Deciphering a computer blood test. What does a complete blood count (CBC) show?

Physicians often prescribe various examinations for their patients. It is these manipulations that allow you to find out everything about the state of human health. The most common tests are blood and urine tests. These tests are prescribed at almost every doctor's appointment. In this article, we will talk about what is the norm of the UAC. You will find out what indicators are taken into account when deciphering and what certain numbers mean.

KLA norms in adults and children

Each study result contains allowed values certain indicators. If your data falls within the indicated range, then this indicates that you have a UAC norm. However, things don't always go smoothly. Quite often, people encounter deviations on some points. This suggests that there are some problems in the body. Correction of the pathology is chosen only by a doctor who can easily determine by analysis what the patient is sick with. Let's try to figure out what the UAC indicators are. The norm in women, men and children of different age categories will be described next.

Hemoglobin

This indicator is always taken into account. Hemoglobin supplies the cells of the body with oxygen and outputs Normal values ​​should fall within the following ranges:

• babies on the first day after birth have a level of 170 to 240 g / l;
• children of the first year of life - from 110 to 150 g / l;
• from one year to 15 years, the child has a substance level of 110 to 160 g / l;
• women have a norm of 115 to 140 g / l;
• men - from 130 to 160 g / l.

red blood cells

These cells are filled with hemoglobin. Often this indicator depends on the previous substance. person are the following:

• babies on the first day of life: 4.3-6.6 X 10 12 / l;
• children under 15 years old: 3.5-5.6 X 10 12 / l;
• women: 3.7-4.7 X 10 12 / l;
• men: 4-5.1 X 10 12 / l.

platelets

These substances are formed from the bone marrow. They are responsible for timely blood clotting and are very important for humans. Their level should be:

• children in the first day of life - from 180 to 490 X 10 9 / l;
• kids under six years old - from 160 to 400 X 10 9 / l;
• children from 7 to 15 years old - from 180 to 380 X 10 9 / l;
• women and men - from 180 to 320 X 10 9 / l.

Leukocytes

This indicator is very important for a person. Leukocytes perform a protective function. The norm of the KLA in children and adults in this case is as follows:

• children in the first day of life have indicators from 8.5 to 24.5 X 10 9 /l;
• babies of the first six months of life are characterized by values ​​from 5.5 to 13.8 X 10 9 / l;
• children from 1 to 15 years old have indicators from 4.3 to 12 X 10 9 / l;
• men and women - from 4 to 9 X 10 9 / l.

Eosinophils

This indicator is responsible for the presence allergic reaction food and certain drugs. The norm of the KLA in children and adults for this indicator is as follows:

• children from birth to 15 years old have values ​​​​from 0.5 to 7% (of the total number of leukocytes);
• adult men and women from 0 to 5%.

color indicator

This item is always taken into account in the study of hemoglobin and red blood cells. It shows the content of one substance in another. The norm of the UAC will be if the result falls within the range from 0.85 to 1.15 degrees. At the same time, the value is the same for all ages and people of different sexes.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

This indicator is abbreviated as ESR. It reveals pathological processes in the human body. Normal values ​​will fall within the following ranges:

• for newborns: from 2 to 4 mm / h;
• for children under 15 years old from 4 to 15 mm/h;
• men: 1 to 10 mm/h;
• women: 2 to 15 mm/h.

Lymphocytes

These cells secrete a very important substance called interferon. They help fight viruses and a variety of bacteria. The UAC norm will be set if these indicators fit into the following range:

• children of the first day of life: from 12 to 36% (of the total number of leukocytes);
• babies up to a year: from 36 to 76%;
• children under 15 years old: from 25 to 60%;
• men and women: from 18 to 40%.

Is it possible to decipher the analysis yourself?

If you get a result, you can find the indicated values. This is the content of substances directly in your blood. In the adjacent sheet or column, the norms are indicated. They are needed to make an accurate diagnosis. It should be noted that different laboratories may have different results. This is very important to consider when decrypting yourself.

Of course, you can find out if there are deviations on one or another item. However, only a specialist can make a final diagnosis. Try to contact competent doctors with the results obtained. Only in this case is there a guarantee that the treatment will be prescribed correctly.

What to do in case of deviation from the norms of the UAC?

If the doctor found a discrepancy with the norms, then we can talk about some kind of pathology. Doctors often prescribe a second analysis. Often, an error in the study occurs due to a violation of some rules: before the diagnosis, you can not eat, smoke and be nervous.

It often happens that a second study gives normal results. In this case, the doctor can say that the patient is completely healthy. If the indicators again do not fit into the norm, then an examination, a certain treatment and a study in dynamics are prescribed. Take a blood test if necessary, use the services of doctors and always be healthy!

In almost any pathology, certain changes in both the cellular and biochemical composition occur in the blood. For example, in patients with atherosclerosis, cholesterol levels increase, and in anemia, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration decrease, which can be detected using laboratory tests.

A general (clinical) detailed blood test is one of the simplest and most inexpensive, and at the same time informative methods. laboratory diagnostics. It must be included in the program of basic examination of patients with various diseases, and also performed by adults and children during medical examination.

Other factors can also affect the parameters of a general blood test, so only a specialist can make a correct decoding.

What indicators include a general detailed blood test?

When conducting a preventive examination, patients are usually prescribed the so-called reduced clinical blood test, which includes counting the number of red blood cells and white blood cells, determining the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If it reveals any deviations from the norm, as well as when examining patients with various diseases, a detailed blood test is shown, which includes about 30 different parameters. Most often it is prescribed in the following cases:

• diagnosis of anemia;
• suspicion of leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis;
• pregnancy;
• inflammatory processes;
• autoimmune diseases;
• evaluation of the effectiveness of the therapy.

Consider what is included in a clinical detailed blood test.

WBC

WBC - absolute number of leukocytes. Leukocytes are responsible for the recognition and destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as cells with a disrupted genome (tumor). Normally, the content of leukocytes in the blood is 4–9x10 9 / l. Their increase means the presence in the body of a focus of inflammation or malignant neoplasm, and a decrease indicates a decrease in immune defense.

RBC

RBC is the absolute number of erythrocytes. Their main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all organs and tissues of the body. The normal content of erythrocytes is 4.3–5.5x10 12 / l. A decrease in their number occurs with bleeding, anemia, bone marrow lesions. An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood leads to a thickening of the blood caused by various reasons(uncontrollable vomiting, polyuria, diarrhea, massive burns) or genetically determined disorders of hemoglobin synthesis.

In children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults, this is their age feature and the norm.

Hb

Hb - hemoglobin. This is a special protein located inside red blood cells and containing iron molecules in its structure. It has the ability to easily attach oxygen to itself and give it to tissues. Hemoglobin is colored red by iron, it is thanks to it that red blood cells have a red color and all blood as a whole looks red. Normally, the hemoglobin content is 120–140 g/l. A decrease in its concentration is observed at different types anemia.

HCT

HCT (Ht) - hematocrit. This is the ratio between blood cells and plasma volume, expressed as a percentage. The hematocrit norm is 39–49%. This means that the blood consists of 60-50% of the plasma, the rest of the volume is occupied by cells.

PLT

PLT, platelets. These are platelets that are directly involved in the process of hemostasis, that is, the formation blood clot and stop bleeding. The norm of their content is 150–400x10 9 / l.

ESR

ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR. An increase in this indicator is observed in many pathological processes, but may not be associated with the disease. For example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy or pregnancy leads to an increase in ESR.

Erythrocyte indices

1. Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV). The normal value is 80–95 fl. Previously, the terms "macrocytosis", "normocytosis" and "microcytosis" were used to refer to this indicator.
2. The average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte expressed in absolute units (MCH). The norm is 27–31 pg. Previously, this index was called the color indicator of blood.
3. Mean concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocyte mass (MCHC). Shows how erythrocytes are saturated with hemoglobin. Its decrease is observed in blood diseases associated with violations of the process of hemoglobin synthesis.
4. Anisocytosis or RBC Distribution Width (RDW). A measure of uniformity in the size of red blood cells.

Different laboratories may adopt different standards, depending on the methods of examination and units of measurement adopted.

Platelet indices

1. Mean platelet volume (MPV). Norm 7–10 fl.
2. Distribution width (relative) of platelets by volume (PDW). Allows you to evaluate the heterogeneity of platelets, that is, their difference in size.
3. Thrombocrit (PCT). Volume from whole blood attributable to platelets and expressed as a percentage. The normal value is 0.108–0.282%.
4. Large Platelet Ratio (P-LCR).

Leukocyte indices

1. Relative content of lymphocytes (lymphocyte, LY%, LYM%). The norm is 25–40%.
2. Absolute content of lymphocytes (lymphocyte, LY#, LYM#). Norm 1.2–3.0x10 9 / l.
3. Relative blood levels of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (MID%, MXD%). The norm is 5–10%.
4. Absolute blood levels of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (MID#, MXD#). Norm 0.2–0.8x10 9 / l.
5. Relative content of neutrophils (NE%, NEUT%).
6. Absolute content of neutrophils (NE#, NEUT#).
7. Relative content of monocytes (MO%, MON%). The norm is 4–11%.
8. Absolute content of monocytes (MO%, MON%). Norm 0.1–0.6x10 9 / l.
9. Relative (EO%) and absolute (EO#) content of eosinophils.
10. Relative (BA%) and absolute (BA#) content of basophils.
11. Relative (IMM%) and absolute ((IMM#) content of immature granulocytes.
12. Relative (ATL%) and absolute (ATL#) content of atypical lymphocytes.
13. Relative (GRAN%, GR%) content of granulocytes. The norm is 47–72%.
14. Absolute (GRAN#, GR#) content of granulocytes. Norm 1.2–6.8x10 9 / l; other.

If it is necessary to conduct a repeated clinical blood test, it is advisable to take it in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.

How to take a detailed blood test

In order for the results of the extended clinical trial blood were as accurate as possible, a number of rules must be observed:

• the optimal time for taking the analysis is the interval from 7 to 10 in the morning;
• after the last meal, at least 8 hours must pass;
• a few hours before donating blood (at least an hour), you must refrain from smoking;
• the patient should inform the doctor about all medications taken, as they may distort the results of the analysis.

The result of the analysis is usually ready on the day of its delivery. Different laboratories may adopt different standards, depending on the methods of examination and units of measurement adopted. Therefore, if it is necessary to conduct a repeated clinical blood test, it is advisable to take it in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.

in expanded clinical analysis blood includes many indicators. Their reference (normal) values ​​are usually indicated on the referral form, but without taking into account the characteristics of the patient. For example, in children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults, this is their age-related feature and norm. In pregnant women in the second trimester, there is a slight decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels. Also, other factors can influence the parameters of the general blood test, so only a specialist can make the correct decoding.

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General blood analysis is a widely used laboratory research, which allows to establish and suspect a large number of pathologies, as well as to control the state of a person in chronic pathologies or against the background of ongoing therapy. In a word, a complete blood count is both a universal and non-specific test, since its results can be correctly deciphered and interpreted only in connection with a person's clinical symptoms.

General blood test - characteristic

Complete blood count is now correctly called clinical blood test. However, doctors, laboratory staff, and patients in everyday life still use the old and familiar term "general blood test" or, in short, KLA. Everyone is used to the old term and understands what it means, therefore, various changes in terminology are simply not perceived by either doctors or patients, and therefore the name CBC continues to reign in everyday life. In the following text, we will also use the everyday term, familiar to everyone, and not the new one. correct name so as not to confuse or cause confusion.

Currently, complete blood count is a routine method. laboratory diagnostics a wide range of different pathologies. This analysis is used both to confirm a suspected disease, and to identify hidden pathologies that do not manifest symptoms, and for a preventive examination, and to monitor a person’s condition during treatment or a chronic course of an incurable disease, etc., as it gives wide range information about the state of the blood system and the body as a whole. Such universality of the general blood test is explained by the fact that during its implementation various blood parameters are determined, which are influenced by the state of all organs and tissues of the human body. And, consequently, any pathological changes in the body are reflected in varying degrees of severity on the parameters of the blood, because it reaches literally every cell of our body.

But such universality of the general blood test has a downside - it is non-specific. That is, changes in each parameter of the general blood test may indicate various pathologies from different organs and systems. The doctor cannot unequivocally say, based on the results of a general blood test, what disease a person has, but can only make an assumption, consisting of a whole list of various pathologies. And in order to accurately diagnose pathology, it is necessary, firstly, to take into account the person's clinical symptoms, and secondly, appoint other additional studies that are more specific.

Thus, a general clinical blood test, on the one hand, provides a large amount of information, but on the other hand, this information requires clarification and can serve as the basis for further targeted examination.

Currently, a general blood test necessarily includes counting the total number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, determining the level of hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and counting the number of different types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (leukocyte formula). These parameters are determined in any laboratory and are mandatory components of a general blood test.

However, due to the widespread use of last years various automated analyzers, other parameters determined by these devices (for example, hematocrit, average erythrocyte volume, average hemoglobin content in one erythrocyte, average platelet volume, thrombocrit, reticulocyte count, etc.) can be included in the general blood test. All these additional parameters are not required for a complete blood count, but since the analyzer automatically determines them, the laboratory staff includes them in the final test result.

In general, the use of analyzers makes it possible to perform a general blood test quickly and process a larger number of samples per unit time, but this method does not make it possible to deeply assess various pathological changes in the structure of blood cells. In addition, analyzers, just like people, make mistakes, and therefore their result cannot be considered the ultimate truth or more accurate than the result of manual calculations. And the number of indices automatically calculated by the analyzers is also not an indicator of their advantage, since they are calculated based on the main values ​​of the analysis - the number of platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, leukocyte formula, and therefore can also be erroneous.

That is why experienced doctors often ask laboratory staff in difficult cases to conduct a general blood test in manual mode, since this method is individual and allows you to identify such features and nuances that no apparatus is able to determine, working according to some average canons and norms. We can say that a general blood test in manual mode is like individual tailoring, like handmade, but the same analysis on an automatic analyzer is like mass production of clothes according to average patterns or like working on a conveyor. Accordingly, the difference between a blood test in manual mode and on an analyzer is the same as between manual individual production and conveyor assembly. For example, when working on the analyzer, anemia (low hemoglobin level) can be detected, but additional studies will have to be performed to determine its cause. If the blood test is carried out manually, then the laboratory assistant can determine the cause of anemia in most cases by the size and structure of red blood cells.

Naturally, with sufficient experience of the laboratory assistant, a manual general blood test is more accurate and complete than that done on the analyzer. But to perform such analyzes, you need staff of laboratory assistants and their rather painstaking and long training, but to work on the analyzer, a smaller number of specialists is enough, and you don’t have to train them so carefully with the layout of various nuances and "undercurrents". The reasons for switching to a simpler, but less informative general blood test on the analyzer are diverse, and everyone can isolate them on their own. We will not talk about them, since they are not the subject of the article. But as part of the description of the differences between manual and automatic CBC options, we should mention this.

Any variant (manual or analyzer) of the CBC is widely used in medical practice doctors of all specialties. Without it, the usual preventive annual examination and any examination about a person's disease is unthinkable.

Currently, blood samples from a vein and from a finger can be used for a complete blood count. The results of the study of both venous and capillary (from a finger) blood are equally informative. Therefore, you can choose the method of donating blood (from a vein or from a finger) that the person himself likes more and is better tolerated. However, if you have to donate blood from a vein for other tests, then it is rational to take a sample of venous blood for a general analysis in one go.

What does a general blood test show?

The result of a general blood test shows functional state body and allows you to detect the presence of general pathological processes in it, such as, for example, inflammation, tumors, worms, viral and bacterial infections, heart attacks, intoxication (including poisoning with various substances), hormonal imbalance, anemia, leukemia, stress, allergies , autoimmune diseases, etc. Unfortunately, according to the result of a general blood test, one can only identify any of these pathological processes, but it is almost impossible to understand which organ or system is affected. To do this, the doctor must combine the data of the general blood test and the symptoms that the patient has, and only then can it be said that there is, for example, inflammation in the intestines or in the liver, etc. And then, based on the identified general pathological process, the doctor will prescribe additional necessary studies and laboratory tests to make a diagnosis.

Thus, summarizing, we can say that a general blood test shows in which way (inflammation, dystrophy, tumor, etc.) a certain pathology occurs in a person. Together with the symptoms, according to the general blood test, it is possible to localize the pathology - to understand which organ was affected. But further for the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes clarifying tests and examinations. Thus, a complete blood count, together with symptoms, is an invaluable guide in the matter of diagnostics: "What to look for and where to look?".

In addition, a complete blood count allows you to track a person’s condition during therapy, as well as in acute or incurable chronic diseases and adjust the treatment in a timely manner. For the purpose of evaluation general condition of the body, a general blood test is also mandatory when preparing for planned and emergency operations, after surgical interventions to track complications, in case of injuries, burns and any other acute conditions.

Also, a general blood test must be given as part of preventive examinations for a comprehensive assessment of a person's health status.

Indications and contraindications for complete blood count

Indications for the delivery of a general blood test are the following situations and conditions:

• Preventive examination (annual, upon admission to work, upon registration in educational institutions, kindergartens, etc.);
• Scheduled examination before admission to the hospital;
• Suspicion of existing infectious, inflammatory diseases(a person may be disturbed by fever, lethargy, weakness, drowsiness, pain in any part of the body, etc.);
• Suspicion of blood diseases and malignant tumors (a person may be disturbed by pallor, frequent colds, prolonged non-healing of wounds, fragility and hair loss, etc.);
• Monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing therapy for an existing disease;
• Monitoring the course of an existing disease.

There are no contraindications for a general blood test. However, if a person has serious illnesses (for example, severe agitation, low blood pressure, impaired blood clotting, etc.), then this can cause difficulties when taking a blood sample for analysis. In such cases, blood sampling is carried out in a hospital setting.

Before the complete blood count (preparation)

Taking a complete blood count does not require special preparation, so there is no need to follow any special diet. Enough to eat normally, refraining from consumption alcoholic beverages during the day.

However, since a complete blood count must be taken on an empty stomach, within 12 hours before taking a blood sample, you must refrain from any food, but you can drink liquid without restriction. In addition, 12 to 14 hours before taking a blood test, it is advisable to refrain from smoking, high physical exertion and strong emotional impressions. If for some reason it is impossible to refuse food within 12 hours, then a general blood test is allowed 4 to 6 hours after the last meal. Also, if it is not possible to exclude smoking, physical and emotional stress within 12 hours, then you should refrain from them for at least half an hour before taking the test.

Children should be reassured before taking a general blood test, as prolonged crying can cause an increase in the total number of leukocytes.

It is advisable to stop taking 2-4 days before the blood test. medicines, but if this is not possible, then it is imperative to tell the doctor which medications are being taken.

It is also advisable to take a complete blood count before any other medical procedures. In other words, if a person has to undergo a comprehensive examination, then first you need to pass a general blood test, and only after that go for other diagnostic manipulations.

Delivery of a general blood test

General rules for taking a general blood test

For the production of a general analysis, blood is taken from a finger (capillary) or from a vein (venous) into test tubes. For half an hour before taking the test, you should refrain from smoking, physical activity and strong emotional impressions, as these factors can distort the result. It is advisable to go to the clinic half an hour before the test, undress and sit quietly in the corridor, calming down and coming into a good mood. If a general blood test is given by a child, then you need to calm him down and try not to let him cry, since prolonged crying can also distort the result of the study. It is advisable for women not to take a complete blood count before and during menstruation, since during these physiological periods the result may be inaccurate.

After passing a complete blood count, you can go about your usual activities, since taking a blood sample does not have a significant effect on well-being.

General analysis of blood from a finger

For the production of a general analysis, blood can be taken from a finger. To do this, the doctor or laboratory assistant wipes the fingertip of the non-working hand (left for right-handers and right for left-handers) with cotton wool moistened with an antiseptic (alcohol, Belasept liquid, etc.), and then quickly pierces the skin of the pad with a scarifier or lancet. Next, lightly squeezes the pad of the finger on both sides so that blood comes out. The first drop of blood is removed with a swab moistened with an antiseptic. Next, the laboratory assistant collects the protruding blood with a capillary and transfers it to a test tube. After taking the required amount of blood, cotton wool moistened with an antiseptic is applied to the puncture site, which must be held for several minutes to stop the bleeding.

Blood is usually taken from the ring finger, but if after the puncture of the pad it is not possible to squeeze out even a drop of blood, then another finger is punctured. In some cases, you have to pierce several fingers to get the required amount of blood. If it is impossible to take blood from a finger, then it is taken from the earlobe or heel according to the same method as from the finger.

General analysis of blood from a vein

For the production of a general analysis, blood can be taken from a vein. Usually, the sampling is carried out from the cubital vein of the non-working arm (left for right-handers and right for left-handers), but if this is not possible, then blood is taken from the veins on the back of the hand or foot.

To take blood from a vein, a tourniquet is applied to the arm just below the shoulder, they are asked to clench and unclench their fist several times so that the veins clearly stand out in the elbow area, swell and become visible. After that, the elbow area is treated with a swab moistened with an antiseptic, and a vein is pierced with a syringe needle. Entering the vein, the nurse pulls the plunger of the syringe towards herself, drawing blood. When the required amount of blood has been collected, the nurse removes the needle from the vein, pours the blood into a test tube, and puts cotton wool moistened with an antiseptic on the puncture site and asks to bend the arm at the elbow. The hand must be held in this position for several minutes until the bleeding stops.

On an empty stomach or not to take a general blood test?

A complete blood count should only be taken on an empty stomach, as eating food causes an increase in the number of blood leukocytes. This phenomenon is called - alimentary (food) leukocytosis, and is considered the norm. That is, if a person passes a general blood test within the next 4 to 6 hours after eating, and receives a large number of leukocytes, then this is the norm, and not a sign of pathology.

That is why, in order to obtain a reliable and accurate result, a complete blood count should always be taken only on an empty stomach after the previous 8-14 hour fast. Accordingly, it is understandable why it is recommended to take a general blood test in the morning on an empty stomach - when, after a night's sleep, a hungry period of sufficient duration passes.

If for some reason it is impossible to take a general blood test in the morning on an empty stomach, then it is allowed to take the test at any time of the day, but only at least 4 hours after the last meal. Thus, at least 4 hours should pass from the moment a person has eaten to taking a general blood test (but it is better if more passes - 6-8 hours).

Indicators of the general blood test

The following indicators are mandatory in the general blood test:

• Total number of red blood cells (may be referred to as RBC);
• Total white blood cell count (may be referred to as WBC);
• Total platelet count (may be referred to as PLT);
• Hemoglobin concentration (may be referred to as HGB, Hb);
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (may be referred to as ESR);
• Hematocrit (may be referred to as HCT);
• The number of different types of leukocytes in percent (leukocyte formula) - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. The leukocyte formula also separately indicates percentage young and blast forms of leukocytes, plasma cells, atypical mononuclear cells, if any are found in a blood smear.

Sometimes doctors prescribe an abbreviated complete blood count, called a "troika", for which only the concentration of hemoglobin, the total number of leukocytes, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are determined. In principle, such an abbreviated version is not a general blood test, but within the framework of application in one medical institution, similar terms are used.

In addition to these mandatory parameters, additional indicators may be included in the general blood test. These indicators are not determined specifically, they are automatically calculated by the hematology analyzer on which the analysis is performed. Depending on the programs embedded in the analyzer, the following parameters can be additionally included in the complete blood count:

• Absolute content (number) of neutrophils (may be referred to as NEUT#, NE#);
• Absolute content (number) of eosinophils (may be referred to as EO#);
• Absolute content (number) of basophils (may be referred to as BA#);
• Absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (may be referred to as LYM#, LY#);
• Absolute content (number) of monocytes (may be referred to as MON#, MO#);
• Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV);
• Average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte in picograms (MCH);
• The concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte in percent (MCHC);
• The width of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume (may be referred to as RDW-CV, RDW);
• Mean platelet volume (MPV);
• Platelet distribution width by volume (may be referred to as PDW);
• The relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils in percent (may be referred to as MXD%, MID%);
• Absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as MXD#, MID#);
• The relative content of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (may be referred to as IMM% or young forms);
• The absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as IMM # ​​or young forms);
• The relative content of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (may be referred to as GR%, GRAN%);
• The absolute content (number) of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as GR #, GRAN #);
• The relative content of atypical lymphocytes in percent (may be referred to as ATL%);
• The absolute content (number) of atypical lymphocytes (may be referred to as ATL#).

The above additional parameters are included in the complete blood count in cases where they are automatically calculated by the analyzer. But since the analyzers can be different, the list of such additional parameters of the general blood test is also different, and depends on the type of hematological apparatus. In principle, these additional parameters are not too necessary, since if necessary, the doctor can calculate them independently based on the main indicators of the general blood test. Therefore, in fact, in practice, doctors pay little attention to all additional parameters in the general blood test calculated by the analyzer. Accordingly, you should not be upset if there are few or no specified additional parameters in the general blood test, since they are, in principle, not needed.

The norms of a general blood test in adults

You need to know that an adult is considered a person who has reached the age of 18. Accordingly, the rules various indicators complete blood count for adults refer to people over 18 years of age. Below we will consider what are the normal values ​​​​of both the main and additional parameters of the general blood test for adults. At the same time, you need to know that averaged normal values ​​are given, and more accurate limits of the norms need to be clarified in each particular laboratory, since they may differ depending on the region, the characteristics of the work of analyzers and laboratory assistants, the reagents used, etc.

So, the total number of red blood cells is counted in pieces per liter or microliter. Moreover, if the count is per liter, then the number of red blood cells is indicated as follows: X T / l, de X is the number, and T / l is the tera per liter. The word tera means the number 1012. Thus, if the result of the analysis is 3.5 T / l, then this means that 3.5 * 1012 pieces of red blood cells circulate in one liter of blood. If the calculation is per microliter, then the number of red blood cells is indicated by X million / μl, where X is the number, and million / μl is a million per microliter. Accordingly, if it is indicated that erythrocytes are 3.5 million / μl, then this means that 3.5 million erythrocytes circulate in one microliter. It is characteristic that the number of erythrocytes in T / l and million / μl coincides, since there is only a mathematical difference between them in a unit of measurement of 106. That is, a tera is more than a million by 106, and a liter is more than a microliter by 106, which means that the concentration of erythrocytes in T/l and mln/µl is exactly the same, and only the unit of measurement differs.

Normally, the total number of red blood cells is 3.5 - 4.8 in adult women and 4.0 - 5.2 in adult men.

The total number of platelets in the blood is normal in men and women is 180 - 360 g / l. The unit of measure G/l means 109 pieces per litre. Thus, if, for example, the number of platelets is 200 g / l, then this means that 200 * 109 platelets circulate in a liter of blood.

The total number of leukocytes is normal in men and women 4 - 9 g / l. Also, the number of leukocytes can be counted in thousand / μl (thousands per microliter), and it is exactly the same as in G / l, since both the number of pieces and the volume differ by 106, and the concentration is the same.

According to the leukocyte formula, normal blood in adult men and women contains different kinds leukocytes in the following ratios:

• Neutrophils - 47 - 72% (of which 0 - 5% are young, 1 - 5% are stab and 40 - 70% are segmented);
• Eosinophils - 1 - 5%;
• Basophils - 0 - 1%
• Monocytes - 3 - 12%;
• Lymphocytes - 18 - 40%.

Blasts, atypical mononuclear cells and plasma cells are normally not found in the blood of adults. If there are any, then they are also counted as a percentage.

The concentration of hemoglobin is normal in adult women 120 - 150 g / l, and in adult men - 130 - 170 g / l. In addition to g/l, hemoglobin concentration can be measured in g/dl and mmol/l. To convert g/l to g/dl, divide the g/l value by 10 to get the g/dl value. Accordingly, to convert g / dl to g / l, you need to multiply the hemoglobin concentration value by 10. To convert the value in g / l to mmol / l, you need to multiply the number in g / l by 0.0621. And to convert mmol / l to g / l, you need to multiply the value of hemoglobin concentration in mmol / l by 16.1.

Normal hematocrit for adult women is 35 - 47, and for men - 39 - 54.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is normally 5-15 mm/hour in women aged 17–60 years, and 5–20 mm/hour in women older than 60 years. ESR in men 17-60 years old is normally less than 3-10 mm/hour, and over 60 years old - less than 3-15 mm/hour.

The average erythrocyte volume (MCV) is normally 76-103 fl in men and 80-100 fl in women.

The concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte (MCHC) is normally 32 - 36 g / dl.

The distribution width of erythrocytes by volume (RDW-CV) is normally 11.5 - 14.5%.

The average platelet volume (MPV) in normal adult men and women is 6-13 fl.

The platelet distribution width by volume (PDW) is normally 10–20% in men and women.

The absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (LYM#, LY#) in normal adults is 1.2 - 3.0 G/l or thousand/µl.

The relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD%, MID%) is normally 5-10%.

The absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD#, MID#) is normally 0.2 - 0.8 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of monocytes (MON#, MO#) is normally 0.1 - 0.6 G/l or thousand/µl.

The absolute content (number) of neutrophils (NEUT #, NE #) is normally 1.9 - 6.4 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of eosinophils (EO#) is normally 0.04 - 0.5 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of basophils (BA#) is normally up to 0.04 G/l or thousand/µl.

The relative content of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (IMM% or young forms) is normally no more than 5%.

The absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (IMM # ​​or young forms) is normally not more than 0.5 G / l or thousand / μl.

The relative content of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (GR%, GRAN%) is normally 48 - 78%.

The absolute content (number) of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (GR #, GRAN #) is normally 1.9 - 7.0 G / l or thousand / μl.

The relative content of atypical lymphocytes (ATL%) is normally absent.

The absolute content (number) of atypical lymphocytes (ATL#) is absent in the norm.

Table of norms for a general blood test in adults

Below, for ease of perception, we present the norms of a general blood test for adults in the form of a table.

Indicator	Norm for men	Norm for women
Total number of red blood cells	4.0 – 5.2 T/L or ppm	3.5 – 4.8 T/l or ppm
Total number of leukocytes	4.0 – 9.0 G/l or thousand/µl	4.0 – 9.0 G/l or thousand/µl
Neutrophils (neutrophil granulocytes) in general	47 – 72 %	47 – 72 %
Young neutrophils	0 – 5 %	0 – 5 %
stab neutrophils	1 – 5 %	1 – 5 %
segmented neutrophils	40 – 70 %	40 – 70 %
Eosinophils	1 – 5 %	1 – 5 %
Basophils	0 – 1 %	0 – 1 %
Monocytes	3 – 12 %	3 – 12 %
Lymphocytes	18 – 40 %	18 – 40 %
Hemoglobin concentration	130 – 170 g/l	120 – 150 g/l
Total Platelet Count	180 – 360 g/l or thousand/µl	180 – 360 g/l or thousand/µl
Hematocrit	36 – 54	35 – 47
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate	17 - 60 years - 3 - 10 mm/hour Over 60 years old - 3 - 15 mm/hour	17 - 60 years old - 5 - 15 mm/h Over 60 years old - 5 - 20 mm/hour
Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV)	76 - 103 fl	80 - 100 fl
Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin (MCH)	26 - 35 pg	27 - 34 pg
Hemoglobin concentration in one erythrocyte (MCHC)	32 - 36 g/dl or 320 – 370 g/l	32 - 36 g/dl or 320 – 370
RBC Distribution Width by Volume (RDW-CV)	11,5 – 16 %	11,5 – 16 %
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	6 - 13 fl	6 - 13 fl
Platelet Distribution Width by Volume (PDW)	10 – 20 %	10 – 20 %

The table above shows the main indicators of the general blood test with their normal values ​​​​for men and women.

In the table below, we present the values ​​​​of the norms of additional indicators, which are the same for men and women.

Indicator	Norm
Absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (LYM#, LY#)	1.2 – 3.0 G/l or thousand/µl
Relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD%, MID%)	5 – 10 %
Absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD#, MID#)	0.2 – 0.8 g/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of monocytes (MON#, MO#)	0.1 – 0.6 G/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of neutrophils (NEUT#, NE#)	1.9 - 6.4 G/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of eosinophils (EO#)	0.04 – 0.5 g/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of basophils (BA#)	up to 0.04 g/l or thousand/µl
Relative content of immature granulocytes (IMM%)	Not more than 5%
Absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes (IMM#)	Not more than 0.5 g / l or thousand / μl
Relative content of all granulocytes (GR%, GRAN%)	48 – 78 %
Absolute content (number) of all granulocytes (GR#, GRAN#)	1.9 – 7.0 G/l or thousand/µl
Relative (ATL%) and absolute (ATL#) content of atypical lymphocytes	Missing

Complete blood count in children - norms

Below, for ease of perception, we will indicate the norms of indicators of a general blood test for children different ages. It should be remembered that these norms are averages, they are given only for approximate orientation, and the exact values ​​of the norms must be clarified in the laboratory, since they depend on the types of equipment used, reagents, etc.

Indicator	Norm for boys	Norm for girls
Total number of red blood cells

The results of blood tests show the general picture of the state of health of a particular person. In all surveys, this type of analysis is necessarily present. Of course, the doctor should decipher it, but it would be nice for the patient to know what indicators biochemical analysis blood, and, of course, common, exist, what they can mean, how they are connected and correlated with each other, etc. In this article, you will learn about all the indicators of a general and biochemical blood test, as well as what norm is provided for each of them.

A complete blood count (which is as familiar to many of us as a clinical one) is taken from the blood of a finger or a vein. The study of such biological material is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach, or during the day, but on condition that the person did not eat or drink for 2 hours before blood sampling.

In different laboratories, forms, tables of results may differ, but they themselves normal performance always the same. This article will present the indicators of the Russian standard, which are found in most public and private medical institutions.

It is easy for an adult to read the results of a general blood test, because each form has a column where it is customary to indicate the standard rate of the norm, and a column for the individual results obtained. It is enough just to compare them. But! Most people, seeing that the result is different from the norm, begin to panic. This cannot be done, because there are many reasons for such phenomena, for example, increased hemoglobin occurs in people who drink little water, or an increased number of leukocytes is often found in those who play sports or fitness due to physical exertion. And those who smoke or take oral contraceptives may have lowered hemoglobin and increased platelet count. Those. these are also variants of the norm. Therefore, it is so important to go to the hospital with the results of the studies so that the decoding and evaluation of the indicators is carried out. qualified specialist. People with medical education they know the designation of each analysis, and therefore they know how to “read” them correctly, taking into account all factors.

So, we bring to your attention: a table of indicators of the KLA (general blood test).

Indicators	Description	Norm
RBC (red blood cells), erythrocytes	Red blood cells. Show how well the cells "breathe".	For women - 3.5-5 pieces per 1 liter. For men 4.5-5 pieces per 1 liter. Above normal - too thick blood, the risk of blockage of blood vessels.
HGB (Hb), hemoglobin	Hemoglobin transports oxygen to cells.	For women 120-160 g/l. During pregnancy or menstruation, 110-120 is acceptable. For men - 130-170 g / l. Below normal - anemia, lack of oxygen. Above normal - an increased number of red blood cells.
HCT, hematocrit	The ratio of red and white bodies in the blood (the percentage of red).	For women - 0.36-0.46%. For men - 0.41-0.53%. Above normal - thickening of the blood. Below normal - anemia.
PLT (platelets), platelets	Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.	For women and men the same - 180-360 x 109 per liter. Above the norm - varicose veins, thrombosis. Below normal - problems in the hematopoietic system.
L, WBC (white blood cells), leukocytes.	White blood cells provide immune protection.	For women and men the same - 4-9 x 109 per l. Above the norm - inflammation, viruses, bacteria, fungi, blood loss. Below the norm - some viral diseases.
ESR, ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate	Indirect indicator of the inflammatory process.	For women - 12-20 mm / h, depending on age. For men - 8-15 mm / h, depending on age. Above normal - possible inflammation. Below normal is rare.

Indicators of a biochemical blood test

A biochemical blood test is much more complicated, and it is prescribed if a disease is suspected. Also, doctors recommend taking it as a preventive analysis when comprehensive examination organism. This type analysis shows how well the organs work - the liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, etc. Blood is taken only from a vein 6-12 hours after a meal, i.e. The best blood sampling is in the morning on an empty stomach. It is also necessary to take into account individual characteristics. For instance, increased content urea can be found after playing sports.

Table of indicators of a biochemical blood test.

Indicators	Description	Norm
Blood sugar (glucose)	All carbohydrates are eventually converted to glucose and released into the blood. By how quickly glucose leaves the blood, thanks to the hormone insulin, one can judge some pathologies.	For women and men it is the same - 3.3-6.1 mm / l. Below normal - hypoglycemia due to hunger, diet, exercise. Above the norm - diabetes mellitus.
Urea	In the process of protein digestion, ammonia is formed, which takes in urea and excretes it through the kidneys.	For women and men it is the same - 2.5-8.3 mm / l. Below normal - pregnancy, lactation, protein deficiency. Above normal - kidney failure.
Creatinine	Product of protein metabolism in combination with urea. Shows the work of the kidneys.	For women - 53-97 µmol / l. For men - 62-115 µmol / l. Above normal - hyperthyroidism or renal failure. Below normal - fasting, vegetarianism, taking corticosteroids.
TC - total cholesterol, LDL - low density lipoprotein, HDL - high density lipoprotein.	Fat level. LDL shows the risk of developing atherosclerosis, HDL - clears blood vessels.	LDL: For women - 1.92-4.51 mmol / l. For men - 2.25-4.82 mmol / l. HDL: For women - 0.86-2.28 mmol / l. For men - 0.7-1.73 mmol / l. Any deviations indicate problems with the cardiovascular system or the liver.
TG, triglycerides	The level of their content may indicate the presence of atherosclerosis or indicate the risk of developing obesity.	For women - 0.41-2.96 mmol / l. For men - 0.5-3.7 mmol / l. Above the norm - thrombosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, cardiovascular diseases. Below normal - hyperthyroidism, injuries, chronic lung disease.
Total (OB), direct (PB) and indirect bilirubin (NB)	Bilirubin is a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin, forms bile, and therefore must respond and demonstrate the quality of the liver.	OB - 3.4-17.1 µmol / l. PB - 0-3.4 µmol / l. Above normal - problems with the liver. Below normal - hypobilirubenemia.

In addition to the indicators presented in the table, the following may also occur:

How to recognize an infection by a blood test?

To determine the exact diagnosis if you suspect various kinds of infections, inflammation, acidification of the body, oncology, you need to take a general blood test with leukocyte formula. The results will show the following indicators:

A complete blood count is perhaps the most common method of laboratory diagnosis. In a modern civilized society, there is practically not a single person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis.

After all this study spend not only sick, but even completely healthy people during scheduled medical examinations at work, in educational institutions, military service. And when various diseases a complete blood count is mandatory, entering the standard of any clinical research.

Hematocrit is the volume shaped elements, dry residue to the total volume of blood. The dry residue is mainly represented by erythrocytes - the effect of other formed elements on hematocrit is not significant due to their relatively low content.

Normally, in men, the hematocrit is in the range of 39 - 49%, in women - 35 - 45%. A decrease in hematocrit is most often due to blood loss, and an increase indicates blood clotting. The color indicator is the degree of saturation of the erythrocyte with hemoglobin. Normally, it ranges from 0.85 to 1.15. This indicator decreases with hypochromic iron deficiency anemia.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells. The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from infection, pathological influences from the outside, neutralize various toxins. 1 liter of blood contains from 4 to 9 X 109 leukocytes.

An increase in the number of leukocytes (leukocytosis) is noted in many pathological conditions- infections, poisoning, injuries, diseases of internal organs, after blood loss, surgical interventions. Also, leukocytosis is noted during pregnancy, after abundant fatty foods, physical activity. A decrease in the number of leukocytes (leukopenia) is observed in debilitated and malnourished patients, after prolonged use of certain drugs. Leukopenia indicates a low resistance of the body, the danger of infectious diseases.

Leukocytes are heterogeneous in composition. The ratio of their varieties is displayed in the so-called. leukocyte formula.

• Eosinophils 0-5
• Basophils 0-1
• Neutrophils
• Band 1-5
• Segmented 47-72
• Lymphocytes 21-38
• Monocytes 4-10

All leukocytes are divided into 2 types - granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Granulocytes have a specific granularity in their cytoplasm. This granularity can be stained with acidic (eosinophils), basic (basophils), and neutral (neutrophils) stains.

In agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) such granularity is absent.

An increase in the level of eosinophils is observed with helminthic invasions, tuberculosis, various allergic conditions, among which bronchial asthma. The absence of eosinophils (aneosinophilia) is detected when infectious diseases, anemia, severe injuries, after surgical interventions. The number of basophils has no significant clinical significance.

Neutrophils are the most numerous (in adults) type of leukocytes. Their function is to neutralize microbial cells and foreign particles by phagocytosis. Neutrophils themselves can be mature (segmented) and maturing (stab). An increase in the number of neutrophils is observed with infections, mainly bacterial, trauma, myocardial infarction, malignant tumors.

In severe diseases, predominantly stab neutrophils increase - the so-called. stab shift to the left. In especially severe conditions, purulent processes, sepsis, young forms can be detected in the blood - promyelocytes and myelocytes, which should not normally be present. Also, with severe processes in neutrophils, toxic granularity is detected.

An increase in the level of lymphocytes is noted with viral infections- flu, viral hepatitis, rubella, as well as tumors of the hematopoietic organs. The function of monocytes is phagocytosis. They increase with tuberculosis, syphilis, rheumatism, diseases of the hematopoietic organs. The reasons for the decrease in the level of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) are serious illnesses leading to exhaustion of the patient, long-term use of certain drugs.

platelets

These platelets are involved in blood clotting and stopping bleeding (hemostasis).

Normally, 1 liter of blood contains from 200 to 300x109. A decrease in this indicator (thrombocytopenia) is observed with viral and bacterial infections, after blood loss, massive injuries, with some diseases connective tissue in bone marrow tumors.

Thrombocytopenia is a dangerous sign indicating the risk of massive bleeding.

An increase in platelets (thrombocytosis) develops after removal of the spleen, surgical interventions, with malignant tumors. Thrombocytosis may be secondary to hemodilution. The main danger of such a deviation is thrombosis, intravascular coagulation, leading to severe damage to organs and tissues. It is noted that the level of platelets in the general analysis does not provide an exhaustive picture of blood coagulation. For this, another analysis is needed - a coagulogram.

Conclusion

It is noted that the data of the general blood test are usually non-specific. And on the basis of this study alone, it is hardly possible to make a diagnosis. The existing deviations serve as a reason for a more in-depth diagnosis. In addition, the norms of general analysis are too different for both sexes and different age categories.

This can be seen in the example of children, in whom the blood picture in the norm can differ significantly from that in adults. And the standards themselves are reviewed from time to time by clinicians and laboratory assistants. Therefore, different sources contain values ​​that are slightly different from each other.

Dear visitors of the site Farmamir. This article is not medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for consultation with a physician.