction of the body is called Ortner's symptom.
2. Touching with the fingers to the area of \u200b\u200bthe patient's neck under the ear and probing the sternocleidomastoid muscle. This palpation also causes pain in people with cholecystitis. It is called the Mussey-Georgievsky symptom.
3. End of finger pressure on the area under the right rib (Shchepkin-Mussey symptom).

Features of the course of chronic cholecystitis

This disease has periods of calm and exacerbation. The symptoms of chronic cholecystitis do not have a pronounced form.

1. A patient with a chronic disease develops heaviness in the abdomen.
2. The abdomen is distended.
3. There are bouts of nausea.
4. There is bitterness in the mouth.
5. The body temperature rises to 38 degrees.
6. The patient's liver is enlarged. It can be felt through the abdominal wall.
7. The walls of the gallbladder are thickened. This indicator can be determined through an instrumental survey.

There is no sharp pain in the chronic course of the disease. Usually people report aching sensations. If there are no stones in the human body, then the chronic form of cholecystitis is not characterized by pain. Provocative methods can also show a negative reaction of the body. Pain is a symptom of an acute form of the disease.

Kinds

Those who have been diagnosed with cholecystitis will find it useful to learn about its types. There are two main ones. The first is calculating. It can be acute or chronic. The second type of cholecystitis is non-calculous. It can also come in two forms.

Calculous cholecystitis is characterized by stretching of the gallbladder membranes. And non-calculous is that due to insufficient blood supply, the normal functioning of the walls of the gallbladder is disrupted.

Calculous cholecystitis means stone. This disease includes 3 pathologies, namely the formation of stones, inflammation and metabolic disorders.

Stages of development of calculous cholecystitis:

1. A metabolic disorder in the body leads to the occurrence of cholelithiasis in the gallbladder. A person develops gallstone disease.
2. The mucous membrane of the gallbladder begins to be injured by calculi.
3. The intestinal microflora becomes infected. After the inflammatory process begins in the gallbladder.

Stones

Stones are formed in the body due to improper metabolism. Their structure is usually mixed. They are composed of cholesterol, bilirubin and lime. During normal functioning of the body, these substances are excreted along with the feces.

Stones that form in the gallbladder can have a different structure, namely:

1. Crystalline.
2. Fibrous.
3. Amorphous.
4. Layered.

It is also important what size the stones are. If they do not exceed 3 millimeters and have an even shape, then they can be removed from the body through the intestines. Stones can be primary and secondary. Primary ones are those that are present only in the gallbladder. And secondary stones can occur in the kidney ducts.

Features of chronic calculous cholecystitis

A feature of this disease is that it manifests itself periodically. Namely, there are periods of remission and exacerbation. During remission, a temporary outflow of bile occurs in the body. And during the period of exacerbation, the bile outflow channel is again clogged or some kind of infection occurs. Then nausea, pain and diarrhea appear. These symptoms appear after eating.

Cholelithiasis with cholecystitis

Since with this type of disease in the body there is gallstone disease, treatment is prescribed taking into account this fact. In general, what is this ailment?

Gallstone disease is the formation of stones in the gallbladder. At the initial stage, this disease may not manifest itself in any way.

Forms of gallstone disease:

1. Latent. As a rule, it proceeds without any symptoms. This disease can be diagnosed by ultrasound. Stones in this form of gallstone disease have a small diameter. If a person has been diagnosed with this, then he needs to contact a nutritionist in order to obtain nutritional recommendations.
2. Dyspeptic form of gallstone disease. This form of the disease is characterized by aching dull pain. Also, patients develop an upset gastrointestinal tract. The causes of this form of the disease are overfatigue at work and hypothermia.
3. Torpid form of gallstone disease. Its main difference is dull pain after exacerbation of cholecystitis. They are aching in nature. They appear in the solar plexus area.
4. Shock form of gallstone disease. In this case, a person has a sharp blockage of the patency of the duct from the gallbladder. The patient's skin turns pale, cold sweat appears, heart rate increases, chills occur and acute pain is felt.

Diagnostics

How to determine if a person has cholecystitis? Diagnostics requires many studies, such as.

1. Blood test.
2. Analysis of urine.
3. Check for substances such as cholesterol and bilirubin in the duodenum.
4. Cholegraphy. This is an x-ray examination. It will show if the patient has cholecystitis. Diagnostics are prescribed in addition to ultrasound.
5. Probing of the duodenum.

Features of non-calculous cholecystitis. Causes of occurrence

A feature of this disease is the absence of stones. It is accompanied by hepatitis, inflammation of the pancreas and bile ducts.

The cause of this disease can be infection of the gallbladder with any microbes, damage to the mucous membrane of the gallbladder with pancriatitic enzymes, disruption of blood supply to the walls of the gallbladder.

Symptoms

Symptoms of non-calculous cholecystitis include:

1. Dumb it's a dull pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe right hypochondrium. Usually, these sensations arise an hour after eating or from driving on uneven roads. In a sitting position, it increases, and in a lying state, it decreases. Also, the patient may experience nausea and heartburn.
2. There is a cardialgic syndrome. It manifests itself as the onset of dull pain in the region of the heart after eating.
3. Esophagic syndrome may also occur. It is associated with the fact that the patient develops heartburn and a sensation behind the breastbone foreign object... The ability to swallow is lost.
4. Lymphogenous cholecystitis. It is characterized by the inability of the lymph to carry out its functions.

First aid for an attack of cholecystitis

What should a person do if he has an attack of cholecystitis?

1. First of all, you need to call an ambulance.
2. Take a lying position and apply ice to the stomach.
3. Take an antispasmodic. These include the following drugs "No-shpa" and "Papaverine". You can also take an anesthetic ("Analgin" or "Baralgin").
4. To relieve nausea, it is recommended to drink mint tea or still mineral water.
5. If a person vomits, then collect this mass for analysis.

Disease "cholecystitis": treatment, drugs

The method of treatment is determined individually. It all depends on the condition of the person who is diagnosed with cholecystitis. Medical history is one of the most important factors in the appointment. There are two ways to treat this disease: surgical and conservative. Usually everything is done in a hospital.

Let's look at the conservative approach first. What should be the treatment for the diagnosis of cholecystitis? Medicines with a conservative method are prescribed by a doctor:

1. Special medicines for cholecystitis to maintain the normal functioning of the liver.
2. Antibiotics Their type is selected individually.
3. In some cases, choleretic drugs are prescribed for cholecystitis.
4. Antispasmodic drugs. They are necessary to normalize the passage of bile.
5. Herbs can also be used for cholecystitis as an aid.

Surgical method

Surgical treatment for cholecystitis is to remove the gallbladder. Surgical intervention can be planned or emergency.

Diet

What should be the menu for cholecystitis? What diet is prescribed?

With an exacerbation of this disease, the patient is allowed only warm drinks. You can drink no more than one and a half liters. It is recommended to drink in small doses.

After relieving the attack, you can eat cereals, eggs, steamed food, poultry, fish, scrambled eggs and white bread.

Food should be eaten in small quantities. You can't eat before bed. The patient's menu should include low-fat products that are steamed. As for plant products, they should not contain coarse fiber. It is important that they contain many useful trace elements and vitamins.

It is forbidden to eat canned food, fried and fatty foods, pickled and salted foods, milk, carbonated drinks, legumes, alcohol, sorrel and citrus fruits.

Conclusion

Now you know what kind of ailment it is - cholecystitis. Symptoms and treatment are two important topics that we covered in detail in the article. We also talked about the food that patients with cholecystitis need to adhere to.