What the indicator says. Decoding the general blood test of adult men and women

So what does our blood tell us? We hand over a blood test for almost any disease. And a competent doctor will certainly send you "to the blood" first of all. For a general analysis, blood is taken either from a vein or from a finger. And the primary analysis can be taken on an empty stomach. But for the expanded, there is no way to eat! Remember this!
The reason for this requirement is simple: any food will change your blood sugar, and the analysis will not be objective. It is best to donate blood after a short rest (which is why we most often go to the test in the morning). Again, for the purity of the study.
A competent doctor will definitely take into account your gender and physiological condition. Because, say, women in pMS time the ESR increases and the number of platelets decreases.
General analysis indicators:
1. Hemoglobin (Hb)
It is a blood pigment contained in erythrocytes, the main function of which is to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and remove CO2 from the body. Normal values \u200b\u200bfor men are 130–160 g / l, for women - 120–140 g / l. If hemoglobin is low, this indicates possible anemia, blood loss or latent internal bleeding in case of damage internal organs... An increase in hemoglobin, as a rule, is observed in blood diseases and some types of heart failure.
2. Erythrocytes
These are directly red blood cells containing hemoglobin. Normal values \u200b\u200bfor men are (4.0-5.1) * 10 in the 12th degree / l and for women - (3.7-4.7) * 10 in the 12th degree / l. An excess of erythrocytes occurs in healthy people at high altitudes in the mountains, as well as with heart disease, diseases of the bronchi, lungs, kidneys and liver. Sometimes this indicates an excess of steroid hormones in the body. Lack of red blood cells indicates anemia, acute blood loss, chronic inflammatory processes. And sometimes it happens in late pregnancy.
3. Leucrcites
White blood cells. Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and protect the body from external influences. The norm for all is (4.0-9.0) x 10 in the 9th degree / liter. Excess indicates the presence of infection and inflammation. A large number of them occur in different situations, sometimes not related to diseases. They can jump from physical exertion, stress, or pregnancy. But it happens that leukocytosis is associated with diseases, namely:
bacterial infections;
inflammatory processes;
allergic reactions;
leukemia;
taking hormonal drugs, some heart drugs (such as digoxin).
But leukopenia (lack of leukocytes) may indicate a viral infection (for example, with flu) or taking certain medications, for example, analgesics, anticonvulsants.
4. Platelets
The cells that provide blood clotting are involved in the formation of blood clots. Normal amount - (180-320) * 10 in the 9th degree / l. If they are more than normal, then you may have tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis of the liver. This also happens after surgery or when using hormonal drugs. Their reduced content occurs with the action of alcohol, heavy metal poisoning, blood diseases, renal failure, diseases of the liver, spleen, hormonal disorders. And also with the action of certain drugs: antibiotics, diuretics, digoxin, nitroglycerin, hormones.
5. ESR or ROE
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This is an indicator of the course of the disease. Usually ESR increases by 2-4 days of the disease, and reaches a peak during the recovery period. The norm for men is 2-10 mm / h, for women - 2-15 mm / h. Increased performance occur with infections, inflammation, anemia, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, shock after injuries and operations, during pregnancy, after childbirth, during menstruation, and a decrease is observed with circulatory failure, anaphylactic shock.
6. Glucose
Concentration of glucose in healthy body should be 3.5–6.5 mmol / liter. A lack of glucose indicates insufficient and irregular nutrition, hormonal diseases, an excess of diabetes.
7. Total protein
Its norm is 60-80 grams / liter. With the deterioration of the liver, kidneys, malnutrition, it decreases. This often happens after rigid diets.
8. Total bilirubin
Bilirubin should show no more than 20.5 mmol / liter. He is an indicator of liver function. With hepatitis, gallstone disease, or destruction of red blood cells, bilirubin increases.
9. Creatinine
Creatinine is in charge of your kidneys. Its normal concentration is 0.18 mmol / liter. Exceeding the norm is a sign of renal failure, if it does not reach the norm, it means that you need to increase immunity.

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What can you read about your health according to the most informative analysis

Whatever you fall ill, the first test that a competent doctor will send you to will be a general (general clinical) blood test, says our expert - cardiologist, doctor of the highest category Tamara Ogieva.

Blood for general analysis is taken from venous or capillary, that is, from a vein or from a finger. The primary general analysis can be taken on an empty stomach. A detailed blood test is taken only on an empty stomach.

For biochemical analysis, blood will have to be donated only from a vein and always on an empty stomach. After all, if you drink, say, coffee with sugar in the morning, the blood glucose content will certainly change and the analysis will be incorrect.

A competent doctor will definitely take into account your gender and physiological condition. For example, in women during “ critical days”ESR increases and platelet count decreases.

A general analysis gives more information about inflammation and the state of the blood (tendency to blood clots, the presence of infections), and biochemical analysis responsible for the functional and organic state of internal organs - liver, kidneys, pancreas.

General analysis indicators:

1. HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) is a blood pigment found in erythrocytes (red blood cells), its main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

Normal values \u200b\u200bfor men are 130-160 g / l, women are 120-140 g / l.

Decreased hemoglobin occurs with anemia, blood loss, latent internal bleeding, with damage to internal organs, for example, kidneys, etc.

It can increase with dehydration of the body, with blood diseases and some types of heart failure.

2. Erythrocytes - blood cells that contain hemoglobin.

Normal values \u200b\u200b(4.0-5.1) * 10 in the 12th degree / l and (3.7-4.7) * 10 in the 12th degree / l, for men and women, respectively.

An increase in red blood cells in the blood occurs, for example, in healthy people at high altitudes in the mountains, as well as in congenital or acquired heart defects, diseases of the bronchi, lungs, kidneys and liver. The increase may be due to an excess of steroid hormones in the body. For example, in case of illness and Cushing's syndrome, or in treatment with hormonal drugs.

Decrease - with anemia, acute blood loss, with chronic inflammatory processes in the body, as well as in late pregnancy.

3. LEUKOCYTES - white blood cells, they are formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Their main function is to protect the body from adverse effects. The norm is (4.0-9.0) x 10 in the 9th degree / l. Excess indicates the presence of infection and inflammation.

There are five types of leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), each of them has a specific function. If necessary, a detailed blood test is done, which shows the ratio of all five types of leukocytes. For example, if the level of leukocytes in the blood is increased, a detailed analysis will show due to which type their total number increased. If due to lymphocytes, then the body has inflammatory process, if there are more than the norm of eosinophils, then an allergic reaction can be suspected.

Why are there a lot of leukocytes?

There are many conditions in which there is a change in the level of leukocytes. This does not necessarily mean illness. Leukocytes, as, indeed, all indicators of the general analysis, respond to various changes in the body. For example, during stress, pregnancy, after physical exertion, their number increases.

An increased number of leukocytes in the blood (in another way, leukocytosis) occurs with:

Infections (bacterial)

Inflammatory processes

Allergic reactions

Malignant neoplasms and leukemias,

Taking hormonal medications, certain heart medications (for example, digoxin).

But a reduced number of leukocytes in the blood (or leukopenia): this condition often happens with a viral infection (for example, with the flu) or taking certain medications, for example, analgesics, anticonvulsants.

4. Platelets - blood cells, an indicator of normal blood clotting, are involved in the formation of blood clots.

Normal amount - (180-320) * 10 in the 9th degree / l

An increased amount occurs when:

Chronic inflammatory diseases (tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis of the liver), after operations, treatment with hormonal drugs.

Reduced at:

The effects of alcohol, heavy metal poisoning, blood diseases, kidney failure, liver diseases, spleen, hormonal disorders. And also under the action of certain drugs: antibiotics, diuretics, digoxin, nitroglycerin, hormones.

5. ESR or ROE - the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction) is one and the same, an indicator of the course of the disease. Usually ESR increases by 2-4 days of the disease, sometimes it reaches a maximum during the recovery period. The norm for men is 2-10 mm / h, for women - 2-15 mm / h.

Increased at:

Infection, inflammation, anemia, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, shock after injuries and operations, during pregnancy, after childbirth, during menstruation.

Reduced:

With circulatory failure, anaphylactic shock.

Biochemical analysis indicators:

6. GLUCOSE - it should be 3.5-6.5 mmol / liter. Decrease - with insufficient and irregular nutrition, hormonal diseases. Increase - with diabetes.

7. TOTAL PROTEIN - norm - 60-80 grams / liter. Decreases with deterioration of the liver, kidneys, malnutrition (a sharp decrease total protein a common symptom that a strict restrictive diet has clearly not done you good).

8. TOTAL BILIRUBIN - the norm - not higher than 20.5 mmol / liter shows how the liver works. Increase - with hepatitis, gallstone disease, destruction of erythrocytes.

9. CREATININE - should be no more than 0.18 mmol / liter. The substance is responsible for the functioning of the kidneys. Exceeding the norm is a sign of renal failure, if it does not reach the norm, it means that you need to increase immunity.

What can you read about your health according to the most informative analysis

Whatever you fall ill, the first test that a competent doctor will send you to will be a general (general clinical) blood test, says our expert - cardiologist, doctor of the highest category Tamara Ogieva.

Blood for general analysis is taken from venous or capillary, that is, from a vein or from a finger. The primary general analysis can be taken on an empty stomach. A detailed blood test is taken only on an empty stomach.

For biochemical analysis, blood will have to be donated only from a vein and always on an empty stomach. After all, if you drink, say, coffee with sugar in the morning, the blood glucose content will certainly change and the analysis will be incorrect.

A competent doctor will definitely take into account your gender and physiological condition. For example, in women during “critical days”, ESR increases and the number of platelets decreases.

A general analysis gives more information about inflammation and the state of the blood (tendency to blood clots, the presence of infections), and a biochemical analysis is responsible for the functional and organic state of internal organs - the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.

General analysis indicators:

1. HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) - blood pigment, contained in erythrocytes (red blood cells), its main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

Normal values \u200b\u200bfor men are 130-160 g / l, women are 120-140 g / l.

Decreased hemoglobin occurs with anemia, blood loss, latent internal bleeding, with damage to internal organs, for example, kidneys, etc.

It can increase with dehydration of the body, with blood diseases and some types of heart failure.

2. Erythrocytes - blood cells contain hemoglobin.

Normal values \u200b\u200b(4.0-5.1) * 10 in the 12th degree / l and (3.7-4.7) * 10 in the 12th degree / l, for men and women, respectively.

An increase in red blood cells in the blood occurs, for example, in healthy people at high altitudes in the mountains, as well as in congenital or acquired heart defects, diseases of the bronchi, lungs, kidneys and liver. The increase may be due to an excess of steroid hormones in the body. For example, in case of illness and Cushing's syndrome, or in treatment with hormonal drugs.

Decrease - with anemia, acute blood loss, with chronic inflammatory processes in the body, as well as in late pregnancy.

3. LEUKOCYTES - white blood cells, they are formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Their main function is to protect the body from adverse effects. The norm is (4.0-9.0) x 10 in the 9th degree / l. Excess indicates the presence of infection and inflammation.

There are five types of leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), each of them has a specific function. If necessary, a detailed blood test is done, which shows the ratio of all five types of leukocytes. For example, if the level of leukocytes in the blood is increased, a detailed analysis will show due to which type their total number increased. If due to lymphocytes, then there is an inflammatory process in the body, if there are more eosinophils than the norm, then an allergic reaction can be suspected.

Why are there a lot of leukocytes?

There are many conditions in which there is a change in the level of leukocytes. This does not necessarily mean illness. Leukocytes, as, indeed, all indicators of the general analysis, respond to various changes in the body. For example, during stress, pregnancy, after physical exertion, their number increases.

An increased number of leukocytes in the blood (in another way, leukocytosis) occurs with:

• + infections (bacterial),
• + inflammatory processes,
• + allergic reactions,
• + malignant neoplasms and leukemias,
• + taking hormonal medications, some heart medications (for example, digoxin).

But a reduced number of leukocytes in the blood (or leukopenia): this condition often happens with a viral infection (for example, with the flu) or taking certain medications, for example, analgesics, anticonvulsants.

4. PLATE - blood cells, an indicator of normal blood clotting, are involved in the formation of blood clots.

Normal amount - (180-320) * 10 in the 9th degree / l

An increased amount occurs when:

chronic inflammatory diseases (tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, liver cirrhosis), after surgery, treatment with hormonal drugs.

Reduced at:

the effects of alcohol, heavy metal poisoning, blood diseases, renal failure, liver and spleen diseases, hormonal disorders. And also with the action of certain drugs: antibiotics, diuretics, digoxin, nitroglycerin, hormones.

5. ESR or ROE - the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction) is the same thing, an indicator of the course of the disease. Usually ESR increases by 2-4 days of the disease, sometimes it reaches its maximum during the recovery period. The norm for men is 2-10 mm / h, for women - 2-15 mm / h.

Increased at:

infections, inflammation, anemia, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, shock after injuries and operations, during pregnancy, after childbirth, during menstruation.

Reduced:

with circulatory failure, anaphylactic shock.

Biochemical analysis indicators:

6. GLUCOSE - it should be 3.5-6.5 mmol / liter. Decrease - with insufficient and irregular nutrition, hormonal diseases. Increase - with diabetes.

7. TOTAL PROTEIN - the norm is 60-80 grams / liter. Decreases with deterioration of the liver, kidneys, malnutrition (a sharp decrease in total protein is a frequent symptom that a strict restrictive diet clearly did not benefit you).

8. TOTAL BILIRUBIN - the norm is not higher than 20.5 mmol / liter shows how the liver works. Increase - with hepatitis, gallstone disease, destruction of erythrocytes.

9. Creatinine - should be no more than 0.18 mmol / liter. The substance is responsible for the functioning of the kidneys. Exceeding the norm is a sign of renal failure, if it does not reach the norm, it means that you need to increase immunity.

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This is an attempt to decipher the results of some blood tests that are done in modern laboratories.

There are no generally accepted norms - they are different in each laboratory. Find out the standards in the laboratory where you were tested.

Of course, not all of the reasons for the changes in test results are indicated - only the most frequent ones. It is impossible to interpret the analyzes according to this "self-instruction manual" - only the attending physician can do this. It is not only the results of the individual analysis that are important, but also the ratio of the different results to each other. Therefore, you cannot diagnose yourself and self-medicate - the description is given only for orientation - so that you do not make yourself unnecessary diagnoses, interpreting the analysis too badly when you see that it goes beyond the normal range.

BIOCHEMISTRY

Glucose

A universal source of energy for cells is the main substance from which any cell of the human body receives energy for life. The body's need for energy, which means glucose, increases in parallel with physical and psychological stress under the influence of the stress hormone - adrenaline, during growth, development, recovery (growth hormones, thyroid gland, adrenal glands). For the assimilation of glucose by cells, a normal content of insulin, a hormone of the pancreas, is necessary. With its lack ( diabetes) glucose cannot enter the cells, its level in the blood is increased, and the cells starve.

Increase (hyperglycemia):

Total protein

"Life is the way protein bodies exist." Proteins are the main biochemical criterion for life. They are a part of all anatomical structures (muscles, cell membranes), carry substances through the blood and into cells, accelerate the course of biochemical reactions in the body, recognize substances - their own or others' and protect against strangers, regulate metabolism, keep fluid in blood vessels and do not let it go into the fabric.

Proteins are synthesized in the liver from amino acids from food. Total blood protein consists of two fractions: albumin and globulins.

Enhancement (hyperproteinemia):

Decrease:

Protein starvation

Excess protein intake (pregnancy, acromegaly)

Malabsorption

Creatinine

Multiple myeloma

Toxicosis of pregnant women

Nucleic acid rich foods (liver, kidneys)

Hard physical work

Decrease (hypouricemia):

Wilson-Konovalov disease

Fanconi syndrome

Diet poor in nucleic acids

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

An enzyme produced by cells of the liver, skeletal muscle, and heart.

Increase:

Destruction of liver cells (necrosis, cirrhosis, jaundice, tumors, alcohol)

Breakdown of muscle tissue (trauma, myositis, muscular dystrophy)

Toxic effect on the liver of drugs (antibiotics, etc.)

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AsAT)

An enzyme produced by cells of the heart, liver, skeletal muscle and red blood cells.

Increase:

Liver cell damage (hepatitis, drug toxicity, alcohol, liver metastases)

Heart failure, myocardial infarction

Burns, heatstroke

Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)

Prostate cancer

Excess vitamin D

Dehydration

Decrease (hypocalcemia):

Decreased thyroid function

Magnesium deficiency

Excess vitamin D

Fracture healing

Decreased function of the parathyroid glands.

Decrease:

Lack of growth hormone

Vitamin D deficiency

Malabsorption, severe diarrhea, vomiting

Hypercalcemia

Magnesium

Calcium antagonist. Promotes muscle relaxation. Participates in protein synthesis.

Increase (hypermagnesemia):

Dehydration

Renal failure

Adrenal insufficiency

Multiple myeloma

Decrease (hypomagnesemia):

Impaired intake and / or absorption of magnesium

Acute pancreatitis

Decreased parathyroid function

Lactate

Lactic acid. It is formed in cells during respiration, especially in muscles. With a full supply of oxygen, it does not accumulate, but is destroyed to neutral products and excreted. Under conditions of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) it accumulates, causes a feeling of muscle fatigue, disrupts the process of tissue respiration.

Increase:

Eating

Aspirin intoxication

Insulin injection

Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen supply to tissues: bleeding, heart failure, respiratory failure, anemia)

Third trimester of pregnancy

Chronic alcoholism

Creatine kinase

Muscle damage (myopathy, muscular dystrophy, trauma, surgery, heart attacks)

Pregnancy

Alcoholic delirium (delirium tremens)

Decrease:

Small muscle mass

Immobile lifestyle

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Intracellular enzyme produced in all tissues of the body.

Increase:

Destruction of blood cells (sickle cell, megaloblastic, hemolytic anemia)

Liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice)

Tumors, leukemias

Internal injuries (kidney infarction, acute pancreatitis)

Alkaline phosphatase

An enzyme formed in bone tissue, liver, intestines, placenta, lungs.

Increase:

Pregnancy

Increased bone turnover (rapid growth, fracture healing, rickets, hyperparathyroidism)

Bone diseases (osteosarcoma, bone cancer metastases, multiple myeloma)

Decrease:

Hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism)

Decrease:

Poisoning with organophosphates

Liver pathology (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver metastases)

Dermatomyositis

Condition after surgery

Lipase

An enzyme that breaks down food fats. Excreted by the pancreas. With pancreatitis, it is more sensitive and specific than amylase; with simple parotitis, unlike amylase, it does not change.

Increase:

Pancreatitis, tumors, pancreatic cysts

Biliary colic

Hollow organ perforation, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis

Amylase pancreatic

An enzyme produced by the pancreas.

Increase:

Acute and chronic pancreatitis

Decrease:

Pancreatic necrosis

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Formed from hemoglobin for a long time elevated level glucose - for at least 120 days (the life span of an erythrocyte), is used to assess the compensation of diabetes mellitus, long-term monitoring of the effectiveness of treatment.

Increase:

Prolonged hyperglycemia (more than 120 days)

Fructosamine

Formed from blood albumin with a short-term increase in glucose levels - glycated albumin. It is used, in contrast to glycated hemoglobin, for short-term monitoring of the condition of patients with diabetes mellitus (especially newborns), the effectiveness of treatment.

C-peptide

Insulin metabolic product. It is used to assess the level of insulin when its direct determination in the blood is difficult: the presence of antibodies, the introduction of an insulin preparation from the outside.

LIPIDS

Lipids (fats) are substances necessary for a living organism. The main lipid that a person receives from food, and from which his own lipids are then formed, is cholesterol. It is a part of cell membranes, maintains their strength. From it are synthesized so-called. steroid hormones: hormones of the adrenal cortex, regulating water-salt and carbohydrate metabolism, adapting the body to new conditions; sex hormones. From cholesterol, bile acids are formed, which are involved in the absorption of fats in the intestines. From cholesterol in the skin under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is synthesized, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium. In case of damage to the integrity of the vascular wall and / or excess cholesterol in the blood, it is deposited on the wall and forms a cholesterol plaque. This condition is called vascular atherosclerosis: plaques narrow the lumen, interfere with blood flow, disrupt the smoothness of blood flow, increase blood clotting, and contribute to the formation of blood clots. In the liver, various complexes of lipids with proteins circulating in the blood are formed: lipoproteins of high, low and very low density (HDL, LDL, VLDL); total cholesterol is divided between them. Low and very low density lipoproteins are deposited in plaques and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. High density lipoproteins due to the presence in them of a special protein - apoprotein A1 - help to "pull" cholesterol from plaques and play a protective role, stop atherosclerosis. To assess the risk of the condition, it is not the total level of total cholesterol that is important, but the ratio of its fractions.

Total cholesterol

Increase:

Genetic features (familial hyperlipoproteinemia)

Liver disease

Hypothyroidism (insufficient thyroid function)

LDL cholesterol

Increase:

Hypothyroidism

Liver disease

Pregnancy

Taking sex hormone drugs

Apobelok A1

Protective factor against atherosclerosis.

Normal serum levels depend on age and gender. g / l.

Increase:

Weight loss

Decrease:

Genetic features of lipid metabolism

Early coronary atherosclerosis

Smoking

Foods rich in carbohydrates and fats

Apoprotein B

Risk factor for atherosclerosis

Normal serum levels vary by gender and age. g / l.

Increase:

Alcohol abuse

Taking steroid hormone preparations (anabolic steroids, glucocorticoids)

Early coronary atherosclerosis

Liver disease

Pregnancy

Diabetes

Hypothyroidism

Decrease:

Low cholesterol diet

Hyperthyroidism

Genetic features of lipid metabolism

Weight loss

Acute stress (severe illness, burns)

B \\ A1

This ratio is a more specific marker of atherosclerosis and ischemic disease heart than the ratio of fractions of LDL / HDL. The higher, the greater the risk.

Triglycerides

Another class of lipids that are not derived from cholesterol. Increase:

Genetic features of lipid metabolism

Impaired glucose tolerance

Liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

Alcoholism

Coronary heart disease

Hypothyroidism

Pregnancy

Diabetes

Taking sex hormone drugs

Decrease:

Hyperthyroidism

Lack of nutrition, absorption

CARDIOMARKERS

Myoglobin

The protein in muscle tissue is responsible for its respiration.

Uremia (renal failure)

Muscle overexertion (sports, electrical impulse therapy, convulsions)

Injuries, burns

Decrease:

Autoimmune conditions (autoantibodies against myoglobin): polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis.

Creatine kinase MB

One of the fractions of total creatine kinase.

Increase:

Acute myocardial infarction

Acute skeletal muscle injury

Troponin I

A specific contractile protein of the heart muscle.

Increase:

DIAGNOSTICS OF ANEMIA (BIOCHEMISTRY)

The main function of the blood is to transport oxygen to the cells of the body. This function is performed by red blood cells - erythrocytes. These cells are formed in the red bone marrow, leaving it, lose a nucleus - a cavity is formed in its place, and the cells take the form of a biconcave disc - with this shape, the maximum surface area for oxygen attachment is provided. The entire inner part of the erythrocyte is filled with the protein hemoglobin, a red blood pigment. In the center of the hemoglobin molecule there is an iron ion, it is to it that oxygen molecules attach. Anemia is a condition in which the delivery of oxygen does not meet the tissue's needs for it. It manifests itself in the form of oxygen starvation (hypoxia) of organs and tissues, deterioration of their work. Possible reasons anemias are divided into 3 groups: insufficient oxygen consumption (lack of oxygen in the atmospheric air, pathology of the respiratory system), impaired transport in tissues (pathology of blood - lack or destruction of erythrocytes, iron deficiency, hemoglobin pathology, diseases of the cardiovascular system) and increased consumption oxygen (bleeding, swelling, growth, pregnancy, serious illness). The following tests are done to diagnose the cause of anemia.

Iron

Normal serum levels vary by gender

Increase:

Hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells and release of their contents into the cytoplasm)

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin pathology, red blood cells have an irregular shape and are also destroyed)

Aplastic anemia (bone marrow abnormalities, no red blood cells are produced and no iron is used)

Acute leukemia

Over-treatment with iron preparations

Decrease:

Iron-deficiency anemia

Hypothyroidism

Malignant tumors

Latent bleeding (gastrointestinal, gynecological)

Ferritin

The protein containing iron is stored in the depot for the future. Its level can be judged on the sufficiency of iron reserves in the body.

Increase:

Excess iron (some liver diseases)

Acute leukemia

Inflammatory process

Decrease:

Iron deficiency

Total iron binding capacity of whey

Shows the presence of iron in blood serum - in a transport form (in connection with a special protein - transferrin). Iron binding capacity increases with a lack of iron and decreases with an excess.

Increase:

Iron-deficiency anemia

Late pregnancy

Decrease:

Anemia (not iron deficiency)

Chronic infections

Cirrhosis of the liver

Folates

Increase:

Vegetarian diet (excess folate in food)

Decrease:

Folic acid deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Alcoholism

Malnutrition

A complete blood count is a simple and informative blood test. Based on the results of a general blood test, you can obtain the necessary information for the diagnosis of many diseases, as well as assess the severity of some diseases and trace the dynamics against the background of the treatment. The general blood test includes the following indicators: hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, leukocyte formula (eosinophils, basophils, segmented and stab neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), platelets, color index and hematocrit. Although in a general blood test, if there are no direct indications, all these indicators are not always determined, sometimes they are limited to determining only ESR, leukocytes, hemoglobin and leukoformula.

Hemoglobin Hb

120-160 g / l for men, 120-140 g / lfor women

Increased hemoglobin levels:

• Diseases accompanied by an increase in the number of red blood cells (primary and secondary erythrocytosis)
• Thickening of the blood (dehydration)
• Congenital heart defects, pulmonary heart failure
• Smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO)
• Physiological reasons (for residents of highlands, pilots after high-altitude flights, climbers, after increased physical activity)

Decreased hemoglobin levels (anemia):

• Increased loss of hemoglobin during bleeding - hemorrhagic anemia
• Increased destruction (hemolysis) of erythrocytes - hemolytic anemia
• Lack of iron necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin, or vitamins involved in the formation of red blood cells (mainly B12, folic acid) - iron deficiency or B12-deficiency anemia
• Disorders of blood cell formation in specific hematological diseases - hypoplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia

Hematocrit Нt

40-45% for men 36-42% for women

Shows how many percent of cells in the blood - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets in relation to its liquid part - plasma. If the hematocrit falls, the person either suffered bleeding, or the formation of new blood cells is sharply suppressed. This happens with severe infections and autoimmune diseases... An increase in hematocrit indicates a thickening of the blood, for example, with dehydration.

Increased hematocrit:

• Erythremia (primary erythrocytosis)
• Secondary erythrocytosis ( congenital defects heart, respiratory failure, hemoglobinopathies, neoplasms of the kidneys, accompanied by increased formation of erythropoietin, polycystic kidney disease)
• Decrease in the volume of circulating plasma (blood thickening) with burn disease, peritonitis, etc.
• Dehydration of the body (with severe diarrhea, indomitable vomiting, excessive sweating, diabetes)

Decrease in hematocrit:

• Anemias
• Increased circulating blood volume (second half of pregnancy, hyperproteinemia)
• Hyperhydration

Erythrocytes RBC

4-5 * 1012 per liter for men 3-4 * 1012 per liter for women

Cells that carry hemoglobin. Changes in the number of erythrocytes are closely related to hemoglobin: few erythrocytes - little hemoglobin (and vice versa).

Increased red blood cell count (erythrocytosis):

1. Absolute erythrocytosis (due to increased production of erythrocytes)

• Erythremia, or Vakez's disease, is one of the variants of chronic leukemia (primary erythrocytosis)
• Secondary erythrocytosis:

- Caused by hypoxia (chronic lung disease, congenital heart defects, the presence of abnormal hemoglobins, increased exercise stress, stay at high altitudes)
- associated with increased production of erythropoietin, which stimulates erythropoiesis (renal parenchymal cancer, hydronephrosis and polycystic kidney disease, liver parenchymal cancer, benign familial erythrocytosis)
- associated with an excess of adrenocorticosteroids or androgens (pheochromocytoma, Itsenko-Cushing's disease / syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, cerebellar hemangioblastoma)

1. Relative - with thickening of the blood, when the volume of plasma decreases while maintaining the number of erythrocytes

• dehydration (excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, swelling and ascites)
• emotional stress
• alcoholism
• smoking
• systemic hypertension

Decreased levels (erythrocytopenia):

• Acute blood loss
• Deficiency anemias of various etiologies - as a result of a deficiency of iron, protein, vitamins
• Hemolysis
• Can occur secondarily with various kinds of chronic non-hematological diseases
• The number of erythrocytes may physiologically decrease slightly after eating, in the period between 17.00 and 7.00, as well as when taking blood in the supine position.

Color index CPU

0.85-1.05V

The ratio of the hemoglobin level to the number of red blood cells. The color index changes with various anemias: it increases with B12-, folate deficiency, aplastic and autoimmune anemias and decreases with iron deficiency.

Leukocytes WBC

3-8 * 109 per liter

Leukocytes are responsible for fighting off infections. The number of leukocytes increases with infections, leukemia. Decreases due to the suppression of the formation of leukocytes in the bone marrow in severe infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Increased levels (leukocytosis):

• Acute infections, especially if their causative agents are cocci (staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus, gonococcus). Although a number of acute infections (typhoid, paratyphoid, salmonellosis, etc.) can in some cases lead to leukopenia (a decrease in the number of leukocytes)
• Inflammatory conditions; rheumatic attack
• Intoxication, including endogenous (diabetic acidosis, eclampsia, uremia, gout)
• Malignant neoplasms
• Injuries, burns
• Acute bleeding (especially if the bleeding is internal: in abdominal cavity, pleural space, joint or in the immediate vicinity of the dura mater)
• Operational interventions
• Internal heart attacks (myocardium, lungs, kidneys, spleen)
• Myelo- and lymphocytic leukemia
• The result of the action of adrenaline and steroid hormones
• Reactive (physiological) leukocytosis: exposure to physiological factors (pain, cold or hot bath, physical activity, emotional stress, exposure to sunlight and UV rays); menstruation; period of labor

Decreased levels (leukopenia):

• Some viral and bacterial infections (influenza, typhoid fever, tularemia, measles, malaria, rubella, parotitis, infectious mononucleosis, miliary tuberculosis, AIDS)
• Sepsis
• Bone marrow hypo- and aplasia
• Damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs
• Exposure to ionizing radiation
• Splenomegaly, hypersplenism, condition after splenectomy
• Acute leukemia
• Myelofibrosis
• Myelodysplastic syndromes
• Plasmacytoma
• Bone marrow metastases of neoplasms
• Addison-Birmer disease
• Anaphylactic shock
• Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other collagenoses
• Taking sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, cytostatics

Neutrophils NEU

up to 70% of the total number of leukocytes

Neutrophils - cells of a nonspecific immune response, are found in huge numbers in the submucosal layer and on the mucous membranes. Their main task is to swallow foreign microorganisms. Their increase indicates a purulent inflammatory process. But it should be especially alarming if there is a purulent process, and there is no increase in neutrophils in the blood test.

Increased neutrophil count (neutrophilia, neutrophilia):

• Acute bacterial infections

1. localized (abscesses, osteomyelitis, acute appendicitis, acute otitis media, pneumonia, acute pyelonephritis, salpingitis, meningitis, tonsillitis, acute cholecystitis and etc.)
2. generalized (sepsis, peritonitis, pleural empyema, scarlet fever, cholera, etc.)

• Inflammatory processes and tissue necrosis (myocardial infarction, extensive burns, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, dermatitis, peritonitis)
• Condition after surgery
• Endogenous intoxication (diabetes mellitus, uremia, eclampsia, hepatocyte necrosis)
• Exogenous intoxication (lead, snake venom, vaccines)
• Oncological diseases (tumors of various organs)
• Reception of some drugse.g. corticosteroids, digitalis drugs, heparin, acetylcholine
• Physical stress and emotional stress and stressful situations: exposure to heat, cold, pain, burns and childbirth, pregnancy, fear, anger, joy

Decreased neutrophil count (neutropenia):

• Some infections caused by bacteria (typhoid and paratyphoid fever, brucellosis), viruses (influenza, measles, chickenpox, viral hepatitis, rubella), protozoa (malaria), rickettsiae ( typhus), lingering infections in the elderly and debilitated people
• Diseases of the blood system (hypo- and aplastic, megaloblastic and iron deficiency anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, acute leukemia)
• Congenital neutropenia (hereditary agranulocytosis)
• Anaphylactic shock
• Splenomegaly of various origins
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Ionizing radiation
• Effects of cytostatics, anticancer drugs
• Medicinal neutropenias associated with increased sensitivity individuals to the action of some medicines (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, psychotropic drugs, drugs affecting cardiovascular system, diuretics, antidiabetic drugs)

Eosinophils EOS

1-5% of the total number of leukocytes

Increased levels (eosinophilia):

Decreased levels (eosinopenia):

• The initial phase of the inflammatory process
• Severe purulent infections
• Shock, stress
• Intoxication with various chemical compounds, heavy metals

LymphocytesLYM

Cells of specific immunity. If, with severe inflammation, the indicator falls below 15%, it is important to estimate the absolute number of lymphocytes per microliter. It should not be lower than 1200-1500 cells.

Increased lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis):

• Infectious diseases: infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus infection, whooping cough, ARVI, toxoplasmosis, herpes, rubella, HIV infection
• Diseases of the blood system ( chronic lymphocytic leukemia; lymphosarcoma, heavy chain disease - Franklin disease)
• Poisoning with tetrachloroethane, lead, arsenic, carbon disulfide
• Treatment with drugs such as levodopa, phenytoin, valproic acid, narcotic analgesics

Decreased lymphocyte count (lymphopenia):

• Severe viral diseases
• Miliary tuberculosis
• Lymphogranulomatosis
• Aplastic anemia
• Pancytopenia
• Renal failure
• Circulatory failure
• Terminal stage of cancer
• Immunodeficiencies (with T cell deficiency)
• X-ray therapy
• Taking drugs with a cytostatic effect (chlorambucil, asparaginase), glucocorticoids

PlateletsPLT

170-320 * 109 per liter

Platelets - cells responsible for stopping bleeding - hemostasis. And they, like scavengers, collect the remnants of inflammatory wars on the membrane - circulating immune complexes. A platelet count below normal may indicate an immunological disease or severe inflammation.

Increased levels (thrombocytosis):

1. Primary thrombocytosis (resulting from proliferation of megakaryocytes)

• Essential thrombocythemia
• Erythremia
• Myeloproliferative disorders (myeloid leukemia)

1. Secondary thrombocytosis (occurring against the background of a disease)

• Inflammatory processes (systemic inflammatory diseases, osteomyelitis, ulcerative colitis, tuberculosis)
• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Acute blood loss or hemolysis
• Condition after splenectomy (within 2 months or more)
• Oncological diseases (cancer, lymphoma)
• States after surgical intervention (within 2 weeks)

Decreased levels (thrombocytopenia):

1. Congenital thrombocytopenia:

• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
• Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
• Fanconi syndrome
• May-Hegglin anomaly
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome (giant platelets)

1. Acquired thrombocytopenia:

• Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
• Drug-induced thrombocytopenia
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Thrombocytopenia associated with infection (viral and bacterial infections, rickettsiosis, malaria, toxoplasmosis)
• Splenomegaly
• Aplastic anemia and myelophthisis (replacement of the bone marrow with tumor cells or fibrous tissue)
• Tumor metastases to the bone marrow
• Megaloblastic anemias
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Markiafava-Micheli disease)
• Evans syndrome (autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia)
• DIC syndrome (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
• Massive blood transfusions, extracorporeal circulation
• During the neonatal period (prematurity, hemolytic disease of the newborn, neonatal autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura)
• Congestive heart failure
• Renal vein thrombosis

ESR-speederythrocyte sedimentation

10 mm / h for men 15 mm / h for women

An increase in ESR signals an inflammatory or other pathological process. Increased without apparent reasons ESR should not be ignored!

Increase (acceleration of ESR):

• Inflammatory diseases of various etiologies
• Acute and chronic infections (pneumonia, osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, syphilis)
• Paraproteinemia (multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's disease)
• Tumor diseases (carcinoma, sarcoma, acute leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphoma)
• Autoimmune diseases (collagenoses)
• Kidney disease (chronic nephritis, nephrotic syndrome)
• Myocardial infarction
• Hypoproteinemia
• Anemia, condition after blood loss
• Intoxication
• Injuries, bone fractures
• Condition after shock, surgery
• Hyperfibrinogenemia
• In women during pregnancy, menstruation, in the postpartum period
• Elderly age
• Taking medications (estrogens, glucocorticoids)

Decrease (slowdown of ESR):

• Erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis
• Severe symptoms of circulatory failure
• Epilepsy
• Fasting, decreased muscle mass
• Taking corticosteroids, salicylates, calcium, and mercury preparations
• Pregnancy (especially 1 and 2 semester)
• Vegetarian diet
• Myodystrophies

Agranulocytosis - a sharp decrease in the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood up to their complete disappearance, leading to a decrease in the body's resistance to infection and the development of bacterial complications. Depending on the mechanism of occurrence, a distinction is made between myelotoxic (resulting from the action of cytostatic factors) and immune agranulocytosis.

Monocytes (Monocytes) - the largest cells among leukocytes, do not contain granules. They are formed in the bone marrow from monoblasts and belong to the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells. Monocytes circulate in the blood for 36 to 104 hours, and then migrate to tissues, where they differentiate into organo- and tissue-specific macrophages.

Macrophages play an important role in the processes of phagocytosis. They are capable of absorbing up to 100 microbes, while neutrophils - only 20-30. Macrophages appear in the focus of inflammation after neutrophils and show maximum activity in an acidic environment, in which neutrophils lose their activity. In the focus of inflammation, macrophages phagocytose microbes, dead leukocytes, and damaged cells of the inflamed tissue, thereby clearing the focus of inflammation and preparing it for regeneration. For this function, monocytes are called "body wipers".

Increased monocyte count (monocytosis):

• Infections (viral (infectious mononucleosis), fungal, protozoal (malaria, leishmaniasis) and rickettsial etiology), septic endocarditis, as well as the period of convalescence after acute infections
• Granulomatosis: tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis (nonspecific)
• Diseases of the blood (acute monoblastic and myelomnoblastic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, myeloma, lymphogranulomatosis)
• Systemic collagenosis (systemic lupus erythematosus), rheumatoid arthritis, periarteritis nodosa
• Poisoning with phosphorus, tetrachloroethane

Decreased monocyte count (monocytopenia):

• Aplastic anemia (bone marrow damage)
• Hairy cell leukemia
• Operational interventions
• Shock states
• Taking glucocorticoids

Basophils - the smallest population of leukocytes. The life span of basophils is 8-12 days; the circulation time in peripheral blood, as in all granulocytes, is short - several hours. The main function of basophils is to participate in an anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction of an immediate type. They are also involved in delayed-type reactions through lymphocytes, in inflammatory and allergic reactions, in the regulation of vascular wall permeability. Basophils contain such biologically active substanceslike heparin and histamine (similar to connective tissue mast cells).

Increased basophil levels (basophilia):

• Allergic reactions to food, drugs, the introduction of a foreign protein
• Chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, erythremia
• Lymphogranulomatosis
• Chronic ulcerative colitis
• Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
• Chickenpox
• Nephrosis
• Condition after splenectomy
• Hodgkin's disease
• Estrogen treatment

Decreased basophil levels (basopenia) - difficult to estimate due to the low content of basophils in the norm.

NINE BLOOD INDICATORS THAT WILL TELL EVERYTHING ABOUT YOU

What can you read about your health according to the most informative analysis

Whatever you fall ill, the first test that a competent doctor will send you to will be a general (general clinical) blood test, says our expert - cardiologist, doctor of the highest category Tamara Ogieva.

Blood for general analysis is taken from venous or capillary, that is, from a vein or from a finger. The primary general analysis can be taken on an empty stomach. A detailed blood test is taken only on an empty stomach.

For biochemical analysis, blood will have to be donated only from a vein and always on an empty stomach. After all, if you drink, say, coffee with sugar in the morning, the blood glucose content will certainly change and the analysis will be incorrect.

A competent doctor will definitely take into account your gender and physiological condition. For example, in women during “critical days”, ESR increases and the number of platelets decreases.

A general analysis gives more information about inflammation and the state of the blood (tendency to blood clots, the presence of infections), and a biochemical analysis is responsible for the functional and organic state of internal organs - the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.

General analysis indicators:

1. HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) is a blood pigment found in erythrocytes (red blood cells), its main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

Normal values \u200b\u200bfor men are 130-160 g / l, women are 120-140 g / l.

Decreased hemoglobin occurs with anemia, blood loss, latent internal bleeding, with damage to internal organs, for example, kidneys, etc.

It can increase with dehydration of the body, with blood diseases and some types of heart failure.

2. Erythrocytes - blood cells that contain hemoglobin.

Normal values \u200b\u200b(4.0-5.1) * 10 in the 12th degree / l and (3.7-4.7) * 10 in the 12th degree / l, for men and women, respectively.

An increase in red blood cells in the blood occurs, for example, in healthy people at high altitudes in the mountains, as well as in congenital or acquired heart defects, diseases of the bronchi, lungs, kidneys and liver. The increase may be due to an excess of steroid hormones in the body. For example, in case of illness and Cushing's syndrome, or in treatment with hormonal drugs.

Decrease - with anemia, acute blood loss, with chronic inflammatory processes in the body, as well as in late pregnancy.

3. LEUKOCYTES - white blood cells, they are formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Their main function is to protect the body from adverse effects. The norm is (4.0-9.0) x 10 in the 9th degree / l. Excess indicates the presence of infection and inflammation.

There are five types of leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), each of them has a specific function. If necessary, a detailed blood test is done, which shows the ratio of all five types of leukocytes. For example, if the level of leukocytes in the blood is increased, a detailed analysis will show due to which type their total number increased. If due to lymphocytes, then there is an inflammatory process in the body, if there are more eosinophils than the norm, then an allergic reaction can be suspected.

Why are there a lot of leukocytes?

There are many conditions in which there is a change in the level of leukocytes. This does not necessarily mean illness. Leukocytes, as, indeed, all indicators of the general analysis, respond to various changes in the body. For example, during stress, pregnancy, after physical exertion, their number increases.

An increased number of leukocytes in the blood (in another way, leukocytosis) occurs with:

Infections (bacterial)

Inflammatory processes

Allergic reactions

Malignant neoplasms and leukemias,

Taking hormonal medications, certain heart medications (for example, digoxin).

But a reduced number of leukocytes in the blood (or leukopenia): this condition often happens with a viral infection (for example, with the flu) or taking certain medications, for example, analgesics, anticonvulsants.

4. Platelets - blood cells, an indicator of normal blood clotting, are involved in the formation of blood clots.

Normal amount - (180-320) * 10 in the 9th degree / l

An increased amount occurs when:

Chronic inflammatory diseases (tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis of the liver), after surgery, treatment with hormonal drugs.

Reduced at:

The effects of alcohol, heavy metal poisoning, blood diseases, kidney failure, liver diseases, spleen, hormonal disorders. And also under the action of certain drugs: antibiotics, diuretics, digoxin, nitroglycerin, hormones.

5. ESR or ROE - the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction) is one and the same, an indicator of the course of the disease. Usually ESR increases by 2-4 days of the disease, sometimes it reaches a maximum during the recovery period. The norm for men is 2-10 mm / h, for women - 2-15 mm / h.

Increased at:

Infection, inflammation, anemia, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, shock after injuries and operations, during pregnancy, after childbirth, during menstruation.

Reduced:

With circulatory failure, anaphylactic shock.

Biochemical analysis indicators:

6. GLUCOSE - it should be 3.5-6.5 mmol / liter. Decrease - with insufficient and irregular nutrition, hormonal diseases. Increase - with diabetes.

7. TOTAL PROTEIN - norm - 60-80 grams / liter. Decreases with deterioration of the liver, kidneys, malnutrition (a sharp decrease in total protein is a frequent symptom that a strict restrictive diet clearly did not benefit you).

8. TOTAL BILIRUBIN - the norm - not higher than 20.5 mmol / liter shows how the liver works. Increase - with hepatitis, gallstone disease, destruction of erythrocytes.

9. CREATININE - should be no more than 0.18 mmol / liter. The substance is responsible for the functioning of the kidneys. Exceeding the norm is a sign of renal failure, if it does not reach the norm, it means that you need to increase immunity.

Each of us at least once in our life donated blood for analysis and received a piece of paper with letters, numbers and units of measurement in our hands. Then the doctor, looking at the results, announced: "You are healthy" or "You are sick." But you yourself, how many did not look at the incomprehensible icons, did not understand anything. In fact, everything is not so difficult. Let's try to learn the language of our blood.

What does a human blood test say?