Presentation on the topic of childhood diseases. Childhood diseases

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NOSOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS etiology pathogenesis morphology function clinic prognosis GENESIS OF DISEASES: HEREDITARY ENVIRONMENT HEREDITATELY PRE-LOCATED CONNECTED

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CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE ACUTE: sudden onset, against the background of complete health, pronounced (manifest) manifestation of short duration, clear staging outcome: clinical-morpho-functional recovery transition to a protracted course of chronicity death PROLONGED: outcome of the acute process - congenital and hereditary background - unfavorable premorbid and social and living environment - existing chronic diseases - patient's age - insufficient treatment less manifest manifestation duration exceeds the period of usual recovery outcome: recovery, chronicity

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CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE RECURRENT: a repeated acute process in a short interval, under certain conditions of the environment and constitution, there is no outcome between the relapses of morphological changes: - chronicity - recovery CHRONIC: the outcome of an acute or protracted process lasting more than 6-12 months in morphogenesis, an irreversible substrate of chronicity occurs with periods of exacerbation and remission; outcome - progression of functional impairment - disability, death

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GROUP OF DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Acute and chronic infectious and inflammatory Allergic Diseases of the respiratory system that developed during the neonatal period Hereditary diseases Congenital malformations development of interstitial lung disease

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ICD X. RESPIRATORY DISEASES ACUTE CHRONIC J00 Acute nasopharyngitis J01 Acute sinusitis J02 Acute pharyngitis J03 Acute tonsillitis J04 Acute laryngitis and tracheitis J05 Acute obstructive laryngitis (croup) and epiglotitis J12-J18 Pneumonia J20 Acute bronchitis J21 Acute bronchiolitis J30 Vasomotor and allergic rhinitis J41 Simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis J41.0 Simple chronic bronchitis J44 COPD J45 Bronchial asthma J47 Bronchiectasis J67 Hypersensitive pneumonitis (allergic alveolitis) J82 Pulmonary eosinophilia

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AFO of the respiratory tract in children early age Compliant chest Reduced number of skeletal muscle fibers Relatively narrow airways Thin mucous membrane, loosely connected to the submucosa Hyperplasia of the mucous glands Low Ig-A level Less smooth muscle volume Insufficient collateral ventilation in the acini Reduced elasticity of the lung tissue

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BRONCHITIS - viral-bacterial inflammation of the entire structure of the bronchus, mainly of the mucous membrane, accompanied by hypersecretion of mucus, bronchospasm, cough Acute simple bronchitis Acute obstructive bronchitis Bronchiolitis Obliterating bronchitis Recurrent bronchitis Recurrent obstructive bronchitis Chronical bronchitis Classification of bronchitis in children

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Bronchitis in Figures Most commonly diagnosed by general practitioners in the United States Bronchitis costs in the United States range from $ 200 to $ 300 million. bronchitis in Russia 100 per 1000 children per year (in children from 1 to 3 years, the indicator is 200, in children of the first year of life - 75) 20-25% of bronchitis occurs in the form of acute obstructive bronchitis

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Viruses are spread by sneezing, coughing, talking. viruses Penetration of the virus into the cell of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract Reproduction of viruses Cell death, release of viruses and infection of new cells From the moment of infection to the appearance of the disease, it can take from several hours to several days

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Environmental factors - pollutants Dysfunction of the ciliated epithelium Irritative effect on the epithelial cell Viral-bacterial associations Degranulation of mast cells PATHOGENESIS OF BRONCHITIS Colonization of microbial flora Increase in mucus viscosity

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Airway mucosa Conveyor belt of ciliated epithelium To pharynx Foreign body Gel Sol Serous glandular cell Mucous glandular cell Basement membrane Ciliary cell Submucous gland Becher's cell Basal cell

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Disruption of mucociliary transport in bronchitis Thickening of the gel phase Decrease in the sol phase Action of inflammatory mediators Possibility of colonization of pathogens Slowing down or stopping mucociliary transport

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Ciliated epithelium (electron micrograph) - goblet cells are randomly distributed among the ciliated cells. In the center there is a goblet cell ready to eject secretions (protruding above the surface of the cilia), other goblet cells are not ready for ejection and still have microfibers on the surface.

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CLINIC (depending on etiology) Diagnosis acute bronchitis put clinically! Complaints and anamnesis: acute onset in the background (or after) ARI, low-grade fever, cough (dry or wet) and / or shortness of breath. Objective data (symmetrical picture during examination of the lungs): percussion - clear lung sound (with a box shade), auscultatory - hard breathing (or weakened vesicular), various wheezing (depending on the stage of the disease).

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CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSING BRONCHITIS Symptoms of intoxication Cough Condition moderate Possible obstruction Physical symmetry: pulmonary (box) sound, unstable various wheezing Hemogram - not typical Radiologically - symmetrical, bilateral enhancement of the pattern, absence of infiltrative shadows

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Acute obstructive bronchitis - flowing with obstruction syndrome Obstruction (lat.obstructio) - obstruction, hindrance Broncho-obstructive syndrome - impaired bronchial patency 20-25% of bronchitis in children occurs with obstructive syndrome, especially in young children DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: - noisy breathing - distant wheezing - expiratory dyspnea - auscultatory wheezing, mainly on expiration

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BRONCHIOLITIS - damage to the terminal bronchi in children of the first months of life with severe DN syndrome 60-85% respiratory syncytial virus (RS virus), less often - parainfluenza, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus PATHOGENESIS: desquamation of the epithelium of small bronchi, fibrin, mucus - form plugs - obstruction DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: - pronounced DN - swelling of the wings of the nose - expiratory dyspnea - auscultatory - an abundance of melkopuz. and crepitus rales

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ACUTE OBLITERATING BRONCHIOLITIS Obliteration (lat. Obliteratio - cessation) contamination of a cavity or lumen PATHOGENESIS: organization of exudate and granulomatous tissue with obliteration of the lumen DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: - progressive DN - mixed dyspnea - auscultatory - asymmetrical - asymmetric - asymmetrical and crepitant wheezing - tightening of obstruction up to 1 month. - "cotton" lung on the roentgenogram - 50% death in the acute period or chronicity

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RECURRENT BRONCHITIS - acute bronchitis, recurring more than 3 times a year PRE-PLACING FACTORS Primary RB: early on preschool age chronic constitutional anomalies. foci of infection exogenous influences Secondary RB: aspiration syndrome hereditary diseases developmental anomalies of the bronchopulmonary system

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PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF BRONCHITIS Home regimen Diet therapy Etiotropic therapy - antiviral drugs, antibiotics Pathogenetic therapy - restoration of mucociliary clearance - mucolytics, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs Symptomatic therapy - concomitant therapy, antipyretic Physiotherapy As a rule, on an outpatient basis

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Etiotropic therapy Antiviral drugs at the onset of the disease (Arbidol, Reaferon EC Lipint, Amiksin, Cycloferon, Orvirem, Remantadin, homeopathic - oscillococcinum, anaferon, aflubin) Antibiotics (protected penicillins - Aomksiklav, Augmentin; macrolides - azithromycin, rockstromycin. INDICATIONS FOR ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY Severe intoxication syndrome, hyperthermia for more than 3 days, obstructive syndrome, bronchiolitis, young children, prolonged course

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PATHOGENETIC THERAPY Antitussives Glucocorticoids for severe respiratory failure - topically (in the form of aerosols) and in the form of injections with rapid cancellation as the obstruction of the bronchioles is relieved. - inhalation through a nebulizer with budesonide (pulmicort) from 6 months 0.25-0.5 mg / day x 1-2 r / day, appoint 15-20 minutes after inhalation of a bronchodilator. - prednisolone in / m at a dose of 1-2 mg / kg / day, possibly up to 5-10 mg / kg at the rate of 10-12 mg / kg / day.

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Antitussive drugs central action TUSUPREX (Oxeladine citrate) TUSSIN PLUS (Dextromethorphan in combination with guaifenesin) GLAUVENT (Glaucine hydrochloride) LIBEXIN (Prenoxindiazine hydrochloride) STOPTUSSIN (sodium butimyrate in combination with guaifenizine) SYNTHINEKHOUTHINE

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Antitussive drugs of peripheral action 1. Local anesthetics (benzocaine, cyclain, tetracaine) - only in a hospital during bronchoscopy or bronchography 2. Moisturizing mucous membranes abundant drink (medicinal teas, mineral water) and, in severe cases - intravenous infusion of fluids intranasally or endobronchial application of warm saline

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Childhood diseases. Completed by: Yakovleva Marina Vladimirovna, teacher of GBDOU No. 19

Every child gets sick at least once in his life. There are a great many diseases and the reasons for their occurrence are very different - from improper ecology to infection due to contact with an infection carrier. The problem of diagnosing this or that disease is in the similarity of their symptoms. Due to this, it is sometimes difficult to make a diagnosis visually, even for a specialist. Diseases in children require urgent examination by a specialist, since they may indicate serious disorders in the body. Introduction:

Skin diseases in children of an infectious nature.

Measles. The source of infection is a person with measles from the moment the first signs of the disease appear until the fifth day after the onset of the rash. In case of infection, after contact with the patient, it takes 7 to 17 days before the disease manifests itself (incubation period). Measles is an airborne infection. The virus enters the body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes from a person with measles, who spreads it through breathing, talking, sneezing and coughing. The disease begins acutely: the child complains of a severe headache, weakness, the temperature can rise to 40ºC, and there is no appetite. Soon there is a runny nose, a cough - usually dry, painful, or barking - with laryngitis. The child's throat is red, edematous, the cervical lymph nodes are enlarged. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes is characteristic - conjunctivitis. Its manifestations in measles are pronounced: the eyes turn red, lacrimation appears, photophobia, subsequently purulent discharge appears. On the second or third day of illness, pink pinpoint eruptions (enanthema) appear on the palate, and tiny whitish specks characteristic of measles (Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots) appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, gums and lips. Both can be seen before the rash appears on the body.

Angina. Symptoms of sore throat - fever up to 38-39 ° C - sharp pain in the throat when swallowing and eating; - general malaise, weakness; - aching joints; - swollen lymph nodes; - the palatine arches, uvula, tonsils, and sometimes the soft palate in the first days of a bright red color; - there may be pustules or areas of accumulation of pus on the tonsils. Symptoms are very similar to the common cold, but sore throat is more difficult, sore throat is more acute, the duration of the illness is longer, usually from 5-7 days. It is important to recognize the disease in time and begin immediate treatment.

Rubella. The incubation period of the disease lasts about three weeks, after which the first signs of rubella begin to appear. The sick child begins to torment headache and lungs catarrhal symptoms... Then a rash appears, the temperature rises, and a slight fever occurs, as a result of which the child becomes lethargic and moody. The first rashes appear on the face, behind the ears, under the hair, after which they spread to the arms, body and lower limbs. A typical manifestation of the disease is a rash that forms and spreads rapidly. The maximum number of such rashes is noted one day after the appearance of the first spot. A rubella rash is distinguished by an oval or round shape, each of its elements does not exceed 3 mm and does not rise above the skin. The spread of rashes occurs in a jerky manner, mainly they are localized on the buttocks, back and extensor surfaces of the arms, slightly fewer spots are located in the face and neck.

Chickenpox. The infection usually presents with mild fever and mild malaise. After a day, small red spots appear on the face, body, arms and legs, which swell, thicken and fill with liquid. Such signs of chickenpox in children can be accompanied by intense itching, enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, irritability and sleep disturbance. Parents must constantly ensure that the child does not scratch the affected areas, otherwise the infection may re-attach. The liquid in the bubbles is very contagious, since it contains a live chickenpox virus, therefore, in the first week of the disease, skin rashes can appear in several stages, each of which is accompanied by a rise in temperature. At about day 10, the blisters crust over, the temperature drops and the child becomes non-infectious.

Scarlet fever. Scarlet fever has symptoms similar to angina, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections. However, the disease is more serious and can lead to the onset of undesirable consequences: damage to the kidneys, skeletal system, the development of sinusitis. Most characteristic signs scarlet fever in children: skin rash, often accompanied by severe itching that bothers the child; temperature rise to 38 degrees; white bloom in the language; nausea, decreased appetite, upset stools, vomiting, indicating a strong intoxication of the body with the products of streptococcus; sore throat; swollen lymph nodes in the neck, cramps (in very severe cases); headache; pain in the bowel area; redness of the face.

Infectious erythema The incubation period lasts from 4 to 14 days. The main manifestations of the disease, in addition to manifestations of the skin, are: fever, general malaise, lethargy, and sometimes a runny nose. At the moments when a rash appears, the clinical picture of the course of the disease is accompanied by nausea, cough, diarrhea, and fever. Arthralgia is rare. Development possible itchy skin... The rash is similar in nature to "splattered cheeks". On the child's torso and limbs, the rash merges into a mesh or lace pattern. It is extremely rare that the rash resembles a measles rash, which makes it difficult to differentiate the diagnosis. A rash in the form of splashed cheeks is a characteristic diagnostic sign, after 1-4 days it disappears. After that, a lace rash forms on the child's skin, which is localized on the neck and extensor surfaces of the limbs.

Children's roseola. Children's roseola, the symptoms of which tend to start acutely, has 2 main features: 1) Fever. The temperature rise with roseola is quite sharp: it almost immediately jumps to 39-40.5 ° C. Wherein characteristic feature is that the baby does not have any other symptoms indicating an infectious process. Fever persists for a little over 3 days and usually goes away on its own without taking antipyretic drugs. 2) Rash. Approximately 10-20 hours after recovery normal temperature a profuse rash spreads over the child's body in the form of pink spots with uneven edges, slightly rising above the surface of the skin. These cutaneous formations persist for several hours or days, after which they disappear without leaving any traces of their stay. In addition to the above signs of baby roseola, its symptoms can be supplemented by an increase in lymph nodes in the cervical region and behind the ears, the appearance of lethargy, as well as irritability, tearfulness and impaired appetite. The spleen and liver are sometimes enlarged.

Pustular skin diseases in children

Furunculosis. Furunculosis manifests itself in the appearance on the skin of various parts of the body of boils at different stages of maturation. The boil goes through a certain development cycle: first, a painful pimple (pustule) appears, then the stage of infiltration begins, when the pustule and the surrounding tissue become denser. At the next stage, the hair follicle undergoes purulent fusion. A purulent-necrotic focus is formed in the pustule, in the center of which there is a dense core. Then the necrotic tissue is rejected, the wound is cleaned, the process ends with scarring. Small furuncles disappear without a trace, scars may remain at the site of deep tissue damage.

Pholliculitis The disease begins with redness and penetration into tissues and the accumulation of cells unusual for them in the places of the hair follicle. Then a purulent putrefactive vesicle with pus in the central part, pierced with conical hair, appears. After it opens and gets rid of purulent discharge, a small, small ulcer appears, covered with a bloody purulent crust. If the entire follicle is damaged, after the crust has fallen off, increased skin pigmentation or scar tissue remains on the dermis. Superficial folliculitis can disappear without a trace. The process of progression and disappearance of the inflammatory phenomenon of 1 follicle takes up to 7 days. The disease is predominantly multiple in nature. Its elements are usually localized on the hairy areas of the dermis: in the face, head, armpits, groin, on lower limbs (mainly in females, shins and thighs). Elements of the rash occur simultaneously with pain and itching different levels pronouncedness. If not correct therapy and hygiene, the disease is complicated by the growth of a boil, acute purulent-necrotic inflammation, excessive sweating, abscesses, purulent inflammation fiber

Impetigo. Impetigo usually begins with blisters and red, sometimes confluent patches on the face, most commonly around the mouth and nose. Blisters quickly burst, pus is released from them, drying up in the form of yellowish crusts. When the crusts fall off, red marks remain in their place, healing without scarring. Impetigo may itch, but not sore. The temperature very rarely rises, even in children, but those located nearby may increase the lymph nodes... The disease is very contagious, so you cannot comb the affected areas - you can bring the infection to other areas of the skin. Impetigo can take the form of ecthyma, a severe form of skin infection that affects its deeper layer, the dermis. Ecthyma manifests itself as deep, festering ulcers, usually on the legs and feet. Discharge from ulcers dries up as a thick, greyish-yellow crust. Ugly scars may remain at the site of the ulcers. Ecthyma also causes inflammation of the regional lymph nodes.

Streptoderma. Streptoderma in children of different ages develops due to the defeat of various strains of the common microbial agent streptococcus and a decrease in effectiveness immune defense... It is characterized by the appearance of typical blistering rashes on skin (less often mucous membranes) filled with purulent contents. In the absence of the necessary complex treatment streptoderma in a child progresses, spreading to new, previously healthy areas of the skin. The disease does not tend to spontaneously disappear, in especially advanced cases, blood poisoning and death of the child are possible.

The most common allergic diseases. Today the number of children suffering from allergic diseases is constantly increasing. This phenomenon is explained by many factors: poor ecology, widespread use household chemicals, the use of all kinds of medicines, as well as the use of products containing artificial additives. In addition, frequent colds greatly weaken the work of the immune system, which is why allergic diseases in children develop faster.

Atopic dermatitis Symptoms: itching, skin redness, crusting in the affected area. Usually, atopic dermatitis affects the face, neck, limbs and the front of the baby's abdomen. In children of the first year of life, atopic dermatitis is mainly associated with allergy to food components, and can also be observed with intestinal dysbiosis.

neurodermatitis Symptoms: very itchy areas of the skin (always in places where the patient can reach to scratch or in places where the skin is constantly rubbed, for example, under a watch or a ring), which coarse very quickly, become rough and covered with small tubercles. As the skin recovers, itching subsides. Recurrences of neurodermatitis can occur quite often (in the same or new areas of the skin). Often the cause of the exacerbation of neurodermatitis is stress. Itching with neurodermatitis often intensifies at night. Patients with neurodermatitis often experience exacerbations of the disease and, as a rule, suffer from itching for many years

Hives. Symptoms: skin itching with redness and swelling, on well-defined areas of the skin (most often on the abdomen, in the area of \u200b\u200blarge joints, on the back of the hands). Distinctive feature urticaria is the short duration of its manifestations: as a rule, skin symptoms hives exist for no more than a day. Another manifestation allergic reaction there may be angioedema or anaphylactic shock. Both of these dangerous conditions are manifested in the beginning by common itching.

psoriasis. Chronic inflammatory disease skin, the exact cause of which is currently unknown. Symptoms: The appearance on the skin of well-defined areas with redness and whitish scales (from small to large) on the surface. Itchy areas may extend beyond these areas. Psoriasis is characterized by a chronic course and with periods of exacerbation and remission of the disease.

Children's diseases of the sebaceous and sweat glands. Seborrhea. Seborrhea, or a disorder of sebum production, which consists in a change chemical composition sebum and is accompanied by increased or decreased function sebaceous glands, usually manifests itself during puberty, as well as with improper nutrition, hygiene, and various diseases.

Acne Common acne, or acne, is most often the logical development of seborrhea and has a chronic purulent-inflammatory nature of inflammation of the sebaceous glands. The mechanism of their occurrence lies in the blockage of the ducts of the sebaceous glands, as a result of which the stagnant fat begins to decompose and feed various, mainly coccal bacteria, forming purple-cyanotic nodes with black dots.

Prickly heat Heat heat, occurs with hyperfunction of sweat glands, overheating or improper hygiene and manifests itself in a rash of pink-red millimeter nodules and spots on the neck, at the top chest, in the lower abdomen and in natural skin folds. In general, a harmless disease, cured by eliminating hygiene defects with the help of potassium permanganate, talcum with zinc, herbal infusions, but with a protracted nature can serve as a favorable basis for staphylococcal and streptococcal infections.

Conclusion: Even if one of the described diseases seemed to you as similar as possible and you, faced with such a problem as skin diseases children and photographs have been thoroughly studied - do not self-medicate. See your doctor, otherwise you risk transferring the disease to a new, advanced stage.

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Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by specific pathogens: pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa fungi, which, penetrating the human body (sometimes with food), come into contact with the cells and tissues of the body. At the same time, people leading healthy image life less prone to infectious diseases, tolerate diseases easier.

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Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms. There are many forms of bacteria, but the most common are the following: cocci, bacilli, spirilla. The ability of bacteria to cause infectious diseases is due to their ability to form toxins in the body (biologically active substancescapable of disrupting the vital activity of living organisms).

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Mushrooms are microscopic - they have similarities with plants and animals. Some microscopic fungi cause fungal skin diseases.

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The simplest microorganisms are a wide variety of unicellular organisms. Protozoa diseases include, for example, amoebic dysentery, allergies, sleeping sickness and trichomoniasis.

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Depending on the place of introduction of the pathogen into the body and the mechanism of its entry, infectious diseases are divided into: - intestinal infections (typhoid fever, dysentery, poliomyelitis, cholera, botulism, salmonellosis); - respiratory tract infections ( chickenpox, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, natural smallpox, scarlet fever); - blood infections (relapsing fever epidemic, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, mosquito encephalitis, tularemia, plague); - infections of the external integument (viral hepatitis B, HIV infection, gonorrhea, erysipelas, syphilis, trachoma, rabies, tetanus).

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The direct cause of an infectious disease is the introduction of pathogens into the human body and their interaction with the cells and tissues of the body. Sometimes the occurrence of an infectious disease can be caused by the ingestion of toxins of pathogens into the body (mainly with food).

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The following periods of development are characteristic of infectious diseases: - incubation (hidden); - initial; - the period of the main manifestations of the disease; - the period of extinction of the symptoms of the disease (recovery).

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Let us consider in more detail the course of diseases in different periods. Incubation period Initial period - Period of major manifestations. Extinction Period - Recovery

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The incubation period runs from the moment of infection until the first symptom of the disease appears and lasts from several hours (food poisoning) to several years (with rabies).

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The initial period manifests itself in malaise (chills, fever, nausea, headache), lasts several days and is not indicative for any particular disease.

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The period of the main manifestations is so called because the specific symptoms of the disease arise. This period ends with recovery, if the body copes with infectious agents, or the death of the patient. The period of extinction of symptoms is characterized by the disappearance of the main symptoms.

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The body recovers after full recovery body functions disturbed by the disease. If this does not happen, then the recovery is considered incomplete.

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Currently, there are five known transmission routes of infectious diseases: fecal-oral; - airborne; - liquid; - contact and household; - carriers of zoonotic infections (wild and domestic animals).

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If an infectious disease is detected, it is necessary: \u200b\u200b- Isolate the patient - Hospitalize the patient - Wear cotton-gauze bandages - Disinfect - Take antibiotics - If a focus of infection occurs, declare quarantine.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Infectious diseases prevention methods The presentation was prepared by: Primary school teacher Lokhanova MA

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Prevention of infectious diseases is. ... ... Prevention of infectious diseases is a series of measures, including - carrying out preventive vaccinations, quarantine measures, curing the source of infection. There are many methods for the prevention of infectious diseases, special attention is paid to the limitation of contacts, immunization, chemoprophylaxis of infections and increasing a person's resistance to infectious disease.

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Immunity In most cases, infection does not lead to death of the sick person, and the body clears itself of the infection, after minor manifestations of symptoms. Antibodies contribute to the acquisition of good immunity against infectious diseases. Immunity under the influence of these two factors can manifest itself as follows: direct effect on pathogens; neutralization of viruses, thus, microorganisms become unable to interact with the cells of the body; destruction by T-lymphocytes of cells affected by microorganisms. The immune system's response to microorganisms often causes symptoms such as fever and inflammation, which can be far more damaging to the human body than the direct destructive action of microbes.

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Classification of infectious diseases L. V. Gromashevsky: Intestinal (cholera, dysentery, salmonellosis, escherichiosis); Respiratory tract (flu, adenovirus infection, whooping cough, measles, chickenpox); "Blood" (malaria, HIV infection); External integument (anthrax, tetanus); With various transmission mechanisms (enterovirus infection).

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Classification of infectious diseases (depending on the nature of the pathogen): Prion (Jacoba, kuru, fatal familial insomnia); Viral (influenza, measles, viral hepatitis, HIV infection, meningitis); Bacterial (plague, cholera, dysentery, infections, meningitis); Protozoal (amebiasis, cretosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, malaria, babesiosis, balantidiasis); Fungal infections, or mycoses, (epidermophytosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, chromomycosis).

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Methods for the prevention of infectious diseases: Quarantine - a set of measures to stop the spread of infection. This includes: isolation of previously ill patients, disinfection of the residence of patients, identification of those in contact with patients, etc. Disinfection is carried out with the aim of destroying pathogens of infectious diseases in the external environment. Disinsection is an activity for the destruction of insects. Deratization is the destruction of rodents. To combat rodents, sources of infectious diseases, poisons are used, various tools and methods of trapping and exterminating rodents are used.

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Methods for the prevention of infectious diseases: Anti-epidemic measures - a set of recommendations that ensure the prevention of infectious diseases among certain groups of the population, reduce the incidence and eliminate certain infections. Vaccine - medical drug, designed to create immunity resistant to infectious diseases. The vaccine is made from weakened or killed microorganisms of the infection.

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Features One of the features of infectious diseases is the presence incubation period, that is, the period from the time of infection to the appearance of the first signs. The duration of this period depends on the method of infection and the type of pathogen and can last from several hours to several years (the latter is rare). The place where microorganisms enter the body is called the entrance gate of infection. Each type of disease has its own entrance gate.

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Federal Law "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases". The law uses the following concepts: Immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases - a system of measures taken to prevent, limit, spread and eliminate infectious diseases through preventive vaccinations. Preventive vaccinations are the introduction of medical immunobiological preparations into the human body to create specific immunity to infectious diseases. Medical immunobiological preparations - vaccines, toxoids, immunoglobulins and others medicinesdesigned to create a specific immunity to infectious diseases.

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National calendar of preventive vaccinations The national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes: preventive vaccinations against hepatitis B, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, poliomyelitis, tetanus, tuberculosis, mumps. These prophylactic vaccinations are carried out to all citizens of Ukraine within the time frame established national calendar preventive vaccinations. Prophylactic vaccinations for epidemic indications are carried out to citizens when there is a threat of infectious diseases, the list of which is established by the federal executive body in the field of health care.

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Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution

child development center - kindergarten № 38 "Zhuravushka"

Prevention of disease and injury in

preschool children

Completed: instructor in physical education, swimming

Zhikharev Andrey Nikolaevich

Novoshakhtinsk

Prevention colds

Colds are numerous acute respiratory infections (ARVI) and various exacerbations chronic diseases upper respiratory tract. Viruses are the main cause of colds, ARVI, and can be complicated by a serious infection - influenza. Colds are not caused by hypothermia, but germs and viruses. Just a hypothermic body has a reduced immunity, which can contribute to the rapid disease of acute respiratory viral infections in children.

• healthy lifestyle
• hardening
• personal hygiene
• folk remedies
• preventive measures
• vaccination

• Balanced rational nutrition, organization of a complete and varied diet of children - the correct ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, enrichment of the diet with vitamins, mineral salts and microelements. Particular attention should be paid to the fight against overfeeding of children with carbohydrate food - this increases the risk of ARVI diseases and is more severe.

• Physical activity (morning exercises, outdoor games on the site), in any weather (rain, snow, wind, fog), frequent walks will only be beneficial.

Hardening

To increase the body's resistance to viral diseases, it is necessary to prevent colds in children. And above all - the child must be tempered: rubbing with a cool damp towel, pouring water over it, swimming in the pool.

Swimming is one of effective means hardening the child, contributing to the formation of persistent hygiene skills. Bathing and swimming increases resistance to temperature fluctuations and increases immunity to colds.

This will raise the tone and development of the muscles of the child, improve performance. of cardio-vascular system and will perfectly strengthen the immune system.

Personal hygiene

Prevention of infectious diseases in children includes personal hygiene - it is necessary to teach the child to wash his hands often, rinse his nose with salt water 2-3 times, rinse his mouth, and avoid contact with sick people - this will reduce the number of colds.

Folk remedies

Folk remedies - fruit drinks from black currants, cranberries, viburnum, rosehip infusion, tea with lemon, honey, herbs (raspberries, eucalyptus, sage), garlic, onions, sauerkraut - will help in the fight against viruses and microbes. Inhalations - finely chop the garlic or onion and place it in a plastic container from the “Kinder Surprise,” after making holes), and hang it around the child's neck like a pendant. Finely chopped garlic and onions in several saucers are placed around the room - phytoncides secreted by garlic and onions contribute to the production of interferon in the child's nasopharynx and this protects cells from viruses.

Preventive remedies

Multivitamins are an excellent prophylactic agent. Taking inside one gram of Ascorbic acid 1-2 times a day will perfectly increase immunity in children. For the prevention and treatment of colds in children, the recommended modern medicine such homeopathic remedies, such as kagocel, anaferon, aflubin, arbidol, viferon, etc. They are based on interferon and have an antiviral effect.

Vaccination

Most effective method prevention of viral diseases in children - vaccination. Vaccination can only be carried out healthy child, at least two weeks after recovery.

Prevention of injury

Unfortunately, childhood injuries remain one of the most common problems in our society. Injuries cause children physical and mental suffering, require treatment (often in a hospital), make them abandon their usual routine of life, reduce physical activity. The consequences of injuries often lead to serious health problems and disabilities.

However, experience shows that most childhood injuries can be avoided by following simple safety rules. First of all, parents should not forget that children require special attention: they are very mobile, active, inquisitive, often underestimate the degree of danger and overestimate their own capabilities.

General activities:

Control (but not supervision!) Over the activities of the child, encouragement of independence under the unobtrusive supervision of adults.

Talking to your child about the potential for injury and how to prevent it. At the same time, the information should be presented not in the form of prohibitions and requirements ("No!", "Don't touch!"), But in the form of an accessible explanation ("if you touch a hot iron, there will be a burn - the skin will turn red, a bubble may appear - this is very painful and very much interferes, so you have to be especially careful with hot objects "). It is also important to watch your words, not to give children negative attitudes; "You will fall!" "Hit!" To prevent this from happening, it is much better to say: "Watch your step", "Be careful!"

Houses:

• Glass interior doors, as well as doors with glass inserts, must be arranged or protected so that a child cannot break the glass in a direct impact, with a strong opening or closing.
• Preschoolers need to be gradually introduced to the rules for handling electrical appliances. The child should see that parents always follow safety precautions, turn on and off devices only with dry hands, be careful when handling electrical outlets
• Cabinets, shelves and other furniture must be firmly fixed ( common reason injuries - the cabinet toppling over when the door is opened). Vase figurines and glassware should be installed so that the child cannot accidentally drop them while playing.

• It is necessary for the child to learn how to behave correctly at the table to use cutlery, to know that leaving the table while eating is not only uncivilized, but also dangerous (food can "get into the wrong throat"). Pranks and games are unacceptable during meals!
• Everything medications, household chemicals, table vinegar, shampoos, decorative cosmetics, etc. All these funds should not be available to the child.

• During a walk, you cannot leave your child without adult supervision.
• The child must learn the rules of behavior on the swing (hold on with both hands, sit in the center of the seat, do not try to get off or, even more so, jump off, until a complete stop), on the slide (do not move down the hill upside down, follow the movements of other children).