The problem of human health causes and solutions. Global problems of modernity: massive diseases, epidemics: AIDS, flu, cholera, plague, cancer, heart disease

07.04.2020

Gymnasium № 1563.

Eastern District Governance

(VAO)

ESSAY

on the economic and social geography of the world

on the topic: "Global humanity problems of humanity"

Performed: student 10 "in" class

Candareyeva Anastasia

Teacher: Voronina Svetlana Vyacheslavovna

moscow

2004

1. Preface. The concept of global

problems - p.1

2. What is medical geography - p.3

3. Development of medical geography - page 5

4. Medical geography in the twentieth century - page 7

5. Plague - page 11

6. OPE - P.14

7. Opa Against AIDS - p.15

8. AIDS - P.15

9. Cholera - p.18

10. Schizophrenia - p.19

11. Diseases that appeared

in our century - p.22

12. Conclusion -str.51

13. List of references - page 53

Global humanity problems of humanity.

1. Property. The concept of global problems.

Global problems call the problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, create a threat to its present and future and require the joint efforts, joint actions of all states and peoples for their decision.

There are various classifications of global problems. But usually they allocate among them:

1. Problems of the most "universal" character,

2. Natural economic problems,

3. Social problems,

4. Mixed problems.

More "old" and more "new" global problems are also distinguished. The degree of their priority over time can also change. So, at the end of the XX century. Ecological and demographic problems have come to the fore, while the problem of preventing the Third World War has become less acute.

Global problems are divided:

1. Environmental problem;

2. Demographic problem;

3. The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a nuclear war;

4. Food problem - how to provide food the growing population of the Earth?

5. Energy and raw material problems: causes and solutions;

6. People health problems: a global problem;

7. The problem of using the World Ocean.

As we see, there are many global problems, but I would like to stay on the global health problem. I study in the medical class and therefore chose this topic. As will be disclosed below, infectious diseases that carried thousands of lives in antiquity, unfortunately continue to take place in our day, although medicine sincerely stepped forward due to scientific progress and great discoveries of medical scientists, biologists, ecologists. I hope that as a future doctor, and can be infectious, I can take part in the development of new methods of treating diseases.

Recently, in world practice, in the assessment of the quality of life of people, their health is put forward to the first place. And this is not by chance: it is precisely it is the basis full-fledged life and the activities of each person, and society as a whole.

In the second half of the XX century. Large successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, and other diseases.

Many diseases continue to threaten the lives of people, often acquiring truly global distribution. Among them, cardiovascular diseases can be called, from which 15 million people are dying annually in the world, malignant tumors, venereal diseases, drug addiction, malaria. An even greater threat to all mankind is AIDS.

Considering this problem, we must keep in mind that when evaluating human health, it is impossible to be limited to only its physiological health. This concept includes also moral (spiritual), mental health, with whom the case is also unfavorable, including in Russia. That is why human health continues to remain one of the priority global problems.

The health of people largely depends on the natural factors, from the level of development of society, scientific and technical achievements, living and labor, environmental states, the development of the health system, etc. All these factors are closely interrelated among themselves and together or contribute to health promotion, or cause certain diseases.

Medical geography studies natural conditions in order to identify the natural influence of the complex of these conditions on the health of people. At the same time, socio-economic factors are certainly taken into account.

The formation of medical geography as science covers millennia; It depended on the development of many other sciences, primarily from geography and medicine, as well as from physics, chemistry, biology, etc. Each new discovery, the achievement in these areas of knowledge contributed to the development of medical geography. Scientists of many countries of the world have contributed to the definition of the goals and objectives of medical geography, its content. However, many questions of this science remained controversial and demanded their further study.

2. What is medical geography?

You know that geography is a comprehensive science representing a system of natural and public knowledge that reveal the relationship between the components of the phenomena of nature between the person and the environment surrounding it. You know the word "medicine" (from the Latin Medicina) - a knowledge system and practical activity aimed at preserving and strengthening human health, extending his life, recognition, prevention and treatment of diseases.

Why two concepts - "Geography" and "Medicine" - are delivered nearby?

Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov wrote: "The body without an external environment supporting its existence is impossible, therefore, the scientific definition of the body should include the environment affecting it." Human body - a complex system. On the one hand, as a biological creature, a person is influenced by various natural physical, chemical and biological factors of its habitat. On the other hand, the specificity of its relations with the environment is determined by social factors, since the person is also social.

Under the habitat of a person, or the environment, it is customary to understand the system of interrelated natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena, among which the life and activity of people proceeds.In other words, this concept includes natural, social, as well as artificially created factors of the environment, the aggregate and the relationship of which create the necessary prerequisites for his life and activity.

It has long been noticed that certain human diseases are found in certain parts of the globe, arise after contact with certain types of plants and animals living in specific natural conditions. The knowledge accumulated in this area made it possible to allocate an independent industry of medicine - geographic pathology (pathology (from Greek Pathos - suffering, disease) - science of diseases, painful states of the body. Geographical pathology - Private pathology - is studying the distribution of certain diseases in various localities The globe)).

What is medical geography?

Medical Geography is a branch of science that studies natural areas of the area to know the laws of the influence of the complex of conditions for the health of people, as well as taking into account the influence of socio-economic factors.

This definition was formulated by A.A. Shushin in the early 60s. Under the complex of natural conditions, certain natural systems are understood: landscapes, physico-geographic areas, natural zones, which are the relationship of natural components - relief, climate, soil, water, vegetation, animals.

Socio-economic factors include the peculiarities of the life and activities of people, industry, agriculture, transport and communication paths, non-production sphere.

The first ideas about the influence of natural and social economic factors on the health of people began to form still in deep antiquity, which is evidenced by the data of archeology, elements of medical activities, reflected in the language, folk epic, as well as in works of art mentioning a variety of painful states and medical care With them, the preserved ancient Scriptures (treatises). With the development of human society - the complication of the economy, the emergence of new guns, their improvement - has emerged new diseases and the need to provide relevant medical care.

So, with the development of hunting, injuries were frequent in collisions with wild animals; Primitive assistance in injuries were improved - treatment of wounds, fractures, dislocations. The need for assistance in injuries also increased due to wars between the birth and tribes in the formation of human society.

The observation of primitive people allowed them to open a special effect on the organism of some plants (painful, exciting, laxative, sweatshirt, sleeping pills, etc.), which made it possible to apply them to facilitate painful states.

Among therapeutic agents from ancient times used the sun, water, in particular mineral, as well as exercise, rubbing (massage), etc.

In medical activities of primitive man, they reflected the helplessness of a person before the forces of nature and misunderstanding to them the surrounding world. Nature in its presentation is settled with diverse spirits, supernatural creatures. All phenomena and objects of nature - wind, thunder, lightning, frost, rivers, forests, mountains, etc. Have relevant perfumes. Therefore, ancient medicine was named - demonology. (Demonology - the doctrine of evil spirits, historically ascending to the primitive vera in the spirits).

Gymnasium № 1563.

Eastern District Governance

(VAO)

ESSAY

on the economic and social geography of the world

on the topic: "Global humanity problems of humanity"

Performed: student 10 "in" class

Candareyeva Anastasia

Teacher: Voronina Svetlana Vyacheslavovna

moscow

2004

1. Preface. The concept of global

problems - p.1

2. What is medical geography - p.3

3. Development of medical geography - page 5

4. Medical geography in the twentieth century - page 7

5. Plague - page 11

6. OPE - P.14

7. Opa Against AIDS - p.15

8. AIDS - P.15

9. Cholera - p.18

10. Schizophrenia - p.19

11. Diseases that appeared

in our century - p.22

12. Conclusion -str.51

13. List of references - page 53

Global humanity problems of humanity.

1. Property. The concept of global problems.

There are various classifications of global problems. But usually they allocate among them:

1. Problems of the most "universal" character,

2. Natural economic problems,

3. Social problems,

4. Mixed problems.

Global problems are divided:

1. Environmental problem;

2. Demographic problem;

3. The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a nuclear war;

4. Food problem - how to provide food the growing population of the Earth?

5. Energy and raw material problems: causes and solutions;

6. People health problems: a global problem;

7. The problem of using the World Ocean.

Recently, in world practice, in the assessment of the quality of life of people, their health is put forward to the first place. And this is not by chance: it is precisely it that serves as the basis for the full life and activity of each person, and society as a whole.

In the second half of the XX century. Large successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, and other diseases.

2. What is medical geography?

Why two concepts - "Geography" and "Medicine" - are delivered nearby?

Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov wrote: "The body without an external environment supporting its existence is impossible, therefore, the scientific definition of the body should include the environment affecting it." Human organism is a complex system. On the one hand, as a biological creature, a person is influenced by various natural physical, chemical and biological factors of its habitat. On the other hand, the specificity of its relations with the environment is determined by social factors, since the person is also social.

Under the habitat of a person, or the environment, it is customary to understand the system of interrelated natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena, among which the life and activity of people proceeds. In other words, this concept includes natural, social, as well as artificially created factors of the environment, the aggregate and the relationship of which create the necessary prerequisites for his life and activity.

What is medical geography?

Socio-economic factors include the peculiarities of the life and activities of people, industry, agriculture, transport and communication paths, non-production sphere.

The first ideas about the impact of natural and socially economic factors on the health of people began to form still in ancient times, which is evidenced by the data of archeology, elements of medical activities, reflected in the language, folk epic, as well as in works of art mentioning various painful conditions and medical care They, preserved ancient scriptures (treatises). With the development of human society - the complication of the economy, the emergence of new guns, their improvement - has emerged new diseases and the need to provide relevant medical care.

Among therapeutic agents from ancient times used the sun, water, in particular mineral, as well as exercise, rubbing (massage), etc.

In the ancient peoples, the names of diseases, such as the Old Russian - fever, dermascular, hernia and others, and the associated beliefs and rites reflected the ideas about the illness as a special being introduced into the body. Even the names of these malicious creatures themselves often transmitted various symptoms of diseases, for example, various fevers in the Old Russian traditional medicine had breakdowns, Pukhtea, Corner, Yellow, Flaw, Radia.

The study of the culture of primitive society shows that the demonological ideas were not the only to understand the disease and health. Along with them, even before they arose and developed, there were techniques built on observing objects and phenomena of nature, on the accumulation of the everyday practical experience of ancient people.

3. Development of medical geography in Russia.

The beginning of the formation of domestic medical geography belongs to the first quarter of the 13th century, when, according to Peter's decree 1, foreigners, who consisted in the Russian service were obliged to collect and record information about the properties of mineral waters, medicinal plants, poisonous animals. Medical and geographic information is contained in the works of the first Russian geographers and scientists, primarily M.V. Lomonosov, who in his works in 1753 points to the importance of weather for health.

In 1762, Jacob Monzeus wrote about the need to engage in natural science observations, exploring location, weather, customs of local residents who can affect health.

The outstanding leader of the domestic health care and military medical service Pavel Zakharovich Kondoid, participating in numerous military campaigns, noted the connection of the state of health of the soldiers with the natural conditions of the territory on which the troops are placed or fighting. The first program of the medical and geographical description of the terrain in Russia and abroad was "Instructions for studying diseases in Kizlyar", compiled by paragraphs. Condoid based on the analysis of the causes of the high morbidity of the soldiers of the Kizlyar fortress, guarding trade routes from Russia to Persia. The first medical faculty of Moscow University was opened in 1764 and in the 18th century managed to prepare only a few dozen doctors. Among the items that they were taught, there were chemistry and balneology, mineralogy and botany. According to archival development of historians of medicine, graduates of the Medical Faculty sent a large number of scientific essays with detailed medical and geographical information that had great practical importance to combat epidemics and to improve the conditions of placement and life of troops. A number of such works are devoted to the issues of nosgeography, i.e. Distribution of diseases.

For the first time (1864) in the domestic literature, the content and tasks of medical geography are considered by the main legging of the Kutais military hospital N.I. Toropovy. In his work, "The Experience of Medical Geography of the Caucasus regarding intermittent fevers" he wrote: "In order to be able to prevent any disease, it is necessary, first of all, to know why it happens, i.e. Know the reasons for its development in the body and the place of its distribution on earth. The first question objectively responds to the study of nature itself, and for the second medical geography. "

In early 19th century, medical geography in Russia reached his heyday. In the first decades in connection with the wars in which Russia participated, issues of military medical geography are particularly widely developed. What significance a medical geography was attached is to show that this discipline was taught in a number of Russian universities, in particular in the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg.

The largest figures of Russian medicine (M.L. Mudrov, S.P. Botkin, N.I. Pirogov, I.M. Sechenov) paid great attention to the use of climatic factors for therapeutic purposes. So, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881), an outstanding Russian surgeon, in 1847 described the effects of the Caucasus climate on the health of military personnel and gave a detailed description of the peculiarities of the treatment and evacuation of patients in the conditions of a mining climate.

In 1893, a book of an outstanding Russian climatologist and geographer Alexander Ivanovich Waikova "Study of climates for the purposes of treatment and hygiene", in which the author develops the idea of \u200b\u200bclimatopulation, and also considers the influence of meteorological factors (primarily the change of air masses, the passage of atmospheric fronts) to the body man.

By the end of the 19th century, due to the development of microbiology, epidemiology, sanitary statistics and hygiene, the nature of medical and geographical studies changes significantly. Increasing interest in learning socio-economic conditions, their influence on health, incidence and mortality, organization of health care. So, in 1870, in the preface to the first of the "medical and topographic collection" to determine the content of medical geography included environmental and sanitary and hygienic issues: "To present a picture of the state of nature and human society in this area, show the interaction between them, the results of a reasonable human appeal With nature, the benefit that he can extract, and how he can protect himself from the destructive actions, ... as well as household conditions that change the nature of this locality to the detriment of its inhabitants ... "

In this period, the development of medical geography, scientists began to widely use not only descriptive, as it was in the past, but also statistical, cartographic and historical research methods.

4. Medical geography in XX century.

At the beginning of the twentieth century The development of medical geography in Russia has suspended. One of the reasons for this is the differentiation of sciences at that time. Increased interest in the in-depth penetration into certain areas of knowledge. Medical geography with its common complex approaches began to lose its meaning. Such a state of science remained for about 20s.

At this time, domestic medical geography is understood by a number of authors as a branch of general geography, which is engaged in the study of geographical distribution of diseases, i.e. Medical geography was reduced to nosogeography. Such a point of view was preserved for quite a long time, and separated it Daniel Kirillovich Zabolotnaya (1866-1929) - one of the founders of domestic epidemiology.

D.K. Zabolotny graduated from the Natural Branch of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the University of Novosibirsk and the Faculty of Medicine of Kiev University. He proved, putting experiments on himself that the introduction of a cholera vaccine through the mouth protects against cholera diseases. For many years he devoted to the study of the plague, participated in the creation of the first anticipated laboratories. They were experimentally proved the identity of the origin of the bubonic and pulmonary plague and therapeutic effect Anticipious serum. Zabolotic-creator of the doctrine on the natural foci of plague. In St. Petersburg, he organized the first bacteriology department in Russia; In Odessa, the world's first department of epidemiology; In Kiev - Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology.

Zabolota considered medical geography in the field of medicine. In its article, "Geography Medical (Nosgeography)" (1929), he wrote: "Medical geography (nosgeography) is a branch of medicine that studies the spread of various diseases, by the advantage of contagious, on the globe. Its tasks include the establishment of the territories most affected by this form of the disease, as well as study external factorsaffecting the change in the distribution map of diseases. "

During the Great Patriotic War, the whole scientific potential of medicine was mobilized for the service of the army. From 1943 Studied research on military medical geography. During this time, a huge number of observations and active data on the influence of external conditions for the human body has accumulated. Health required comprehensive medical and geographical studies when mastering new territories, which revived interest in medical geography.

In the 50s, the collection of extensive material on regional pathology began, the study of endemic foci of certain diseases began, a comprehensive forwarding study was launched earlier than those studied and non-economic territories, especially in Siberia and the Far East. Many of these expeditions were organized and conducted under the guidance and with the personal participation of academician of medicine Evgenia Nikanorovich Pavlovsky.

Biography E.N. Pavlovsky is the development pages of many sciences, including medical geography. E.N. Pavlovsky is the author of 800 scientific papers, the creator of the doctrine on the natural foci of diseases that has received wide world fame and recognition. It opened the most significant patterns underlying natural focal diseases, proposed a genetic classification by their origin, age, specificity of pathogens, etc., formulated the main position of landscape epidemiology. The establishment of the association of natural foci of diseases with certain geographic landscapes allows you to predetermine the likelihood of a meeting with one or another infection and conduct the necessary preventive measures in advance.

Under his leadership and with personal participation, 170 comprehensive expeditions for the study of tick-free returning, feveroids, Tularemia, and others were studied in detail many carriers of pathogens of a number of diseases.

E.N. Pavlovsky and his students fulfilled numerous studies on the fauna, biology and ecology of various groups of the animal world.

A great contribution to the development of domestic medical geography has made a wonderful scientist, professor Alexey Alekseevich Shoshin which formulated the definition of medical geography. Great merit A.A. Gorina are the main directions of scientific research on medical geography, which can be formulated as follows:

medical and geographical assessment of individual elements of nature, individual natural complexes and economic conditions affecting human health;

development of medical and geographical forecasts for previously oblivioned areas, subject to future economic development, as well as those territories, within which nature is most intensively transformed as a result of human economic activities;

drawing up medical and geographical maps reflecting the positive and negative impact of the habitat and socio-economic conditions for the health of people;

study of the patterns of geography of individual diseases and drawing up maps of their distribution.

For the development of medical geography, new theoretical provisions of a fundamental nature were valid. This is, above all, the doctrine of the natural foci of diseases and landscape epidemiology, the doctrine of biogeocenosis, the theory of landscape studies, complex climatology, regional pathology and resortology.

In the 80s, the main directions of medical and geographical studies remain priority. Medico-geographical forecasting, based on the health and prevention of diseases caused by the factors of the external environment, is qualitatively new in these years. Still among the problems occupying medical geographers, an important place is given to the issues of adaptation of a person to extreme conditions, nosgeography, epidemiology.

During this period, the student E.N. Pavlovsky V.Ya. was made to the development of medical and geographical studies. Podolan.

Recognition of the merit of medical geographers was awarded to the State Prize of the Big Group of Domestic Scientists, whose works contributed to the formation and development of medical geography in our country. Among this high award - A.A. Shoshin and V.Ya. Podolan, N.K. Sokolov, E.L. Reija and many others.

Ended the twentieth century. Unusually - for the first time in foreseeable history, global changes of geographic (natural and social) living conditions on Earth occurred, the consequences of which are not always predictable and does not exclude a disaster if destructive phenomena are growing in the new century. At the same time, in different regions, during the lifetime of only one two generations of people, the landscapes and the whole historically established geographical environment of the life of peoples are fundamentally changed, because of what people are now usually in a state of chronic deadaption and for all What is happening to pay their health and future. Over the past century, world scientific and technical and social development differed in the closeness of many negative processes that occurred in nature, society and the state of human health. True geographical knowledge of the essence of changes on the face of the Earth, countries, regions remained mostly not in demand by the world community. Progressive scientific developments were not always used. In particular, a long-term attempt of the Geographical Society of the USSR to create a systemic geographical cadastre of the country, with the subsystems of the republics, regions was not carried out. By the beginning of the XXI century. A lot of health problems for each person personally and for all nations have been rooted in the world. To resolve them, they need an objective system analysis of the occurrence in the past century and the transition to the more civilized ways to develop humanity. This progressive output may be optimal only with the active participation of geography and medicine. Doctors first notice and evaluate changes in nature and society according to the most reliable indicator of human health. A number of man-made and social processes cause a change in the quality of the geographic environment: its saturation with new, often unusual for humans, environmental risk factors. There are no ideasure to multiply socio-economic (technological, radiation, toxic, electromagnetic, etc.), environmental, spiritual and moral, psychological, informational and other risk factors for all groups of the population. Therefore, the ecological and other noncommunicable pathology of the main systems of the human body is growing. There are conditions for the return of epidemic infectious pathology, such as the plague, including the like.

5. Plain.

Plague is known with deep antiquity. Big epidemics ancient history, famous called "Fuchida Plagid" (430-425. BC), "Plague Antoniana or Galen" (165-168 AD) and "Plague Cyprian" (251-266 AD. ) should be attributed to the epidemics "of other origin (typhoid diseases, diphtheria, smallpox and other epidemic diseases with significant mortality)" and only "Justinian's plague" (531-580 AD) was a real epidemic of the bubonic plague. Appearing in Constantinople, this epidemic continued there for several years in the form of isolated cases in a slight form, but at times they gave large outbreaks. In 542 A large epidemic of plague in Egypt has begun, spreading along the North Bank of Africa and in Western Asia (Syria, Arabia, Persia, Small Asia). In the spring of next year, the epidemic of the plague shutdled to Constantinople, quickly accepted devastating character and lasted over 4 months. The flight of the inhabitants only contributed to the spread of infection. In 543g. Flashes of the plague appeared in Italy, then in Galia and on the left bank of the Rhine, and in 558. - again in Constantinople. Periodic outbreaks of the plague continued in South and Central Europe and the Byzantine Empire many more years.

Already at that time, all the famous plague forms were registered, including lightning times, in which death fell among complete health. In the cities where the plague raged, the spurrents remained whole quarters or individual houses, which was repeatedly confirmed later. Such facts such as the exclosion of repeated diseases and relatively rare cases of infection of the service personnel are not accelerated.

Separate outbreaks of the plague were observed in various places in Europe and in VII-IX centuries. The epidemics in the IX differed in particular severity. But in the XIV century, the plague "black death" reached unparalleled in the history of distribution and strength. The epidemic began in 1347. And almost 60 years continued. No state was spinning, even Greenland. Over the years of the second pandemic in Europe, more than 25 million people died, i.e. Approximately a quarter of the entire population.

The pandemic of the XIV century gave a huge material to study the plague, its signs and distribution methods. By this time also includes the recognition of the infectious origin of the plague and the appearance in some Italian cities of the first quarantines.

It is difficult to say where "black death" came from, but a number of authors indicate Central Asia, among such regions. It was from there that three trading roads went to Europe: one to the Caspian Sea, the second to the Black Sea, the third to the Mediterranean (through Arabia and Egypt). Therefore, it is not surprising that in 1351-1353. The plague came to us. However, it is necessary, however, it was noted that it was not the first epidemic in Russia. Back in the XI century In Kiev, there was a "sea in humans." How terrible was the devastation caused by the plague in Russia in 1387, it can be judged at least in Smolensk, where only 5 people left after the outbreak of the plague, which came out of the city and created the city filled with corpses.

The plague continued to register in Russia and in the XIX. In Odessa, for example, it was entered.

In 1894 A. Iversen was opened the pathogen of the plague, and V.M. Having in 1896 He offered a killed vaccine against the plague, which in India is still used.

Plague is an acute natural-focal infectious disease caused by a chopstick of plague. Refers to especially dangerous infections. On the globe, a number of natural foci persists, where the plague is constantly found in a small percentage of rodents living there. The epidemics of the plague among people was often due to the migration of rats infecting in natural foci. From rodents to a person, microbes are transmitted through fleas, which the owner changes with the mass death of animals. In addition, it is possible to infection when handling hunters skins killed contaminated animals. It is fundamentally different to infection from a person to a person carved by air-droplet.

The pathogen of the plague is resistant to low temperatures, is well maintained in sputum, but at a temperature of +55 degrees die for 10-15 minutes, and with boiling - almost instantly. Enters the body through the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, conjunctiva. When the bite infected with places infected with places in the place of bite, the skin can form. The process then spreads through the lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes, which leads to their sharp increase, the merger and formation of the conglomerate (tambon form). The bubonic form of the plague is characterized by the appearance of sharply painful conglomerates, most often inguinal lymph nodes on the one hand. Incubation period 2-6 days. At the same time, an increase and other groups of lymph nodes appear - secondary buboons. The severity of the patients gradually increases to the 4-5th day, the temperature can be elevated, sometimes high fever immediately appears, but at first the patient's condition often remains generally satisfactory. This explains the fact that a person sick bubonic plague can fly from one part of the world to another, considering herself healthy. However, at any time, the bubonic form of plague can go to the secondary-septic or secondary-pulmonary form. Septic and pulmonary forms of the plague flow, like every heavy sepsis.

Crucial role in diagnosis in modern conditions Plays epidemiological history. Arrival from the plague endemic zones (Vietnam, Burma, Bolivia, Turkmenistan, the Karakalpak Republic), or from the anticipate stations of the patient with the signs described above, or with signs of severe-with hemorrhages and bloody-pneumonia with severe lymphadenopathy is for a physician first Contact a fairly serious argument for making all the measures of localization of the alleged plague and the exact diagnostics. It is necessary to emphasize that in the conditions of modern drug prevention, the likelihood of personnel disease, which some time has contacted with coughing patients with plague, quite small. Currently, cases of primary pulmonary plague among medical personnel are not observed. The establishment of accurate diagnosis must be carried out with the help of bacteriological research. The material for them is the puncture of the ventilated lymphatic assembly, the sputum, the blood of the patient separated by fistula and ulcers.

If the patient's plain is suspected, it should be immediately hospitalized in the infectious hospital box. If possible medical personnel It puts on an anticipated suit, if not, then gauze masks, brazers, booties. All staff immediately receives preventive treatment with antibiotics, which continues all the days he spends in the insulator. Plague is treated with antibiotics.

In conditions modern therapy Mortality for tambon form does not exceed 5-10%, but at other forms, the percentage of recovery is high enough if the treatment is started early.

Photos are looking in the application.

6. OPA.

Ancient Indian and Chinese manuscripts coming to us descriptions of terrible black smallpox epidemics. The sick began to heat, arose headache, general weakness, after 3-4 days the whole body was covered with liquid filled with bubbles (Ospines). The disease stretched for about two weeks, and up to 40% of patients died. Children were heavier all. In the scene at the place of the OPIN, the scars were formed. Sometimes Ospina poured on her eyes, which led to blindness.

In Europe, the OPE came later than east - in the Epoch of the Middle Ages. For the first time getting into new countries, this disease raged with a special force. In Iceland in 1707 More than two thirds of the population died of smallpox.

In 1796 Jenner his own method (vaccination) laid the beginning of the struggle against this ailment.

OSAP Natural-acute viral disease related to quarantine infections. It is characterized by fever, general intoxication and pustling rash. The pathogen refers to the viruses of the smallpox group, is well preserved when dried. The virus penetrates the body through the mucous membranes of the upper departments of the respiratory tract.

The incubation period lasts 5-15 days. The disease begins acutely. The body temperature rises with chills. Patients are concerned about weakness, headache, pain in the lower back, the sacrum, less often nausea, vomiting, pain in the stomach. The skin of the face, neck and chest hyperemic, the spool vessels are injected. You may appear "precursor" quickly disappearing rash. On the 4th day of the disease, the body temperature decreases, the patient's health improves somewhat, and at the same time it appears characteristic of the surgery. The elements of the rash are spots that turn into papulas, then in Wecces and to the 7-8th Disease Disease - in Pustuly. From the 14th day of the disease, the pustulas turn into a crust, after the disappearance of which the scars remain. In the grafts, there is easily easily, sometimes resembles a wind oil.

Ospa wind-acute viral disease with air-dropleted transmission, arising mainly in childhood and characterized by a feverish condition, paipuloseculous rash, benign flow. The empty smallpox pathogen refers to the viruses of the herpes group, unstable in the external environment. Penetrates the body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. After the incubation period, a characteristic rash appears on the body. The incubation period continues on average 14 days.

In 1967 The World Health Organization (WHO) began the campaign of the struggle for the final elimination of smallpox all over the world. In 1967 In the world, there was more than 2 million. human. In 1971 The last case of the Disease of the OSP in America was registered, in 1976. - In Asia, in 1977. - in Africa. Three years later, in the 1980s, WHO announced that OSAP was finally defeated around the world. Now, no resident of the planet is sick of this disease, and the causative agent of smallpox continues to live only in three laboratories (in the US, Russia, South Africa).

Russian scientists from the Novosibirsk Scientific Center "Vector" developed a new, modified version of the vaccine against smallpox. This new version of the vaccine can simultaneously protect a person and from smallpox, and from hepatitis V.

7. Opa against AIDS.

Recent studies of American scientists make it possible to assume that vaccine from smallpox can help protect people and from AIDS virus. A group of researchers from George Mason University in Virginia revealed in the laboratory that the elements of the blood of people vaccinated against smallpox are four times less exposed to infection with the AIDS virus.

Many researchers suggested a connection between immunity against smallpox and AIDS virus. Some researchers have shown that older people who were vaccinated against smallpox have a smaller probability to infect AIDS.

43 million people around the world are sick AIDS and 28 million died of him. Work on a vaccine against AIDS while unsuccessful.

Ots was destroyed in 1979. Hundreds of millions of people were grafted against the virus. Currently, in many countries, vaccination resumed, due to the concern that the deadly virus can now be used as a biological weapon.

Photos, see the application

8. AIDS.

What is a virus?

The virus is the smallest microorganism that can be seen only under a very powerful microscope.

Viruses live inside the living cells, of which all the fabrics of the human body consist. In our body there are billions of such cells. They are combined into groups and perform various functions.

The outer side of the cell is called the membrane. This is how skin cells protecting it, inside the cell contains liquid and kernel. The core plays a very important role. This is a kind of minicomputer, programming and controlling life of the cell.

When the virus enters the human body, he finds a cell that imparts it, and changes the program of the cell "computer" in it. Now, instead of functioning normally and fulfill your duties, the cell begins to produce viruses. Such viruses can cause various diseases: flu, cortex, wind oil. In this case, a person sick for a while, but quickly recovers thanks to the immune system, which immediately enters the fight against the virus and wins it.

The human immunodeficiency virus is different from other viruses and is a greater danger of exactly what attacks cells, which must be struggling with the virus.

How is HIV transmitted?

Fortunately, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from a person to a person only under certain conditions and is much less common than other diseases, such as influenza and chickenpox.

HIV lives in blood cells, can get from one person to another if the blood, infected (infected) HIV falls into the blood of a healthy person. In order not to become infected through someone else's blood, it suffices to comply with the elementary precautions where you have to deal with blood. For example, to monitor that there are no cuts and abrasions on the body. Then, even if the patient's blood accidentally hit the skin, she could not penetrate the body.

So how does this ill-fated virus be transmitted? Here are some examples from real life. Father Jenny, Tony, discovered the Virus HIV. During the operation in the hospital, he had to do blood transfusion. As it turned out, the blood introduced him already contained the virus. Finding that the virus can be transmitted in such a way, doctors have developed a number of measures that prevent the possibility of its presence in donor blood. Now the transmission of the virus during blood transfusion is almost excluded.

Needles for injections should only be disposable. If they are repeatedly used, then the blood of HIV-infected may fall into the blood of a healthy person. The virus can pass the virus from the sick mother. Developing in her womb, he is associated with a cord. Blood in blood vessels flow in both directions. If HIV is present in the mother's body, he can pass the child. In addition, there is a danger of infecting infectious children through maternal milk.

With sex contacts, HIV can also be transmitted.

How to detect HIV?

Peter and Clara-brother with sister. One of them has HIV, another - no, but it is impossible to determine this in appearance.

For example, a man who has a chickenpox has a rash appears. And he, and everything becomes clear that he fell ill with a windmill.

But HIV for a long time, and often years, can not detect anything. At the same time, for a fairly long time, a person feels absolutely healthy. This is a very dangerous HIV. After all, neither the person himself, whose organism penetrated the virus, nor the more surrounding, do not recognize anything. Not knowing the presence of HIV in its body, this person may involuntarily infect others.

Nowadays there are special tests (analyzes) that determine the presence of HIV in human blood.

And if something bothers you, it is better to pass timely analyzes for AIDS and gain confidence and peace.

The girl heard about AIDS and HIV at school. Having learned that people may not even suspect the existence of a virus in their body, she was very frightened and appealed to the Council to Mom. Mom explained to her that HIV children meet extremely rarely. These are mainly those children who the virus transmitted by inheritance. There was no virus at the birth of a virus, so it certainly does not have it now.

If your parents had no virus, it is unlikely that you can be with you. Children, as a rule, do not fall into such situations when HIV infection can occur. So do not worry about it.

What happens when HIV or AIDS is detected?

To accurately predict what happens to a person who has a HIV detected, it is very difficult, because the virus affects everything in different ways, to have HIV in its body and hurt AIDS - this is not the same thing. Many people infected with HIV have lived a normal life for many years. However, over time, one or even somewhat can develop serious diseases. In this case, doctors call it already AIDS. There are a number of diseases, the disease that means that the person began in AIDS. However, it has not yet been established, always HIV leads to the development of AIDS or not.

Tina is seriously ill. Doctors discovered AIDS. For almost five years she had HIV, and then her condition had deteriorated sharply: the appetite was gone, she began to lose weight. Then she recovered, and for some time felt well. But suddenly she began to rise again, and almost every night she woke up in sweat. Soon after, she began pneumonia. This type of pneumonia is listed in the list of signs of AIDS, so the attending physician found that she has developed AIDS. Usually, young people are quite quickly recovering after inflammation of the lungs. Tina because of violations in the immune system, it is very hard to carry pneumonia and may even die.

How to help sick people?

Many cities are now open advisory centers for AIDS issues. Everyone can get information without exception, both HIV-infected and healthy people. In such centers there are groups of support and mutual assistance. They include people who combine the overall problem: almost everyone has HIV and AIDS. Communication with people in a similar situation is very important. Members of the Group provide each other psychological support and friendship. They, like no other, perfectly understand what feels and experiencing each of them.

For heavy AIDS, special hospitals are opened - hospitals. People who work in them have special training for treating patients with AIDS. Patients entering such hospitals are usually in a very serious condition. Many of them of them are doomed, and the hospital staff tries to do everything possible to brighten up their last days.

Photos and tables - see the application.

9. Cholera

Cholera. (tropical disease).

This is acute intestinal infectioncaused by cholera vibrine characterized by the defeat of the enzyme systems of the intestinal epithelium. Caudito- Vibrio Cholerae.

Sources diseases of patients People and vibrionosuses. Part of the cholera vibrions, falling into the human body with water and food, dies in the acidic medium of the gastrointestinal tract. The other part enters the clearance fine intestinewhere the alkaline reaction of the medium and the high content of protein cleavage products contribute to their intensive reproduction. This process is accompanied by the release of a large number of toxic substances, which penetrate the epithelial cell. Acute extracellular isotonic degradation develops, a tissue metabolism is disruption. Development of the body is developing. In one hour, patients can lose more than 1 liter of fluid. Blood thickening, slowing down blood flow, impaired peripheral blood circulation, tissue hypoxia; The accumulation of unsophisticated exchange products leads to the development of hypochalemia, violation of cardiac activity, the function of the brain and other bodies, blood coagulation processes.

High susceptibility is high. The most susceptible to the disease of the face with reduced acidity of gastric juice, suffering from gastritis, some forms of anemia and melting diseases.

Among tropical diseases there are also inherent in this region glitstic diseases: Schistozomozes, swelheriosis, some types of malaria and (oval).

Nowadays, the time is also mental diseases. For example, schizophrenia.

10.Sofractions.

What is schizophrenia? What is the place of the problem of schizophrenia takes in our everyday life? Is it just a medical or, to a greater extent, a social problem? Discussion of this and the mass of other issues will help us to understand whether it is necessary to be afraid of schizophrenia, to avoid people suffering from these mental illness. How to treat them and behave, facing them face to face?

Let's start with the main question: Is Schizophrenia - a disease or a way of perceiving reality on the other, alien to us point of view? Do not be surprised, this question will actually say. Ideas were repeatedly expressed that nature in this way "looking for" new ways of development, "creating" paradoxical moves.

It can be assumed that the first monkey, deciding to knock down coconut from the palm trees, was different from other fellow. Although this approach is definitely very controversial until confirming, we, nevertheless, talk about it in order to warn from an incorrect, avoiding, contemptuous relationship of relatives, acquaintances and society as a whole to people suffering from schizophrenia.

To save them from a deliberate attitude towards them, as the people of the second grade. Perhaps they are the special creatures of nature, in something elected, exclusively talented, and in something progressive and suffering from it.

Is Schizophrenia Disease?

Yes, it is, since the disease is some deviation from a statistically defined norm. Just as a reduction in the content of hemoglobin in the blood, that is, its change is called anemia and is a disease. Our mental functions have certain parameters that can be measured. different ways (Starting from psychological, neuropsychological, biochemical and others, up to electrometric). In addition, this is, of course, the disease, since it is suffering, sometimes painful and people are looking for help.

We fully call schizophrenia disease, but only with a clinical, medical point of view. In the social sense of a person suffering from this disease, to be called sick, that is, defective, it would be incorrect. Although this disease is chronic, the shape of schizophrenia is extremely diverse and often a person currently in remission, that is, outside the attack (psychosis), can be quite capable, and even more professionally productive than its average opponents.

That all of the above was more argued, it is necessary to tell about the essence of this disease. For a start - a few words about the term "schizophrenia". The word arose from the Greek "Shizo" ("schizo") - splitting and "fries" - the mind. Under splitting, it is implied by no split (for example, personality), as often, this is not entirely true, but disorganization, lack of harmonicity, inconsistency, illogicity from the point of view of ordinary people.

For example, a very heavy in everyday life, with complex relations inside the family, cold and completely indifferent to its loved ones, it turns out to be unusually sensitive and touching with his favorite cacti. He can observe for hours and completely sincerely and seelessly cry, when one of his plants dry out. Of course, on the outside it looks completely inadequate, but for him there is its own logic of the relationship that a person can justify. He is just sure that all people are false, and you can not believe anyone. He feels his dissimilarity on others, and their inability to understand him. He knows that much smarter than those surrounding it because he feels and sees what, for some reason others do not see. So why spend time and strength on meaningless, primitive communication, when there is such a miracle as cacti. After all, they are magical, it seems that they have something inside. After all, the plants can communicate with him, and then, for him, harmony is achieved.

There are two types of schizophrenia - continuous (chronic nonsense, chronic hallucinosis) and the parlor (the flow of the manifestation of psychosis are observed as separate episodes, between which the "light" gaps are noted relative to good mental state (remissions), which are often sufficiently long. Psychosites at this type of flow are more diverse and bright than with continuous).

In any of the types of schizophrenia, personality changes are observed, character traits under the influence of the disease.

A person becomes closed, strange, performs ridiculous, illogical, from the point of view of surrounding actions. The sphere of interests changes, there are absolutely non-peculiar hobbies. Sometimes it is dubious philosophical or religious teachings, or care of the traditional religion, but to an excessive extent on the verge of fanatism. There may be ideas of physical and spiritual self-improvement, recovery by some special techniques, often their own invention. In such cases, a person directs all his strength to health events, hardening, special food, forgetting about the obvious ordinary affairs, such as washing, cleaning, helping close and so on. There may be the opposite, the complete loss of activity and interests, passivity and indifference.

Types of schizophrenia are also distinguished by the predominance of basic appearances: nonsense, hallucinations or personality changes. If it is dominated by nonsense, this species is called paranoid. In the case of a combination of nonsense and hallucinations, they talk about the hallucinatory-paranoid version. If the personality changes are performed on the fore, then such states are called a simple schizophrenia option (there are other varieties).

The biochemical era of schizophrenia began in 1952. This year opening neuroleptics. In 1952 St. Anne's Hospital School in Paris publishes a number interesting messages On the use of the drug Largactyl, and in 1955 there is an international symposium dedicated to Largactula. In the same year, scholars and Deniker offer Medical Academy Introduce the term "neuroleptics", literally, which catches the nerve, to designate a new family of medicines.

The mechanism of action of neuroleptics allows you to reduce the hallucinatorial-delusional positive. But these drugs have a lot of side effects.

The next epoch in psychiatry can no doubt call the discovery in the 80s of the last century and the introduction into clinical practice in the mid-90s of new, or atypical neuroleptics, which can significantly alleviate both positive and negative symptoms of the disease. Due to its electoral action, they have an effect on a wider range of symptoms and are much better transferred, which significantly improves the quality of life of mentally ill. Thanks to these properties, they began to be appointed worldwide as preparations for choosing for schizophrenia therapy.

11.Golly appeared in our century.

Atypical pneumonia.

In early 2003 The whole world with tense attention was followed by the rapid spread of a new non-led disease. The danger of a new infection was out of doubt, because Many sick died, despite all the efforts of doctors. And among the attending doctors there were deaths with death. In the press, this disease began to call "atypical pneumonia". Atypical pneumonia is the same as heavy sharp respiratory syndrome (torso), or SARS.

The disease quickly spread throughout the world, and no medication helped. This forced many journalists and medical specialists to talk about the appearance of the disease herself dangerous since the discovery of the AIDS virus.

Presumably the atypical epidemic of pneumonia began in Guangdong Province in China on the border with Hong Kong: 11Fevral 2003. There was an outbreak of unusually acute flu, similar to manifestations and consequences with severe bilateral pneumonia. Died 5 sick. KK 20FEVRAL IN THE PRC The number of 21 people who died from acute influenza reached 21 people. 11Mart Professor N.V. Kaverin, head of the laboratory of the Institute of Virology of the RAMS, said that in February, the patient died in Hong Kong, who was allocated for the H5N1 subtype virus. This is the same "chicken influenza" with high lethality, which people hurt here in 1997, but then they have become infected from chickens, and now it seems that the infection has happened from man.

Experts did not know anything about the path of the disease, except that it spreads very quickly and is transmitted by air-droplet. Atypical pneumonia came out beyond China-cases of the disease were marked in Vietnam and Singapore.

Every day the area of \u200b\u200bdissemination of the disease was expanded: 15Mart announced on the first cases of atypical pneumonia in Europe (Germany) and North America (Canada), 17Marta-in Israel, 18mart-in France.

16mart published a statement of WHO about the final establishment of the nature of the pathogen of atypical pneumonia. The painstaking work of employees of 13 laboratories in 10strains of the world, genetic examination showed that the disease is caused by one of the representatives of the coronaviruses groups. However, this virus has not previously been observed in a human population anywhere, which confirmed the information that the atypical pneumonia virus came to a person from home and wild cats. It is in the southern provinces of China that the infection began to spread, cats are eaten. On the same day, the WHO representative at the congress of researchers atypical pneumonia virus in Geneva announced that this disease is common to humans and animals. This is confirmed by experiments on monkeys: the introduction of the virus is caused by the disease with the same symptoms as in humans.

24aprel in Bulgaria registered the first patient with atypical pneumonia. On the same day, the Russian Eatepidemadzor of Russia for the first time distributed a memo for the population, which provides the necessary information about atypical pneumonia.

The 8th Ministry of Health of Russia announced the first case of atypical pneumonia: in Blagoveshchensk, a 25-year-old man who lived in a Chinese hostel was marked two out of five indicators of atypical pneumonia, but a whole month was a dispute, typical of his pneumonia or atypical.

9m, the world recorded the 500th death rate from atypical pneumonia. The number of illness exceeded 7 thousand people.

In the memo of statesana-epidemadzor of Russia, the basic information about atypical pneumonia is given. Yolesn has an acute start-temperature above 38Gradusov, headache, throat, dry cough. The patient is experiencing overall malaise, pain in the muscles, chills. Sometimes there is diarrhea, nausea, one-two-time nonophice vomiting. Then follows a short-term improvement with possible normalization of body temperature. If the disease progresses, the body temperature rises again, weakness increases, the patient has a sense of air shortness. Breathing becomes difficult, rapidly. Patients feel anxiety, complain of embarrassment in the chest, heartbeat. During this period, illness is affected mainly, pneumonia is developing. Incubation period 3-10days. The infection is transmitted by air-droplet, as a rule, with close contact. There is no spectacular medication against the disease yet., Vaccine has not been developed. Prevention is the same as for other infectious respiratory diseases: regular ventilation and wet cleaning, compliance with personal hygiene rules, hardening, the use of secrets and vitamins.

There are different hypotheses about the occurrence of the disease:

1.Applicual pneumonia can be a new type of biological weapon, developed by the special services.

2. Grade interest in the use of products unusual for Europeans and associated health hazards. In the cookery of China and other Asian countries use cats, dogs, monkeys and other animals. The virus also fell a person most likely from home and wild cats.

3. The opportunity to appear in the nature of new deadly viruses, similar HIV capable of leading to the death of humanity. The SAR virus could appear as a result of a natural mutation of viruses circulating in populations of home and wild animals.

4.Chelotion around the pseudogrippa in order to obtain additional funding for medical and pharmaceutical corporations.

Bird influenza characteristic in birds

Clinical manifestations and immunity in birds

Despite the high mortality of the H5N1 influenza virus, most of the home chickens in Hong Kong did not show any clinical signs Diseases. At the same time, the H9N2 influenza virus circulated in the CLC population. When studying the role of the H9N2 virus in the protection of chickens from the lethal viral infection, H5N1 was found that serum from chickens infected with the H9N2 virus does not give cross-reactions with the H5N1 virus in the neutralization reaction and the hemagglutination inhibitory reaction. Most chickens infected with the H9N2 flu virus 3-70 days before the control infection with the H5N1 virus, survived during the control infection, but the infected birds were isolated by H5N1 influenza virus in feces. The adaptive transfer of the lymphocytes or T cells CD81 from the inbred chickens (B2 / B2) infected with the H9N2 flu virus to native inbred chirms (B2 / B2) protected them from the deathly H5N1 virus. In vitro Analysis of cytotoxicity showed that T-lymphocytes or T-cells CD81 from chickens infected with the H9N2 influenza virus recognize target cells infected as a H5N1 a bird flu virus and H9N2 depending on the dose. This shows that cross-cell immunity induced by the H9N2 influenza virus, protects home chickens from the H5N1 death infection in Hong Kong in 1997, but did not prevent the selection of the virus with feces. In addition, it proves that cross-cell immunity can change the outcome of bird flu infection in poultry and create a situation of preserving the H5N1 avian influenza virus.

There was a comparison of various vaccines. Three vaccines based on an inactivated whole virus vaccine, a bird virus-based vaccine, obtained from Bakolovirus, and a vaccine based on recombinant hemagglutinine avian influenza virus - were tested by their ability to protect chickens against a highly pathogenic bird flu virus N5. Vaccines and control viruses (or their protein components) were obtained from wild strains of bird flu virus of various origins and included strains obtained from 4 continents, 6 types of owners and during the 38-year period. Vaccines were protected from the manifestation of clinical symptoms and reduced the amount of virus released by the bird, and the titer of the virus, allocated for the introduction of the hemagglutinine of the control virus of the Avian influenza N5. Immunization by these vaccines should reduce the spread of avian influenza virus through the respiratory and digestive tract and reduce the transfer of infection from the bird to the bird. Although the most significant decrease in the selection of the virus through the respiratory tract was achieved when the vaccine was most similar to the control virus, the genetic drift of the avian influenza virus should not affect the main protection, as in the case of human flu.

Infection among poultry can be non-obvious or cause respiratory diseases, decrease in egg production or fast fatal systemic disease, known as highly pathogenic avian influenza. Neutralizing antibodies to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins provide primary protection against the disease. Various vaccines It is caused by the production of neutralizing antibodies, including killed solid-divine vaccines and recombinant vaccines based on the vaccine virus. Apparently, the antigenic drift of the virus in the event of bird flu plays a smaller role in the unsuccessful vaccination compared to the flu influenza. A cytotoxic T-lymphocyt response can reduce the release of the virus to the environment in the case of low-pathogenic avian influenza, but provides controversial protection against high-pathogenic avian influenza. The flu virus can directly affect the immune response of infected birds, but the role of MX gene, interferon and other cytokines in protection against avian flu remains unknown.

Characteristic of bird flu in humans

Epidemiology of the disease (reservoir, transmission mechanism, susceptibility and immunity, features of the epidemiological process)

In May 1997 A 3-year-old boy in Hong Kong suffered from fever, ulcers in the throat and cough. His disease lasted about 2 weeks and he died from pneumonia. The flu virus was isolated from the tracheal liquid A, however, it could not be typical of standard reagents. It made you think about the new strain. In August 3 laboratories, independently identified this virus as a strain of new for people of influenza A (H5N1). Before the disease, the boy had contact with infected churars. Thus, it was the first confirmed documented case of infection with the H5N1 bird influenza virus in humans. Prior to this case, it was believed that the bird flu virus is striking only birds. Then the infection was confirmed by the same virus in 17 other patients aged 2 to 60 years. By January 1998, 6 people died of illness. There are no direct evidence of the transmission of the virus from a person to a person: all infected (even living together in one room) had contact with a bird infected. There are no vaccines for this strain, and attempted attempts to find a candidate vaccine strain for the development and production of a commercial vaccine.

Maintenance distinctive features The 2004 sample virus can briefly formulate as follows:

· The virus has become more virulent, which indicates a virus mutation.

· The virus overcame the interspecific barrier from birds to a person, however, there is no evidence that the virus is transmitted directly from the person to a person (all the ill people had direct contact with an infected bird).

· The virus is striking and kills mostly children.

· The source of infection and the dissemination path of the virus is not defined, which makes the situation with the spread of the virus practically non-controlled.

· Dissemination prevention measures - the full destruction of the entire bird livestock.

A blurry flu in Hong Kong with particularly discriminant demonstrated the role of poultry as a source of infection for a person.

In May 2001, the flu virus and the H5N1 subtype was highlighted from meat of ducks imported to North Korea from China. Despite the fact that this isolate was not so pathogenic, as dedicated in 1997, the very evidence of the high-pathogenic flu virus H5N1 from poultry says that the circulation of the virus in China continues and can represent the risk of virus transfer from birds to a person. Permanent circulation of bird flu virus types H5N1 and H9N2, overcoming the species barrier from birds to a person in 1997 and 1999, can potentially cause a pandemic among people. However, despite the fact that the bird flu virus has some signs of a pandemic virus, it does not have the ability to quickly spread among the population of people, which is a prerequisite for the occurrence of a pandemic.

The bird virus is difficult to stop, as the virus apparently mutated from the last outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 and 2003. Migratory birds can spread it, which confirms the fact that the dead ordinary falcon (Sapsan) has been found in Hong Kong, carrying this virus.

Unlike the 1997 and 2003 virus, the 2004 H5N1 virus became more virulent, as evidenced by an unusually large number of dead poultry. This increases the risk of people's disease. It is necessary to pay attention to the increasing danger of chilled and frozen poultry meat, since the H5N1 virus can be maintained for many years at temperatures below -70 0 C. However, it is destroyed in high-quality cooking meat.

Localization of avian influenza flashes depends on the accuracy of identifying the methods of propagation of the virus. It is unusual that it primarily applies to migratory birds. From previous experience, it is known that people and equipment are responsible for the spread of bird flu. In 1997, the outbreak in Gon-Kong managed to localize due to the fact that the entire population of poultry in the country was destroyed. Currently, the virus has spread among poultry throughout Asia, so it is much more difficult to localize the outbreak.

Compared to previous outbreaks, the 2004 bird flu epidemic can reach a much greater number of farms. At the same time, the transmission of the virus through Asia is possible, since the factors causing the spread of the virus are not controlled. WHO notes that almost simultaneous outbreaks of bird flu in Japan, North Korea, Vietnam, and now in Thailand and Cambodia are historically unprecedented and there is a fear that this new, virulent strain of avian influenza virus can hit the whole world.

The evolution of avian influenza virus in natural owners (waterfowl, rzhanks and seagulls) and the aberrant owners (chickens, turkey, piglets, horses and people) differ. The rate of evolution, determined for all three outbreaks, was similar to the speed observed in mammals, which serves as a weighty evidence of the adaptation of avian influenza virus to new types of owners. So far, apparently, avian influenza is not transmitted from a person to man, however, due to the epidemic among poultry, such a transfer is becoming increasingly likely. Only the right recombination between the H5N1 strain and the coexisting strain of the human flu is necessary. This may occur if any of the people or other animals will get human and bird flu at the same time, which will allow viruses to exchange genes and form a new strain that can be easily transmitted from person to person. There is still no evidence that this happened because in all known cases of disease infection occurred with direct contact with chickens. This situation is dangerous because if there is a pandemic, it will be more tragic in consequences than in 1968 pandemic.

Bird Influenza strikes mainly children - by reports of the Reuters on January 26, 2004. Of the 7 victims of bird flu 6 are children. Why this happens is unknown.

Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis

The symptoms of bird flu in a person vary from typical flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat and pain in the muscles) before eye infection, pneumonia, acute respiratory disease, viral pneumonia and other heavy, threatening life symptoms.

The pathogenesis of the bird flu virus was studied on mice, since it is one of the most widely used and studied models for studying the pathogenesis of viruses on mammals, but as an alternative it is proposed to study the avian influenza virus on ferrets for which it is also pathogenic.

The study of the pathogenicity of the bird and human isolates of the H5N1 virus from Hong Kong to 6-8 weeks Balb / C has shown that both bird and human isolates caused a disease characterized by hypothermia, clinical symptoms, rapid weight loss and 75-100% mortality 6-8 day after infection. Three isolate not from Hong Kong did not give any clinical manifestations. One isolate A / TK / ENGLAND / 91 (H5N1) caused a disease middle severity And all animals, except for one, recovered. The infection led to an amazing (from light to heavy) both the upper and lower departments of the respiratory tract. Most often, the virus caused necrosis in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles with concomitant inflammation. The most serious and extensive lesions were observed in the light mice infected with Hong Kong avian influenza virus, while mice, infected with viruses A / CK / SCOTLAND / 59 (H5N1) and A / CK / QUERETARO / 95 (H5N2), lesions were weak or not observed at all. A / CK / Italy / 97 viruses (H5N2) and A / TK / ENGLAND / 91 (H5N1) showed intermediate pathogenicity, giving damage to the respiratory tract from weak to medium. In addition, the infection caused by various virus isolates could be further defined by the immune response of mice. Isolates of non-Hong Kong origin after infection caused production increased levels Active transforming growth factor B, while Hong Kong isolates did not cause this.

When infected by the human influenza and H5N1 virus isolate, two groups that differ in virulence are distinguished. Using modern methods of genetics, it was shown that mutation in position 627 in the PB2 protein affects the outcome of infection in mice. Moreover, the high sprays of hemagglutin is a prerequisite for the death of infection.

Earlier studies also indicated the presence of two groups of viruses: Group 1 for which MLD50 was between 0.3 and 11 PFU, and group 2 for which MLD 50 was more than 10 3 PFUs. A day after intranasal inoculation of mice 100 PFU of the group 1 virus, the tutor of the virus in the lungs was 10 7 PFU / G or 3 log more than for the viruses of the second group. Both types of viruses were replicated to high titers (\u003e 10 6 PFU / G) in the lungs for 3 days and remained at this level for 6 days. It is more important that only the viruses of the first group caused a systemic infection, replicated in irregular organs, including a brain. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the replication of the viruses of the first group occurred in the neurons of the brain, glial cells and cardiac myofibrah.

The virulence mechanism responsible for the mortality of influenza viruses in birds is also valid for the mammalian hosts. The fact that some H5N1 viruses have not produced a system infection on models, indicates that multiple factors that must still be established are contributed to the severity of H5N1 infections in mammals. In addition, the ability of these viruses to produce a systemic infection on mice and distinct differences in pathogenicity among isolates, shows that this system is a utility model for studying the pathogenesis of bird flu virus on mammals.

In addition, it was shown that one of the factors affecting the pathogenesis of the H5N1 virus is destructive impact on the immune system, which is different from the deaths of the H5N1's deaths of the Virus.

Biochemical aspects that affect the virulence, adaptation of the virus to the new owner, the immune response and pathogenesis are devoted to a number of works.

Immediately after the outbreaks of 1997-1999, a vaccine against avian influenza virus began. Since the non-adaptable H5N1 virus is a pathogenic for mice, it is these animals that were used as a model of a mammalian immune system for the study of a bird flu infection.

The production of the H5N1 flu virus vaccine in the system of chicken embryos is impossible due to the death of chicken embryos when infected with this virus and high level of biosafety, necessary for working with this virus and vaccine production based on this virus. For the development of a vaccine based on a solid virus, an Aviruilent H5N4 virus was used, highlighted from migratory ducks, the H5N1 virus and the Avirulent recombinant H5N1 virus. All vaccines were inactivated by formalin. The intraperitone immunization of the mice of each vaccine caused the generation of hemagglutinin-inhibiting and virus-neutralizing antibodies, while intranasal vaccination without an adjuvant induced both mukosal and systems an antihive response that was protected by the mice from the control infection with the H5N with a leading virus.

Intramascular administration of a vaccine prepared on the basis of a non-propogenic strain A / DUCK / Singapore-Q / F119-3 / 97 (H5N3), antigenically connected with human H5N1 virus, in combination with alum or without them, led to full protection against lethal control infection with a virus H5N1. Protection against infection was observed in 70% of animals, which the vaccine itself was introduced by itself and in 100% of animals, which was introduced in combination with the alum. The protective effect of vaccination correlated with the level of virus-specific serum antibodies. These results suggest that in the case of a pandemic it is possible to use antigenically related, but not pathogenic influenza viruses as candidates for a vaccine.

Vaccine DNA studies have shown that a vaccine DNA encoding hemagglutinin from A / TY / IR / 1/83 (H5N8), which differs from A / HK / 156/97 (H5N1) within 12% in B1, prevents mice death, but Not a disease when infection with H5N1. Consequently, the DNA of the vaccine made on the basis of a heterologous strain H5 does not protect the mice from infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus, but useful when protecting mice from death.

Anti-hygipose vaccinesIndusing significant cross-heterosubatic immunity can overcome the limitations of the effectiveness of vaccines caused by antigenic variability of influenza virus A. mice, obtained by three-time intranasal immunization of the H3N2 vaccine in combination of LT (R192G), were completely protected with a lethal control infection with a high-pathogenic human H5N1 virus, and viral titers In the nasal cavity and lungs were at least 2500 times lower than that of the control mice received only LT (R192G). On the contrary, the mice that obtained the three-time vaccination of the H3N2 vaccine subcutaneously in the presence or absence of LT (R192G) or incomplete Freund adversal, were not protected during lethal control infection and no noticeable reduction in the titers of the virus in the tissues was observed on day 5 after the control infection with the H5N1 virus. Vaccination without LT (R192G) led only to partial protection against heterosubded control infection. The results of the study of heterosubatic immunity confirmed the usefulness of mukosal vaccination, which stimulates cross-protection against a variety of viral subtypes, including viruses representing potential pandemic hazards.

Development of detection and diagnostics

During the outbreak of 1997, the analysis of hemagglutination inhibition, standard for the serological determination of infection in humans, showed low sensitivity when determining antibodies to avian influenza virus. In this regard, to determine the antibodies to the avian influenza virus, a person was proposed a more sensitive method of micromeitralization and H5 specific ELISA indirect (immuno-immunimal analysis). The sensitivity and specificity of these methods was comparable and, moreover, increased significantly when combined with western blot. The maximum sensitivity (80%) and the specificity (96%) in the determination of anti-H5 antibodies in adults aged 18 to 59 years was achieved when using micronitralization in combination with western blot, and maximum sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) at The definition of anti-H5 antibodies in the serum of children under 15 years old was achieved when using ELISA in combination with western blot. This algorithm can be used during seroepidemiological studies of H5N1 avian influenza flashes.

It was also shown that highly pathogenic neurotropic variants of the H5N1 avian influenza virus can be quickly highlighted on mice.

In addition, in 1995, to quickly determine the sequence of the hemagglutinin cleavage site, the virulence of avian influenza virulence of virulence, RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was used. This technique, in combination with the sequaw of the hemagglutinin splitting site, can serve as a quick and sensitive method for assessing the potential virulence of bird flu viruses. Early detection of sequence virulence on hemagglutinin cleaving site in the field isolates of the virus will help better control the flu among the huge poultry population.

In the future, a simple molecular method of fast genotyping was developed to monitor the internal genes of influenza circulating virus A. The virus subtitle strategy was tested blindly on 10 control viruses of each subtype H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 (only 30) and found high efficiency. The standardized genotyping method was used to identify the source of internal genes of 51 influenza virus A, highlighted from people in Hong Kong during the outbreaks of 1997-1998 and immediately after them. The same technique was used to characterize the internal genes of two isolates of the H9N2 bird influenza virus obtained in Hong Kong in 1999.

Later, Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR) was developed. Analysis for the rapid definition of influenza a and subtypes of H5 and H7 influenza virus A. In this analysis, a single-sample method of determination and fluorescent probes is used. The determination limit is about 1000 copies of the target RNA. Using this method, it is possible to determine 0.1 50% infectious dose for chicken embryos. To analyze influenza virus subtypes, and the determination limit is 10 3 -10 4 copies of target RNA. The sensitivity and specificity of this method was directly compared with standard techniques for determining the influenza virus: the separation of influenza on chicken embryo and subtitics of hemagglutinin in the hemagglutination inhibitory reaction. The comparison was carried out on 1550 tracheal and clod smears from different species Birds and smears taken from the environment in the Markets of Living Birds in New York and New Jersey. The results of RRT-PCR correlated with the results of flu in chicken embryo in 89% of samples. The remaining samples were positive when determining only one of the methods. In general, the sensitivity and specificity of H7- and H5-specific analyzes was similar to the method of isolating the virus on chicken embryo and the hemagglutination inhibitory reaction.

Treatment of the disease

Studies held so far confirm that the purpose of drugs developed for human influenza strains will also be effective and in the case of an avian influenza infection in humans, but the possibility is not excluded that flu strains can become resistant to such medicines and these medicines will become ineffective.

It was found that the dedicated virus is sensitive to Amantadine and Rimantadine, inhibiting the reproduction of the influenza virus A and used in human flurays. In addition, a number of other drugs were investigated. Inhibitor Neuraminidase Zanzivir inhibited viruses replication on kidney cells of hamsters in the analysis of viral harvest (50% effective concentration, 8.5-14.0 mm) and inhibited the activity of viral neuraminidase (50% inhibiting concentration 5-10 Nm). The intranasal introduction of Zanzyvir twice a day (50 and 100 mg / kg body weight) completely defended mice from death. In a dose of 10 Mg / kg, Zanizir's weight fully protected the H9N2 virus infection with infection and increased the life expectancy and the number of surviving mice infected with H6N1 and H5N1 viruses. In all the doses studied, Zanzivir significantly reduced the titers of the virus in the lungs and completely blocked the spread of the virus into the brain. Thus, Zanzivir is effective in the treatment of bird flu, which can be transferred to mammals.

Orally introduced neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201 was tested in parallels with Zanamivir (Zanamivir) and Ometamivir (OSELTAMIVIR) on the panel of bird flu viruses on the inhibition of neuraminidase activity and replication in tissue cultures. Then these agents were tested to protect the mice against fatal infections H5N1 and H9N2. In vitro, RWJ-270201 was the most effective against all nine subtypes of neuraminidase. RWJ-270201 (50% of inhibition concentration from 0.9 to 4.3 Nm) exceeded Zanamivir and Ozheltonvir carboxylate in inhibiting neuraminidase. RWJ-270201 inhibited the replication of avian influenza virus of both the Eurasian and American line on MDCK cells (50% of efficiency concentration from 0.5 to 11.8 mm). Mice, which were given daily RWJ-270201 at the rate of 10 mg per kg of weight were completely protected against the control infection of the lethal dose of Viruses A / HONG KONG / 156/97 (H5N1) and A / Quail / Hong Kong / G1 / 97 (H9N2). Both RWJ-270201 and Ozheltonvir significantly reduced the titles of viruses in the lung mice in daytime doses from 1.0 to 10 Mg / kg and protected the spread of the virus to the brain. When the treatment began 48 hours after exposure by the H5N1 virus, 10 Mg RWJ-270201 / KG weight was protected daily 50% of mice from death. These results confirmed that RWJ-270201 is effective against avian influenza virus at least as well as Zanamivir or Omeltonvir and can potentially be used in clinical practice for the treatment of bird flu when transferring it from birds to man.

Potential danger Pandemic influenza

All influenza viruses have a potential ability to change. There is a possibility that the bird flu virus may change in such a way that he can infect people and easily spread from person to man. Since these viruses are usually not infected, in human population there is very low immune defense There is no such protection against such viruses at all. In case the bird flu virus becomes able to infect people and acquire the ability to easily spread from a person to a person, a flu pandemic can begin. This fact confirms American and British scientists in their report on February 5, 2004: The results of their research suggest that the Spanish flu was so fatal due to the fact that he evolved from bird flu and contained a unique protein to which he had no Immunity. The data on the degree of divergence of antigene sites of hemagglutinin during the antigenic drift of the virus between 1918 and 1934, confirming the hypothesis that the human flu virus, which caused a pandemic of 1918, occurred from the Virus of the Avir's Flu Poppium H1, which overcame the species barrier from Birds to a person and adapted to a person, presumably through mutation and / or reassessment shortly before 1918.

Usually influenza viruses have a clearly defined range of owners, but the restriction of the host circle is polynically in nature and has absolute. Sometimes there is an interspear transmission of the virus both in natural conditions and when adapting to a new owner in laboratory conditions.

For influenza viruses, constant antigenic variability is characterized. Two types of variability - drift and shear - change both surface antigen of influenza virus A. For antigenic drift, small changes occur in the structure of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, while the antigenic shift of these protein molecules caused by the reassessment of genomic segments are very significant.

A number of genetic and serological data suggests that human influenza pandemic may be the result of the reassessment of genes between human and bird viruses. This means that when 2 viruses infect the same cells, viral offspring may inherit the sets of genomic RNA segments, which are recombinations of RNA segments of both parental viruses. Theoretically, the possible number of such combinations that may form a full RNA genome with a competitive infection is 2256. However, only a few reassortant viruses have the right combination of genes necessary for effective reproduction in natural conditions.

Genetic and biological research confirm that pigs can become a kind of "mixing vessel" to form a new flu virus reassortant, similar to pandemic viruses 1957 and 1968.

Currently, the occurrence of a pandemic influenza virus is possible by transferring genes from waterfowl tank to a person through reassessortion in pigs, a hypothetical "mixing vessel". Understanding the flash of the H5N1 flu in 1997 in Hong Kong and the highlight of the H9N2 avian influenza virus from humans increase alternative opportunities for the occurrence of a new pandemic virus. H9N2 viruses found in amphibian poultry in South China moved back to waterfowl home ducks, in which these viruses generate multiple reassortants. These new H9N2 viruses are double or even triple reassortans that have a potential ability to directly infect people. Some of them contain gene segments that are completely related to A / HONG KONG / 156/97 (H5N1 / 97, H5N1) or A / Quail / Hong Kong / G1 / 97 (G1-Like, H9N2). More importantly, some of these internal genes are fully connected with similar genes of the new H5N1 virus, highlighted during the outbreak in Hong Kong in 2001. A two-way transmission of influenza virus between earth and water birds was found, which facilitates the generation of new H9N2 influenza virus reassectants. Such reassortants can play a direct role in the appearance of the next pandemic virus. H5N1 and H9N2 viruses have similar characteristics, which increases the likelihood of the appearance of a new pathogen for a person. In the mainland, China circulate genes encoding H5N1, which retains the possibility of viral reassessation. The H5N1 virus, circulating in the living bird markets, covers two different phylogenetic lines in all genes, which very quickly evolve.

In accordance with the leadership of WHO, the Ministry of Health, Social Security and Sports of the Netherlands has developed a national plan for minimizing the effects of influenza pandemic. As part of the readiness plan for the pandemic, the importance of the problem was estimated, based on the number of hospitalized and fatal cases during the flu pandemic. Using the analysis of the script, the potential effect of possible intervention was also investigated. Describes and compared development scenarios to understand the potential impact of a pandemic (morbidity, hospitalization and death), various types of intervention and critical model parameters. Script analysis is a useful tool for making political decisions regarding the development and planning of control and management of the epidemic at the national, regional and local levels.

Influenza Pandemic in Human Population

Influenza pandemic is a global flash of flu and it happens when the new flu virus appears, spreads and causes illness around the world. The latest influenza virus pandemic led to high levels morbidity, mortality, social instability and economic losses.

In the twentieth century, three pandemics were observed and 1 global epidemic close to a pandemic (1977). Pandemic pathogens spread throughout the world for about one year after they were discovered.

It:
1918-1919 - Spanish flu, Spanish. Called the greatest number of deaths, more than 500,000 people died in the United States and from 20 to 50 million people died around the world. Many people died during the first few days after the disease and many - as a result of complications after influenza. About half of the dead were young healthy adults.

1957-1958 - Asian influenza. Called about 70,000 deaths in the United States. For the first time registered in China at the end of February 1957, the Asian influenza reached the United States in June 1957.

1968-1969 - Hong Kong flu. Called about 34,000 deaths in the United States. It was first registered in Hong Kong in early 1968 and reached the United States at the end of the same year. The flu virus A (H3N2) circulates so far.

The flu virus was first highlighted in 1933. It is interesting that every new virus (Asian, Hong Kong) first appeared in China, and it is believed that viruses that caused epidemics occurring before 1933 were also taken from China.

These pandemic viruses had several common features. The first flashes of pandemic caused by these viruses occurred in Southeast Asia. The appearance of H2N2 and H3N2 viruses was accompanied by the disappearance of viruses from the human population, circulated to them (respectively, subtype viruses H1N1 and H2N2). Why viruses previously circulated in the human population disappeared with the advent of new viruses, it remains unclear.

According to antigenic specificity, pandemic viruses responsible for the Asian and Hong Kong flu differed from influenza viruses circulated in people before their appearance. The Russian Influenza Epidemic Agent in 1977 (subtype H1N1) was mainly identical to viruses circulated among people in 1950 to extremely doubtfully that this virus remained in nature for more than 20 years without any changes. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that the virus was saved in frozen form until the introduction of some way into the human population.

Usually, once appearing and spreading, the influenza virus becomes just possible among people and circulates for many years. The US Disease Control Center and WHO carry out extensive programs for monitoring influenza diseases around the world, including the emergence of potentially pandemic flu virus strains.

12. Conclusion.

Medical geography - comprehensive science. Therefore, it is closely related to many adjacent sciences. One of them is ecology.

Distinctive feature The high-tech twentieth century is the interest of the public to the problems of ecology. The question of the protection of nature has gained a special relevance in recent decades of the past century, when the obvious relationship of incidence of the environment became an obvious. In the early 1970s, a powerful "green" movement emerged in Western Europe, maintaining active positions to the present. Young Germans, French, Austrians, Danes united in the fight against environmental pollution, harmful effects of nuclear energy development, for the reduction of military budgets and democratization of public life. Opening the truth about the threat of ecological catastrophe, "green" call people to reduce the consumption of natural resources, which ultimately can reduce the formation of industrial waste.

Progress is always associated with increasing consumption of material goods. European countries have long passed the stage of the coalded accumulation of wealth and are already close to becoming a society with a moderate culture of consumption. Unfortunately, this cannot be said about developing states to which Russia belongs. To approach the standards of consumption of developed countries, it is necessary to increase the use of raw materials and energy. According to scientists, under the existing conditions of the planet will not stand the load, and the ecological catastrophe will become inevitable. Restructuring of economic policies to the side rational Environmental Management In the West began in the 1980s, but the consumer orientation of society turned out to be much more complicated.

In the absence of wasteless industries, developing countries are not able to recycle more than 10% of household and industrial garbage. Moreover, even such a minor part of the waste is destroyed without proper compliance with sanitary standards. According to WHO, about a third of the world's population is not provided with minimal sanitary conditions. Here are the close dwellings, the absence of hot water, and often the lack of pure drinking water, such as the inhabitants of many areas of Transcaucasia, Central and South Asia, consume the muddy water of mountain rivers, being potential sources of large-scale epidemics. Approximately half of the urban population of backward countries is not provided with appropriate garbage removal means. If you believe the statistics, more than 5 million people on Earth die each year from diseases associated with environmental pollution. The past century left a new agent of industrial diseases. For example, the disease of minamata is due to mercury poisoning. The disease of Yushievga, initially noted in industrial areas of Southeast Asia, is a damage to dioxin liver. In 1976 In one of the cities of Italy, as a result of the violation of the rules of the burial of chemical waste, hundreds of people poisoned. In the western part of Kazakhstan, asbestos - the destruction of light asbestos dust; In the area of \u200b\u200bSemipalatinsk "Popular" phosphorus-manganese intoxication, called Kashin-Bek disease. The tragedy of the century is called an accident at a nuclear station in Chernobyl, a thousand people who have lost their lives immediately and continuing to kill offspring through irradiated parents and a radioactive environmental system.

Experts warn that the process of restoring the lost natural balance exceeds the possibilities of available technical means. In their opinion, natural ecosystems are arranged much more difficult than human civilization. Even partial destruction of them can upset information flows that manage the normal functioning and sustainable development of the biosphere.

Thus, the problems of ecology have long been beyond the scope of medicine, economics and politics, becoming a philosophical phenomenon. The issues of environmental rescue today are considered by representatives of various areas of knowledge, solidarity in the fact that the victory of the human mind will become the main conquest of the XXI century.

As mentioned above, medicine - as science does not stand still, but moving forward. And I hope that I can take part in the development of vaccines and methods for the treatment of terrible new century diseases: AIDS, atypical pneumonia, bird flu. As well as in improving the treatment and prevention of already familiar diseases. Humanity inherited from ancient times.

13. Literature list

1.V.P. Maksakovsky "Geography of Grade 10"

2. T.V. Kulcher, I.F. Kolpakovova "Medical Geography"

3.N.c.grzak "Popular History of Medicine"

4.Yu.Khorneev "Health of the population of Russia in the environmental arrangement

5.E.N.pavlovsky "Medical Geography. XIV geographical collection

6.A.F. Mineshnikov "Medical Geography and Health"

7.E.I. Inetiev "Medical Geography and Learning of New Areas

Siberia and Far East "

8.F.F. Talisin "Traveling for an invisible enemy"

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

GOU VPO "Syktyvkar State University"

Faculty of history and international relations

Specialty "International Relations"

Test.

"Global problems of modernity: massive diseases, epidemics: AIDS, flu, cholera, plague, cancer, heart disease."

Performed: Student 547 groups,

Kazakova Anna Vyacheslavovna.

Checked: D.I., Professor Makarychev A. S.

Syktyvkar 2010.

Introduction ................................................................................. 3

AIDS…………………………………………………………………. .............five

Flu ......................................................................................... .........................................

Cholera ........................................................................ ............ 7

Plague .............................................................................. ......... 8

Cancer ...................................................................................... ... 9

Heart diseases ....................................................................... .... 10

Conclusion ............................................................ ............... ... 12

Appendix .............................................................................13

Introduction

The global problems of modernity include a wide range of phenomena, which humanity considers as a threat to life. Global means affecting the interests of the whole world. These problems require the joint efforts of the entire world community to overcome.

At the present stage, humanity faces an increasing number of global problems. But the chances of their solution are also rising. It should be noted the fact that the awareness of the emergence of the problem and the search for its solution arises only when humanity faces this problem to face.

One of the most important problems of humanity is the health problem. All sorts of massive diseases and epidemics carry millions of lives. Diseases are the first cause of increasing mortality. Almost every year we hear about the emergence of new forms of the diseases already known to us. Scientists work on the creation of drugs around the clock.

Foci of appearance of epidemics can be completely different. Only in different parts of the planet there are outbreaks of different diseases, and that is, their reasons. In the third world countries, there are more diseases caused by hunger and antisanitation, such as plague, cholera, ulcer.

In the developed countries, they learned how to cope with such diseases, but they came to replace the "new generation" diseases, many of which are currently incurable. For example, the greatest mortality is caused by cancer, AIDS, various diseases of the heart.

About the causes of a high mortality rate from diseases in developed countries, where medicine has reached a high level, you can speak very long. However, in general, they are clear: Technical progress makes life easier for us, but at the cost of our health. Harmful radiation, radiation cause many diseases. The rhythm of the life of cities speaks for himself: stresses, lack of sleep, work over the norm, bad ecology, - all this contributes to the development of diseases.

Of course, humanity has already made a lot to overcome the spread of diseases. But for the victory over one epidemic, the appearance of another, more complex. Viruses are becoming more stable.

Consider the most common massive diseases of the twentieth and early XXI century.

First, it is necessary to define the term epidemic: the widespread dissemination of any infectious disease. The mass disease is essentially the same, but it is not necessarily infectious, and may be caused by other reasons.

AIDS . One of the most terrible diseases in our time is the plague of the twentieth century, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). It is terrible because the disease is currently not treatable. Humanity felt completely defenseless in the face of an unfamiliar and exclusively cunning enemy. For this reason, another epidemic spread on Earth - an epidemic of fear of AIDS.

The world was shocked by the fact that among the first and most affected by AIDS countries were the United States. The disease questioned the many values \u200b\u200bof modern Western civilization: sexual freedom and freedom of movement. AIDS challenged the whole modern lifestyle.

Since the 80s of the twentieth century, the spread of AIDS has reached the epidemic level. According to modern data, there are currently about 40 million patients, and the number of victims of the disease over 20 years of its existence is nearing 20 million. The contagiousness of AIDS, its rapid spread and incurability and discouraged him the fame of the "plague of the twentieth century", the most terrible and incomprehensible viral disease of modernity.

It is also necessary to say that the problem of AIDS is a problem not only medical, but also psychological, and social. Especially clearly, this was manifested at the beginning of the epidemic, when the main sense in relation to HIV-infected people was to infect, multiplied by the lack of reliable information on how HIV could not happen.

Recently, reports have become in the media that a vaccine has been created, capable of cure from AIDS. Although this information to some extent causes distrust, it gives hope to millions of people.

Flu. Perhaps the most common disease in the world. We hear about the next epidemic of influenza almost every year, with each time it acquires all new forms, and scientists have to look for new vaccines for its treatment. And during this time the flu has time to carry many lives.

The flu epidemics arise unexpectedly, withdrawing simultaneously large masses of people, thereby bring anarchy into production, knock down the country's rhythm, interfere with the fulfillment of the planned plans.

The world is aware of such terrible epidemics of the past, as the Spanish, Asian Influenza, which took the lives of up to 4 million people.

It would seem that the flu is a good familiar disease, it is perceived as an ordinary phenomenon and almost scares anyone. However, it is only worth relaxing as a new form of influenza appears. Recently, there is a tendency to infection with influenza from animals.

In 2005, there was an outbreak of bird flu. It was able to quickly localize it, but there were a lot of victims anyway. In 2009, the "Pork" or "Mexican" influenza epidemic began. The last virus is also sufficiently atyphen: it is most dangerous for people under the age of 50, although usually in risk groups enter the elderly people and children.

In such conditions, the question arises: what to wait from the flu next time? Who will he be amazed and from what animal a person is infected? Will scientists of the whole world be able to find a vaccine and prevent the epidemic?

Cholera. Cholera (Greek Cholera - expire) - acute infectious disease characterized by damage to the gastrointestinal tract, violation of water-salt metabolism and dehydration; refers to quarantine infections.

Cholera is transmitted mainly through infected water and food products And closely related to inadequate use of the environment. The main causes of the spread of the disease are the absence or shortage of safe water and sanitation products in combination, as a rule, with poor environment. Typical increased risk areas include slums adjacent to urban areas, where there is no basic infrastructure, as well as camps for internally displaced persons and refugees, where minimum need for clean water and sanitation means are not satisfied. However, it is necessary to emphasize that the conviction is that the cause of the cholera epidemics is the corpses of people who died as a result of disasters, spontaneous or anthropogenic, is false. Despite this, after disasters often begin to spread rumors and panic. On the other hand, such consequences of disasters such as the destruction of water supply and sanitation systems or mass movement of the population into non-compliant requirements and crowded camps may increase the risk of infection.

Since 2005, new cholera appears are noted along with a constant increase in the size of vulnerable groups living in unsanitary conditions. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and one of the main indicators of the unfavorable social development. While this disease has ceased to be a problem in countries where minimal hygienic standards are observed, it remains a threat of almost every developing country. The number of cases of cholera disease in 2006, which WHO received notifications, has increased dramatically and reached the end of the late 1990s. In total, reports of 236,896 cases of the disease from 52 countries, including 6311 fatal cases, which amounted to a total increase of 79% compared with the number of cases registered in 2005. Such growth is caused by a number of major outbreaks of the diseases that occurred in countries where there were no cases of disease for several years. It is estimated that WHO receives reports only about the insignificant share of cases of the disease - less than 10%. Thus, the true burden of illness is significantly underestimated.

The development of the disease is also evidenced by the last outbreak on Haiti in the fall of 2010. About a thousand people have already died.

Plague. Plague (lat. Pestis) is an acute natural focal infectious disease of the group of quarantine infections, which flows with an exceptionally severe common state, fever, lesion of lymph nodes, light and other internal organs, often with the development of sepsis. The disease is characterized by high mortality.

The plague is also a disease with which humanity faced more than once. Perhaps in the Middle Ages, the plague took lives more than other diseases.

Every year, the number of fallen plans is about 2.5 thousand people, and without a tendency to decline.

According to reports, according to the World Health Organization since 1989 to 2004, about forty thousand cases in 24 countries were recorded, and the mortality rate was about seven percent of the number of ill. In some countries of Asia (Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Vietnam), Africa (Tanzania and Madagascar), the Western Hemisphere (USA, Peru) cases of people infection are recorded almost annually.

Under the conditions of modern therapy, the mortality rate at the plague does not exceed 5-10% if the treatment has begun early. In some cases, a fleeting form of the disease is possible, which is weakly permanent diagnostic and treatment ("lightning form of plague").

Cancer. Cancer - View malignant tumorEmerging from cells epithelial tissue various organs (skin, mucous membranes and many internal organs)

Another disease that causes fear of people of any age. Cancer may occur at any age, on any organ, from completely different factors. Cancer probably scares no less than AIDS, although he is cured in the early stages.

The incidence of malignant tumors is continuously growing. Every year, about 6 million new cases of malignant tumors are registered in the world. The highest incidence among men is marked in France (361 per 100,000 population), among women in Brazil (283.4 per 100 000). This is partly due to the aging of the population. It should be noted that most of the tumors develop in persons over 50 years old, and every second oncological patient over 60 years old. Mortality from cancer occupies in the world second place after diseases of the cardiovascular system.

The worst thing is a low opportunity to detect cancer and turn to the doctor in time. Many do not attach importance to their health. In developing countries, treatment for many is not available due to lack of funds. In developing countries, the percentage of diseases of cancer increases due to radiation radiation from many devices. And if we talk about technical development, I think that you should not count on the decline in the percentage of sick cancer.

Heart diseases. Heart diseases are the main cause of death all over the world: for no other reason, so many people do not die every year how many from SZ;

It was estimated that in 2004, 17.1 million people died from SZ, which amounted to 29% of all deaths in the world. From this number, 7.2 million people died of ischemic heart disease and 5.7 million people - as a result of a stroke.

This problem addresses low and middle-income countries to varying degrees. More than 82% of deaths from the SZ occurs in these countries, almost equally among men and women.

By 2030, about 23.6 million people die from SZ, mainly from heart disease and stroke, which, according to forecasts, will remain the only major causes of death. The greatest percentage of growth of these cases is assumed in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and the greatest number of deaths in the south-eastern region.

More than 80% of deaths from SZ in the world occurs in low- and middle-income countries.

Global problems of humanity. Essence and Solutions

The global calls the problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, create a threat to his present and the future and require for their decision of the united effort, joint actions of all states and peoples.

In the scientific literature, you can meet various lists of global problems, where the number of them varies from 8-10 to 40-45. This is explained by the fact that along with global problems there are still many private problems.

There are also various classifications of global problems. Usually, among them allocate:

1) the problems of the most "universal" character;

2) problems of natural economic nature;

3) social problems;

4) Mixed problems.

The main global problems include the following.

I. Ecological problem . The exhaustion of the environment as a result of irrational nature management, pollution by its solid, liquid and gaseous waste, radioactive waste poisoning has led to a significant degradation of a global environmental problem. In some countries, the tension of the environmental problem has reached the environmental crisis. The concept of a crisis environmental district and an area with a catastrophic environmental situation appeared. A global ecological threat arose in the form of an uncontrolled change in the climate of the Earth, the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere.

Currently, an increasing number of countries begins to unite efforts to solve an environmental problem. The world community proceeds from the fact that the main path of solving an environmental problem is such an organization of the production and non-productive activities of people, which would ensure normal eco-seeking, preservation and transformation of the environment in the interests of humanity and every person.

II. Demographic problem. The demographic explosion around the world has already walked. In order to solve the demographic problem of the UN, the World Population Plan of Action Plan, in the implementation of which geographers and demographers are involved. At the same time, progressive forces comes from the fact that family planning programs can facilitate the improvement of population reproduction. For this, one demographic policy is not enough. It must be accompanied by improving the economic and social conditions of people's lives.

III. The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a nuclear war. Currently, an agreement on the reduction and limitation of offensive weapons between countries is being developed. Before civilization is the task of creating a comprehensive security system, step-by-step liquidation of nuclear arsenals, reduce the sale of weapons, demilitarization of the economy.

IV. Food problem. Currently, according to the UN, almost 2/3 of humanity lives in countries where the constant shortage of products is felt. To solve this problem, humanity must fully use the resources of crop production, animal husbandry and fisheries. At the same time it can go in two ways. The first is an extensive path that consists in further expanding arable, pasture and fish farms. The second is an intense path that consists in increasing the biological productivity of existing land. The crucial importance will have biotechnology, the use of new high-yielding varieties, further development Mechanization, chemicalization and reclamation.

V. Energy and raw material problem - First of all, the problem of ensuring humanity with fuels and raw materials. Fuel and energy resources are constantly depleted, and after a few hundred years they can even disappear. Huge opportunities for solving this problem discover the achievements of NTP, and at all stages of the technological chain.

Vi. The problem of human health.Recently, when assessing the quality of life of people, their health is put forward to the first place. Despite the fact that in the 20th century, great successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases, a large number of diseases continue to threaten the lives of people.

VII. The problem of using the World Oceanwhich plays an important role in communicating countries and peoples. Recently, the aggravation of the raw material and energy problem led to the emergence of marine mining and chemical industry, naval energy. The aggravation of the food problem has increased interest in the biological resources of the ocean. The deepening of the international division of labor and the development of trade is accompanied by an increase in shipping.

As a result of the entire production and scientific activity within the World Ocean and the Contact Zone "Ocean - Susha" there was a special component of the world economy - maritime market. It includes mining and manufacturing, fishing, energy, transport, trade, recreation and tourism. Such activities gave rise to another problem - the extremely uneven development of the resources of the World Ocean, pollution of the marine environment, the use of it as an isna of military activity. The main way to solve the problem of using the World Ocean is rational oceanic use, a balanced, an integrated approach to its wealth, based on the merging of the efforts of the entire world community.

VIII. The problem of space development. Cosmos is the common property of humanity. Space programs have recently become more complicated and require the concentration of technical, economic, intellectual efforts of many countries and peoples. The world development of space is based on the use of the newest achievements of science and technology, production and management.

Each of the global problems has its own specific content. But they are all closely interconnected. Recently, the center of gravity of global problems moves to the countries of the developing world. The most catastrophic nature has acquired a food problem in these countries. The plight of most developing countries has become the largest universal and global problem. The main path of it is to carry out indigenous socio-economic transformations in all spheres of life and activities of these countries, in the development of scientific and technological progress, international cooperation.

2) Globalide - the area of \u200b\u200bknowledge that studies the global problems of humanity.

Global problems:

Concern all mankind, affecting the interests of all countries, peoples, layers of society;

Lead to significant economic and social losses, they can threaten the existence of humanity;

It can be solved only in collaboration on a planetary scale.

The main cause of the emergence (or rather, a close study) of global problems is the globalization of economic, political relations! è awareness that the world is interdepending and that exist common problemswhose solution is vital.

Dr. Causes: The rapid growth of mankind.

Large technical progress rates

NTR è Transformation of productive forces (introduction of new technologies) and production relations (including human relations with nature).

The need for a large number of natural resources and aware of the fact that many of them will end sooner or later.

"Cold War" people really felt the threat to the destruction of humanity.

The main global problems: the problem of peace and disarmament, demographic, environmental, food, energy, raw material, the problem of the development of the World Ocean, the development of space, the problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries, nationalism, deficit of democracy, terrorism, drug addiction, etc.

Classification of global problems in Y. Gladkov:

1. The most universal problems polit. and social economy. character (preventing nuclear war, ensuring the sustainable development of the world community)

2. Natural and economic problems (food, environmental)

3. Social problems (demochemia, democracy deficit)

4. Mixed problems leading to people's deaths (regional conflicts, technological accidents, natural disasters)

5. Problems of a purely scientific nature (space development)

6. Small synthetic problems (bureaucratization, etc.)

Problem and its essence	Causes of (or exacerbation)	Ways Solutions	The achieved results and creatures. Difficulties
1. Prevention of war; The problem of peace and disarmament - the world under the threat of destruction of a nuclear war or something like that	1. Two World Wars of the 20th Century 2. Technical Progress. Creation and distribution of new weapons (in particular nuclear weapons)	1. Establishing more rigid control over nuclear and chemical weapons 2. Reducing conventional weapons and arms trade 3. General reduction in military spending	1) The signing of international treaties: on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (1968 - 180 state-c.), On the prohibition of nuclear tests, the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production, Him. Weapons (1997), etc. 2) Arms trade decreased in 2 p. (From 1987 to 1994) 3) Reducing military expenditures by 1 \\ 3 (for the 1990s) 4) increased control over the non-proliferation of nuclear and other weapons from the international community (Ave.: The activities of the IAEA, and others. Intert. organizations) But not all countries have joined the non-proliferation agreements, or some countries come out of such treaties (PR.: US unilaterally left the contract for pro in 2002); The activities of some countries gives grounds to believe that they are developing nuclear weapons (DPRK, Iran) armed conflicts (Lebanon - Israel, War in Iraq, etc.) - in a word, still far from perfect ...
2. Environmental problem - expressed in the environmental degradation and increasing the environmental crisis - is reflected in different natural cataclysms, climate change, worsening the quality of water, land, resources	1. Ethrenal environmental management (cutting down of forests, resource waste, fraud, etc.) 2. Pollution of the environment by the waste of people. Activities (metallization, radioactive contamination ... etc.) 3. Economy. Development without regard to the possibilities of the natural environment (dirty production, plants giants, and all these negative factors were accumulated and finally è awareness of the ecologist. Problems!	Conducting environmental policies at the state, regional and global levels: 1. Optimization of natural resources use in the process of public production (pr: implementation of resource-saving technologies) 2. Nature protection (pr: Creating specially protected natural zones; regulation of harmful emissions) 3. Ensuring Environmental safety of the population. Success depends on the level of socio-economic development of individual countries (it is clear that developing countries cannot afford to produce environmentally friendly bags for garbage) + international cooperation!	1) The existence of the problem was aware of the measures 2) of international conferences and forums (World Environmental Conferences) 3) the signing of the intercourse. conventions, agreements, etc. (World Charter of Nature Protection (1980), Environmental Declaration and Development (during the conference in Rio de J. in 1992), Helsinki Protocol (set the task of reducing CO2 emissions), Kyoto Protocol (1997 - Restricted Emissal of Greenhouse Gas), the Charter of the Earth (2002), etc. 4) Creation and activities of international government and non-governmental organizations, programs (Greenpeace, UNEP) 5) Strict environmental legislation in a number of countries + the introduction of environmental technologies, etc. VIS spend on "ecology" 1-1.5% of GDP VD is expelled to the "ecology" into the poor countries 0.3% of GDP (should be 0.7%) but this problem is paid to little attention and funds. Practiced transfers of dirty industries, but the general state of the Earth does not improve from this. Many developing countries are still on an extensive development path and cannot allow spending money to "ecological".
3. The demographic problem - the settlement of the earth is growing too fast (demographic explosion from the 1960s) lack of food, poverty, epidemic, unemployment, migration, and the like.	Most developing countries entered the second phase of reproduction (ç wider use of world achievements. Medicine, small successes in the economy) mortality decreased, and fertility for 2-3 generation remained very high	Conducting demographic policies: - Economic measures (pr.: Benefits, benefits) - Administrative and legal (pr: regulation of age of marriage, abortion resolution) · educational because for demogr. Politicians need a lot of money, then need international cooperation	In some countries (China, Thailand, Argentina), where demogr is actively carried out. Politics managed to reduce the growth rate of the population to 1% per year. In some - demographer. The explosion subsided (Brazil, Iran, Morocco, Chile). Basically, this problem solves only "advanced" from developing countries. In the poorest (Afghanistan, Uganda, Togo Benin), the situation does not change for the better. Are held world conferences and forums on the problem of population. Organizations (UNFPA - United Nations Foundation in the field of population)
4. Food problem human nutrition per day \u003d 2400-2500 kcal (on average in the world per person - 2700 kcal) 25% of people do not get vessels. Protein, 40% - vest. Vitamins mainly concerns developing countries (Number of malnutrition can reach 40-45%)	1) population growth is ahead of the increase in grain production and other foods (demographic explosion, erosion, desertification, flavor of fresh water, climatic factor) 2) Low social economy. The level of development of many developing countries (there is no money to produce, nor buy food)	A. Extensively: Expansion of arable and pasture (1.5 billion land is in reserve) B. Intensively: use of the achievements of the Green Revolution (see the question about the Green Revolution).	1) International cooperation in this area (1974 World Food Conference; World Food Council has been created) 2) Food Assistance (Pr: 40% of all food imports in Africa) (according to the UN report 2006)
5. Energy and raw material-complement reliable supply of humanity with fuels, energy, raw materials	This problem always existed, especially aggravated (manifested itself on a global scale) in the 70s (energy crisis) The main reasons: too a big increase Consumption of mineral fuel and other resources (for the 20th century\u003e was produced\u003e than in the history of the person) \u003d\u003e the depletion of many fields, deterioration of the resource mining conditions and the development of the additional deposits. Causes for power. Problems: the need to abandon some types of "too dirty" fuel, global competition for fuel	A. Traditional resource production increases · New deposits · Increased "Recovery" B. Energy and resource saving policy (a lot of measures, including the orientation for the use of renewable and non-traditional fuels, the use of secondary raw materials) V. Radically new solutions - Using the achievements of NTR (Pr: Nuclear power, the use of hydrogen engines, etc.)	Many new deposits were found (Pr: Number of proven oil reserves - in 10 r. Since 1950 + Actively go to the development of worldwide resources) + Introduction to the production of new technologies is actively carried out by the policy of energy saving (mainly in VIS) Pr: Energy intensity of GDP VIS 1 \\ 3 (compared. Since 1970). The activities of the IAEA and others. Organizations (including coordination between programs for the development of new types of fuel) But: the economy of the Volume of the countries remains the energy consumption of the Bol, in countries are trying to solve this problem "Power" through natural resources are still used inefficiently (pr: average world useful use primary resources does not exceed 1 \\ 3)

In the second half of the XX century. Big successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases - Chuma, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, etc. in the second half of the XX century. Big successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases - Chuma, cholera, smallpay, yellow fever, polio, etc.

In the 60s - 70s. The World Health Organization (WHO) carried out a wide range of Medical OSP, which covered more than 50 countries in the world with a population of over 2 billion people. As a result, this disease on our planet was actually eliminated.

Considering this topic, you should keep in mind that when assessing human health, it is impossible to be limited only to its physiological health. This concept includes also moral (spiritual), psychological health, with which the case is also unfavorable, including in Russia. Considering this topic, you should keep in mind that when assessing human health, it is impossible to be limited only to its physiological health. This concept includes also moral (spiritual), psychological health, with which the case is also unfavorable, including in Russia.

The problem of human health causes and solutions. Global problems of modernity: massive diseases, epidemics: AIDS, flu, cholera, plague, cancer, heart disease

Large technical progress rates

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