Ureaplasma urealyticum: characteristics, analyzes, symptoms in women and men, treatment. Smear examination for the presence of ureaplasma in women False positive analysis for ureaplasma

04.04.2020

Ureaplasmosis is called inflammatory pathologies in the genitourinary system.... The causative agent of this disease is gram-negative bacilli Ureaplasma. The presence of ureaplasmas in the body is not considered a reason for treatment or a definitive diagnosis. This pathogen can be absolutely healthy body.

According to statistics, the presence of this disease in women occurs more often than in men. In addition, ladies often become carriers of this bacteria. Ureaplasma is part of the natural vaginal environment and does not manifest itself in any way until the onset favorable conditions for development and reproduction. If the patient is suffering chronic diseases pelvic organs, if she is planning a child or cannot become pregnant, she is assigned comprehensive examination for latent genital infections, which include an analysis for ureaplasma.

First you need to take a smear, after which it is examined under a microscope. A smear is taken only from the vaginal wall or from the woman's cervical canal. But in a smear taken, ureaplasmosis cannot be detected, only the inflammatory process in the female reproductive system is detected. If a laboratory assistant or doctor has identified a pathogenic microorganism in a smear, then a course of additional examination is prescribed.

Culture method. With the help of this examination, the presence and the exact amount of ureaplasmas in the woman's body is determined. You can also determine the body's susceptibility to antibiotics. The analysis result will be ready in three days. Normal indicator 10 * 4 CFU per 1 ml of material is considered. If the indicator is higher than normal, this signals the presence of infection. Material for research is taken from the cervical canal, then it is observed for three days. Diagnosis of the disease is carried out after reproduction in a favorable environment of microorganisms.
Laboratory diagnostics of PCR. The method allows to determine the presence of infection and its species for 100%. The peculiarity of the method lies in the accurate determination of the presence of ureaplasma on initial stages diseases. For research, material is taken from the cervix or cervical canal. Important! Do not urinate for three hours before scraping. This is to ensure that the urine does not wash away bacteria from the genitals. Allows you to determine if ureaplasmosis is present in women even during the incubation period.
RIF (ELISA - enzyme immunoassay). Allows you to accurately determine the presence of antibodies to the pathogen. The method shows the approximate period of infection, in the future, based on the results of this analysis, a more accurate treatment is prescribed.

It should also be borne in mind that a superficial examination by a gynecologist is not enough to identify a pathogenic microorganism.

Causes of the disease

Ways of transmission of ureaplasma

According to doctors, there are only two ways of infection with ureaplasmosis: sexual contact and transmission of bacteria from mother to child. But in other cases, for example in everyday life, there are also risks of getting infected, although this rarely happens. Ways of infection in the body:

During intercourse with a virus carrier. This takes into account not only traditional copulation, but also oral sex, since bacteria are on the genitals and can penetrate into the body of another person. Women are often infected with weakened immunity.
Household - in the case of using hygiene items, towels together with a sick person, when visiting the pool, bath.
Intrauterine transmission (extremely rare).
Transmission from mother to child during labor. If an infection develops during pregnancy, it is worth treating and sanitizing the birth canal before delivery in order to avoid the possibility of transmission in this way.
There is a possibility of infection with microorganisms during tissue or organ transplantation from those donors who are sick or carriers of the pathogenic organism.

It must be remembered that the presence of a ureaplasma stick in the body does not necessarily provoke the development of ureaplasma infection.

Signs of the onset of the disease in a woman

The first symptoms appear three weeks after infection with the bacterium. In this case, the symptoms may be nonspecific, as, for example, in other diseases of the pelvic organs, and there is a need for additional tests. These signs are:

rezi, pain when urinating;
painful sensations in the lower abdomen, discomfort;
scanty transparent vaginal discharge;
sometimes the body temperature rises.

Treatment methods

Treatment of infection consists in the appointment of antibiotics, which inhibit the activity of pathogens. These can be antibiotics of the tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides group. Therapy of the disease is prescribed in a complex way with the help of oral agents (capsules, tablets) and local preparations (vaginal or rectal suppositories). The treatment regimen may be as follows:

immunomodulatory agents are prescribed;
antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs are used;
the normal microflora of the vagina and intestines is restored with the help of beneficial bacteria (lacto- and bifidobacteria);
taking vitamins or multivitamins;
therapeutic diet (fried, fatty, smoked, spicy foods, alcohol, sauces, seasonings are prohibited);
sexual intercourse is prohibited during treatment.

Assign correct and effective treatment can only be a gynecologist, venereologist or urologist. You should not prescribe treatment on your own. The duration of therapy is about three weeks.
Genferon or Hexicon are often prescribed as suppositories for the treatment of infection. They have an immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antiviral effect, help to eliminate inflammation and eliminate symptoms. In addition, the hexicone is allowed during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

The woman's partner should also be tested for infection, even if he has no obvious symptoms. Treatment also needs to be carried out in both sexual partners, otherwise the disease will pass from one to the other and the treatment of only one will not be effective.

Ureaplasmosis is also treated during pregnancy.

It is necessary to carry out therapy before delivery to avoid infection of the baby.

Compulsory treatment after a detected disease is important, since over time, an untreated infection can progress and provoke both male and female infertility.

It can be summed up that only an attentive attitude to your health, regular examinations with a doctor and contacting him with the slightest doubts, even without obvious symptoms, can save you from the development of such an insidious and latent infection as ureaplasmosis in your body.

If, nevertheless, the disease is detected, it is important to consult a doctor on time and strictly follow all his instructions.

Previously, two subspecies of Ureaplasma urealyticum were distinguished: (1) parvum and (2) T-960. Today, these subspecies are regarded as two separate species: Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum, respectively.

Ureaplasmosis - is caused by microorganisms that are close in size to large viruses and have neither DNA nor a cell membrane. They are occasionally considered as a kind of transitional step from viruses to unicellular ones. Transmission of infection occurs, as a rule, sexually, but there may be intrauterine infection from a sick mother, and in addition, microbes can enter the genital tract of the child during childbirth and persist there all life, for the time being in a sleeping state.

Ureaplasmas can provoke inflammation of any part of the genitourinary tract - bladder, urethra, prostate, testes and their appendages, and in women - the vagina, uterus and appendages. In addition, with some studies, it was possible to find out that ureaplasmas can be fixed on spermatozoa and disrupt their motor activity, and in some cases simply destroy sperm. After all, microbes can cause joint inflammation, especially when rheumatoid arthritis... The authors, who classify ureaplasmas as obligate pathogens, believe that they cause urethritis, prostatitis, postpartum endometritis, cervicitis, pyelonephritis, infertility, various pathologies pregnancy (chorioamnionitis) and fetus (pulmonary pathology). Other scientists believe that ureaplasmas are part of the opportunistic flora of the urogenital tract and can be the cause of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs only under specific conditions (in particular, with insufficient immunity) or with appropriate microbial associations.

Ureaplasmosis can develop in both acute and chronic form. As with many other infections, the disease does not have the typical symptoms of this pathogen. Clinical manifestations ureaplasmosis depend on the infected organ. In the same time in modern ways the pathogen is often detected in perfectly healthy women who do not present any complaints, and often in combination with other infections.

Today there are a number of objective difficulties in solving the problem of ureaplasmosis:
1. Ureaplasmosis, indeed, is a disease that is prone to chronic occurrence.
2. When diagnosing ureaplasmosis, false-positive responses are often encountered, which leads to overdiagnosis and false responses during treatment control.
3. Chronic ureaplasmosis requires complex treatment.
4. Ureaplasma is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism (for some women, this is the normal flora of the vagina). "To treat or not to treat ureaplasma" can only be decided by a qualified doctor.

Ureaplasma treatment

Ureaplasma treatment includes complex procedures depending on the location inflammatory process... IN general view apply antibacterial agentsthat are aimed at destroying the infection; immunomodulators that activate the body's defenses; drugs that reduce the risk side effects when taking antibiotics. The specific treatment regimen for ureaplasma can only be determined by a specialist who has all the information about the patient (examination, history, analyzes). As well as the problem of pathogenicity of ureaplasmas, the question of the need to eliminate these pathogens from the urogenital tract also remains open. As a rule, doctors propose to take measures to eliminate these microorganisms if a person has an infectious and inflammatory process in the place of their existence (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, vaginitis), as well as in case of infertility, miscarriage, inflammatory diseases pelvic organs, chorioamnionitis, postpartum febrile conditions with the existence of ureaplasma in the genitourinary tract.

Etiotropic treatment of ureaplasma infection is based on the appointment of antibacterial drugs of various groups. Activity medications for any infection is determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration in in vitro studies. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are usually correlated with results clinical treatment... It would seem that the optimal drugs should be antibiotics with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration, but the severity of such parameters as bioavailability, the ability to create high interstitial and intracellular concentrations, tolerance and compliance of treatment should not be disregarded.

Ureaplasmas are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins), due to the fact that they do not have a cell wall, and sulfonamides, since these microorganisms do not produce acid. In the treatment of ureaplasma infection, those antibacterial agents that affect protein synthesis from DNA, that is, those that have a bacteriostatic effect, can be effective. These are drugs of the tetracycline series, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, in the general smear it can be increased slightly or not at all. To determine the pathogen, more accurate examination methods are used - PCR and bacterial inoculation.

Quite often (up to 75-80% of cases), the simultaneous detection of ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas and anaerobic microflora (gardnerella, mobiluncus) is noted. The optimum pH for the reproduction of mycoplasmas is 6.5 - 8. In the vagina, the pH is 3.8 - 4.4. The acidic reaction is supported by lactic acid formed by lactobacilli from the glycogen of the cells of the mucous membrane of the genital tract. Normally, 90 - 95% of microorganisms are lactobacilli, others account for 5 - l0% respectively (diphtheroids, streptococci, Escherichia coli, staphylococci, gardnerella). As a result of various adverse effects: the use of antibiotics for hormone therapy, radiation exposure, deterioration of living conditions and the formation of immunodeficiency, as well as mental stress, a state of dysbiosis arises and the amount of opportunistic microflora increases.

It is extremely important to inform your sexual partners about the disease, even if they are not worried about anything, and to convince them to undergo examination and treatment. Because asymptomatic development disease does not reduce the risk of complications.

Diagnostic methods for ureplasm

Culture study on selective media. Such a survey allows within 3 days to determine the culture of the pathogen and to separate the ureaplasma from other mycoplasmas. Materials for research are scrapings from the urogenital tract and the patient's urine. The method makes it possible to determine the sensitivity of the isolated pathogens to various antibiotics, which is extremely important given the fairly frequent antibiotic resistance today. The specificity of the method is 100%. This method is used for the simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Detection of DNA pathogens by PCR. The examination allows you to detect the pathogen in a scraping from the urogenital tract within a day and determine its species.
Serologic tests. They can detect the presence of antigens and specific antibodies to them in the blood. They can be useful in case of recurrent course of the disease, in the formation of complications and infertility.

Transmission routes

Ureaplasma infection can be from the mother during childbirth. They are detected on the genitals and in the nasopharynx of newborns.

Adults become infected through sexual intercourse. Domestic infection is unlikely.

Ureaplasmas are found on the genitals of approximately every third newborn girl. For boys, this indicator is much lower.

Often in children infected) during childbirth, over time, self-healing from ureaplasma occurs. As a rule, this often occurs in boys.

Therefore, in schoolgirls who are not sexually active, ureaplasmas are detected only in 5-22% of cases.

In people who are sexually active, the prevalence of ureaplasma increases, which is associated with infection during sexual intercourse.

Carriers of ureaplasma are usually women. They are rare in men. In men, self-healing is possible.

Ureaplasma is sometimes transmitted by household contact and sexually, with the latter being the most common. A vertical transmission path is also likely, which may occur as a result ascending infection from the vagina and cervical canal. Intrauterine route of infection - in the presence of ureaplasma in the amniotic fluid, the fetus becomes infected through digestive tract, skin, eyes, urogenital tract. For men, ureaplasmosis is an exclusively genital infection.

The incubation period is on average 2-3 weeks.

Data on the infection of the urogenital tract with ureaplasmas among the sexually active population vary from 10 to 80%. Ureaplasmas are usually found in people who are sexually active, and quite often these microorganisms are detected in people who have three or more sexual partners.

Often, as a result of the examination, the patient learns that he was found to have ureaplasma. Naturally, he has questions: "Where does the infection come from, is it curable and what to do in order not to infect a partner?"

To begin with, do not panic, but ask the doctor: where do women come from.

Ureaplasma: what is it
Diagnosis of ureaplasmosis
Ureaplasmosis symptoms
Treatment of ureaplasmosis
What to do during pregnancy?

Ureaplasma: what is it

In fact, the bacterium belongs to conditionally pathogenic microbes. And it can be present in the human body without causing any trouble.

If the bacteria does not exceed 10 * 4, then this is not a disease and the patient does not need treatment. But there are times when bacteria seem to be gone. But patients complain about and discomfort when urinating. In this case, an additional examination is carried out and adequate therapy is prescribed.

Ureaplasmosis: causes of the disease

The causes of ureaplasmosis in men and women do not differ.

The most common mode of transmission is through unprotected sex. There are two types of microorganisms that are found in women and men. These are ureaplasma ureatilikum and parvum.

A person who often changes sexual partners does not even make sense to think about where the infection came from. Since any of them can be a potential source of infection.

In some cases, there is such a situation. The man complains that "during the examination, the wife found ureaplasma, but I have no pathology in the analyzes."

How can this be?

The thing is that normally the infection can be present, but not manifest itself in any way. Under certain conditions, the pathogen is activated and begins to multiply.

The causes of the appearance of pathology in women is a change in the acidity of the vaginal flora. When the number of rods (lactobacilli) decreases and mixed flora begins to develop, including ureaplasma.

To the question: "Where do patients get ureaplasma who have never had sexual intercourse?"

Moreover, in 5-25% of cases, the pathogen is detected even in schoolgirls - virgins.

Even a specialist cannot give an unequivocal answer to this question. The thing is that there are other ways of entering the body. Including, the contact-household route of infection is also not excluded. Other causes of the disease in women are:

decreased immunity;
availability ;
exacerbation of the inflammatory process in the body;
after menstruation, surgical interventions;
in postpartum period;
against the background of the use of an IUD (intrauterine device).

Among frequent reasons ureaplasmosis in men should be distinguished:

Ureaplasma: how the pathogen is transmitted

The routes of infection can be as follows:

having sex with an infected partner;
vertical (ascending) path, i.e. from the vagina and urethra to other organs;
infection can occur in the process generic activity when the fetus moves along the birth canal of the mother. In newborn babies, infection is often diagnosed in the nasopharynx and genitals, especially in girls;

In very rare cases, transmission of infection to the fetus during pregnancy can occur. Even less often, ureaplasma can be infected by contact healthy person with the patient.

Diagnosis of ureaplasmosis

After the presentation of complaints and examination by a doctor, a specialist may suspect that the patient has ureaplasmosis. In order to clarify the alleged diagnosis, an additional examination of the patient is carried out. For this, the doctor may prescribe a number of studies:

If a woman has:

inflammatory processes of the genitals;
burdened obstetric history
or she suffers from infertility,
violation of the menstrual cycle,
erosion of the cervix,
cervicitis or colpitis,

then it is necessary to conduct a study for the presence of ureaplasma infection.

Ureaplasmosis symptoms

Microorganisms, destroying the cell wall, penetrate the cell.

The duration of the incubation period for men and women is at least fourteen days.

In some cases - incubation period with ureaplasma, parvum increases up to several years. Therefore, if one of the partners has a pathogen, then the other also has it.

Preventive and preventive treatment of the pathological process will help to quickly cope with the infection even at the stage of the development of the disease. In most cases, there are no signs of the disease. Or patients feel mild discomfort when urinating and the presence of weak vaginal discharge. Moreover, such symptoms do not last long and soon disappear.

The disease becomes chronic. With a decrease in the body's resistance, an exacerbation of the disease occurs. And there are pronounced symptoms of the inflammatory nature of the genitourinary system. Such manifestations can be:

In the presence of a concomitant infection, such as chlamydial, mycoplasma, etc., the symptoms will be more pronounced. If the patient is a carrier of ureaplasma, then the following factors can trigger the development of infection:

the presence of other genital infections;
a shift in hormonal status associated with the menstrual cycle;
decline immune defense organism;
during pregnancy;
in the postpartum period.

Treatment of ureaplasmosis

The causes of ureaplasmosis in women can be very diverse. But regardless of them, treatment should be carried out immediately. To warn possible complications diseases, therapy must be carried out without fail:

if patients present complaints that are symptoms of ureaplasmosis;
in the presence of a high concentration of infection in the test material during inoculation or according to the results of PCR;
at the stage of pregnancy planning;
in the presence of a burdened obstetric history;
with infertility.

How to treat?

A feature of the therapy of the disease is a complex approach to the appointment of medications.

At the end of the course of therapy, control tests are prescribed.

The indicators of the effectiveness of the treatment carried out are as follows:

absence of complaints and symptoms;
negative results of PCR and bacterial culture;
restoration of vaginal flora.

It often happens that the signs of the disease go away spontaneously without treatment. True, in some people the disease never manifests itself again, in others it gives relapses.

The possible reasons for self-healing from ureaplasma are not yet fully understood and remain a mystery.

When a disease is detected, both sexual partners should be treated, otherwise it is impossible. In some cases, the presence of an infection is not a disease. So the decision on the need for therapy should be made by the attending physician.

Found ureaplasma: why the infection is dangerous

Even if the infection in women does not manifest itself in any way, then it still carries a certain danger to her health:

When a woman is affected by ureaplasma, urealiticum and parvum may develop negative consequences, the causes of which are caused by:

decreased immune responses;
the duration of the presence of the pathogen in the urogenital tract;
physiological instability of protective reactions during pregnancy.

Is it necessary to treat if ureaplasma is found

With damage to the genitourinary system, the risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility increases. The reasons are associated with inflammatory changes in the structure and the formation of an adhesive process in fallopian tubes, which contributes to the violation of their patency and prevents the penetration of the egg into the uterine cavity.
In the postpartum period, pathology can be complicated by endometritis. With the defeat of parvum ureaplasma, the cause of the pathology can be chorionamnionitis.
If the infection spreads ascending, it can provoke the development of urolithiasis.
If ureaplasma is adjacent to mycoplasma infection, then acute hemorrhagic cystitis may develop, leading to damage to the overlying parts of the urogenital system.

What to do during pregnancy?

At the stage of planning pregnancy, a woman needs to go through. This should be done because:

The presence of even a normal ratio of microorganisms, the state of pregnancy can provoke their reproduction and cause ureaplasmosis.
The use of antibiotics in the early stages of pregnancy is highly undesirable.

What should a woman do if she is diagnosed with a ureaplasma infection during pregnancy? Most likely, the doctor will postpone treatment until the baby is born. As a last resort, he will prescribe the intake of immunostimulants.

Ureaplasma in the body in pregnant women is a high risk. And not only for bearing a fetus, but also possible consequences for the health of the newborn. At the same time, very strong are used to treat the disease. antibacterial drugs... But pregnant women are prescribed drugs that do not have a teratogenic and toxic effect. Such a drug is josamycin.

How to prevent the possibility of complications during pregnancy and in the postpartum period?

And also the infection of the baby at the time of delivery?

For a period after 22 weeks, antibiotic therapy is carried out with the simultaneous administration of immunostimulants.

If you suspect ureaplasma, contact competent venereologists.

In humans, only two species of this genus are capable of causing the development of a pathological process: ureaplasma urealiticum and. The habitat of these microbes is the genitourinary sphere. In more rare cases, the microorganism is found in the tissue of the lungs and kidneys.

Ureaplasma urealyticum and ureaplasma parvum cause. This disease is more often diagnosed in women, since men acute symptoms usually absent. Ureaplasmosis is a sexually transmitted disease. In women, one pathogen is more often found, and in rare cases, two at once, which makes it possible to conclude on the presence of ureaplasma spp. Ureaplasma parvum has more pronounced pathogenic properties than ureaplasma urealyticum. Treatment of an infection caused by ureaplasma parvum is more complicated and time-consuming, and the risk of complications is very high.

Ureaplasma infection is now widespread. Experts note high degree colonization of the urogenital organs ureaplasma urealiticum: in men - 25%, in women - up to 60%.

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Ureaplasma urealyticum gets its name from its ability to break down urea. This is its main difference from those belonging to the same genus. The ability to urealize is a trigger for the development of urate nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis.

U.urealyticum is the causative agent of genital infection. The disease is characterized by signs of prolonged inflammation with complications and sexual transmission of the pathogen. Ureaplasma urealyticum can cause asymptomatic carriage and realize its pathogenic properties only under certain conditions.

Factors provoking inflammation of the urogenital tract:

Diseases of the genitals
Decreased immune defenses
Sexual infections
Inflammation of the prostate
Immunodeficiencies and violation of local protection factors,
Vaginal dysbiosis in women.

Ureaplasma urealyticum refers to T-mycoplasmas capable of forming small colonies. Microbes grow at a temperature of 37 ° C and an optimum pH of 6.5-7.0. Ureaplasmas are catalase-negative, inert to sugars, cause beta-hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes and guinea pig... A feature of ureaplasma is the need for urea and cholesterol. They break down uric acid to ammonia, grow well in dense enriched media and practically do not grow in liquid media.

According to generally accepted medical standards in women, ureaplasma urealyticum is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism that manifests its pathogenic properties only under the influence of unfavorable factors. In association with other pathogenic or opportunistic microbes, ureaplasma can lead to the development of a number of pathologies requiring urgent treatment... In most cases, this microorganism is highly resistant to modern antibiotics and is difficult to treat.

Ways of transmission

The spread of ureaplasma infection is as follows:

Ureaplasma urealyticum is the causative agent of genital infection. Infection occurs during unprotected intercourse with an infected person. The microorganism feels great on the surface of the sperm and on the epithelium of the vagina.
In an ascending way, microbes penetrate into genitourinary system and the uterus. Vertical path transmission of infection is carried out when the ureaplasma penetrates from the vagina and the cervical canal into the ureter and kidneys.
The transmission of infection from mother to fetus occurs via the transplacental route. Intrauterine infection is possible through the gastrointestinal tract, skin covering, eyes and organs of the urinary system of the fetus.
During childbirth, during the passage through the birth canal, a mechanical infection of the newborn occurs.
Organ transplant patients can become infected. This is a transplant route for the spread of infection.
In more rare cases, anal and oral contact.
The contact-household method accounts for less than 1%.

What causes ureaplasma urealyticum?

Among women

The microbe is able to cause development in women, pelvic diseases, bacterial, cervical erosion, cervical insufficiency, infertility.

Ureaplasma infection in women is often latent. The clinic of pathology is determined by the location of the pathological process. Women have moderate mucous discharge, pain and burning sensation when urinating, aching and cramping pains in the abdomen, itching of the genitals. Symptoms are usually mild and disappear quickly. The infection is activated with nervous strain, physical fatigue, weakening of the body's defenses.

An infected woman does not feel any effects of the microbe on the body. She usually leads an active sex life, does not protect herself, and plans to have a baby. Complications in women are extremely rare. Weakened individuals with reduced overall resistance develop the diseases described above that require antibiotic therapy.

In men

In men, ureaplasma urealiticum provokes the development of cystitis, sexual dysfunction. The first symptoms appear after a month from the moment of infection. Ureaplasma infection in men disrupts spermatogenesis and promotes kidney stones. With urethritis, the head of the penis turns red, itching and burning in the urethra occurs, pain that increases with urination, transparent discharge. In advanced cases, the infection can spread to the prostate and kidneys.

Chronic ureaplasmosis in men occurs without subjective symptoms. In the morning or after a long retention of urine, a scanty, unclear discharge appears. The outer opening of the urethra often sticks together, the urine becomes cloudy, and a "urinary" odor appears. Carriage is practically not observed in men.

Diagnostic methods

To determine the etiological significance of ureaplasma urealyticum in the development of the disease, it is necessary to establish the number of microbial cells in the discharge of the urogenital organs.

Usually, people who are preparing to become parents and are under the supervision of specialists in a family planning center are sent for analysis.
Pregnant women are screened for this infection.
Persons with chronic pathology of the genital organs, in order to find out the etiology of the pathological process, must be examined.
All persons with suspected sexually transmitted diseases should be examined.

The main diagnostic methods for ureaplasma infection are:

Treatment

In the presence of appropriate symptoms and when the pathogen is isolated in an amount of more than 10 4 CFU / ml, the disease must be treated. Patients are shown antibiotic therapy.

During treatment, patients need to give up sexual activity, do not drink alcoholic beverages, do not sunbathe in the sun and in a solarium, do not drink milk, carbonated and mineral water. The duration of treatment is 10-14 days. Both sexual partners should be treated.

In the absence of timely and adequate treatment, ureaplasmosis can lead to the development of formidable complications: prostatitis, salpingo-oophoritis, pyelonephritis. The cause of infertility in men is a violation of the sperm formation process. Ureaplasma urealyticum causes disruption of sperm motility and their number, the appearance of pathologically altered forms. In women, infertility is caused by infection of the endometrium with ureaplasmas or infection of the ovum.

Prevention of ureaplasmosis

Preventive measures to prevent the development of ureaplasmosis and other sexually transmitted diseases:

Condom use.
Application after intercourse antiseptic solutions - "Miramistina", "Chlorhexidine", candles - "Polygenax", "Geksikon".
Strengthening the immune system.
Genital hygiene.
Periodic examination for STIs.

Ureaplasma urealyticum is the causative agent of a typical sexually transmitted disease that requires treatment in order to avoid complications and the spread of genital infection in society.

Video: a specialist about ureaplasma

Video: obstetrician-gynecologist about ureaplasma

Was the test for chlamydia positive? Can the results be trusted if they are found in a smear? To deal with this issue, you should familiarize yourself with all types of tests in such cases, and it is also necessary to take into account concomitant diseases and infections. Consider in the article the harm caused by this type of infection, as well as the methods of infection by the carrier of the disease. None of the methods for determining chlamydia do not give one hundred percent reliability, but some of them have the most accurate results.

The similarity of chlamydia and ureaplasma

From the practice of examining infected people, chlamydia alone is rarely determined. Together with them, it turns out to identify mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. This follows from the fact that both of the latter microorganisms belong to the same family - Mycoplasmataceal. There are about 100 species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. The most common 6 types are dangerous to humans. Consider only Ureaplasma urealiticum, the remaining 5 are referred to as mycoplasmas.

The symptoms of the presence of these microorganisms have identical manifestations and similar methods of analysis. Ureaplasma Ureaplasma urealiticum belongs to a variety of mycoplasma and is a bacterium that lives in the upper layers of the urogenital tract, does not penetrate into the deeper layers. These bacteria can live in the body unnoticed and not manifest themselves.

Only when health is weakened do they provoke diseases of the genitourinary organs. And it is possible to identify the pathogen only after passing the tests. By the presence of bacteria, a disease called Ureaplasmosis is judged. If there is this type of ureaplasma, treatment will not necessarily follow. We observed patients who experienced self-healing.

Trachoma - refers to eye diseases and leads to conjunctivitis or blindness.
Urogenital infections - gonorrhea, chlamydia, or hepatitis.
Lymphogranuloma venereum - a symptom of this disease is found in increased lymph nodes... There are indirect signs, they are temperature and excessive sweating, as well as if a person experiences a decrease in the vitality of the body.
Intestinal infections.

Inflammation of the prostate and urethra, manifested with a decrease in the performance of the immune system. They are identified by pain in the lumbar region and urethra. Chlamydial prostatitis, urethritis and atrophy of the prostate can be the result of negative actions. These diseases affect only men and the first sign is specific discharge from the urethra. The involvement of ureaplasma and chlamydia in prostatitis has no evidence.
Development of diseases of the uterus and bladder. If there is chlamydia in women, then there is a lesion of the cervix, as well as a simultaneous inflammation of the urethra. This infection develops inside the uterus and all parts of the reproductive system are affected. The negative effects of pregnancy are especially dangerous. The first signs of infection in women are vaginal discharge, perineal discomfort, and a feeling of full bladder.

The third type is Chlamydophila pneumoniae - the main areas of damage are observed in the respiratory organs. The disease, pneumonia, has become widespread.

Laboratory research on chlamydia

How do you decide which method to use? Is the positive result of one method reliable? This question will be helped by a venereologist, andrologist, urologist or gynecologist. There is no point in taking all types of tests, it will not be cheap..jpg »alt \u003d» »/\u003e The well-known preliminary analysis is taken at the first suspicion of an infection and for an elementary regular check. The name of this method is bacterioscopy or microscopic examination of a smear. For the reliability of indications, this method is supplemented by a blood test for antibodies by PCR and bacteriological culture. Sampling is different for men and women.

In men, material is taken from the urethra. The depth of taking reaches up to three centimeters, this explains the residual pain after the procedure. When examining the prostate gland, samples are prescribed after stimulation of the prostate. Before you go to get tested, you must undergo training:

Stop taking all medications for a week before sampling.
Eliminate physical intimacy for at least a day.
It is not recommended to go to the toilet 3 hours before the appointment.
Take your last bath in the evening.
Some doctors give an injection provocateur per day. Or they recommend provocateurs to take food in the evening: spicy or salty food, as well as a glass of beer. The expediency of such an act is determined by the attending physician. In some cases of acute disease, there is no need for provocateurs. They are used to detect dormant infections.

How to determine the normal readings for the stronger sex by analysis? Let's decipher the values \u200b\u200bin the analysis:

The limits of the presence of leukocytes are up to 5 units. Concentration values \u200b\u200bin excess of 5 are indicative of organ infection. Common diseases, confirmed by another of the PCR or ELISA methods, indicate the presence of urethritis or prostatitis.
Indicators of the epithelium are present in a healthy body in an amount from 5 to 10.
Mucus should be in moderation.
A healthy microflora allows a moderate amount of cocci in the smear.
The complete absence of gonococci and Trichomonas indicates a healthy microflora. If there is any number of them, then we can conclude about gonorrhea or Trichomonas, respectively.

Smear examination in women

In women, vaginal sampling is accompanied by three points. At each of the alleged points, the presence of chlamydia is possible, in the absence of others. The principle of research in the laboratory is based on staining a biomaterial with subsequent analysis under a microscope. Women can also experience slight pain and discomfort in the urethra after the harvesting procedure. Sharp painful sensations indicate ongoing inflammation. The listed indicators of a smear in men are inherent and female body, but added a number of others:

An increase in the number of leukocytes indicates the presence of colpitis and vaginitis.
The presence of foreign microorganisms indicates the presence of infections.
Fungal spores can be detected and will indicate "asymptomatic thrush." The presence of the mushrooms themselves will make it possible to diagnose candidiasis.
The presence of "key" cells indicates vaginal dysbiosis.

A smear is not reliable evidence of chlamydia

Bacterial inoculation of biomaterials

The basis of the PCR research method is the placement of the samples taken on a nutrient medium for cultivation. According to the results of the development of microbes, the presence of chlamydia is judged. The main advantages of the method are the accuracy of the indicators. However, with insufficient experience of the laboratory assistant, the features of the procedure may not be taken into account. The advantages of this method include:

The rarity of use is due to the fact that for long periods of expectation of results, which is not always useful for the subject. But, its accuracy justifies the time spent on expectations and the high cost of work.

Chlamydia detection method - PCR

Even such an exact method cannot give guaranteed confidence in the accuracy of the result. If chlamydia is found, it is necessary to retake the analysis in different laboratories and draw final conclusions on a combination of different methods. In this way, we can exclude the frequent mistakes of the personnel of the clinics, taking samples, and directly conducting the examination of biomaterials.

The danger of detecting chlamydia in pregnant women

Such types of pathogens as mycoplasma, ureaplasma and chlamydia are dangerous for the development of the fetus in pregnant women. And treatment during pregnancy brings a negative factor to the health of the unborn child. If couples are planning a baby in the future, it is recommended to be examined for the presence of these bacteria in the body. Treatment is carried out with drugs that are dangerous to the fetus and may result in its loss. Also, the child becomes infected at birth, when it passes through the birth canal of women.

It is important to detect the presence of infections before pregnancy by the symptoms that appear during colds, flu and other debilitating immune system factors. They manifest themselves in the following symptoms:

pulling pains in the lower abdomen, accompanied by vaginal discharge;
bleeding that occurs outside of the menstrual cycle;
uncomfortable pain when urinating;
cystitis and gynecological diseases of the uterus are the result of the negative effect of chlamydia.

Avoid treating chlamydia with certain drugs during pregnancy due to possible complications:

the main risk is related to the likelihood of miscarriage;
cause early labor;
during childbirth, the baby may be infected with chlamydia.

A smear cannot be a reliable indicator of chlamydia. A biochemical blood test is used in conjunction with a smear for the most likely confirmation of negative indications of the disease. If the blood tests of women are positive, tests with the same method of men may be negative. This is due to several factors:

For accurate detection of the disease, PCR and ELISA methods are used. Both partners must undergo treatment. If there is no second indication for chlamydia, then it passes the mandatory preventive treatmentto prevent reinfection of the partner.