Safe nootropics. What nootropics are better to take? List of most effective preparations, action mechanism

30.11.2019

The nervous system of a person who has recently emerged, is still immature. She will be improved by years. It is not surprising that caring parents closely look at their crumb - and does he have any deviations?

Baby is restless before bedtime? Sometimes the chin trembles, stick handles, legs, the baby is abundant and often jumps, lags behind in developing from peers? Do Karapuza have a speech development delay or does he want to sit down and go to the average period? All these symptoms can be a sign as natural to crumbling immaturity. nervous systemand a serious illness.

When the question gets up, what is called, the edge, parents and child doctors have no time to wait whether alarm symptoms with time.

After all, the older child, the more difficult it is to correct the deviations caused by neurological pathologies. In this situation, children are prescribed nootropic drugs. It is not necessary to scare - according to statistics, they are written out to each third baby.

What it is?

Nootropics are neurometabolic stimulants.Simply put, drugs that actively act on the highest mental functions of the brain improve the blood circulation and the work of the nervous system, stimulate exchange processes in nervous fabrics. IN international Classification Nootropic funds have a separate group, they were combined with psychostimulants. But it is also not a reason for excitement.

Act

Nootropic action Based on multiple processes. They improve the energy state of nerve cells (neurons), accelerate the processes flowing in the central nervous system, saturate the brain with oxygen, strengthen the membranes of nerve cells, increase the speed of pulses in the brain. As a result, the exchange processes in the brain are significantly improved, "fastens" the memory, "revives" perception. Positive nootropics act on the mechanisms of thinking, increase intellectual abilities. It was for this that nootropics received their second unofficial name - "Cognition Stimulants".

Nootropic drugs are of different classification, their total more than 20 species. This is more than a hundred names.

Indications for use

Nootropic drugs are prescribed for the following diseases and states:

Backlog in the development of the child's psyche,
Delay in the development of speech,
The consequences of the intrauterine suffering of the baby, during which it turned out to be affected by the central nervous system,
Head injuries (brain concussion, CMT),
Attention deficit syndrome
Various forms of mental backwardness,

In addition, certain types of nootropic drugs are likely to be prescribed with strong stinking, sleep impairment in a child, urination disorders, migraines, strong dizziness. Nootropics are used to treat hyperkinesov (these are chaotic convulsive randomly emerging movements with their hands and legs in children), as well as for the prevention of the pecification. In addition, nootropic drugs for the treatment of children are used in ophthalmology, toxicology, traumatology.

Pros and cons

Despite its rather positive impact on the body, disputes and scientific discussions around Nootropov do not subside. Wide use of these drugs found only in Russia and the countries of the former CIS. Probably because they began to be used in our medicine in the middle of the 20th century. European and American doctors, for example, refuse to prescribe nootropics with their little patients.

The reason is that the efficiency and benefit of nootropic drugs has not yet been able to prove.Although everyone agrees with the fact that there are no special damage from them. And then then the meaning is to treat with nootrops of everyone and everything, if we are talking, of course, is not about the list of diseases mentioned above? This opinion, in particular, adhere to famous doctors Roshal and Komarovsky. Some experts offer even translate nootropic drugs from the category of medicines to the category of biologically active additives.

What drugs can prescribe a doctor?

The main and the very first in the history of Novotrop, "Father-founder" of all other drugs of this family, - piracetam. Most Russians and residents of the former CIS countries are also familiar with other synonymous names: Nootropyl, cerebry, Luceta, Oikov, etc.

PiRsets synthesized more than half a century ago. The drug has a beneficial effect on the brain, stimulates memory, increases the ability to intelligent loads and motivates to learning, contributes to the concentration of attention. Produced in capsules, ampoules and pills. Children up to the year, piracetam is not recommended. In addition, this drug does not like kids with psychomotor excitation.

Among side phenomena From the reception of Piracetam - insomnia, violation of coordination of movements, irritability, confusion of consciousness.

Another very popular drug in Russian pediatricians is Panthogam.This is a nootropic anticonvulsant. Produced in the form of tablets and syrup. His doctor can prescribe your baby from the first days of life.
Medicine improves the condition of children with different forms of cerebrals, schizophrenia, autism. In addition, Pantoga helps when urine incontinence, children's nerve ticks, hyperactivity syndrome and speech developmental delay. Side effects are minimized to drowsiness and allergic reaction to any pantogam component.

Picconal - Expanding Brain Vessels nootropic drug, Analog Piracetam.Among other things, has a psychostimulating and light tranquilizing effect. Produced in ampoules for intravenous and intramuscular administration And in tablets. Not recommended for children up to 3 years.
Often, peakon is prescribed overly disturbing, emotionally unstable children. In addition, this nootrop is taken to increase endurance in conditions of physical and mental overloads, such as athletes.

Among the side effects - headache, nausea, skin itch. The drug can not be taken to a child having kidney problems.

Phoenibut is a modern nootrop, which is often prescribed to children.It stimulates the activity of the nervous system, increases mental performance, improves memory, helps schoolchildren to cope with overloads in the learning process. The effect of the tranquilizer helps remove the alarm, irritability, improve sleep. Produced in tablets and powders. This drug is low-toxic, and therefore it is prescribed to children from 2 years. Among the side effects - dizziness, drowsiness, nausea.

Pyritinol - nootropic agent with minor sedative effect. Often it is advised to take in depressive states, vegetate - vascular dystonia, increased fatigue, delay mental Development. Suitable for children from 1 year. It has a sufficiently large list of side effects from nausea to polyimosit, dysnae and loss of taste sensations.

Cinnarizin (synonyms of balcinnarzine, verticular, disiring, cinnamon, cinizine) is nootrop, in the instructions for use to which it is said that he is not recommended for children under 12 years old. However, many doctors have long prescribed this drug to the kids up to a year, and argue about its positive impact. However, the effectiveness of the medication was not proved, but the side effects in patients were fixed. This drug is satisfied with serious: violations of liver and kidney activities, pressure drop, headaches. Cynnarizin is produced in capsules and tablets.

Semax is one of the favorite pediatricians of nootropic drugs. It is produced in the form of droplets in the nose, and therefore it is convenient to apply it to even the smallest patients. Semax comes to the rescue in cases where children have a delay in speech development, sleep disorders, hyperoportability, capriciousness. Among the side effects - dizziness, irritation of the mucous membrane of the nose.

An excellent option may be the simplest aminoacetic acid glycine.It has all the advantages of nootrops, but devoid of frightening side effects. Glycine prescribe to the kids of any age. The drug regulates excitation and braking processes. As a result, the child increases attention, the learningability is significantly improved, the night's sleep is normalized.

It is almost impossible to list all the preparations of a nootropic family, there are a lot of them, besides, the pharmaceutical industry is not standing on the spot, and almost every year presents something new. Search for new formulas in nootropic drugs is beneficial, because these funds are pretty in demand and adults and children.

From the "new products" I want to mention the Japanese Nootrop Gammalon.The cost of this drug exceeds the cost of its piracetam's generator more than 100 times. Packaging of the drug from the rising sun country costs about 2500 rubles per pack (100 tablets).

According to reviews on the Internet, it helps even children with severe forms of autism and children's cerebral paralysis, facilitates their condition. But a number of physicians Gammalon raises doubts. The fact is that even a superficial analysis of the instructions for use by observational patients can suggest that as part of the Japanese "miracle drugs" one-only amino acid is a gamma-aminoxy.

Nootrop with the same accurate composition - Aminalon. Only it is only 99 rubles. A practical approach to the question suggests that the Japanese gammalon is about a successful marketing move, especially since its efficiency and benefits, as in other nootropic drugs, has not yet been scientifically proven.

Conclusion about the diagnosis in Russia

In Russia, there was a peculiar practice of diagnostics. Doctors in the clinic for the sake of "reinsurance" can put a neurological or even psychiatric diagnosis of any child with increased excitability, very movable or alarming. By and large, there would be a person, and there is a diagnosis.

Doctors cannot condemn for this. They are as prescribed by the Ministry of Health. After all, missing the disease is still worse. Parents begin to treat the kid appointed by cautious doctor nootropic drugs, not knowing if they are harmful. With reality existing disease Nootropics are effective, but in the case of medical "reinsurance" drug healthy child Do not bring anything to a smooth account, except for probable "sides."

No doctors and accurate and uniform criteria for assessing the behavior of small children. Therefore, to establish a line between the usual restless child And the baby with a neurological disease is quite difficult.

Despite all the diagnostic methods, the solution of the "Normal or Pathology" dilemma falls on the doctor's shoulders and ultimately be determined only by them. And this fertile soil for medical errors And those most reinsurance "just in case."

The main principle of any doctor is "not harmful", and to test the funds in search of the opportunity to finally obtain a list of drugs with proven effectiveness, at least shortly and unethical. Let better statistics replenish laboratory animals.

For details on nootrops, see the following video.

Nootropic drugs - medicinal productsproviding direct impact on higher Functions brain, increasing its resistance to excessive loads and the influence of other negative factors (intoxication, injury, hypoxia). The reception of such drugs contributes to improved memory, an increase in the intellect and cognitive activity of the brain. No wonder in translating from Greek, the concept of "nootropics" means "desire to think." Popular medicines called "smart" tablets.

Apply nootropic drugs in the most different areas Medicine - neurology, cardiology, psychology, psychiatry, narcology, pediatrics. With their help, you can "escape" from the stroke and maintain the brain functions not only in old age, but also at a fully boring age.

Good to know

Nootropics do not violate the functions of the brain, do not cause addiction and drug dependence, do not have a sleeping pill effect.

Today we learn more about the properties and advantages of nootropic drugs, we will tell about the most popular drugs and methods of their application.

Classification of nootropic drugs

The first representative of the pharmacological group of funds that improve the work of the brain was pyroids. This drug was synthesized in 1963 and after a number of clinical trials confirmed by its therapeutic effect (improving mental abilities, memory), was allowed to the pharmaceutical market and became a prime carrier of the current Medicinal group of Nootropov. Today, all nootropic means are conditionally divided into two categories:

True nootropics - the therapeutic effect is to improve memory, speech and mental abilities.
Neuroprotectors - combined means, additionally show anticonvulsant, sedative, antihypoxic and relaxing effect.

According to the mechanism of action, drugs are divided into the following subgroups:

preparations that accelerate metabolic processes in the brain (piracetam, phenibut, actovegin, glycine, cerebrolysin, folic acid, vitamins E and B).
vasotropic agents that positively affect the vessels in the brain (cinnarizine, Vinpocetin, Instenon);
medicines that improve memory and stimulating processes of assimilation and perception of educational material (choline, galantamine, corticotropin).

Currently, pharmacological laboratories are developing the latest nootropic agents that are distinguished by a minimum of contraindications, practically do not have toxic influence on the body and ensure high efficiency.

Beneficial features

Initially, doctors prescribed medications from a group of nootropics to older people suffering from violations of brain functions. BUT B. last years Preparations of this group are widely used among representatives of different age groups. This became possible due to the versatile spectrum of the therapeutic action of nootrops. Positive effect The reception of drugs is as follows:

improves memory and the rate of mental processes;
assimate and preservation processes are activated new information, learning abilities;
the activity of brain cells is normalized by eliminating hypoxia and improving blood supply;
restores the ability to resist stress factors;
the concentration of attention increases, the cerebral functions are activated;
metabolic processes in the cerebral cortex are stimulated;
the work of the nervous system, disturbed due to injuries and insufficient supply of oxygen tissues;
the performance increases, the symptoms of asthenia disappear, the feeling of cheerfulness and clarity of consciousness returns;
a psychostimulating factor is manifested, allowing to fight apathy and intensity;
intellectual abilities increase;
the body's resistance to the influence of adverse factors is improved, as a result of which the risk of stroke and other vascular disorders is reduced.

In this case, nootropic drugs do not provoke drug addiction, do not have a negative impact on the highest nervous activity, do not cause psychomotor arousal and physical exhaustion of the body.

The newest nootropic drugs have a positive effect on an increase in physical activity and endurance, which allows them to use them without harm to health with intensive sports loads.

Preparations from the group of nootropov are prescribed to representatives of different age groups. Nootropic drugs for the elderly are used to adjust the age disturbances of intellect. Students and schoolchildren have these tools to assist the information and maintain the brain functions with intensive mental loads during the period of training and passing exams. For children, nootropics are used if we are talking about delayed development.

When do nootropic drugs prescribe?

Preparations that improve nutrition and blood circulation of the brain are used for the following states:

chronic insufficiency of brain vessels;
consequences of stroke (impaired cerebral circulation);
senile or vascular dementia;
neuroinfection, cortical myoclonia;
brain injuries;
with neurotic and neurosis-like disorders;
in manifestations of vegetative dystonia, depressive states;
psycho-organic syndrome, accompanied by a disruption of memory, a decrease in the concentration of attention and mental performance;
during drug addiction, and concomitant states (abstinence syndrome, delirium, encephalopathy);
with sleep disorders, frequent headaches, dizziness;
in chronic cerebrovascular failure;
with organic violations of brain functions in elderly people;
in sickle cell anemia;
with urination disorders caused by neurogenic causes;
in psychopathology (schizophrenia, oligophrenia).

The list of indications for the use of nootropic tools is quite wide and allows them to be used in various fields of medicine.

Features of the use of nootropics in children

Today, new generation nootropic drugs are produced, which are characterized by high efficiency and less contraindications and side effects. Nevertheless, in pediatrics, their use is limited, as the drugs of this group cause increased excitability in children and insomnia. And this reaction is quite natural, because the mechanism of action of drugs is aimed at accelerating the metabolism in the brain and the activation of its functions.

Therefore, the use of nootropic drugs for children is limited by the following states:

delay mental, speech, mental development;
attention deficit syndrome;
congenital pathologies, centers;
defeat of the nervous system of the kid at childbirth.

With these pathologies, the use of nootrops is a necessity, but all drugs must appoint a doctor, taking into account the condition and age of the child. Today, a new nootropic means of pantogam has been developed specifically for use in pediatrics, which is characterized by a soft action and is better transferred to small patients, since it does not cause sleep disorders and other side effects.

Contraindications for reception

Any drug from a group of nootropic agents has its own list of contraindications. Therefore, before using the drug, you need to consult with your doctor and carefully familiarize yourself with the instructions. Nevertheless, one can distinguish a number of general restrictions inherent in most nootropics. This list includes the following states:

renal and liver failure;
pregnancy and breastfeeding period;
individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
hereditary diseases of the nervous system (genton disease);
recovery period after transferred hemorrhagic stroke.

Nootropic drugs, even a new generation, can cause a number adverse Reactionsfrom which the most common are manifestations of anxiety, insomnia, weakness or hyperactivity, dyspeptic disorders, disruption of coordination of movements, convulsive syndrome And other manifestations.

It should be borne in mind that most Nottrops have a toxic effect on the liver and kidneys. Therefore, it is not necessary to engage in self-medication, all drugs must appoint a specialist, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient and possible contraindications.

Best Nootropic Preparations Improving Brain Food

In the list of the best preparations, the palm of the championship holds true nootropics that do not have additional effects and affect directly improving mental processes. Among them are the following drugs:

(Nootropyl). This is the first drug that in clinical practice began to be used to improve memory and activate the functions of the brain. Available in the form of tablets and a solution for in / in injection. It is used to treat patients from different age categories. Improves the nutrition of nervous cells, eliminates hypoxia, increases the stability of the brain to high mental loads. It is often recommended to schoolchildren and students in the process of learning and passing exams. Helps to stop the abstineent syndrome in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. Contraindications for use are renal failure and recovery period after a stroke. The cost of the drug is from 250 rubles.
(Vinpocetin). Corrects cerebral circulation, softens the effects of hypoxia, expands the brain vessels, protects the nerve cells from the effects of free radicals. Available in tablet form and in the form of solutions for parenteral administration. The region of its application is wide - the drug helps to cope with the consequences of strokes transferred, used in vascular disorders, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy. The powerful nootropic effect allows it to include it in the complex therapy of the cranial and brain injuries and concussions of the brain. The drug is well tolerated at any age and is used both in the elderly and in young patients. average price Cavinton from 280 rubles.
Pantogam. One of the best and modern nootropics used in pediatric practice. The basis of the drug is gopanene acid. This substance is well studied and is successfully used to treat children with organic and functional disorders. Pantogam is released in the form of tablets, capsules and a sweet syrup with a cherry flavor, which very much like small patients. Soft action and a minimum of side effects makes it possible to apply the drug from the first days of the child's life. Pantogam successfully combines the stimulating effect with a slight sedative effect and well levels various toxic effects on brain tissue. The drug is used to treat PDP, mental and mental delays. It allows you to eliminate the neurosis-like states and hyperactivity syndrome, it is used in urinary incontinence (enuresis). The cost of the drug is from 500 rubles.

Best Nootropics with additional activating action

. The drug from a group of neuroleptics, which is characterized by a pronounced psychostimulating effect, therefore it is widely used in the therapy of asthenic syndrome, developing against the background of severe infections and somatic diseases. The phenotropyl has a powerful activating effect on subcortical structures, accelerates the exchange of information, improves the emotional background and further exhibits an anticipant effect. The drug is capable of raising pain thresholdTherefore, it can be used as an anesthetics with neuropathic pains. Phenotropyl helps the body adapt to high mental and physical stress and easier to carry stress. Additionally contributes to the improvement of color perception, increases the field of view, can be used as part of the complex therapy of varicose disease and obesity. The average price is from 900 rubles.

Top nootropic remedies with soothing action

. The drug removes increased anxiety, eliminates the unreasonable fears, normalizes sleep, provides a light sedative effect. It is successfully used in integrated therapy of encephalopathy, it helps to recover after a stroke, improves psychological indicators. Applied to prevent sea disease. It is well tolerated by patients, does not affect the psyche in the use of elderly. Price preparation - from 350 rubles.
. The most inexpensive and affordable nootropic drug, based on purified amino acid. Used to improve memory in the process of training schoolchildren and students, as well as in the treatment of the effects of strokes. Glycine helps to fight with mental burnout, stops in nerity-like states, relieves the manifestations of vegetative dystonia, facilitates the condition of hypertensive and hypotonic crises, increases the body's resistance to stressful factors. The drug practically does not have side effects and can be used in different age groups. Glycine price is from 40 rubles.

Popular New Generation Nootropic Preparations

Orocetam. Combined remedy with a nootropic effect on the basis of piracetam and orotone acid. Produced in the form of a solution for in / in injections. It is used for severe brain intracits, improves metabolic processes in nerve cells and activates the desitoxic functions of the liver. The price of one ampoule of Orocetama is about 50 rubles.
. Combined drugwhich includes piracetam and zinnarizin. Produced in the form of capsules. The drug improves blood microcirculation in the brain, contributes to the expansion of blood vessels, improves visual and hearing perception. Fesame relieves well headache, fights with dizziness, consequences of hypoxia and violations of cerebral circulation, helps to fight the manifestations of amnesia. A new nootropic agent is included in the complex therapy of encephalitis, cranial-cerebral injuries, are used to combat the effects of the suffered stroke. The cost of the drug is from 260 rubles.
Tiocetam. The basis of the drug is a combination of piracetam and tiotrium. Available in the form of tablets and injection solutions. It is applied to the treatment of speech disorders caused by a violation of cerebral circulation, as well as to eliminate the consequences of intoxication of the body in chronic alcoholism. Price of tablets - from 550 rubles.

The list of nootropic drugs used to eliminate the functional impairment of the brain and improving intellectual abilities is not limited to the above-mentioned means. Survived by drugs widely used in neurological practice are funds such as:

Cinnarizin,
Actovegin,
Cerebricsin.

Such this list of such popular medicines such as Semax, Tanakan, Luceta, Instenon or Biotropyl are complemented. Deciding which drug is the most effective in one way or another can only specialist.

Nootropics are widely used in different fields of medicine, their practices use ophthalmologists, cardiologists, pediatricians or neurosurgeons. But most often neurologists and psychiatrists are resorted to the appointment of nootropic agents.

It is this group of medicines that helps a person to cope with intellectual and exercisewho are inevitable in mad rhythm modern life. Patient reviews indicate that nootropics normalize the state with vascular disorders, help cope with cerebrovascular failure and reduce the risk of stroke.

Most of the population of our planet, especially the inhabitants of large cities, are forced to be in conditions of permanent environmental and psycho-emotional stress. It has been proven that stress is not harmless to the human body, it is a risk factor of many, and also has a negative impact on the nervous system, as a result of which a person becomes irritable, it decreases working capacity, the memory and processes of thinking deteriorate. In this regard, scientists are continuously engaged in searching for the paths of prevention and correction of the negative impact of stress on the nervous system. About 50 years ago, the concept of nootropic drugs emerged, was synthesized and tested piracetam. This gave a powerful impetus to the search and creating other substances with such a principle of action, these studies continue to this day.

From this article, the reader will receive an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat nootropics and what effects they possess, get acquainted with the testimony, contraindications, the side effects of these drugs in general, and also learns the features separate representatives medicines of this group, in particular new generation nootrops. Let's start.

What is nootropics

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, nootropic drugs are funds that have activating the impact on training that improve mental activities and memory, increasing the resistance (stability) of the brain to such aggressive impacts, as injuries, intoxication, hypoxia.

The first in the history of Nootrop is piracetam, which was synthesized and applied in the clinic of Belgian pharmacologists in the distance in 1963. In the process of research, scientists found out that this medicinal substance significantly increases mental performance, improves memory and promotes trainee. In the future, other drugs with similar effects were synthesized, which we will talk below.

Effects and mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs

The main effects of drugs of this group are:

psychostimulating;
sedative;
anti-asthenic (reducing the feeling of weakness, lethargy, phenomena of mental and physical asthenia);
antidepressive;
anti-epileptic;
actually nootropic (impact on the violated higher cortical functions, which is manifested by improving thinking, speech, attention, and so on);
mnemotropic (influence on learning and memory);
adaptogenic (increase in the body's ability to withstand harmful environmental impacts);
vasegeptive (improving the blood supply to the brain, which is manifested by a decrease and, as well as the elimination of other vegetative disorders);
antidiskinetic;
improving the clarity of consciousness and level of wakefulness.

These drugs do not cause pharmacological dependence and psychomotor arousal, the reception does not determine the exhaustion of the physical capabilities of the body.

At the heart of drugs of this group, such processes are:

activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system by enhancing protein and RNA synthesis;
activation of energy processes in neurons;
activation of the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system;
optimization of polysaccharide utilization processes, in particular glucose;
depression of formation in cells of free radicals;
reducing the need of nerve cells in oxygen under hypoxia;
the membrane-stabilizing effect (adjust the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids in nerve cells, stabilize the structure of cell membranes).

Nootropic drugs activate adenylate cyclase enzyme, increasing its concentration in nerve cells. This substance is necessary to maintain the stability of the production of the main energy source for the implementation of biochemical and physiological processes - adenosine trifosphoric acid, or ATP, which, besides, under hypoxia, translates the metabolism in the brain to the optimally saved mode.

In addition, nootropics affect the neurotiator brain systems, in particular, on:

monoaminergic (increase the content in the brain of dopamine and norepinephrine, as well as serotonin);
cholinergic (increase the content in the nerve endings of the acetylcholine necessary for adequate transmission of pulses from the cell to the cell);
glutamhergic (also improve the signal from the neuron to neuron).

As a result of all the effects described above, the patient improves memory, attention, thinking processes And the processes of perception, the ability of it to learning is increasing, intellectual functions are activated.

Classification of Nootropov

The class of nootropic drugs includes substances of various pharmacological groups that have a positive effect on the operation of nerve cells and improving their structure.

Substances stimulating metabolic processes in nerve cells:

pyrrolidone derivatives: piracetam, pramiracetam, phenylpiracetam and others;
derivatives of gamma-amine oil acid (gamc): aminal, peyonal, gopanene acid, phenibut;
pantothenic acid derivatives: pantogam;
vitamin B6 derivatives - Pyridoxine: pyritinol;
means containing dimethylaminoethanol: acephane, centrophenoxin;
preparations containing neuroaminoxylotes and peptides: glycine, cerebrolysin, actovegin;
antihypoxants: oxymethylpyridine succinate;
vitamins, vitamin-like, generalonizing agents: vitamin B15, vitamin E, folic acid, succinic acid, ginseng extract and others.

Preparations that have a positive effect on the vessels, or vasotropic drugs:

Xanthinola nicotinate;
Vinpocetin;
Pentoxifillin;
Zinnarizin;
Instenon.

Preparations, stimulating memory and learning processes:

holinomimetics and anticholinesterase: Galanamin, Holin, Amiridine and others;
hormones: Corticotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone;
endorphins, Enkephalins.

Indications for the use of nootropics

Nodules of class Nootropov are used to treat the following diseases:

of different nature (vascular, senile);
chronic insufficiency of brain vessels;
consequences of brain circulation;
neuroinfection;
intoxication;
psychoorganic syndrome with phenomena of memory violations, reduce the concentration of attention and general activity;
cortical myoclonia;
dizziness, with the exception of dizziness of vasomotor and mental origin;
chronic alcoholism (in order to treat encephalopathy, abstineent and psychoorganic syndromes);
reduced mental performance;
astheno-depressive, depressive, astheno-neurotic syndromes;
neurosis-like disorders;
card and brain injury;
hypercines;
sleep disorders;
migraine;
in the complex treatment of open-hearted glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina, diabetic retinopathy, as well as the elder degeneration of the yellow stain.

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat the following states:

mental retardation;
mental Delay and Speech Development;
cerebral palsy;
the consequences of the lesion of the central nervous system in childbirth;
attention deficit syndrome.

Contraindications for receiving nootrops

Drugs this group cannot be taken in the following cases:

with the individual hypersensitivity of the organism of the patient to the active substance or other components of the drug;
in the case of an acute period of hemorrhagic stroke (hemorrhages in brain tissue);
with hater hateringitton;
in the event of a severe renal function (if creatinine clearance is less than 20 ml / min);
during pregnancy and lactation.

Side effects of Nootropov

Drugs of this group rarely cause any side effectsHowever, a number of patients against the background of admission, the following undesirable reactions may be observed:

headache, irritability, anxiety, sleep disorders, drowsiness;
rarely, in sick elderly, the strengthening of symptoms of coronary failure;
nausea, discomfort in the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach, or;
strengthening psychopathological symptoms;

Brief description of drugs

Since drugs belonging to the class described by us are actually quite a lot, we will not be able to consider them, but let's talk only about those who have gained the wider distribution in medical practice today.

Piracetam (piracetam, lusteam, biotropyl, nootropyl)

Available in the form of tablets for intakes and a solution for injection and infusion.

The drug has a positive effect on blood circulation and metabolic processes in the brain, as a result of which the stability of brain tissues to hypoxia and exposure increases toxic substancesAnd also improves memory, the integrative activity of the brain, increases the ability to learn.

When taking inside, it is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 1 hour. Penetrates many organs and fabrics, including through the hematorecephalic and placental barriers. The half-life is 4 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.

The path of administration of the drug: inside or parenterally (intramuscularly or intravenously). Tablets are recommended to accept food. Dosage and duration of treatment are determined individually, depending on the disease and features of its clinical flow.

In the treatment of patients suffering, care should be taken and adjust the dose depending on the level of creatinine clearance.

The side effects of the drug are standard, and they occur, as a rule, in patients of elderly and senile age, provided they receive the dosage more than 2.4 g of piracetam per day.

It affects the aggregation of platelets, therefore, with caution, it is used in individuals suffering from hemostasis disorders and a tendency to hemorrhage.

During pregnancy and lactation, contraindicated.

In the case of the development of sleep violations against the background of taking Piracetam, the evening reception should be canceled and add this dose to the daytime.

Pramiracetam (Pramistar)

Chemical formula Pramirazetama

Release form - tablets.

It has high degree affinity for choline. Improves learning ability, memorization and mental activity as a whole. Does not have a sedative effect, does not affect the vegetative nervous system.

It is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract quickly and almost completely, the maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined after 2-3 hours. The half-life is 4-6 o'clock. Excreted by the kidneys.

During periods of pregnancy and lactation, the reception of Pramistar is contraindicated.

In the treatment of patients with impaired kidney function, it is necessary to closely monitor the development of the side effects of the drug - this will be a sign of an excess of the active substance in the body and require a reduction in the dose.

Vinpocetin (Cavinton, Neurovin, Vinpocetin, Vizobrol)

Produced in the form of tablets and a solution for infusions.

Improves microcirculation in the brain, reinforces brain blood flow, does not cause the phenomenon of "trusting".

When taking inside absorbed in the organs digestive tract by 70%. The maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 60 minutes. The half-life is almost 5 hours.

It is used both in neurology (with chronic violations of the cerebral circulation and other diseases described in the total part of the article) and in ophthalmology (for the purpose of treatment chronic diseases retinal vessels) and in othiatria (to restore hearing acuity).

In the event of the beginning of therapy in a sharp period of the disease, Vinpocetin parenterally should be introduced, and then continue orally at a dose of 1-2 tablets three times a day after meals.

Phenibut (Bifren, Noofen, Nobut, Phoenibut)

Release form - tablets, capsules, powder for cooking oral solution.

Dominant effects of this medicinal substance are antihypoxic and anti-themselves. The drug improves memory, increases mental and physical performance, stimulates learning processes. In addition, eliminates anxiety, fear, psycho-emotional tension, improves sleep. Enhances and lengthens the effect of sleeping pills, anticonvulsants and neuroleptics. Reduces the manifestation of asthenia.

After taking inside, it is well absorbed and penetrated into all organs and tissues of the body, in particular, through the blood-brain barrier.

It is used in reducing emotional and intellectual activity, concentration of attention, memory disorders, asthenic, disturbing-neurotic and neurosis-like states, insomnia, Meniere disease, as well as in order to prevent the pecification. In comprehensive therapy of preyrium and delicious alcohol states, osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, climacteric disorders.

It is recommended to take inside, before taking food, 250-500 mg three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 2.5 g, the maximum one-time is 750 mg. The duration of therapy is from 4 to 6 weeks.
In various clinical situations, the dosing mode may vary.

It has an irritant action, so caution is used in persons suffering.

Hopantic acid (Pantogam)

Produced in the form of tablets.

Reduces motor excitability, normalizes behavioral reactions, improves performance, activates mental activity.

Quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined 60 minutes after the reception. Creates high concentrations in the kidneys, liver, stomach and skin wall. Penetrates the hematorencephalic barrier. It is excreted from the body in 2 days.

Standard readings.

Take the drug inside, after half an hour after eating. One-time adult dose is 250-1000 mg. Daily dose - 1.5-3 g. The course of treatment is 1-6 months. After 3-6 months, you can repeat the course. In treating various diseases Doses of the drug may vary.

Contraindications and side effects are described above.

Pyritinol (encephabol)

Available in the form of tablets and suspension for oral administration (this dosage form is intended for children).

It has a pronounced neuroprotective effect, stabilizes neuron membranes, reduces the number of free radicals, reduces the aggregation of red blood cells. Positive affects behavioral and cognitive functions.

When complying with the dosing regime, the development of side effects is unlikely.

Glycine (Glycine, Glycide)

Release form - tablets.

Improves metabolism in muscles and brain tissues. It has a sedative effect.

Apply sublingual (resolving under the tongue).

For the treatment of depression, anxiety and irritability take glycine at 0.1 g 2-4 times a day. In chronic alcoholism is prescribed according to the recommended treatment schemes.

Contraindications - increased sensitivity To glycine. Side effects are not described.

Cerebricsin

The release form is a solution for injections.

Improves the function of nerve cells, stimulates their differentiation processes, activates the mechanisms of protection and recovery.

Penetrates the hematorencephalic barrier.

It is used in metabolic, organic and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, in particular, when, is also used in the complex therapy of strokes, traumatic brain damage.

Daily doses of the drug are widely vary depending on the pathology and range from 5 to 50 ml. The route of administration is intramuscularly and intravenously.

Use with caution to treat patients with allergic diathesis.

Aktovegin

Release form - tablets, injection and infusion mortar.

Contains exclusively physiological substances. Increases the stability of the brain to hypoxia, accelerates glucose disposal processes.

Applied with ischemic and residual phenomena Hemorrhagic stroke, brain injury. It is widely used for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy, burns, peripheral circulatory disorders, as well as in trophic disorders in order to accelerate the processes of wound healing.

As a rule, it is moved well. In some cases, the reactions described at the beginning of the article are developing.

Allowed to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding periods.

Contraindicated in the case of individual hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

It contains sucrose, so patients with hereditary impaired carbohydrate exchange are not applicable.

Hexobendine (Instenon)

Available in the form of tablets for intake and solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration.

It has a stimulating effect on metabolic processes in the brain and myocardium, improves brain and coronary circulation. Antispasmodic.

Indications for the use of this drug are diseases of the brain of age and vascular nature, the consequences of insufficient blood supply to the brain, dizziness.

Contraindicated in individual sensitivity to the components of the drug, elevated intracranial pressure, epileptiform syndromes. During pregnancy and during lactation, it is applied solely by testimony.

Inside it is recommended to take during or after eating, not chewing, drinking with plenty of water. The dosage is 1-2 tablets three times a day. Maximum daily dose - 5 tablets. The duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks.

The injection solution is injected intramuscularly, intravenously slowly or drip. The dosage depends on the characteristics of the clinical course of the disease.

During the treatment period, this drug cannot be consumed tea and coffee in large quantities. If the drug is injected intravenously drip, only slow infusion is allowed, and intravenous injection should continue at least 3 minutes. Rapid administration of the drug can lead to a sharp decline arterial pressure.

Combined drugs

There are many drugs that have 2 or more components similar to each other or mutually reinforcing each other effects. The main are:

Gamalate B6 (contains pyridoxine hydrochloride, gamc, gamma-amino-beta-hydroxyma saline, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide; pressed in complex treatment of functional asthenia; it is recommended to take 2 tablets 2-3 times a day for 2-18 months);
Neuro-norms (contains piracetam and zinnarizin; the testimony is standard for nootrops; dosage - 1 capsule three times a day for 1-3 months; take the tablet after eating, not chew, it is possible to abundantly drink water);
Noah, Oaron, Fesame, Cinatropyl, Evriza: Preparations similar chemical composition and other indicators with neuro-norms;
Olaatropyl (contains a gamke and piracetam; recommended for reception before meal, 1 capsule 3-4, maximum - 6 times a day for 1-2 months; if necessary, after 1.5-2 months, the course can be repeated);
Tiocetam (includes piracetam and tiotriazoline; tablets It is recommended to take 1-2 pieces per day; the course of treatment is up to 30 days; in some cases, in the form of a solution for injections: administered intravenously drip at 20-30 ml of the drug in 100- 150 ml of saline or intramuscularly 5 ml 1 time per day for 2 weeks).

So, above you got acquainted with the most sought-after drugs of the group of nootropics. Some of them are the first drugs of this class, but many are developed much later and acting much more efficiently, so they can safely wear the name of new generation nootrops. We draw your attention to the fact that the information provided in the article is not a guide to action: if you have any unpleasant symptoms, you should not deal with self-treatment, and you need to seek help from a specialist.

Nootropics are a group of psychotropic drugs that affect the highest functions of the brain and increase its resistance to negative exogenous factors: excessive loads, intoxication, injury or hypoxia. Nootropic tools improve memory, increase intelligence, stimulate informative activities.

From ancient Greek language, the term "nootropics" means "desire for thinking." For the first time, this concept was introduced in the past century pharmacologists from Belgium. Cerebroprotectors activate neurometabolic processes in the brain and increase the overall resistance of the body to the action of extreme factors.

Nootropics were not allocated in independent pharmacological groupThey were combined with psychostimulants. Unlike the latter, nootropic means are antihypoxants, but do not have a negative impact on the body, the activity of the brain does not violate the activity of the brain, do not affect motor reactions, do not have a sleeping and analgesic effect. Nootropics do not increase psychophysical activity and do not cause pharmacological dependence.

All nootropic means are divided into 2 large groups:

"True" nootropics that provide a single effect - improving memory and speech;
With antihifoxy, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant effects.

Nootropics have a primary effect, which consists in direct influence on the structures of the nervous system, and a secondary effect aimed at improving microcirculation in the brain, prevention and hypoxia. Nootropic agents stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous tissue and normalize them with, poisoning and traumatic damage.

Currently, pharmacologists are developing and synthesized the latest nootropic drugs that have fewer side effects and are more efficient. They differ in small toxicity and practically do not cause complications. The therapeutic effect of nootropov develops gradually. Take them should be continuously and for a long time.

New generation nootropics are used in various medical fields: pediatrics, obstetrics, neurology, psychiatry and narcology.

Mechanism of action

Nootropics have a direct impact on a series of brain functions, activate them, stimulate mental activity and memorization processes. They facilitate the interaction of the right and left hemispheres, as well as the main centers located in the cerebral cortex. Nootropic agents are rejuvenated by the body and prolong life.

Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors - nootropic drugs that have received a second name due to their biogenic origin and influence on cellular metabolism. These medicines increase the utilization of glucose and the formation of ATP, stimulate the biosynthesis of proteins and RNAs, suppress the process of oxidative phosphorylation, stabilize cell membranes.

Mechanisms of action of nootropics:

Membranectabilizing;
Antioxidant;
Antihypoxic;
Neuroprotective.

As a result of the course application of nootropic drugs, mental and cognitive processesThe intelligence increases, the metabolism in the nervous tissue is activated, the brain resistance to the negative impact of endogenous and exogenous factors increases. Cerebrovozoactive preparations also have a special vessel mechanism.

The effectiveness of nootropov increases with their combination with angioprotectors and psychostimulants, especially in weak people.

Nootropic drugs are most often prescribed to older people and children. In old age, it is necessary to adjust the impaired intelligence functions: attention and memory, as well as increase creative activity. Children neurometabolic stimulants will help in the fight against mental delay.

Basic effects

Nootropic remedies have the following impact on the human body:

spectrum of action of nootropov

Psychotic - stimulation of brain functions in mentally inert individuals suffering from hystoculia, apathy, psychomotor intensity.
Antihypoxic - the formation of the stability of the brain cells to the deficiency of oxygen.
Sedarative - soothing, slower action on the body.
Antiacenic - elimination of symptoms of asthenic syndrome.
Antidepressive - Fighting depression.
Anti-Epileptic - Warning Sailor, loss and confusion of consciousness, behavioral and vegetative disorders.
Nootropic - stimulation of cognitive activity.
Adaptogenic - the development of the organism resistance to the effects of negative factors.
Vasazegetative - acceleration of cerebral blood flow and elimination of basic symptoms.
Lipolytic is the use of fatty acids as a source of energy.
Antitoxic - neutralization or elimination of various toxic substances from the body.
Immunostimulating - strengthening immunity and increasing the general resistance of the body.

Indications and contraindications

Indications for the use of nootropic drugs:

Nootropics are contraindicated to persons with individual hypersensitivity to the main active agent of the drug, pronounced psychomotor excitation, hepatic renal failure or Bulimia, as well as those who suffered a sharp, suffering from Hettington, having a heavy violation of the function of the kidneys, pregnant and lactating women.

Side effects

Side effects arising against the background of treatment with nootropic drugs:

Hyperoportability
Weakness,
Insomnia,
Anxiety, anxiety,
Disps symptoms
Hepato or nephrotoxicity,
Eosinophilia,
Frequent attacks of angina,
Cramps, epipridges,
Equilibrium disorder
Hallucinations
Ataxia,
Confusion of consciousness
Fever,
Thrombophlebitis and pain in the place of administration,
Motor dismissal,
Feeling of heat and hyperemia
Rash on the face and body by type of urticaria.

Description of drugs

The list of best nootropic drugs that have received widespread in medical practice:

"PiRazetam" It has a positive impact on metabolic processes in the brain. The drug is prescribed for treatment, improved memory, correction of dyslexia, chorebreth and in children. Piracetam is a speed-resistant tool with an abstineent syndrome and delirium in alcoholics. It is used in viral neuroinfection and in the complex therapy of myocardial infarction.
"Vinpocetin" - Neurometabolic agent, expanding brain vessels and improving microcirculation. The drug supplies the brain tissue with oxygen and nutrient substances, reduces systemic blood pressure. Tablets "Vinpocetin" dilutes blood and improve its rheological properties. The medicine has an antioxidant and neuroprotective effect. First, the drug is administered intravenously drip within 14 days, and then go to overtoral reception Tablets.
"Phenibut" prescribe patients with asthenia, neurosis, insomnia, dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus. Children "Phoenibut" helps to cope with stuttering and ticks. The drug normalizes metabolism in tissues, has a psychostimulating, anti-aggregative and antioxidant effect. "Phoenibut" is small or not allergic.
"PANTOGAM" - Effective nootropic agent, widely used for the treatment of children. Basic active substance Medicines are vitamin in 15. This is physiologically active substanceExactively detected in all plants and products.
"Fenotropyl" - a drug last generationfastened by patients and doctors. It has a pronounced adaptogenic effect and increases the stress resistance to stress. The drug does not cause dependence. It is often recommended to students during preparation for the session.
"FEZAM" - Nootropic drug intended for comprehensive treatment Brain circulation disorders. It has an effective impact on the nervous system, expands blood vessels, stimulates the functioning of the hearing body and vision. "Fesame" eliminates the consequences of hypoxia, removes the headache, fights dizziness and amnesia. Persons who have undergone a stroke, or CHMT takes "flashes" for a long time. It helps the patients quickly recover and eliminates the negative effects of pathologies. "PiRsets" and "Cinnarizin", which are part of the medicine, expand the brain vessels, improve the power of the brain, the exchange of proteins and carbohydrates, stimulates local blood flow, reduces blood viscosity. Thanks to both components, antihypoxic effects and antiagregant activity are amplified, metabolism in the nervous system cells is improved.
"Zinnarizin" - nootropic drug that firms the walls of the brain vessels, and causing them to dilatation without changing the indicators of blood pressure. Cinnarizin has a sensitizing effect, suppresses nystagm and is an effective prophylactic means against the tech. It expands small arteries and peripheral capillaries. The drug produces in the only dosage form - In the form of pills for oral administration. Cinnarizin is prescribed not only for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but also for the prevention of attacks of migraine and kinetosis. The medicine stops symptoms of vegetative dystonia and:, weakness, headache, dizziness. "Zinnarizin" is used to facilitate the state in menopause. The drug normalizes sleep, relieves irritability, eliminates.
"CerebroLizin" - Comprehensive nootropic medicationwhich has passed clinical trials that confirmed its effectiveness and safety. Release the medicine in the form of tablets and injection solutions. "Cerebrolysin" are prescribed for the treatment of patients with various forms Mental and neurological diseases. According to the reviews, Cerborasin activates mental activity processes and increases the mood. Long use The drug improves memorization processes, increases the concentration of attention and ability to learn.
"Aktovegin" - antihypoxant designed to treat metabolic and vascular brain disorders and promoted fast healing wounds The medicine is used for the prevention and therapy of radiation lesions of the skin, peripheral vascular disorders, diabetic polyneuropathy. Aktovegin is produced in pills for oral administration, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular, intravenous and intraarterial injections. Gel, ointment and cream Aktovegin use local.

Nootropic tools (Greek. noos mind, mind + Tropos alard)

Basic N. s. Used in medical practiceis piracetam, which is in a chemical ratio is a cyclic analog of γ-aminobacing acid (). Properties of N. s. Some other analogues of GABA are also possessing, for example aminalon, pantogams and a number of drugs related to other classes of chemical compounds (acephane, pyriditol, etc.).

Along with nootropic activity, drugs of this group possess other pharmacological properties. For example, piracetas, pantogam and aminalon show some anticonvulsant activity, and pyriditol has antidepressive and sedative properties.

Mechanisms of action N. with. Little studied. It has been established that the stimulating effect of N. s. For memory, and training is mainly due to their action on metabolic processes in the nervous tissue. So, it is known that many N. s. Stimulate fabric, increase the speed of turnover and enhance the utilization of glucose cells of the brain. Most N. s. Have antihypoxic properties. Ability N. S. Improve energy processes in nervous tissue is one of the main reasons for increasing the stability of the brain to hypoxia and toxic effects on it under the influence of drugs of this group. Called by some N. s. The increase in cerebral blood flow seems to also matter in the mechanisms of their action to memory processes, thinking and learning. Obviously, for this reason, some drugs have nootropic activity (for example, Cavinton, Nicergolin), mainly improving.

Apply N. s. Basically, in memory violations, attention, speech, etc., due to vascular diseases of the brain (atherosclerosis, chronic cerebral-vascular failure, stroke), cranial and brain injury, intoxications (for example, with alcoholism), in the restorative period after transferred Neuroinfections and mental failure (mental delay) and oligophrenia in children. Along with this, individual preparations from N. S. Assign both other indications. So, piracetam is sometimes used as a corrector side effect neuroleptics (see neuroleptic means) and other psychotropic drugs, because It weakens the mental, neurological and somadegentive violations caused by them. Pantogams are used for Jackson epilepsy, hyperkinases, Parkinsonism, clonic shape of stuttering in children and as a corrector with neuroleptic syndrome, arising from intoxicating with neuroleptics. Pyriditol can be included in comprehensive therapy neurotic disorders and depression with indifference phenomena, adamisia. Acephane is sometimes used for neurotic, hypochondriac and asthenoicochondria, diancephal syndrome, lateral amyotrophic sclerosis.

Side effect of U. separate drugs N. Groups. manifests unenochnakovo, although for many of them most characteristic features This action is elevated, concern and. Along with this piracetam, it can cause dyspeptic disorders and coronary insufficiency, aminalon - dyspeptic disorders, heat and oscillations mainly in the first days after the purpose of this drug. Pantogam's side effect manifests itself mainly allergic reactions From the side of the skin (skin) and mucous membranes (allergic and conjunctivitis). Pyritolol can cause nausea and head, and in children psychomotor. For the side effect of Acerafen, the emergence of anxiety and fear. In patients with paranoid and hallucinatorial symptoms, the acephane can cause its strengthening.

Common contraindications for use for the N. Group. no. The use of aminalon and pantogama is not installed. Piracetam is contraindicated in acute renal failure and pregnancy, pyritolol - with increased convulsive readiness, epilepsy and psychomotor excitation, Acephane - with infectious diseases central nervous system.

Main N. s., Their doses, methods of application, output and storage conditions are given below.

Aminal (Aminalonum; Synonym: Gammalon, Ghanevrin, etc.) are prescribed inside (before meals) adults at 0.5-1.25 G.3 times a day, children depending on age - in daily doses from 0.5 to 3 G.. The duration of the course of treatment from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Release form: Tablets at 0.25 G., coated

Acephane (Acephenum; Synonym: Analuks, Cemer, Meklofenoxate Hydrochloride, etc.) Apply inside 0.1-0.3 G.3-5 times a day. The duration of the course of treatment is 1-3 months. Release form: Tablets at 0.1 G., coated. Storage: B list; In a dry, protected from light place.

Pantogam (Pantogamum) take inside after 15-30 Min.after meal. Adults are prescribed usually 0.5-1 G., children - 0.25-0.5 G.appointment. Daily dose 1.5-3 G.(adults) and 0,75-3 G.(Children) divide on 3-6 receptions. The course of treatment is 1-6 months. Repeated treatment courses are carried out in 3-6 months. Release form: Tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 G.. Storage: in a dry, protected from light place.

PiRsetam (Pyracetamum; Synonym: Nootropyl, Piired, etc.) Apply inside, intramuscularly or intravenously. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is prescribed 0.4 G.3 times a day and increase the dose to the total daily 2,4-3.2 G.and more. By reaching therapeutic effect daily dose Reduce to 1.2-1.6 G.. For children under 5 years old, the drug is prescribed insidely by 0.2 G.at the reception, from 5 to 16 years old - 0.4 G.3 times a day. The duration of the course of treatment from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Repeated treatment courses are carried out in 6-8 weeks. Intramuscularly or intravenous drug is introduced first in daily doses 2-4 G., then in daily doses 4-6 G.. Release form: Capsules containing 0.4 G.drug; Tablets 0,2 G., coated; 20% solution in ampoules of 5 ml. Storage: B list; In a dry, protected from light place.

Pyriditol (Pyriditolum; Synonym: Enezephabol, pyritinol, etc.) are prescribed inside after 15-30 Min.after eating adults 0.1-0.3 G.at the reception, children - 0.05-0.1 G.2-3 times a day. Daily doses for adults 0.2-0.6 G., for children 0.05-0.3 G.. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is adopted in smaller compared to average doses. Course of treatment from 1-3 months to 6-8 months in adults and from 2 weeks to 3 months in children. Repeated courses are carried out in adults in 1-6 months, in children in 3-6 months. Release form: Tablets of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 G., coated. Under the name "Encefabla" drug produce 0.1 G.in dragee and in the form of a syrup containing 0.1 G.in every 5. ml, in bottles of 200 ml. Storage: in a dry, protected from light place.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First medical care. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

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