The main regularities of ontogenesis. The concept of growth and development
The concept of ontogenesis, general patterns of ontogenesis.
Term ontogenesis(from the Greek ontos - being and genesis - origin) was introduced into biology by the famous German naturalist of the 19th century. E. Haeckel. Currently, this term refers to the entire period individual development living organism from the moment of fertilization of the egg to the natural end of life.
In ontogenesis, two relatively independent stages of development are distinguished:
embryonic (prenatal) And postembryonic (postnatal). The first period begins from the moment of conception and continues until the birth of a child, the second - from the moment of birth to the death of a person.
Thus, the true birth of a person occurs at the moment of conception, while the birth of a newborn marks only the end of the first stage of development - prenatal, lasting an average of 280 days.
A newly born person differs from an adult in a number of qualitative features and does not represent his simple reduced copy. And although a newborn has all the necessary set of morphological and functional properties that ensure its survival in certain, hereditarily programmed environmental conditions, its physiological capabilities are far from corresponding to the functional activity of an adult organism.
The time during which a developing child reaches the functional level of an adult, taking into account the main physiological indicators of the human body (functioning of the circulatory, digestive, nervous systems, etc.), is 16-20 years.
The main regularities of ontogenesis.
1. The principle of system genesis and advanced development of organs and functional systems. Questions of the theory of functional systems and features of their formation in the process of ontogenesis i.e. features of systemogenesis were developed by the famous Soviet physiologist Academician P.K. Anokhin (1898-1974) and his students and followers.
functional system called the temporary association of various organs child's body aimed at achieving a result useful for the existence of the organism. For example, the sucking reflex in a newborn is carried out by a special functional system, which includes various muscle groups and associations of nerve cells that regulate their contractions. The main importance for the unification of organs into a functional system is not their anatomical proximity, but the need to carry out activities that are vital for the body.
In the process of teaching a child to write, read, personal hygiene, etc. also requires the formation of functional systems, which include a variety of organs.
Thus, in the process of human ontogenesis in his body, the formation of countless different functional systems is possible, providing him with optimal interaction with environmental factors. An important biological feature in the development of children is that the formation of their functional systems occurs much earlier than they need. In a functional system that provides a child with a sucking reflex, the anatomical and physiological formation of its constituent organs and the system itself occurs long before the birth of a child.
The principle of advanced development of organs and functional systems in children is a kind of "insurance" that nature gives to a person in case of unforeseen circumstances. For example, even in the case of premature birth, the newborn meets with the external environment "fully armed", because. he is already endowed with the most important function for his life, providing him with food.
2. Heterochronism and harmony of development. The growth and development of all organs and physiological systems of the body of children does not occur simultaneously, i.e. heterochronous (from the Greek heteros - another, chronos - time.)
First of all, those organs, the functioning of which is vital for the body, develop and improve. For example, the heart functions as early as the third week of prenatal development, while the kidneys are formed much later and come into action only in a newborn child.
The heterochrony of development does not negate its harmony, since the non-simultaneous maturation of the morphofunctional systems of the child's body provides him with the necessary mobility, reliability of the functioning of the whole organism and optimal (harmonious) interaction with the environmental conditions that become more complicated in the process of development.
Thus, the harmony of development is characterized by the fact that at each age stage of ontogenesis, the functional capabilities of the organism of children correspond to the requirements imposed on them by the environment.
"THE PROBLEM OF SYSTEMOGENESIS AND ONTOGENESIS IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
DENTISTRY»
344. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF HETEROCHRONOUS DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS?
1. Non-simultaneous maturation of various functional systems;
2. Non-simultaneous maturation various parts the same functional system;
3. Different in time inclusion in the work of already mature functional systems.
345. WHAT DOES THE PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM PROVISION OF FUNCTIONS IN SYSTEMOGENESIS MEAN?
1. The younger the body, the less executive organs are required for
providing a function;
2. Any functional system starts working when at least one of the
its executive mechanisms.
346. WHEN IT BEGINS TO FORM F UNCTIONAL SYSTEM FOR FORMING A FOOD Lump?
1. From the moment of eruption of the first antagonist teeth;
2. From the moment of eruption of the first molars
347. WHEN DOES THE FORMATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE FOOD bolus end?
1. With the end of the eruption of molars;
2. With the end of the eruption of permanent molars.
348. FROM WHAT AGE DOES A CHILD'S MASTICOGRAM DIFFER FROM ADULT'S MASTICOGRAM?
1. From 10 years old; 2. From 12-13 years old; 3. From 17-18 years old.
349. NAME THE PECULIARITIES OF THE MASTICOGRAM OF THE ELDERLY PEOPLE?
1. Decrease in the amplitude of chewing movements and the disappearance of additional waves;
2. Increase in the amplitude of chewing movements and the appearance of additional waves;
3. Decrease in the amplitude of chewing movements and the appearance of additional waves.
350. FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM OF SPEECH PRODUCTION:
1. Begins to form from 8-10 months and ends by 2.5-3 years;
2. Begins to form from 3-6 months and ends by 2-3 years.
3. Begins to form from the age of 1 and ends by 5 years.
Sample responses to tests
220. 3412
Literature
normal physiology. Textbook./Ed. V.A. Polyantseva.- M.: Medicine, 1989
Orthopedic dentistry. Textbook / Shcherbakov A.S. et al. 5th ed. - St. Petersburg. 1997.
Prokhonchukov.A., Loginova I.K., Zhizhina N.A. Functional diagnostics in dental practice. Library of the practical doctor, M.; Medicine. 1980, p. 271.
Rubinov I.S. Physiological foundations of dentistry. /. Leningrad: Medicine, 1970. - p. 333.
Therapeutic dentistry. Textbook / Ed. - M.; Medicine, 1999. S.
Surgical dentistry. Textbook / Ed. T.G. Robustova. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Medicine, 1996.- 688s.
Foreword.. 4
1. INTRODUCTION.. 5
2. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY ... 6
2.1. Physiology of excitable tissues. 6
2.1.1. Electrophysiological patterns in the practice of a dentist 6
2.2. Physiology of the dental system. 13
2.2.1. Physiology of teeth and periodontium. 20
2.2. Physiology of the central nervous systems s. 25
2.3. Physiology of the glands internal secretion. 28
3.1. Physiology of the blood system. thirty
3.2. Physiology of blood circulation. 35
3.3. Physiology of respiration. 40
3.4. Physiology of digestion. 42
3.4.1. Physiology oral cavity. 43
3.5. Metabolism and energy. Nutrition. 46
1. N.P. Gundobin
2.P.K. Anokhin
3.I.P. Pavlov
4.A.A. Markosyan
2. Task
The biological age of a person is not determined by:
1. Skeletal maturity
2.Passport data
3.Tooth maturity
4. Degrees of development of secondary sexual characteristics
3. Task
The reliability of the growth and development of the organism is not associated with:
1. Redundancy of structural elements
2. The presence of the reproductive system
3.Plasticity
4. Duplication of functions (for example, the presence of paired organs)
4. Task Complement
Heterochronism is the alternation of periods of an accelerated ... person (up to 1 year, from 6 to 8 years and from 11 to 13 years) with periods of intensive development.
5. Task
Sequence order age periods human development
1: newborn
2: second childhood (junior school)
3: early childhood (nursery)
4: first childhood (preschool)
5: chest
6. Quest
All stages of the individual development of the organism from the moment of fertilization of the egg to the death of a person are
1. ontogeny
2. metabolism
3. phylogenesis
4. homeostasis
7. Task
Qualitative changes in the body, consisting in the complication of the structure, functions and regulation are called
1. development
3.urination
4.breathing
8. Task
The restructuring that occurs in the central nervous system of a teenager, enhanced by the action of sex hormones, underlies changes in its
1. psyche
3. coordination of movements
4. social activity
9. Task
The most active method for determining the functional capabilities of the body is:
1. Method of functional loads (functional tests)
2. Somatometry
3. Surveillance
4. Somatoscopy
10. Task
Physical features include:
1. The shape of the legs
2. Muscle strength of the hand
3. Body weight
4. Circle chest
11. Task
Long-livers are people with a life expectancy of more than ______ years.
1. 60 2. 80 3.70 4.90
12. Quest
The correspondence of the functional capabilities of the organism to the requirements imposed by the environment at each stage of ontogenesis is called ...
1. harmony
2. heterochrony
3. reliability
4. systemogenesis
13. Task
The developing organism of a child reaches the functional level of an adult in ___ years.
1) 5 – 10 2)10 – 15 3)30 4)16 – 20
14. Quest Visually, the biological age of a person can be judged by ...
Passport data
skin condition (elasticity, smoothness)
degree of ossification of the skeleton
intelligence quotient
15 Exercise From the point of view of saving energy costs, it is advisable to have _____________ the nature of the maturation of the functional systems of the body
individual
corresponding to the passport age
serial (heterochronous)
simultaneous (synchronous)
16Quest"Anatomy" translated from Greek means...
ANSWER OPTIONS:
study of human tissues
doctrine of man
dissection
the doctrine of nature
Exercise 17 The stage of ontogenesis from the moment of conception to birth is called ...
postnatal
prenatal
pubertal
post-pubertal
Exercise 18 The process of development is characterized by...
an increase in the number of cells
differentiation of cells and tissues
increase in cell size
qualitative transformations in a multicellular organism
Exercise 19 Muscle growth in thickness is carried out mainly due to ...
proliferation of connective tissue
predominance of myosin filaments
dominance of actin filaments
increase in muscle fiber diameter
Exercise 20 Establish a correspondence between the group of anthropometric signs and the corresponding indicators: 1. Somatometric signs 2. Physiometric signs 3. Somatoscopic signs
ANSWER OPTIONS:
standing height
hand muscle strength
Task 21 The science that studies the functions of the body and its organs is called ...
anatomy
histology
physiology
morphology
Exercise 22 Non-simultaneous maturation of various organs and systems is called ...
homeostasis
heterochrony
harmony
reliability
Exercise 23 The readiness of the child to study at school is determined by ...
only according to the level of physical development
only for coordinating abilities
only by level mental development
according to the level of mental and physical development, coordination abilities
Exercise 24 ) Somatoscopic (visually determined) indicators of physical development include ...
posture condition
standing height
sexual development
sitting height
development of the musculoskeletal system
Exercise 25 The second growth spurt in humans is due to...
formation of cognitive activity
development of fine motor skills
socialization of personality
the onset of puberty
Patterns of growth and development
1. Task
Proteins involved in blood clotting:
1. Albumins
2. Fibrinogen
3. Gammaglobulins
4. Heparin
2. Task
The presence of the Rh factor does not matter when:
1. Repeated transfusion of Rh-positive blood to an Rh-negative recipient of group B
2. When transfusing large amounts of blood
3. In obstetric practice with Rh incompatible fetus
4. When transfusing Rh negative blood to a recipient with blood type O (1)
3. Task
When transfusing small amounts of blood, pay attention to:
1. Erythrocytes of the recipient
2. Donor erythrocytes
3. Donor plasma
4. Recipient plasma
4. Task
During pregnancy, there may be a risk of fetal hemolytic disease if:
1. Fetal blood Rh+ Maternal blood Rh+
2. Fetal blood Rh - Maternal blood Rh -
3. Fetal blood Rh - Maternal blood Rh +
4. Fetal blood Rh + Maternal blood Rh-
5. Task
A risk to the recipient may arise during a blood transfusion if:
1. Rh + recipient to transfuse Rh + blood
2. Rh + transfuse the recipient with Rh - blood
3. Rh - transfuse Rh + blood to the recipient
4 Rh - transfuse the recipient Rh - blood
6. Quest
Closest to normal analysis data
1. Er 5 million; Lei 7 thousand; Heme 95%; ESR 4 mm per hour
2. Er 4 million; Lei 20 thousand; Heme 75%; ESR 16 mm per hour
3. Er 4.5 million; Lei 4 thousand; Heme 85%; ESR 6 mm per hour
4. Er 3.5 million; Lei 8 thousand; Heme 65%; ESR 8 mm per hour
7. Task
The lymphatic ducts empty into:
2. Vena cava
3. Portal vein of the liver
4. Jugular veins
8. Task
Which analysis data is closest to the norm:
1. Er - 3.5 million; Lei - 3 thousand; Hb - 100 g/l; ESR - 15 mm/hour
2. Er - 4.0 million; Lei -6.0 thousand; Hb -130 g/k; ESR 30 mm/h
3. Er - 4.5 million; Lei - 8.0 thousand; Hb - 140 g/l; ESR - 6 mm/hour
4. Er - 3.5 million; Lei 9.0 thousand, Hb 110 g/l; ESR - 20 mm/hour
9. Task
The functions of erythrocytes include:
Antibody formation
blood clotting
Phagocytosis
Transport of respiratory gases
10.. Quest. Complement
Active acquired ... occurs as a result of an infectious disease or the introduction of a vaccine into the body.
11.. Quest
Hemoglobin is the respiratory pigment of red blood cells that readily binds to
calcium
oxygen
carbon
12Exercise. Complement
The skeleton is related to the processes of hematopoiesis, due to the fact that the bones have ...
red and yellow marrow
compact and spongy bone
red marrow
yellow marrow and periosteum
1Z Exercise __________ system(s) of the body is involved in maintaining homeostasis.
nervous, endocrine and immune
only endocrine
only immune
only nervous
14Exercise When a person climbs mountains, the number of red blood cells in the blood increases, which is due to ...
emotional experiences
reduction in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air
decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air
increase in physical activity
15Exercise- select multiple answers) The transport function of blood includes ...
immune
thermoregulatory
respiratory
nutritious
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immunity |
The cardiovascular system
1. Task Complement
The movement of blood from the right ventricle to the left atrium through the vessels of the lungs, where it is enriched with oxygen, is called ... the circulation circle.
2. Task Complement
The circulation that begins in the left ventricle, provides the organs with oxygen and brings venous blood to the right atrium of the heart is called ...
3. Task
The order of contraction of the atria and ventricles of the heart (phases of the cardiac cycle)
1: total diastole (relaxation) of the heart
2: systole (contraction) of the ventricles
3: systole (contraction) of the atria
4. Task Complement
Rhythmic contractions of the walls of the arteries due to filling them with blood ejected during left ventricular systole is ...
5. Task
Young people healthy people resting heart rate is:
30-50 beats per minute
60-80 beats per minute
100-120 beats per minute
140-160 beats per minute
6. Quest
Systolic (maximum) arterial pressure in healthy adults is normal
100-140 mmHg
40-70 mmHg
140-170 mmHg
170-200 mmHg
7. Task
Diastolic (minimum) blood pressure in healthy adults is normally
60-90 mmHg
30-50 mmHg
100-140 mmHg
150-180 mmHg
8. Task Complement
Bradycardia (heart rate at rest less than 60 beats/min) can be observed in athletes training on ..., which indicates the economization of the cardiovascular system.
9. Task Complement
The contraction of the heart muscle is called systole, and its relaxation is called ....
10. Task Complement
The greatest blood pressure is recorded in large arteries; and in small arteries, capillaries and... it gradually decreases.
11. Task
Blood is expelled from the left ventricle:
Into the hollow veins
Pulmonary arteries
carotid artery
12. Quest
Blood is expelled from the right ventricle into
And hollow veins
Pulmonary arteries
carotid artery
13. Task
Duration of atrial systole:
14. Quest
Duration of ventricular systole:
15. Quest
Pause duration:
16. Quest
Sinoatrial node - pacemaker:
First order
2 Third order
3 Second order
4 Fourth order
17. Task
Atrioventricular node - pacemaker:
First order
second order
third order
fourth order
18. Quest
The conduction system of the heart provides:
1 Carrying out a wave of excitation through the heart
Carrying out a contraction wave
Carrying blood through your own circulatory system
Carrying oxygen through the heart
19. Quest
In the ventricles of the heart, the conducting system is represented by:
atrioventricular node
Sinoatrial node
Bundle of His
Nerve fibers
20. Quest
The highest excitability has:
Antriventricular node
2 Sinoatrial node
3 Bundle of His
4 Purkyne fibers
21. Quest
Has the lowest excitability:
1Atrioventricular node
sinoatrial node
Bundle of Gis
Purkyne fibers
22. Quest
The pre-stretched heart muscle contracts with greater force:
The All or Nothing Law
starling law
3 The Law of Automation
4 Bowditch's law
23. Quest
The power of cardiac contraction does not depend on the strength of stimulation:
The All or Nothing Law
starling law
The law of automation
"Law of the Heart"
24. Quest
Sympathetic nerve:
Increases only heart rate
Increases excitability only
Increases only the power of cardiac contraction
Increases the power, frequency and excitability of the heart muscle
25. Quest
More complete relaxation of the heart in diastole is due to the influence of:
trigeminal nerve
Sympathetic nerve
vagus nerve
4 Celiac nerve
26. Quest
Systematic muscular work is accompanied by:
Increased sympathetic nerve tone
Decreased sympathetic nerve tone
Increased vagal tone
Decreased tone of the vagus nerve
27. Quest
With age comes:
Increased sympathetic nerve tone
2 Decreased sympathetic nerve tone
3 Increased vagal tone
4 Decreased vagal tone
28. Quest
In children of the first years of life, the heart rate
higher than adults
same as adults
lower than in adults
not defined
29. Quest
In children of the first years of life, blood pressure
lower than in adults
same as adults
higher than adults
not defined
30. Quest
Systolic blood volume with age
decreases
does not change
changes regularly
increases
31Quest - select multiple answers The circulatory system does not include...
lymphatic vessels
blood vessels
32. Quest
The formation of the cardiovascular system begins ...
just before birth
at preschool age
in the third week after conception
immediately after birth
33. Quest
For the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, it is necessary to use ...
sports at a professional level
optimal physical activity
rest lying
Board games
The cardiovascular system
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1- small; 2- large; 4 - pulse: 8 - Endurance; 9 - diastole; 10 - veins ..
Breath
1. Task
The respiratory center is located:
1. In the lungs
2. In the cerebellum
3. In the medulla oblongata
4. In the cerebral cortex
2. Task
Oxygen is absorbed:
1. In the blood
2. In the intercellular space
3. In the cytoplasm of cells
4. In mitochondria
3. Task
Mechanoceptors of the lungs are excited when:
1. An increase in carbon dioxide in the alveolar air
2. Decreased oxygen in the alveolar air
3. Stretching of the alveoli during inspiration
4. Compression of the alveoli during exhalation
4. Task
In children of 3 years of age, the type of breathing:
1. Thoracic
2. Abdominal
3. Mixed
4. Surface
5. Task
In children younger age during physical exertion increases mainly:
Breathing depth
Breathing rate
Depth and frequency of breathing
chest breathing
6. Quest Complement
_______________ respiration does not increase with age in children
Rhythm
Minute volume
7. Task
In the humoral regulation of respiration is involved ...
Oxygen
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
8. Task - select multiple answers) The composition of the circulatory system does not include (-yat) ...
lymphatic vessels
blood vessels
Breath
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n1.doc
IGENERAL QUESTIONS OF AGE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY
General biological laws of the physical development of children and the main patterns of growth and development of the body.
1. Somatoscopic indicators of physical development include
1 muscle development 2 posture condition
3 sexual development 4 body weight
5 standing height
2. The most adequate criteria for age periodization are
1 socio-pedagogical and gender 2 chronological and socio-pedagogical
3 Chronological and psychological 4 morpho-functional and psychological
3. By acceleration is understood
1 slowdown in the development of the organism 2 average level of development
compared to the previous
generation
3 accelerating the rate of development of the body 4 all-round development
compared to the previous
generation
4. The conditional division of human life into age stages is called
1 age certification 2 age periodization
3 age gradation 4 biological age classification
5. A synonym for the concept of "calendar age" is
1 passport age 2 bone age
3 dental age 4 biological age
6. Qualitative functional changes in the body, leading to a complication of the organization and interaction of all its systems, regulatory processes are called
1 systemogenesis 2 tall
3 embryogenesis 4 development
7. One of the stages of ontogeny is _____________ period
1 pubertal 2 fetal
3 prepubertal 4 postpubertal
8. Puberty is called
1 postpubertal 2 pubertal
9. The developing organism of a child reaches the functional maturity of an adult in
1 16-20 years old 2 5-10 years
3 10-15 years 4 30 years
10. The patterns of growth and development include
1 only harmony 2
11. To divide postnatal ontogenesis into perils, criteria are used
1 morphological, functional 2 only morphological
and psychological
3 only functional 4 only psychological
12. Establish a correspondence between a group of anthropometric features and the corresponding indicators
1 Somatometric signs (V)
2 Physiometric signs (b)
3 Somatoscopic signs (A)
Answer options:
a) posture
b) muscle strength of the hand
c) head circumference
13. Tests for determining somatic maturity include
1 memory study 2 filipino test
3 developmental research second 4 copying by the child
handwriting signaling system
14. Bone age is used to determine
1 biological age 2 somatometric indicators
3 calendar age 4 somatoscopic indicators
15. In the process of ontogenesis, the earlier maturation of vegetative centers of regulation of functions compared to somatic centers is an example of __________ growth and development
1 reliability 3 continuity
3heterochrony 4 harmony
16. Somatoscopic indicators of physical development include (several) ...
1. standing height 2. sitting height
3.posture condition 4.development of the musculoskeletal system
5.sexual development
17. Establish a correspondence between a group of anthropometric features and the corresponding indicators
1 Somatometric signs (V)
2 Physiometric signs (b)
3 Somatoscopic signs (A)
Answer options
a) sexual development
b) muscle strength of the hand
c) head circumference
18. Non-simultaneous maturation of various organs and systems is called (one) ... ..
1. harmony 2. reliability
3.heterochrony 4. homeostasis
1. V.P. Gundobin 2. I.P. Pavlov
3.P.K.Anokhin 4.A.A.Markosyan
20. The biological age of a person is not determined by (one) ...
1.skeletal maturity 2.dental maturity
3passport data 4 degrees of development of secondary
Sex characteristics
21. The reliability of the growth and development of the organism is not associated with (one) ....
1. redundancy of structural elements 2. plasticity
3.having a reproductive system 4 duplication functions
(for example, the presence of paired
bodies)
22. The most adequate method for determining the functional capabilities of an organism is (one) ... ..
1.functional load method 2 observation
3. somatometry 4. somatoscopy
23. The science that studies the structure of the body, its organs and systems is called (one) ....
1.anatomy 2 histology
3.cytology 4physiology
24. The stage of ontogenesis from the moment of conception to birth is called (one) ....
1.postnatal 2 . prenatal
3.pubertal 4postpubertal
24. Compliance with the functional capabilities of the organism to the requirements of the environment at each stage of ontogenesis is called (one) ....
1. reliability 2 system genesis
3.harmonicity 4 heterochrony
25. Establish a correspondence between the group of anthropometric signs and the corresponding indicators
1. somatometric signs (A)
2 physiometric signs (V)
3 somatoscopic signs (With)
Answer options
a - standing height c - hand muscle strength c - posture
26. Medical criteria for school maturity do not include
1 health condition
27. Decreased physical activity is called
1. hypotension 2 hypothyroidism
3 hypoglycemia 4 physical inactivity
28. Adolescence refers to persons aged ____ years
1. 14-16 2 22-25
4 16-21
1early childhood 2 second childhood
3 infancy 4 first childhood
30. Reliability of the growth and development of the body is ensured by ____________ functions and organs:
1 duplication only 2 plasticity only
3duplication, plasticity, redundancy 4 redundancy only
31. Vital lung capacity (VC) consists of:
1 expiratory reserve volume 2 tidal volumes
3 inspiratory reserve volumes 4 residual volume
5 dead space air
32. When measuring body length, the subject must touch the stadiometer stand
1 buttocks 2 heels
3 interscapular region 4 back of the head
33. Period of intrauterine development from 9 weeks to birth
1. fetal 2 germinal
3 pubertal 4 embryonic
34. The functional indicators of the physical development of the child include:
1chest excursion 2 head circumference
3 chest circumference 4 body length and weight
35. The most significant body length changes in
1 old age 2 puberty
3 ages 5-7 years 4 first year of life
36. VC (vital capacity of the lungs) depends on
1 age 2 gender
3health states 4 temperament
5 emotional status
37. Puberty is called
1 postpubertal 2 pubertal
3 prepubertal 4 prenatal
38. Calendar age is age
1 bone 2 dental
3 passport 4 biological
39. Earlier maturation of autonomic centers of regulation of functions in comparison with somatic centers is an example of ___________ growth and development
1 reliability 2 continuity
3 heterochronisms 4 harmony
40. Anthropometric studies allow………..
1give overall score condition 2 evaluate creativity
physical development child
3 determine the degree 4 determine the degree
mental development mental development
41. Harmony is _________ development
1 fast 2 medium
3 non-simultaneous maturation in ontogeny 4 correspondence of physiological
Various organs and systems body's capabilities requirements,
imposed by the environment
42. One of the most commonly used school maturity tests is
1 Rokeach technique 2 Belgian test
3 proof test Anfimov 4 Kern test in Irasek modification
43. A child is not considered ready for school if he
1 does not have medical contraindications 2 by biological age
2 scored 3-9 on the Kern-Irasek test 4 scored more than 10 points
for the Kern-Irasek test
44. A synonym for the concept of "calendar" age is
1 age of onset of puberty 2 dental age
3chronological age 4 bone age
45. The science that studies the functions of the body is called (one) ...
1. histology 2. physiology
3. anatomy 4 morphology
46. Individual development of an organism is called (one)….
1. phylogenesis 2. anthropogenesis
3. systemogenesis 4. ontogeny
47. The readiness of a child to study at school is determined by (one) ....
1.in terms of mental and 2.only by physical level
physical development development
coordination abilities
3. only by the level of mental 4. only by coordination
ability development
48. Physiometric signs include ....
1.leg shape 2.body weight
3.hand muscle strength 4. chest circumference
49. The development of secondary sexual characteristics is regulated (one)….
1. nervous system 2. enzymes
3.somatotropin 4 sex hormones
50. The section of physiological science that studies the biological patterns and mechanisms of growth and development is called
1 gerontology 2 embryology
3 age physiology 4 anthropology
51. Secondary sexual characteristics include ...
1. sex hormones 2. sex organs
52. Measurement of lung capacity in children is possible
1 from birth 2 from 1 year
3 after 4-5 years 4 after 7-8 years
52. Growth and development occur in the body
1 only in the postnatal period 2 only in the critical
Periods of ontogeny
3continuously throughout ontogeny 4 only in perinatal
53 The value of the vital capacity of the lungs depends on
1 hand muscle strength 2 age
3 backbone strength 4 age
54. In an anthropometric study, the determination of body weight is carried out using medical scales
1 without clothes 2 without shoes
3 on an empty stomach in the morning 4 before going to bed
5after eating
55. The biological age of a person is determined
1 degree of maturation of morphofunctional 2 level of development
and psychophysiological qualities of the individual endocrine glands
3 harmonious development of the body 4 development of secondary sexual
signs
56. Sexual demorphism is taken into account during the period of ontogenesis
1 infants only 2 teens only
3 at a certain age 4 always
57. With the help of somatometric methods it is impossible to determine
1 head circumference 2 muscle strength
3 chest circumference 4 body length
58. The concept of growth includes
1 weight gain 2 posture formation
3 increased lung capacity 4 increased muscle strength
59. According to the age periodization, an eighty-year-old person is referred to the period __________ at the age
1 senile 2 elderly
3 aged 4 mature
60. Establish a correspondence between a group of anthropometric features and the corresponding indicators
1 Somatometric signs (V)
2 Physiometric signs (b)
3 Somatoscopic signs (A)
Answer options
a) sexual development
b) muscle strength of the hand
c) head circumference
61. In the process of ontogenesis, earlier maturation of vegetative centers of regulation of functions compared to somatic centers is an example of __________ growth and development
1 reliability 3 continuity
3heterochrony 4 harmony
62. In the process of ontogeny
1 medium muscles mature later 2 large muscles mature later
3 small muscles mature later 4 maturation of all muscle groups
Happens at the same time
63. The patterns of growth and development include
1 only harmony 2 harmony, reliability, heterochrony
3 only heterochrony 4 only reliability
64. One of the stages of ontogeny is _____________ period
1 puberty 2 fetal
prepubertal 4 postpubertal
1. visual area of the cerebral cortex 2 sticks
3 optic nerve 4 cones
66. In the process of ontogenesis, the following mature later:
1 large muscles 2 small muscles
3 middle muscles 4 maturation of all muscles
Happens at the same time
67. Expedient from the point of view of saving energy costs is _____________________________ the nature of maturation:
1 individual 2 simultaneous (synchronous)
3 sequential (heterochronous) 4 corresponding to passport age
68. The critical period for the formation of involuntary attention, when the orienting reaction acquires features of an exploratory nature, is:
1 1 year 2 6-7 years
3 2-3 months 4 2-3 years
69. The periods of the greatest sensitivity of the body to the effects of environmental factors are called ... ...
3sensitive 4 adaptive
70. Retardation is called __________ development
1 accelerated 2 slow
3 average 4 comprehensive
71. Of decisive importance in the formation of a child's speech is
1 communication with peers 2 communication with adults
3 level of somatic maturity 4 maturity of the reticular formation
72. In accordance with socio-pedagogical criteria, ____________ period of ontogenesis is distinguished
1 preschool 2 youthful
3 infant 4 teen
73. Physiometric indicators of physical development include
1 backbone 2 body weight
3 posture 4 lung capacity
5 chest excursion
74. Children with functional disorders belong to __ health group
1 first 2 second
3 fourth 4 fifth
75.K general properties organisms are not included
1 ability to regenerate 2 ability to grow and develop
3 metabolism and energy 4 irritability
76. The general properties of the body do not include
1 movement ability 2 adaptability
3 metabolism and energy 4 ability to grow and develop
77. The totality of all genes given organism called
1 genotype 2 normal reaction
3 phenotype 4 mutation
78. Medical criteria for school maturity do not include
1 health condition 2 level of biological development
3rd level of physical development 4th level of mental development
79. In the process of ontogeny
1 medium muscles mature earlier 2 large ones ripen earlier
muscles
3 small muscles mature earlier 4 maturation of all muscle groups
Happens at the same time
80. The reason for the slow development of the child cannot (cannot) be
1 lack of social contacts 2 sensory deprivation
3 sensory rich environment 4 genetic factors
81. Secondary sexual characteristics do not include
1 gonads 2 hair features
3 anatomical features of the body 4 sex drive
To the opposite sex
82. Lack of sensory information in early postnatal ontogenesis leads to a violation
1 metabolism 2 formation of communicative behavior
3 homeostasis 4 formation of the immune system
83.K psychological and pedagogical criteria for school maturity are not included
1 somatic maturity 2 memory development
3 psychosocial maturity 4 mental performance
84. The ability of an organism to transmit its characteristics, properties and developmental features to the next generations is called
1 heredity 2 breeding
85. The concept of growth is not associated with the processes of increasing
1 2 number of cells
3 body length 4 body weight
86. Processes of dissimilation prevail over processes of assimilation
1 in children and adolescents 2 at all stages of ontogeny
3 in adulthood 4 in aging people
87. Assessment of indicators of physical development is carried out on a 5-point scale, in which there is no level
1 medium 2 high
3 low 4 very low
88. Subcellular levels of organization of the human body include the level
1 biochemical 2 cell
3 tissue 4 organ
89. School maturity implies ___________ readiness of the child for systematic learning
1 physical (somatic) 2speculative
3 psychological 4 virtual
5social
90. In contrast to the "intra-group" acceleration under the "epochal" acceleration is accepted
1 retarded development compared 2 retarded development compared
with the previous generation with peers of the same generation
3 accelerated development compared to 4 accelerated development compared
peers of their generation with previous generation
91. Sexual differences in the structure of the body appear in the __________ period
1 puberty 2 youth
3 prenatal 4 postnatal
92. Protein synthesis is carried out at the __________ level
1 molecular 2 fabric
3 organ 4 system
93. The set of processes for the synthesis of complex organic substances carried out with energy costs is called
1 metabolism 2 dissimilation
3 assimilation 4 main exchange
94. A person's daily intake of carbohydrates is approximately:
1 50-100 gr. 2 100-200 gr.
3 800- 12000 gr 4 300-500 gr.
95. Protein synthesis occurs in:
1 mitochondria 2 nucleus
3 Golgi complex 4 ribosomes
96. The relative constancy of the internal environment of the body is called
1 homeostasis 2 orthostasis
3hemostasis 4 hematocrit
97. The ability of an organism to pass on its characteristics, properties and developmental features to the next generations is called
1 heredity 2 breeding
3 reaction rate 4 variability
98. The process of substances entering the body, processing and removal of end products of vital activity is called
1 metabolism 2 meals
3 by excretion 4 by breath
99. Humoral in Latin means
1. liquid 2 endocrine
3 tissue 4energy
100. Breast milk has immune properties as it contains
1 vitamins 2 antibodies
3 lactose 4 emulsified fats
101. Differences in sexual behavior appear with age
1 preschool 2. Mature
3 teenage 4 youth
102. In maintaining homeostasis involved
1 nervous system only 2 endocrine system only
3 only the immune system 4. nervous, endocrine, immune
103. The principles of hardening do not include
1 systematic 2 complexity
3 single exposure to hardening factors 4 gradualism
104 After vaccination, the child has immunity
1 natural active 2 artificial passive
3artificial active 4 natural passive
105. The most informative indicator for determining biological age in adolescence is (are)
1 dental maturity 2 mental maturity
3 bone maturity 4 external sexual characteristics
106. The relative constancy of the internal environment of the body is
1 orthostasis 2 hematocrit
3 hemostasis 4 homeostasis
107 The most informative indicator for determining biological age in adolescence is
1 tooth maturity 2 bone maturity
3 external sexual characteristics 4 mental maturity
108 The signs of an organism, to a greater extent determined by the external environment, include
1 blood group 2 hand muscle strength
3facial features 4hemophilia
109 The term “humoral” in Latin means:
1 chemical 2 physical
3 mechanical 4 liquid
110. Psychological and pedagogical criteria for school maturity do not include the level of:
1 somatic maturity 2 psychosocial maturity
3 mental maturity 4 memory development
111. Restriction of the child's motor activity leads to (one) ...
1.acceleration of the development of the nervous 2.acceleration of the development of the respiratory
system systems
3. inhibition of neurodevelopment 4. inhibition of development highlighter noah system systems
112Periods of the organism's greatest sensitivity to the effects of environmental factors are called ......
3sensitive 4 adaptive
113Interaction and communication of children with each other and children with adults contributes to the formation of __________ behavior
1. social 2 associative
3 motivational 4 adaptive
114. Natural active acquired immunity occurs in a child
1 as a result of vaccination 2 after an infection
diseases
3 when breastfeeding 4 as a result of the introduction of whey
115. Mechanisms of posture regulation and implementation of a sequence of serial movements mature
1 during the second childhood 2 in adolescence
3 during early childhood 4 by early infancy
116. The concept of growth is not associated with the processes of increasing
1 functionality of cells 2 cells
3 body length 4 body weight
IITOUCH FUNCTIONS
Anatomy, physiology sensory systems.
1. The pupil is a hole in
1 cornea 2 iris eyeball
3 retina 4 lens
2. The sense organ is
1 eye 2 Organ of Corti
3 receptor 4 retina
3. External analyzers include
1 taste 2 motor
3 interoroceptive 4 vestibular
4. The optical system of the eye does not include
1 pupil 2 vitreous body
3 lens 4 cornea
5. Not included in the composition of the middle ear
1 anvil 2 snail
3 hammer 4 stirrup
6. A strong adaptation of the analyzer to the strength and duration of the stimulus is called
1 adaptation 2 aftereffect
7. The greatest acuity of hearing is characteristic of6
1 adult 2 teenagers
3 newborns 4 preschoolers
8. The rays from the object in question intersect in front of the retina
1 with astigmatism 2 with myopia
3 is normal 4 is farsighted
9. Extrareceptors include analyzer receptors
1 vestibular 2 motor
3 visual 4 visceral
10. The optical system of the eye includes
1 pupil 2 iris
3 retina 4 lens
11.Sound vibration amplification provide
1 medium and inner ear 2 outer and inner ear
3 outer and middle ear 4 cochlea and vestibular apparatus
12. The cornea is the front
1 retina 2 lenses
3 outer shells (sclera) 4 choroid
13. specific action noise appears in
1 increased hearing threshold 2 change in the operation of the central
sensitivity nervous system
3 endocrine disorders 4 changes in the work of the cardiovascular
Vascular system
14. If a child strongly bows his head when writing, then he has
1 myopia 2 astigmatism
3 strabismus 4 hyperopia
15. Vibrations of fluid in the cochlea cause
1 stimulation of auditory receptors 2 vibration of the tympanic membrane
3 hesitation auditory ossicles 4 fluctuation of the oval window
16. "Appearing" myopia in children is associated with
1 high elasticity lens 2 corneal defect
3 small size of the eyeball 4 disturbance of accommodation
17. Non-specific effect of noise is manifested
1 in lowering the hearing threshold 2 change work cardio
sensitivity vascular system
3 appearance of hearing loss 4 increase in the threshold of hearing sensitivity
18. The presence of astigmatism is determined by imperfection
1 cornea 2 lenses
3 vitreous body 4 retina
19. Not classified as sensory organs
1 eye 2 muscle spindle
3 ear 4 skin
20. Minimum hearing acuity is noted
1 in newborns 2 at 14-17 years old
3 at 30 years old 4 at 2-3 years old
21. The optical system of the eyeball does not include
1 vitreous 2 retina
3 cornea 4 lens
22. Low hearing acuity in newborns is due to the fact that their middle ear cavity is filled
1 connective tissue 2 liquid
3 epithelial tissue 4 by air
23. Light-sensitive receptors are located in
1 egg white 2 retina
3 blind spot 4 choroid
24. External analyzers include
1 vestibular 2 interoceptive
3 auditory 4 motor
25. The general properties of sensory systems do not include:
1 coordination 2 high sensitivity
3 aftereffect 4 adaptation
26. First of all, in the process of ontogenesis, the ________ section of the analyzer (one) matures ....
1.cortical 2.conductor
3. subcortical 4 receptor
27. Color vision is provided by (one)….
1.hair cells 2.rods and cones
3.cones 4 sticks
28. Receptors that perceive sound are located in (one) ....
1.outer ear 2 eardrum
3.cochlea of the inner ear 4 middle ear
29. Natural farsightedness in children is associated with (one)….
1. large size of the eyeball 2 disturbance of accommodation
3 small size of the eyeball 4 corneal defect
30. The structure of sensory systems (analyzers) representing a set of _________ links ... ..
1. receptor and conduction 2. receptor, conductive
cortical
3. cortical and central 4 receptor and peripheral
31. The receptors of the visual analyzer are (one)……
1. hair cells 2. sticks and cones
3 free nerve endings 4. Pacinian corpuscles
32. The auditory cortex is located in (one)….
1.frontal 2 .temporal
3.occipital 4 parietal
33. The characteristics of illumination do not include (one) ... ..
1. light level 2. light factor
3.shutter factor 4.aeration coefficient
34. In ontogeny, the ___________ department of the analyzer (one) matures the last of all ...
1 conductive 2. subcortical
3.receptor 4 cortical
35. The cortical end of the visual analyzer is located in the __________ lobe of the cerebral hemispheres (one) ...
1.occipital 2 temporal
3. parietal 4frontal
36. Receptors that perceive sound are located in (in) (one) ....
1.tympanic membrane 2.auditory tube
3.inner ear 4. middle ear
37. With farsightedness, the rays are focused (one) ....
1. on the iris 2. on the retina
3.behind the retina 4 in front of the retina
38. Higher analysis of auditory information occurs in:
1 auditory nerve 2 organ of Corti
3 eardrum 4 temporal region of the cerebral cortex
39. Changing the curvature of the lens occurs due to the work:
1 smooth muscles iris 2 circular muscles of the eye
3 muscles that move the eyeball 4 ciliary muscle vascular
membranes of the eyeball
40. When accommodation occurs
1 change in the curvature of the lens 2 pupil constriction
3 dilation of the pupil 4 change in the sensitivity threshold of receptors
41. The rays from the object under consideration intersect behind the retina when
1 astigmatism 2 farsightedness
3 myopia 4 normal
43. The composition of the visual analyzer does not include:
1 rods and cones 2 organ of corti
3 sensory area of the cerebral hemispheres 4 optic nerve
44. The factors for the development of myopia in children do not include:
1 duration and intensity 2 temperature regime
study load study room
3 insufficient illumination of the worker 4 decrease in tone
places of the eye muscles
45. Photoreceptors are located in
1 retina 2 albumen
3 lens 4 choroid
46. The group of interoreceptors includes receptors of ____________ analyzer:
1 visual 2 visceral
3 vestibular 4 motor
47. The function of sound perception is performed by:
1 retina 2 otolith organ
3 organ of corti 4 auditory nerve
48. Myopia is caused by:
1 well lit workplace 2 reading in public transport
3 proper fit at reading 4 hygienically sound
49. The group of exteroreceptors does not include the receptors of _________ analyzer
1 motor 2 visceral
3 visual 4 vestibular
50. In the course of ontogenesis, it matures the last.
The term ontogenesis (from the Greek ontos - being and genesis - origin) was introduced into biology by the famous German naturalist of the 19th century. E. Haeckel. At present, this term refers to the entire period of individual development of a living being from the moment of fertilization of the egg to the natural end of individual life. In ontogenesis, two relatively independent stages of development are distinguished: prenatal and postnatal. The first begins from the moment of conception and continues until the birth of a child, the second - from the moment of birth to the death of a person. Therefore, death is only one of the moments of life and is a long process of its denial. F. Engels wrote: “Even now, that physiology is not considered scientific, which does not consider death as an essential, moment of life ... which does not understand that the denial of life is essentially contained in life itself, so that life is always conceived in the ratio with its necessary result, embodied in it constantly - death. The dialectical understanding of life boils down to this. "" Thus, the true birth of a person occurs at the moment of conception, while the appearance of a newborn marks only the end of the first stage of development - pre-natal, lasting an average of 280 days. With the birth of a child, development continues in during the entire postnatal stage, in which, in turn, one can distinguish the early, mature and final (aging period) stages of development. A newly born person differs from an adult in a number of qualitative features and does not represent his simple reduced copy. And although the newborn has everything the necessary set of morphological and functional properties that ensure its survival in certain, hereditarily programmed environmental conditions, its physiological capabilities are far from corresponding to the functional activity of an adult organism.The time during which a developing child reaches the functional level of an adult, given the main physiological indicators of the human body ( the functioning of the blood, circulation, digestion, nervous systems, etc.) is 16-20 years. So, for example, only by the age of 20 does a person complete the formation of the endocrine and nervous systems. For teachers, this stage of human ontogenesis (from birth to 18-20 years) is of particular interest, since the functional features of the child's body make it the most sensitive to pedagogical influences, and it is during this period that the most intensive physical development and the formation of the human psyche take place.