Reactive lymphadenitis. Reactive lymphadenitis: causes, symptoms and treatment Reactive lymphadenitis with large focal hemorrhage
- What are the causes of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the groin in men and women?
- When does enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the arms develop in women?
- What could be the reasons for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the neck?
- I'm expecting a baby (fourth month of pregnancy). I recently caught a cold, a severe sore throat, and a fever. Today I noticed enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the jaw. How dangerous is it during pregnancy?
- What antibiotic is prescribed for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes?
- Is ichthyol ointment and Vishnevsky ointment used for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes?
- The child has symptoms of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes behind the ear. Which doctor should I contact? Are there any traditional treatments?
The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!
What does enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes mean?
Lymph nodes- the most important link lymphatic system, performing a drainage and protective function.The lymph nodes receive interstitial fluid from the lymphatic capillary system, containing elements that do not enter the blood (coarsely dispersed proteins, fragments of dead cells, microorganisms and their metabolic products, etc.).
In case of cancer, tumor cells linger in the lymph nodes, which often settle there and begin to multiply, forming tumor metastasis. In this case it happens enlarged lymph nodes, as a rule, not accompanied by inflammation.
The occurrence of this pathology, as a rule, indicates a weakening of the body’s defense reactions caused by one reason or another (senile age or infancy, the presence of concomitant diseases, previous infections, physical or psychological trauma, hypothermia, etc.).
Inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes occurs both with nonspecific infections (streptococcus, staphylococcus, etc.) and with infections caused by specific microflora (tuberculosis, cat scratch disease, etc.).
It should be noted that the value lymph nodes for the body is not limited to just one drainage function. Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes that produce antibodies against foreign proteins. When a sufficient number of microorganisms enter the lymph node, its working hypertrophy occurs.
In such cases, the enlargement of the lymph node is not associated with inflammation of its tissue, but with an increase in the number of lymphocytes that produce antibodies against this infection, as well as macrophages that absorb microorganisms, their waste products and dead cells.
Working hypertrophy of the lymph nodes occurs both in regional infections (chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc.) and in chronic septicemia (blood poisoning), which most often develops in severe blood diseases that occur with a decrease in the level of normal leukocytes in the blood (aplastic anemia , chronic agranulocytosis, etc.).
Systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) are also characterized by working hypertrophy of the lymph nodes that produce antibodies against the tissues of the body’s own. In this case, the degree of enlargement of the lymph nodes indicates the activity of the process.
And finally, like any fabric human body, lymph nodes may undergo tumor degeneration. In such cases (lymphogranulomatosis, lymphomas), an enlargement of the lymph nodes of a non-inflammatory nature also occurs.
Signs of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes. How to determine enlarged lymph nodes yourself?
There are the following most important groups of lymph nodes that you should pay attention to if you suspect a pathology of the lymphatic system:1. Occipital.
2. Parotid.
3. Cervical.
4. Submandibular.
5. Supraclavicular.
6. Axillary.
7. Elbows.
8. Inguinal.
9. Popliteal.
It is believed that normally the size of lymph nodes should not exceed 1 cm. The size of lymph nodes depends on their location and the individual characteristics of the body. It should be noted that most lymph nodes in normal condition cannot be palpated at all.
When diagnosing pathological enlargement of lymph nodes, other signs are also taken into account. Normal lymph nodes:
1.
Absolutely painless on palpation.
2.
They have a densely elastic consistency.
3.
Movable (easily move when palpated).
With enlargement and inflammation, the lymph nodes often become painful and lumpy, lose elasticity, and in the case of a chronic process, they often unite into one conglomerate of irregular shape and become fused with the surrounding tissues.
In addition, in some cases, with inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes, the skin over them undergoes pathological changes: pain, swelling and hyperemia (redness) are observed.
It is quite possible to determine the described signs independently by palpation, however, to make a diagnosis, additional examination and consultation with a specialist is necessary.
Causes
All reasons for enlarged lymph nodes can be divided into several large groups:1. Infection.
2. System autoimmune diseases(systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, etc.).
3. Oncological pathology of lymphoid tissue (lymphogranulomatosis, lymphomas).
4. Oncological diseases of other organs and tissues (metastatic lesions of lymph nodes).
Thus, the list of diseases in which enlargement of the lymph nodes occurs is quite long, so that in case of suspected inflammation of the lymph nodes, it is often necessary to carry out a differential diagnosis with non-inflammatory enlargement (tumor metastases to the lymph nodes, lymphogranulomatosis, etc.).
Inflammation of the lymph nodes - symptoms, causes, complications and what to do? - video
How to determine inflammation of the lymph nodes? Pain, temperature and enlargement as symptoms of acute inflammation of the lymph nodes
Any inflammatory reaction is accompanied by tissue swelling - this is one of the obligatory signs of inflammation, known since the time of Hippocrates. Thus, when the lymph nodes become inflamed, their size always increases. However, there are many pathologies that occur with regional or systemic enlargement of the lymph nodes, which are not accompanied by inflammation.
Therefore, when making a diagnosis, you have to take into account other signs that indicate this symptom. So, a mandatory sign of any inflammatory process is pain. Therefore, in case of acute inflammation, the lymph nodes are always painful to the touch. In addition, with severe inflammation, patients complain of pain in the affected lymph node, which intensifies with movement.
If inflammation of the lymph node develops acutely and violently, then the gate of infection can be easily detected - the source of inflammation from which, through the flow of lymphatic vessels, pathogenic microorganisms entered the affected node. This could be a wound on the surface of the skin, a sore throat, an inflammatory lesion of the external genitalia (vaginitis, balanitis), etc.
And finally, with acute inflammation of the lymph node there is general reaction body:
- increased body temperature (sometimes to very high numbers);
- chills;
- headache;
- weakness;
Thus, differential diagnosis inflammatory and non-inflammatory enlargement of lymph nodes can present great difficulties.
Therefore, if the lymph nodes are inflamed, it is necessary to consult a doctor to undergo a thorough examination, identify the cause of their enlargement and promptly begin adequate therapy.
Nonspecific infections as a cause of enlargement and inflammation of the submandibular, cervical, axillary, elbow, inguinal, femoral, or popliteal lymph nodes: symptoms and treatment
Nonspecific infection, as one of the most common causes of pathology
Nonspecific infection is one of the most common causes of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes. A nonspecific infection is a pathology caused by the so-called opportunistic microflora.These are microorganisms that often inhabit the human body, usually without causing signs of disease. However, if favorable conditions(hypothermia, illness, stress, injury, etc.) opportunistic microflora begins to multiply rapidly, which leads to the development of the disease.
Most often, nonspecific inflammation of the lymph nodes is caused by so-called pyogenic cocci:
- less often - E. coli;
- even less often - other opportunistic microorganisms.
- submandibular;
- cervical;
- axillary;
- elbows;
- inguinal;
- femoral;
- popliteal
Infection during acute inflammation enters from a local focus (carbuncle, furuncle, open infected wound, felon, etc.) into the lymph node, and causes an acute reaction there, for which the following clinical and morphological classification exists:
1.
Acute catarrhal lymphadenitis.
2.
Acute purulent lymphadenitis.
3.
Adenophlegmon.
These types of acute inflammation of the lymph nodes represent stages of a pathological process, which, with timely and adequate treatment, can be stopped at the stage of catarrhal lymphadenitis.
Chronic nonspecific inflammation of the lymph nodes, as a rule, occurs as a local complication of chronic foci of infection. Less commonly, it develops as a result of untreated acute catarrhal lymphadenitis.
The course of chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes is productive (connective tissue grows inside the lymph node), so that over time, the enlargement of the affected lymph node is replaced by its degenerative shrinkage. In this case, suppuration occurs extremely rarely.
What does acute purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes look like?
Acute catarrhal inflammation begins with moderate pain in enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes. The general reaction of the body is not expressed sharply. There may be a slight low-grade fever (temperature rise to 37 - 37.5 degrees), weakness, and fatigue. The skin over the inflamed lymph nodes is without pathological changes. If the patient does not receive adequate treatment, the catarrhal process can turn purulent. Purulent lymphadenitis is characterized by sharp pain in the affected area, which intensifies with movement. Palpation of the lymph nodes is extremely painful; a dense infiltrate is felt in the affected area, consisting of inflamed nodes and edematous surrounding tissues. Redness and swelling appear above the inflamed formations. The general reaction of the body intensifies: the temperature rises to febrile levels (38-39), patients complain of increasing weakness and headache.
Then, in the center of the infiltrate, a purulent melting of tissue forms, which is palpated in the form of a softening focus. At further development adenophlegmon is formed - diffuse purulent inflammation tissues surrounding the affected lymph node. The patient's condition worsens: movements in the affected part of the body are severely difficult due to pain, fever with chills increases, heart rate increases, blood pressure may decrease, headache intensifies, nausea and dizziness appear.
Consequences
Adequate treatment of acute purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes, as a rule, leads to complete recovery without any consequences for the body. Melting of a purulent focus is an indication for emergency surgical intervention, since generalization of the infection is possible with the appearance of purulent foci in distant organs and tissues.In addition, if acute inflammation of the lymph nodes is not treated in a timely manner, there is a risk of developing purulent thrombophlebitis (purulent inflammation of the veins of the affected part of the body), which, in turn, can be complicated by pulmonary embolism (clogging of the pulmonary vessels with fragments of blood clots and/or fragments of pus entering the bloodstream ) or sepsis.
How to treat?
In cases where it is possible to find the primary source of infection, its sanitation is carried out (opening the abscess, treating an infected wound, etc.).Most often acute inflammation lymph node occurs on the extremities. In such cases, immobilization (immobilization) of the affected arm or leg is performed. This measure prevents the spread of infection and alleviates the general condition of the patient.
At the stage of catarrhal inflammation it is carried out conservative treatment. Antibiotic therapy is indicated taking into account the sensitivity of the microflora to antibiotics, dry heat(compresses, UHF, etc.).
In case of purulent melting of the lymph node and lymphophlegmon, the resulting abscess is opened, followed by drainage of the cavity.
Long-term painless enlargement of lymph nodes in chronic inflammation caused by nonspecific microflora
At chronic inflammation lymph nodes caused by nonspecific microflora, the only clinical symptom there may be an increase in them, which, as a rule, is detected by a doctor during an examination for the underlying disease:- chronic tonsillitis;
- pharyngitis;
- trophic ulcer of the leg;
- chronic inflammatory diseases of the external genitalia, etc.
How to cure?
Treatment of chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes consists, first of all, in sanitation of the source of chronic infection that caused the inflammation.Antibiotics are prescribed. At the same time, samples are taken from the source of infection to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to drugs (nonspecific microflora is often resistant to many antibacterial agents).
In addition, they carry out activities that strengthen the body's defenses: vitamin therapy, general tonics, herbal medicine, spa treatment, etc.
Is chronic enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes caused by nonspecific microflora dangerous?
Chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes caused by nonspecific microflora indicates a decrease in the body's defenses. This condition in itself poses a threat to the patient's health.Long-term chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes leads to their degeneration. Sometimes, as a result of the proliferation of connective tissue, lymph drainage is disrupted in the affected lymph node and lymphostasis develops, which is clinically manifested by chronic swelling and trophic disorders in the affected area of the body.
In severe cases of chronic lymphostasis, elephantiasis develops - a pathological proliferation of connective tissue, leading to a significant increase and disfigurement of the affected area of the body. Most often, elephantiasis is observed on the lower extremities, which in such cases visually resemble the legs of an elephant - hence the name.
Specific infections as a cause of enlargement and inflammation
lymph nodes
Tuberculosis
Symptoms of enlargement and inflammation of intrathoracic lymph nodesTuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes is a form of primary tuberculosis (a disease that develops immediately after infection), in which the intrathoracic lymph nodes become enlarged and inflamed, while the lung tissue remains intact.
This is the most common form of primary tuberculosis (about 80% of all cases). This increased incidence is associated with vaccination against the disease. This is why tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes is more common in children, adolescents and young people, when artificial immunity is still quite strong.
Symptoms of tuberculous inflammation of the intrathoracic lymph nodes depend on the degree of their enlargement, the localization of the process and its prevalence.
A common process is manifested by a severe whooping cough, worsening at night. At first the cough is dry, then sputum appears. In addition, signs of tuberculosis intoxication are characteristic: weakness, lethargy, fever (sometimes up to high numbers), night sweats, irritability.
In minor forms, which are more often observed in vaccinated children, the disease is practically asymptomatic and is detected only during routine examinations.
Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the lungs
When infected with tuberculosis in lung tissue Often the so-called primary tuberculosis complex is formed - inflammation of a section of lung tissue, combined with lymphangitis (inflammation of the lymphatic vessel) and lymphadenitis.
It should be noted that in many cases, the primary tuberculosis complex is asymptomatic and is often not diagnosed - at this stage self-healing is possible (resorption or calcification of the lesion).
In addition to enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the lungs, during primary infection, a reactive enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes (reaction to infection) often occurs, which has an important diagnostic value.
If the course of the disease is unfavorable, further spread of the infection occurs. In this case, the lung tissue is affected and other nodes become enlarged and inflamed.
Signs of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes are detected x-ray, but clinical manifestations depend on the location and degree of their enlargement. Thus, when the airways are compressed, an obsessive dry cough is possible, and when the trachea is partially blocked, noisy breathing is possible.
The clinical picture of tuberculous lymphadenitis, as a rule, develops against the background of severe intoxication and symptoms of lung damage (cough, shortness of breath, chest pain).
Enlargement and inflammation of the submandibular, cervical, axillary, inguinal and ulnar lymph nodes
Infectious and inflammatory lesions of superficial lymph nodes in tuberculosis develop when the infection spreads throughout the body some time after the initial infection.
Most often, enlargement and inflammation of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes occur. At the initial stage of the process, symptoms of tuberculosis intoxication are observed, as well as pain in the area of the affected nodes, which during this period are palpable as mobile elastic formations.
Subsequently, the lymph nodes fuse together and with surrounding tissues, and then suppuration occurs with the formation of an external long-term non-healing fistula.
In addition to the formation of fistulas and abscesses, enlargement and inflammation of the superficial lymph nodes during tuberculosis can lead to bleeding (when the vessel wall is infiltrated) and to the generalization of the process.
Symptoms of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in abdominal cavity(mesenteric lymph nodes) for abdominal tuberculosis
Abdominal tuberculosis is a fairly rare form of tuberculosis that affects the abdominal organs. As a rule, abdominal tuberculosis occurs with mesadenitis - enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity.
There are acute and chronic courses of tuberculous mesadenitis. At acute form patients complain of severe abdominal pain, which, as a rule, is localized along the intestinal mesentery, to which the inflamed lymph nodes are attached: in the navel, in the left hypochondrium and in the right iliac region (to the right and below the navel). A characteristic symptom is shifting pain when the patient turns to the left side.
Chronic mesadenitis occurs with remissions and exacerbations, and can manifest itself as attacks of intestinal colic or constant dull aching pain. Patients often complain of bloating, which increases in the evening.
A serious complication of chronic enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity is the formation of bedsores of the neurovascular bundle due to prolonged pressure from calcified nodes.
Enlargement and inflammation of the inguinal, mandibular and mental lymph nodes in primary syphilis
Primary syphilis, as a rule, develops approximately a month after infection (cases of the development of the disease 6 days and 6 months after contact with the infection have been described). In this case, at the site of penetration of Treponema pallidum (the causative agent of the disease), a so-called chancre appears - an ulcer on a compacted base. A few days after the appearance of hard chancre, enlargement and inflammation of the nearest lymph nodes develop. Since infection most often occurs during sexual intercourse and kissing, the most often affected are the inguinal lymph nodes (if the chancre is located on the genitals), as well as the mandibular or chin (if the primary ulcer is located on the lips or in the oral cavity).
Enlargement of the inguinal and mandibular lymph nodes is usually bilateral, up to the size of a hazelnut or bean. At the same time, the affected nodes retain a hard-elastic consistency, are mobile and absolutely painless. Often, concomitant lymphangitis develops - inflammation of the lymphatic vessel leading to the enlarged node. The inflamed lymphatic vessel is palpable in the form of a hard thin cord, sometimes with distinct thickenings.
Much less commonly, a primary ulcer occurs on the fingers (possible infection through damaged skin if hygiene rules are not followed during the examination) or on the body (most often due to bites). In such cases, the corresponding regional lymph nodes become inflamed.
The duration of primary syphilis is about 12 weeks. All its manifestations are painless and disappear on their own, without treatment. Rarely (when the body is weakened and hygiene rules are violated) a secondary infection occurs and inflammation of the chancre occurs. In such cases, the development of purulent lymphadenitis is possible.
Enlargement and inflammation of the occipital, cervical, parotid, popliteal and axillary lymph nodes as an important diagnostic sign of rubella
Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes with rubella occurs in the first hours of the disease, when there is no rash yet, and therefore is an important diagnostic sign of this disease.Most often with rubella, enlargement and inflammation of the occipital, posterior cervical and parotid lymph nodes occur. In this case, patients complain of neck pain, which increases with head movements.
Palpation reveals a painful enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually to the size of a bean), while their elastic consistency and mobility are preserved.
Chickenpox
Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes with chickenpox develops at the height of the characteristic rashes (vesicles on the skin and mucous membranes filled with serous fluid), and has no independent diagnostic value.It should be noted that this symptom does not develop in all cases, and in adult patients, as a rule, it indicates the severity of the disease.
HIV
Generalized enlargement of lymph nodes is a frequent companion of sub clinical stage HIV. This stage of the disease occurs after a short manifest flu-like period, which not all patients notice.Apart from enlarged lymph nodes, no other manifestations are noted at this time, although laboratory tests can already detect the disease. That is why clinicians often call this stage the stage of generalized lymphadenopathy.
The most commonly affected are the cervical, occipital and axillary lymph nodes. It is believed that the enlargement of two or more groups of extra-inguinal lymph nodes (size more than 1 cm) for more than three months should raise suspicion of HIV.
Of course, generalized enlargement of lymph nodes occurs in many diseases, so this sign cannot be considered an unconditional marker of HIV, therefore for correct setting diagnosis requires further examination.
Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes is a constant sign of the advanced clinical stage of AIDS. It should be noted that during this period, lymphadenopathy can be caused by both HIV and infectious complications that develop at this stage of the disease.
What is the danger of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes during specific infections?
Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes during specific infections is, first of all, of important diagnostic value. The danger here depends on the cause of the disease. Therefore, specific treatment is necessary infectious disease(tuberculosis, syphilis, HIV, etc.). In addition, precautions should be taken so as not to endanger others, including family and friends.Causes of enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes in children
In children, enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes is much more common than in adults. First of all, this is due to physiological reasons: the child’s body reacts more violently to the infection. In addition, some infections that cause enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes develop mainly in children (rubella, chickenpox, measles).
The cause of non-inflammatory lymph node enlargement in early age there may be severe hematological diseases (acute leukemia, lymphoma, lymphogranulomatosis, congenital blood pathology).
But cancerous lesions of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and mammary gland, which can metastasize to the lymph nodes, are practically never found in children.
Answers to the most popular questions
What are the causes of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the groin in men and women?
The inguinal lymph nodes receive intercellular fluid from the lower part abdominal wall, external genitalia, perineum, gluteal region and limbs. Any purulent focus in this area can cause enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes (boil of the buttock, purulent wound of the limb, etc.).However, the most common cause of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin is inflammatory processes of the external genital organs (vaginitis in women, balanitis in men), which can be caused by both specific (gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, genital herpes) and nonspecific microflora (with colds and violation of personal hygiene rules).
When making a diagnosis, the possibility of non-inflammatory lymph node enlargement should be taken into account. It is necessary to exclude their metastatic damage during the tumor process in the pelvic organs, as well as malignant transformation of lymphoid tissue (lymphoma).
When does enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the arms develop in women?
Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the armpits in women most often develops with pathology of the mammary glands. In this case, the increase can be of both inflammatory (complication of mastitis) and tumor genesis (breast cancer metastases).In addition, enlargement and inflammation axillary lymph nodes in women it may be a consequence of the presence of silicone implants.
And finally, in women, as well as in men, enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the armpits develops with tumors (melanoma) and infectious diseases of the outer skin of the upper extremities and chest(infected wounds, ulcers, cat scratch disease, etc.).
A differential diagnosis with lymphoma is routinely performed.
What could be the reasons for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the neck?
The lymph nodes located on the front surface of the neck receive lymph from the eyelids, conjunctiva, temporal surface of the head, and external auditory canal. Enlargement and inflammation of the nodes on the front of the neck, as a rule, indicate the presence of an infectious process in these areas. Differential diagnosis of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes located in the back of the neck is much more difficult. In addition to a banal infection, such lymphadenitis may indicate rubella or tuberculosis.
In addition, the possibility of developing lymphoma and metastatic lesions of the lymph nodes in malignant neoplasms of the head and neck should be taken into account.
Which doctor should I contact?
If you suspect enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes, consult a doctor general practice(generalist, pediatrician or family doctor). He will conduct an additional examination and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist doctor (surgeon, oncologist, infectious disease specialist, rheumatologist, hematologist, etc.).I'm expecting a baby (fourth month of pregnancy). I recently caught a cold, a severe sore throat, and a fever. Today I noticed enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the jaw. How dangerous is it during pregnancy?
Judging by your symptoms, you most likely have acute pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx), complicated by enlargement and inflammation of regional lymph nodes.This condition, in itself, does not pose a danger to pregnancy, but it is necessary to urgently seek help. medical assistance and undergo a course of treatment, since untimely or inadequate treatment may result in the development of complications - such as, for example, suppuration of the lymph node or the development of streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Complications of this kind can threaten pregnancy, and it will be much more difficult to cure them without harm to the child.
What tests are prescribed?
The examination program for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes depends on factors such as:
- type of course (acute or chronic inflammation);
- prevalence (generalized or regional enlargement of lymph nodes);
- the presence of other symptoms of lymph node pathology (pain on palpation, loss of consistency, adhesion to surrounding tissues, etc.);
- the presence of specific signs that allow one to suspect a specific pathology (characteristic intoxication syndrome in tuberculosis, chancroid in syphilis, rash in measles, focus of infection in acute inflammation of the lymph node, etc.).
What antibiotic is prescribed for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes?
The choice of antibiotic for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes is determined by the causative agent of the disease. In case of an infectious-inflammatory process caused by a specific microflora (tuberculosis, syphilis, etc.), treatment is prescribed according to developed regimens.In case of nonspecific inflammation, it is recommended to test the sensitivity of the pathogen to antibiotics. The fact is that many strains (varieties) of opportunistic microorganisms (especially staphylococci) develop resistance to antibiotics.
The sample is easy to take if there is a gate of infection (infected wound, boil, acute tonsillitis, etc.). In the absence of an open source of infection (healed wound), and before receiving the test results, antibiotics that have proven their effectiveness against nonspecific microflora are prescribed.
In cases where the antibiotic does not have the desired effect (there are no signs of clinical improvement), another one is prescribed. medical drug. Of course, all medications for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes are prescribed by a doctor, taking into account contraindications.
Is it possible to apply compresses?
Compresses for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes are used in complex treatment initial stage of acute lymphadenitis. In case of suppuration, they are strictly contraindicated, since they contribute to the spread of infection throughout the body.An absolute contraindication to this type of procedure is malignant neoplasms(metastases to the lymph node, lymphoma), so if the lymph nodes are enlarged and inflamed, you should never self-medicate.
Treatment of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes using compresses is carried out on the recommendation and under the supervision of a doctor.
Is ichthyol ointment and Vishnevsky ointment used for enlargement and inflammation?
lymph nodes?
Vishnevsky ointment has pronounced antiseptic properties (destroys microorganisms) and has a mild irritant effect on receptors, helping to increase the speed of regeneration processes. The drug is used in combination with other medical measures in the treatment of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in cases where the cause of the pathology is the existence of long-term non-healing wounds, abrasions, trophic ulcers or bedsores. The ointment is applied to the affected surfaces that have become the gateway to infection. In the case of chronic inflammation, therapy of the primary lesion is essentially a treatment of lymphadenopathy.
Ichthyol ointment is a rather weak antiseptic, but has a pronounced anti-inflammatory and soothing effect, so it is often used for local treatment in the initial stage of acute enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes caused by a nonspecific infection.
Local treatment is necessarily supplemented with antibiotic therapy; drugs and dosage regimens are prescribed by the doctor after an examination.
The child has symptoms of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes behind the ear. Which doctor should I contact? Are there any traditional treatments?
Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes behind the ear is one of the important diagnostic signs of rubella, so it is best to immediately contact an infectious disease specialist.Of course, this is not the only possible diagnosis. The parotid lymph nodes receive tissue fluid from the temporal region of the head, auricle and external auditory canal, therefore, enlargement and inflammation of the lymph node behind the ear may indicate infections of the scalp (boils, wounds) or acute or chronic inflammation of the external auditory canal (this pathology occurs quite often in children).
Lymphadenitis is understood as inflammatory disease lymph nodes. They become sharply painful and increased in size. This article contains information about what lymphadenitis is, its symptoms and treatment, the main signs, and the reasons for its occurrence.
How the pathological process develops
When there is a bacterial or viral infection in the body, some of its pathogens penetrate the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. The infection can also spread through blood. In some cases, pathogens are found in these organs as a result of contact with nearby tissues. Finally, infection can occur as a result of injury to the area of the body where the lymph node is located and the wound becoming infected.
In this area of the body, antigens begin to interact with lymphocytes, which promotes the formation of antibodies. This is how inflammation progresses. Other cells enter the organ, destroy foreign agents and contribute to the development of a specific reaction.
Such cells are actively involved in the disease process.
- Lymphocytes. They are the first of all cells to take the blow of infection. These cells are able to regulate the number of other types of leukocytes.
- Neutrophils. These are leukocytes capable of phagocytosis, that is, the absorption of other pathological microorganisms. After they absorb biologically active toxic substances and microorganisms, they die. In this case, pus is formed.
- Eosinophils provide antibacterial protection in the body. Cells absorb foreign enzymes and produce the necessary antibodies to bacteria.
- Basophils are the main cells that are responsible for the development of allergies. They contain a significant amount of substances that support the development of inflammation.
- Monocytes help cleanse the inflammatory focus from dead masses. They have the property of phagocytosis, absorbing bacteria of significant size, dead lymphocytes and parts of tissue.
If the inflammatory focus penetrates a large number of leukocytes and at the same time the growth of the number of lymphocytes is activated, then the lymphatic tissue grows. This process is called hyperplasia. Soreness, hypertrophy and sensitivity of the lesion is explained by the release of a significant amount active substances.
Causes of the disease
Lymphadenitis can be nonspecific and specific. The causes of a nonspecific type of disease are as follows.
- Pathological activity of bacteria and the release of toxins during their life. Inflammatory phenomena begin when streptococci, staphylococci, and Escherichia get into the nodes. The toxins released contribute to the development characteristic symptoms.
- Penetration of viruses. When the DNA of this organism enters the body, it is introduced into the cell, and it begins to produce new copies of it. This process is accompanied by the release of a toxin and damage to more and more new cells.
- Entry of fungal organisms into the lymph node. They can cause severe damage to all organs.
When certain types of microbes enter the lymph node, specific lymphadenitis develops. The following organisms can cause manifestations of this type of disease:
- tuberculosis bacilli;
- Treponema;
- plague sticks;
- actinomycetes;
- Brucella;
- tularemia microorganisms.
It is not uncommon to develop a disease of the lymphatic system if a person is infected with HIV.
What types of lymphadenitis are diagnosed?
Acute lymphadenitis occurs due to damage to the lymph node by a highly active infection. This can often occur after a sore throat. Characterized by rapid development of symptoms. If lymphadenitis is not treated, it can turn into a purulent form. It is dangerous because it can cause purulent melting of the organ.
Chronic lymphadenitis begins with the addition of a weakly active infection. Often it is the result of an acute form of the disease. The disease can have a protracted course.
Depending on the stage of the pathological process, it is customary to distinguish between these types of diseases.
- Catarrhal lymphadenitis. It is inherent in the initial stage. In this case, the permeability of the capillaries is disrupted, and blood penetrates into the tissue of the node.
- Hyperplastic lymphadenitis occurs when lymph node tissue grows. It is infiltrated by leukocytes.
- Purulent lymphadenitis is the final stage of the bacterial process. With it, gradual destruction of the organ occurs. The consequences of this disease are the formation of purulent abscess, adenophlegmon, necrosis. There are frequent cases of the appearance of a generalized process.
Finally, the following types of inflammatory process are distinguished depending on its nature:
- abscess lymphadenitis is characterized by the formation of abscesses, with the addition of a purulent infection;
- regional lymphadenitis is characterized by an enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in one area of the body;
- reactive lymphadenitis occurs due to local disorders due to a general disease;
- mesenteric - occurs due to damage mainly to the intestinal lymph nodes;
- granulomatous - characterized by the presence of granulomas due to the presence of mycobacteria, spirochetes, etc. in the human body.
Symptoms of inflammation of the lymph nodes
All symptoms of lymphadenitis are caused by the presence of microbes and viruses in the lymph node. Depending on the affected area, inflammation of the lymph nodes is characterized by different symptoms.
Signs of submandibular lymphadenitis
Manifestations of submandibular lymphadenitis are as follows.
- Enlarged lymph nodes on the face and under the jaw. The patient's lymph nodes are enlarged under the jaw and are dense when palpated. This is clearly visible in the photo.
- Severe pain.
- The appearance of redness and swelling in the submandibular area.
- When a microbial infection occurs, suppuration occurs.
- Hyperthermia up to 39 - 40 degrees, weakness, sleep disturbances, pain in joints and muscles.
Sometimes such lymphadenitis in adults can be complicated by the occurrence of an abscess. Such acute inflammation of the submandibular lymph nodes in adults can cause difficulty swallowing, decreased appetite, and symptoms of general intoxication.
Signs of cervical lymphadenitis
At cervical lymphadenitis develop:
- significant enlargement of lymph nodes;
- soreness;
- skin change;
- severe restrictions of movements (pain when turning the head with damage to the jugular lymph nodes, compression of the vocal cords, difficulty swallowing, breathing disorders).
If the lymph nodes in the parotid region are affected, hearing loss may occur. Lymphadenitis of the neck can often cause dizziness and bluish skin due to increasing oxygen deprivation.
Signs of axillary lymphadenitis
This type of disease of the lymphatic system is characterized by the appearance of such symptoms.
- Enlarged axillary nodes.
- Severe pain under the arms.
- With the appearance of a purulent lesion, the skin on the hands acquires a red tint.
- Movement disorders that lead to limitations in the patient's daily activities.
- Edema upper limb(it occurs when the lymph nodes press on the veins in the shoulder).
- In the case of acute lymphadenitis, a decrease in hand sensitivity is observed.
Axillary lymphadenitis can lead to damage to the mammary gland in women.
Unilateral or bilateral inguinal lymphadenitis is manifested by the following symptoms:
- a sharp increase in the node;
- pain not only in the groin, but also in the lower abdomen, in the thigh;
- men experience discomfort in the scrotum area;
- skin tension;
- gait disturbances;
- swelling of the leg if the enlarged node compresses the venous vessels;
- with suppuration, the temperature can rise to 38 - 40 degrees, and pronounced weakness is observed.
This type of disease can be complicated by abdominal lymphadenopathy. This serious illness requiring immediate treatment.
Damage to the popliteal lymph nodes
When the popliteal nodes become inflamed, the following characteristic symptoms appear.
- Body temperature jump.
- Pain in the head and general weakness.
- The appearance of swelling under the knee and on the legs, pain during movements.
When purulent process There is constant nagging pain under the knee. Serous effusion sometimes accumulates in the knee. Painful sensations may intensify in the evening. Active movements in the knee are sharply limited, the person can hardly walk.
Lymphadenopathy of the mammary glands
This disease causes enlargement of the lymph nodes in the chest area. Breast lymphadenopathy is characterized by the following symptoms:
- increase in nodes;
- increased sensitivity of the gland upon palpation;
- hyperemia of the affected area;
- loss of appetite;
- enlarged liver and spleen;
- decreased blood pressure, tachycardia;
- increased night sweats and fluctuations in body temperature.
How is the disease diagnosed?
Usually, a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis based on the patient’s characteristic symptoms and complaints. To identify the causes, the following diagnostic methods are used:
- blood and urine analysis;
- ultrasound examination;
- radiography;
- lymph node puncture.
Sometimes seeding of the biopsy material on a nutrient medium can be used. If there is a bacterial infection in it, then a short time you can get a colony of microorganisms. In this case, diagnostics can correctly determine the type of microorganism that caused the disease.
Treatment
Used for the treatment of lymphadenitis drug therapy, physical therapy. If they do not produce results, then they resort to surgery.
Drug therapy is carried out by prescribing such drugs.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Nimesil, Ibuprofen in the form of tablets and ointments.
- Antibiotics - Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Amoxiclav, Sumamed, Augmentin.
- Antihistamines- Cetirizine and its analogues.
- Antiviral medications - Remantadine, Ethambutol.
- Antifungal agents - Fluconazole, Amphotericin.
- Local anesthetics - Dimexide and others
Treatment with antibiotics is carried out only as prescribed by a doctor and often in a hospital setting.
The use of physiotherapy significantly improves the general condition of a person, reduces the intensity of inflammatory processes, and promotes the restoration of affected tissues. These are the most commonly prescribed procedures.
- UHF therapy. During its course, the affected areas of the body are exposed to high-frequency magnetic field. This contributes to the development of local protection and the end of the inflammatory process.
- Laser therapy involves exposure to light waves that have a certain frequency. This method has a strong anesthetic and anti-inflammatory effect.
- Exposure to a weak direct current helps to stop the pain.
During pregnancy, such procedures are prohibited. The use of echinacea tincture, dandelion root infusion, and aloe juice is indicated. These drugs have a gentle effect on the affected areas and prevent the development of side effects and complications.
Treatment of lymphadenitis in children is carried out with the same drugs as in adults. Their dosage is selected slightly lower to eliminate the risk of side effects. If a child develops a purulent process, surgical treatment is indicated.
To cure a purulent complication, an abscess, surgical treatment is indicated. The opening of the lesions is carried out under the influence of local or general anesthesia.
Prevention of pathology
To prevent lymphadenitis, the following recommendations should be followed:
- promptly treat any skin damage and chronic infections;
- monitor the condition of the oral cavity;
- maintain the immune system in good condition;
- treat sore throat in a timely manner and prevent the development of its complications;
- monitor your diet: do not consume spicy, salty, marinades and smoked foods, as they can in some cases increase the inflammatory reaction.
It is quite possible to prevent the development of lymphadenitis. You should be attentive to the manifestations of this disease and begin to treat lymphadenitis as early as possible. This will avoid the development of its complications.
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Lymphocytes are a type of leukocytes - the so-called white blood cells that provide immunity ( protecting the body from various external and internal influences). Lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow, which is located inside the body's bones ( in the bones of the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and others). Immature forms of lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream and enter the spleen, where their differentiation processes are completed.
Lymph
Lymph formation occurs in almost all tissues of the body due to the transfer of a small amount of proteins and part of the liquid from the blood capillaries ( the smallest blood vessels ) into lymphatic capillaries. Blood vessels that carry blood to organs and tissues ( arteries), gradually branch out and decrease in diameter. The smallest vessel in the human body is the capillary. At the capillary level, part of the fluid and a small amount of proteins leaves the vascular bed ( filtered) and enters the organ tissue ( intercellular space). Most of The filtered liquid returns to the blood capillaries. They form larger vessels ( venules, veins), through which the outflow of venous blood from organs to the heart occurs.A certain proportion of proteins and about 10% of fluid from the intercellular space does not return to circulatory system, but enters the lymphatic capillaries. In this way, lymph is formed, which, in addition to proteins and plasma, contains various microelements, fats and carbohydrates, as well as cellular elements ( predominantly lymphocytes).
Lymphatic vessels
When several lymphatic capillaries merge, larger lymphatic vessels are formed. They carry out the outflow of lymphatic fluid from all tissues of the body to the lymph nodes, which correspond to a specific organ or part of the body.Efferent lymphatic vessels emerge from the lymph nodes, which also merge to form large lymphatic trunks and ducts. Through them, lymphatic fluid is transported to the large veins of the body, thus returning to the systemic circulation.
There are several large lymphatic ducts in the human body:
- Thoracic lymphatic duct - collects lymph from the legs, pelvic organs, abdominal cavity and left half of the chest.
- Left subclavian trunk - collects lymph from the left hand.
- Left jugular trunk - collects lymph from the left half of the head and neck.
- Right lymphatic duct - is formed by the fusion of several lymphatic trunks and collects lymph from the right half of the head, neck, right half of the chest and right arm.
The lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are round or oval-shaped formations of small size ( from a few millimeters to 1 – 2 centimeters), which are located along the lymphatic vessels that carry lymph from various organs and fabrics. The surface of the lymph node is covered with a connective tissue capsule, under which there is an accumulation of lymphoid tissue containing many cells - lymphocytes.Lymphocytes are formed in the lymph nodes, starting from the period of embryonic development. Their main function is the recognition of foreign agents ( viruses, fragments of bacteria and their toxins, tumor cells and so on) and activation of other protective systems of the body aimed at neutralizing them.
Lymph entering the lymph nodes slowly leaks through narrow, slit-like spaces called sinuses. Thus, it is cleansed from various foreign bodies, and also ensures contact between foreign agents and lymphocytes.
The main function of the lymph nodes is to prevent the spread of pathological processes in the body. This is realized due to the presence of several groups of lymph nodes, which filter lymph from different parts of the body. They are located in such a way as to become a barrier to infectious processes and prevent foreign antigens from entering various organs and tissues.
The main groups of lymph nodes in the human body are:
- lymph nodes of the head and neck ( cervical, submandibular, occipital and others);
- lymph nodes of the chest cavity;
- lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity and abdomen ( mesenteric, iliac, pelvic);
- lymph nodes of the lower extremities ( inguinal, popliteal);
- lymph nodes of the upper extremities ( axillary, elbow).
Development of the inflammatory process in the lymph node
If foreign agents appear in any organ ( viruses, bacteria, toxins), then some of them, together with the interstitial fluid, pass into the lymphatic capillaries and are delivered with the lymph flow to the regional lymph nodes. In addition, the infection can enter the lymph nodes by hematogenous ( through blood) or by contact ( with direct spread from nearby tissues and organs). In rare cases, it is possible to introduce pathogenic microflora directly from the environment ( when a lymph node is injured).In the lymph nodes, foreign antigens interact with lymphocytes, as a result of which the latter are activated and begin to produce specific antibodies - develops inflammatory process. A large number of other types of leukocytes enter the lymph node from the bloodstream, which contribute to the development of inflammation and the destruction of foreign substances.
Causes of lymphadenitis
Lymphadenitis is caused by various pathogenic microorganisms that enter the lymph nodes.Depending on the type of infection, lymphadenitis can be:
- nonspecific;
- specific.
Nonspecific lymphadenitis
Nonspecific lymphadenitis is caused by a number of different structures and virulence ( infectiousness) microorganisms, however, has similar development mechanisms and clinical manifestations.The causes of nonspecific lymphadenitis may be:
- Bacteria and their toxins. A bacterium is a living cell that is capable of existing and multiplying in various organs of the human body, infecting them. Inflammation of the lymph nodes can be caused by the ingress of staphylococcus, streptococcus, E. coli and many other microorganisms into them. Some of them are in the process of their life activity ( or after their death) highlight certain toxic substances, which can also cause lymphadenitis.
- Viruses. Viruses are small fragments of nucleic acids - DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA ( ribonucleic acid), which can reproduce only inside living cells. In the cells of the human body, nucleic acids are contained in the nucleus and are responsible for the processes of cell growth, the performance of specific functions, as well as for the storage and transmission of genetic information. When infected by a virus, its DNA is introduced into the genetic apparatus of the host cell, as a result of which it begins to produce new viral particles. When an infected cell is destroyed, the newly formed viruses are released into the surrounding tissue and infect neighboring cells. Some of the viral fragments seep into the lymphatic capillaries, lingering in the regional lymph nodes and causing the development of an inflammatory process in them.
- Mushrooms. Fungi are a special class of bacteria-like microorganisms that can grow in the human body. Science knows many types of mushrooms ( yeast, mold, etc.). Some of them are dangerous to humans and, if ingested, can cause the development of various diseases ( mycoses). Others are normal inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes and acquire pathogenic properties only when their functions are impaired. immune system– for example, with AIDS ( acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
Specific lymphadenitis
Specific lymphadenitis develops as a result of certain types of microorganisms entering the lymph nodes.The cause of specific lymphadenitis may be:
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
- Treponema pallidum ( causative agent of syphilis);
- plague stick ( plague agent);
- actinomycete ( pathogenic fungus, causative agent of actinomycosis);
- Brucella ( pathogens of brucellosis);
- tularemia bacteria ( causative agents of tularemia).
Types of lymphadenitis
Depending on the type of microorganism and its virulence, the inflammatory process in the lymph nodes can develop differently.Depending on the speed of development of the inflammatory process, the following are distinguished:
- Acute lymphadenitis. Develops as a result of damage to the lymph nodes by a highly virulent infection. Characterized by rapid and severe inflammation of the lymph nodes, often against the background of general manifestations of the infectious process ( increased body temperature, general weakness, headaches and muscle pain). Without appropriate treatment, acute lymphadenitis can turn into a purulent form, which will ultimately lead to purulent melting of the lymph node and damage to surrounding tissues ( development of abscess or adenophlegmon).
- Chronic lymphadenitis. It develops when infected with a weakly virulent infection or is the outcome of untreated acute lymphadenitis, when the inflammatory process takes a protracted course. Also quite often, specific lymphadenitis is characterized by a chronic course ( tuberculous, syphilitic).
Depending on the nature of the inflammatory process, there are:
- Catarrhal ( simple) lymphadenitis. Characteristic of the initial stage of the disease. Violation of capillary permeability in an inflamed lymph node leads to the fact that the liquid part of the blood leaves the vascular bed and permeates the tissue of the lymph node. There is also a moderate migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation.
- Hyperplastic lymphadenitis. It is a later stage of the development of the disease and is characterized by proliferation ( hyperplasia) lymphocytes in the inflamed lymph node, as well as pronounced infiltration of leukocytes ( neutrophils, eosinophils and other cells).
- Purulent lymphadenitis. Is last stage development of bacterial lymphadenitis, when suppuration and purulent destruction of the lymph node occurs. The outcome of this form of the disease can be the formation of an abscess ( limited space filled with pus) or the development of adenophlegmon ( diffuse purulent process that spreads far beyond the primary focus of infection).
Causes of lymphadenitis in various areas
As mentioned earlier, lymph from different areas of the body is collected in different groups of lymph nodes. Consequently, an infectious lesion of a certain area will initially manifest itself as inflammation of the corresponding regional lymph nodes. If regional lymph nodes fail to cope with their barrier function ( in case of a severe infectious disease or as a result of a weakening of the body’s defenses), infectious agents can enter the systemic bloodstream and spread to other organs and tissues, which can lead to the development of generalized lymphadenitis ( inflammation of various groups of lymph nodes throughout the body).
Causes of submandibular lymphadenitis
The submandibular lymph nodes are located medially from the angle of the lower jaw. Their total number is 8 - 10 pieces.Organs from which lymph flows into submandibular lymph nodes, are:
- skin and soft fabrics faces ( lower eyelids, cheeks, nose, lips, chin);
- oral cavity ( mucous membrane of the palate, back of the tongue);
- gums and teeth;
- submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Causes of submandibular lymphadenitis
| Facial skin infections |
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| Oral infections |
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| Salivary gland infections |
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Causes of cervical lymphadenitis
The cervical lymph nodes filter the lymph flowing from the head and neck. Consequently, any infectious processes in this area can lead to inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes.There are several groups of lymph nodes in the neck area:
- Superficial. Collect lymph from the skin and soft tissues of the neck and head ( except muscles).
- Deep. They drain lymph from internal organs neck ( from the pharynx, larynx, trachea, upper esophagus, thyroid gland and neck muscles), as well as from the nasal cavity, mouth, ear and other organs. In addition, the draining lymphatic vessels from the submandibular and other smaller lymph nodes of the head and neck flow into them. Therefore, all of the above infectious processes can cause cervical lymphadenitis ( in case of disruption of the barrier function of the submandibular lymph nodes).
- Fungal diseases of the scalp– trichophytosis ( ringworm), microsporia, scab.
- Otitis – inflammation of the ear caused by pathogenic microorganisms ( pneumococci, staphylococci).
- Tonsillitis – inflammation of the lymphoid formations of the oral cavity ( tonsils), caused by the entry of pathogenic bacteria or viruses into them.
- Pharyngitis – infectious inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa.
- Rhinitis – inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
- Sinusitis – inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses - maxillary sinuses ( sinusitis), frontal ( frontal sinusitis), wedge-shaped ( sphenoiditis) and lattice labyrinth ( ethmoiditis).
- Infectious thyroiditis – inflammation caused by viruses or bacteria thyroid gland.
- Infectious mononucleosis - a viral disease in which primary damage occurs to the cervical and subsequently other groups of lymph nodes.
- Rubella – a systemic viral disease that develops when the pathogen enters the body through the mucous membranes respiratory tract (by airborne droplets), which leads to inflammation of the cervical, and subsequently other groups of lymph nodes.
- Adenovirus infection – group colds upper respiratory tract caused by adenoviruses.
- Flu - acute respiratory viral infection ( ARVI), caused by the influenza virus.
- Festering wounds in the head and neck area.
Causes of axillary lymphadenitis
Axillary lymph nodes are also divided into superficial and deep. They collect lymph from the skin, soft tissues and bones of the upper limb, as well as from the upper part of the abdominal wall, chest and mammary gland.The cause of inflammation of the axillary lymph nodes may be:
- Purulent-inflammatory diseases of the skin of the upper limb - boil, carbuncle, hidradenitis of axillary sweat glands, impetigo, erysipelas (described earlier).
- Suppuration of cuts and abrasions in the arms, chest and upper abdomen.
- Fungal infections skin– sporotrichosis, trichophytosis, microsporia.
- Osteomyelitis of the hand bones – an inflammatory process caused by pyogenic microorganisms and affecting bone tissue.
- Panaritium – a purulent-inflammatory process of the soft tissues of the fingers, which can spread to tendons, bones and joints.
- Mastitis – inflammatory disease of the mammary gland in women, most often occurring during breastfeeding.
Causes of inguinal lymphadenitis
The inguinal lymph nodes collect lymph from all tissues lower limb, as well as from the external genitalia, perineum, lower abdominal wall and back.All infectious diseases of the skin, soft tissue and bones described earlier can cause inflammation inguinal lymph nodes, if lymph flows into them from the area of the body in which the source of infection is located.
The cause of inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes can also be:
- Gonorrhea – an infectious disease caused by gonococcus, which is sexually transmitted and is characterized by purulent inflammation of the mucous membranes of the external genitalia ( predominantly in men, very rarely in women).
- Balanoposthitis – inflammation of the skin of the glans penis and foreskin caused by various infectious agents ( usually due to non-compliance with personal hygiene rules).
- Colpitis – infectious inflammation of the vaginal mucosa.
- Vulvitis – infectious inflammation of the external female genitalia.
Symptoms of lymphadenitis in various areas
The manifestations of lymphadenitis are caused, first of all, by the presence of an inflammatory process in the lymph nodes, as well as the spread of infection in the body. Symptoms of submandibular lymphadenitis
The manifestations of this form of the disease depend on the size of the lymph nodes, as well as on the nature of the inflammatory process.Symptoms of submandibular lymphadenitis are:
- Enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes. To the touch ( palpation) they are defined as dense, painful formations of a round or oval shape, located in the submandibular region on one or both sides, not fused with the surrounding tissues ( easily move under the skin from side to side). The size of the lymph nodes varies from a few millimeters in the initial stage to several centimeters in the hyperplastic stage of the disease. Quite often, inflamed lymphatic vessels are palpated in the submandibular region - dense, thin, thread-like structures extending from the inflamed lymph node.
- Pain. In the initial stage of the disease, mild pain upon palpation of the submandibular region may be noted. As the disease progresses, the pain intensifies and accompanies any movement of the jaw ( when talking, while eating), can also appear at rest.
- Changes in the skin. In the initial stages, the skin over the lymph nodes may not change. As the inflammatory process develops, redness and swelling of the skin above the source of inflammation and in the surrounding area is noted ( which is due to the expansion and increased permeability of small vessels). There is a local increase in temperature ( by 1 – 2 degrees compared to normal skin).
- Suppuration of the lymph nodes ( develops from a bacterial infection). In the purulent stage, the lymph nodes grow together and with surrounding tissues, turning into dense, almost immobile formations. The skin over the source of inflammation is bright red, tense, and swollen. There is pronounced pain on palpation and at rest, which limits movement lower jaw and neck.
- Systemic manifestations. When the infection spreads beyond the lymph nodes, there is a general increase in body temperature to 38 - 40ºC, general weakness, drowsiness, muscle pain, and headaches.
Symptoms of cervical lymphadenitis
The manifestations of this form of the disease are determined by the size of the lymph nodes, their location and the nature of the inflammatory process. Symptoms of cervical lymphadenitis are:
- Enlarged cervical lymph nodes. They can be located on the front or side of the neck, above the collarbone. When palpated, they are characterized by the same signs as inflamed submandibular nodes ( described above). When the superficial lymph nodes are inflamed, inflamed lymphatic vessels may be palpable.
- Pain. There is pain on palpation, when turning the head, when talking, while chewing and swallowing food.
- Changes in the skin. With cervical lymphadenitis, swelling and swelling of the skin is noted at the site of inflammation, as well as beyond it. As the purulent form develops, the skin becomes red in color, and small breakthroughs of pus may be visible on its surface. The general symptoms are very pronounced - there is an increase in body temperature up to 40ºC, weakness, sleep disturbances, and headaches.
- Limitation of movements. Associated with pain syndrome that develops in the later stages of the disease - with any turn or tilt of the head the patient experiences severe sharp pain in the area of inflammation. In addition, a pronounced enlargement of the deep lymph nodes can lead to compression of various organs of the neck - vocal cords, trachea, esophagus, large vessels, which will be manifested by corresponding symptoms ( change in voice, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing food).
Symptoms of axillary lymphadenitis
Manifestations of axillary lymphadenitis depend on the activity of the inflammatory process in the affected lymph nodes. In addition, squeezing ( enlarged lymph nodes) tissues, nerves and vessels located near the source of inflammation, can lead to the appearance of certain symptoms. Symptoms of axillary lymphadenitis are:
- Enlarged lymph nodes in the axillary region. More often one is detected, less often – several enlarged lymph nodes. Their palpation characteristics do not differ from lymphadenitis in other areas. Inflamed lymphatic vessels can be detected ( with inflammation of the superficial lymph nodes).
- Pain. There is severe pain in the axillary region, which can spread to the shoulder and lateral surface of the chest on the affected side. The patient often takes a forced position with his arm moved to the side, which reduces pressure on the inflamed lymph nodes and somewhat reduces pain.
- Skin changes in the armpit area. When the axillary nodes are inflamed, the color of the skin above them long time may remain unchanged. Only with the development of the purulent process does the skin acquire a purplish-red color, become swollen, and tense.
- Impaired hand movements. The pain intensifies when touching the area of the inflamed lymph nodes and when moving the hand, which can limit the patient’s daily activity. Movement may also be limited as a result of a pronounced enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes, reaching several centimeters in diameter.
- Swelling of the hands on the affected side. They may occur as a result of compression of the large veins of the shoulder and axillary region by enlarged lymph nodes. In this case, the outflow of fluid from the upper limb is hampered; it leaves the vascular bed and permeates the surrounding tissues, leading to the development of edema.
- Loss of sensation in the hand on the affected side. This symptom may appear in the case of pronounced enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes. This will lead to compression of the nerve trunks passing in the axillary and shoulder areas, which may manifest as paresthesia ( tingling sensation, crawling on the skin) in the arm area on the affected side, impaired sensitivity, pain and various motor disorders.
Symptoms of inguinal lymphadenitis
The symptoms of this form of the disease are determined by the localization and severity of the inflammatory process, as well as the size of the enlarged lymph nodes and the degree of compression of nearby tissues. Symptoms of inguinal lymphadenitis are:
- Enlarged lymph nodes in the groin area. Enlarged lymph nodes are located in the inguinal ligament area and can reach several centimeters in diameter. Palpation characteristics do not differ from lymphadenitis in other areas.
- Pain. Inguinal lymphadenitis is characterized by severe pain both in the source of inflammation and in the lower abdomen, in the upper part of the leg. The pain increases with walking, which may limit the patient's normal movement.
- Skin changes. The skin above and around the site of inflammation is tense and swollen. If a purulent process has not developed, the color of the skin may be normal or pinkish.
- Swelling of the legs on the affected side. The cause of this symptom is both a direct violation of the outflow of lymph through the inflamed lymph nodes, and a pronounced increase in their size, which can lead to compression of large vessels ( including the femoral vein, passing directly behind the inguinal lymph nodes).
- General state body. Not changed if suppuration of the inflamed lymph node did not occur. In this case, there is an increase in body temperature to 38 - 40ºС, general weakness, pain in the muscles of the legs and abdomen, headaches, increased heart rate and other symptoms of intoxication of the body.
Diagnosis of lymphadenitis
Diagnosing lymphadenitis based on the symptoms listed above is quite easy. It is much more difficult to identify the cause of the disease, which is a necessary condition to prescribe the correct treatment. In this case, a number of additional laboratory and instrumental studies are used. In the diagnosis of lymphadenitis the following is used:
- ultrasonography;
- X-ray research methods;
- lymph node biopsy.
General blood analysis ( UAC)
This is one of the first methods prescribed when an infectious process in the body is suspected. It allows you to identify signs and assess the severity of inflammatory processes, and in case of generalized infections, identify the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to various antimicrobial drugs.Using ultrasound it is possible to determine:
- Location, number, shape, size and structure of lymph nodes.
- The relationship of the lymph node with surrounding tissues ( soldered or not).
- The presence of inflammation in the lymphatic vessels of the area being examined.
- The presence of purulent complications of lymphadenitis ( abscess, phlegmon).
- The presence of a focus of infection in the internal organs.
X-ray research methods
Used when there is a suspicion of damage to deep-lying groups of lymph nodes, which is typical for a number of systemic infectious diseases.TO X-ray methods relate:
- Plain X-ray of the chest and abdomen. Allows you to identify groups of enlarged lymph nodes ( bronchopulmonary, tracheal and other), determine damage to the bones of the extremities in osteomyelitis. With specific tuberculous lymphadenitis, it is possible to identify foci of tuberculosis in the lung tissue.
- CT scan – modern method studies that make it possible to more accurately determine the size, location and shape of inflamed lymph nodes, the presence of abscesses or adenophlegmon, the degree of spread of the purulent process in the affected area.
Lymph node biopsy
Invasive research method ( associated with a violation of the integrity of the skin), the essence of which is to remove and further examine part of the inflamed lymph node. This method is associated with a number of complications, so its use for lymphadenitis is strictly limited.Indications for performing a lymph node biopsy are:
- suspicion of the tumor nature of an enlarged lymph node;
- chronic lymphadenitis;
- suspicion of specific lymphadenitis;
- lack of effect from the intended treatment ( for acute or chronic lymphadenitis).
The biopsy is performed in a sterile operating room under local or general anesthesia.
To take material from inflamed lymph nodes, the following is used:
- Needle biopsy. In this case, a special hollow needle is inserted into the affected lymph node, and some of its tissue passes into the lumen of the needle.
- Fine needle aspiration biopsy. A special thin needle is used, the internal diameter of which is less than 1 millimeter. The needle is connected to an empty syringe and inserted into the affected lymph node ( often under ultrasound guidance), after which aspiration is performed ( exhaustion) lymph node tissue into a syringe and its further examination.
Research results
The resulting material is sent to the laboratory, where it is stained with special dyes and examined under a microscope. This makes it possible to identify tumor cells in the lymph node ( if available), as well as determine the severity and nature of the inflammatory process - the predominance of lymphocytes will indicate a viral infection of the lymph node, the predominance of neutrophils will indicate a bacterial infection.
The resulting material is also sown on special nutrient media designed for growing certain types of microorganisms. The nutrient medium with the test material is placed in a special thermostat, which creates optimal conditions for the growth and reproduction of bacteria. If an infectious agent is present in the lymph node punctate, it will begin to actively multiply, and after some time entire colonies of these microorganisms will appear on the nutrient medium. This allows you to accurately determine the type of pathogen, as well as determine its sensitivity to various antibacterial drugs, which will allow you to prescribe the most effective treatment.
Treatment of lymphadenitis
As mentioned earlier, lymphadenitis is a manifestation of the presence of infection in a specific area of the body. Therefore, to completely eliminate inflammation, it is necessary to eliminate its root cause - the primary infectious focus. At the same time, the inflammatory process itself should not be ignored, as it can progress, leading to the development of serious complications. Which doctor should I contact?
If you experience painful enlargement of the lymph nodes in any part of the body, you should consult your family doctor as soon as possible. The doctor will carefully examine the affected area, examine all other groups of lymph nodes, prescribe laboratory tests, and, if necessary, refer you for consultation to other specialists.Depending on the location and type of lymphadenitis, consultation with the following specialists may be necessary:
- Otorhinolaryngologist ( Laura) and/or dentist – with inflammation of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes.
- Urologist – with inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes.
- Therapist - with inflammation of the lymph nodes in the chest or abdominal cavity ( identified using various instrumental diagnostic methods).
- Dermatologist – for chronic infectious skin diseases.
- Phthisiatrician – with tuberculous lymphadenitis.
- Surgeon - if there are signs of a purulent process in the inflamed lymph nodes.
- drug treatment;
- physiotherapy;
- traditional methods of treatment;
- surgery.
Drug treatment
Principles drug treatment lymphadenitis is etiotropic therapy aimed at eliminating the root cause of the disease ( in this case, the primary foci of infection in the body), as well as symptomatic therapy, the purpose of which is to reduce the manifestations of the inflammatory process in the lymph nodes and improve the general well-being of the patient.Drug treatment of lymphadenitis
| Symptomatic therapy | ||||
| Group of drugs | Representatives | Mechanism therapeutic effect | Directions for use and dosage | |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | Ketorolac | In all tissues of the body, the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the formation of prostaglandins - biologically active substances that play an important role in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory process, is inhibited. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. | Take orally, after meals, with a glass of warm water or milk. Recommended dose – 5 – 10 milligrams ( mg) 3 – 4 times a day. Maximum daily dose– 40 mg. The course of treatment is no more than 5 days. | |
| Nimesulide(Nimesil) | A drug latest generation, selectively inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase at the site of inflammation. It has virtually no effect on healthy tissues of the body, due to which it is free from many side effects characteristic of conventional anti-inflammatory drugs. It has a pronounced anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect. | It is taken orally in powder form. Dissolved in 100 ml of hot boiled water. Recommended dose – 100 mg ( 1 sachet) 2 times a day. The course of treatment is no more than 10 days. | ||
| Antihistamines | Cetirizine | Blocks H 1 -histamine receptors, located on the inner surface of the walls of blood vessels and cell membranes of leukocytes ( lymphocytes, basophils and neutrophils). The mechanism of action of cetirizine is due to:
| Take orally with a glass of warm water.
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| Etiotropic therapy | ||||
| Antibacterial drugs | Amoxiclav | Combination drug, consisting of the antibiotic amoxicillin ( penicillin derivative) and clavulanic acid. Amoxicillin blocks the formation of bacterial cell wall components, which leads to the death of microorganisms. Clavulanic acid protects amoxicillin from the action of beta-lactamases, special enzymes that destroy penicillins ( are produced by some pathogenic bacteria and reduce the effectiveness of penicillin antibiotics). Used to treat nonspecific lymphadenitis. | Take orally 15 minutes after meals.
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| Ceftriaxone | A synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamases. The mechanism of action is associated with disruption of the formation of cell membrane components and the death of bacteria. Used to treat nonspecific lymphadenitis. | Administered intramuscularly ( injections are very painful) or intravenously.
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| Clindamycin | Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit ( intracellular structures responsible for the synthesis of bacterial cell components). Inhibits division processes ( reproduction) bacteria. | Inside, after eating.
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| Benzylpenicillin | A penicillin derivative used in the treatment of specific lymphadenitis in syphilis. The mechanism of action is associated with the suppression of the formation of bacterial cell wall components ( including Treponema pallidum - the causative agent of syphilis), which leads to their death. | It is administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
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| Antiviral drugs | Acyclovir | It is integrated into viral DNA, disrupting the processes of virus reproduction. Does not affect the DNA of human cells. Prescribed for viral lymphadenitis caused by the herpes virus, Epstein-Bar, cytomegalovirus. | Orally, at a dose of 200–500 mg 4–5 times a day. The minimum course of treatment is 10 days. | |
| Rimantadine | Suppresses the processes of viral reproduction in the cells of the body, and also stimulates antiviral immunity. Prescribed for lymphadenitis caused by influenza and herpes viruses. | Inside, after eating, with a glass of warm water.
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| Anti-tuberculosis drugs | Ethambutol | Inhibits the processes of RNA formation in actively growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to the cessation of reproduction and cell death. | Orally, 1 time per day, 30 minutes before meals, at a dose of 15 – 25 mg/kg. The duration of treatment is several months. | |
| Rifampicin | Suppresses the formation of various protein structures bacterial cells (including mycobacterium tuberculosis), which leads to their death. | Take orally, on an empty stomach, 30 minutes before meals.
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| Capreomycin | Suppresses the synthesis of protein molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, providing a bacteriostatic effect ( stops bacterial growth processes). | It is administered intramuscularly or intravenously at a dose of 15–20 mg/kg/day. The course of treatment is several years, during which the dosage and frequency of administration may vary. | ||
| Antifungal drugs | Fluconazole | It disrupts the formation of structural components and increases the permeability of fungal membranes, which disrupts the processes of their growth and reproduction. | Orally, at a dose of 200–400 mg 1 time per day. The duration of treatment depends on the type and location of the infection. | |
| Amphotericin B | It disrupts the permeability of fungal membranes, causing them structural components exit into the extracellular space, and the fungus dies. | Administer intravenously, drip, slowly. The recommended daily dose is 0.25 – 0.3 mg/kg. | ||
Physiotherapy
It consists of influencing the body by various physical factors in order to obtain therapeutic effect. The use of physiotherapy for lymphadenitis alleviates the patient’s general condition, reduces inflammation in the lymph nodes and promotes the rapid restoration of damaged tissues.Physiotherapeutic methods in the treatment of lymphadenitis are used:
- ultra high frequency ( UHF) therapy;
- laser therapy;
- galvanization.
This method involves influencing the human body with high-frequency electromagnetic field. This leads to an increase in temperature in the affected area, promotes vasodilation and migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation, and the growth of connective tissue there. The described effects contribute to strengthening the local anti-infective immunity of tissues and a more rapid resolution of the inflammatory process.
UHF therapy is indicated in the presence of an acute inflammatory process in the lymph nodes. Absolute contraindications are suspicion of a tumor process, as well as specific tuberculous lymphadenitis. It is not recommended to use this method if there are symptoms of a general infectious process in the body ( increased body temperature, chills, rapid heartbeat, muscle pain and so on).
Laser therapy
The essence of this method is the effect of light waves of a certain length on the tissues of the body. This leads to improved microcirculation in the inflamed lymph node, has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, and also stimulates reparative ( restorative) processes.
This method is prescribed for acute and chronic lymphadenitis. Contraindications are the same as for UHF therapy. In addition, laser exposure should be avoided to areas of the skin that have benign neoplasms (moles, age spots and others).
Galvanization
The essence of the method is to influence the body with a direct electric current of low strength ( up to 50 milliamps) and low voltage ( 30 – 80 volts), which passes through the tissues of the body, causing a number of complex physiological processes. It has a local analgesic effect, improves microcirculation in the area exposed to current, and promotes the restoration of damaged tissues and nerve fibers.
This method is used at the recovery stage of treatment after eliminating the cause of lymphadenitis and reducing the activity of the inflammatory process in the lymph nodes, as well as when chronic forms lymphadenitis.
Traditional methods of treatment
Folk remedies are used mainly to reduce the symptoms of inflammation in the lymph nodes, improve the general condition and speed up the healing process. It is worth noting that the use of traditional medicine methods is permissible only in combination with antibacterial therapy and only after establishing the true cause of the enlarged lymph nodes. The greatest effect can be achieved with early stages nonspecific lymphadenitis, when inflammatory and destructive ( destructive) processes are expressed insignificantly.The most common folk methods for treating lymphadenitis are:
- warming up the lymph nodes;
- herbal teas;
- Echinacea tincture.
Is widespread traditional method, effective in the initial stages of lymphadenitis, as well as in the recovery period. Before using this method, you must consult your doctor and determine the true nature of the enlarged lymph nodes.
Warming the lymph nodes is absolutely contraindicated:
- in the presence of a tumor process in enlarged lymph nodes;
- with specific tuberculous lymphadenitis;
- with the development of adenophlegmon;
- if there are signs of intoxication of the body ( fever, muscle pain, headaches, rapid heartbeat).
If there is a progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes after the start of treatment, an increase in body temperature or a deterioration in general health, warming should be stopped immediately and consult a specialist.
Herbal infusions
The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of various plants have been used in the treatment of lymphadenitis for many decades. They should be used in combination with other treatment methods.
- Dandelion root infusion. Pour 10 g of crushed raw materials into a glass of boiling water. Leave for 4 hours, then strain and take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day.
- Infusion of nettle flowers. 5 tablespoons of dried nettle flowers should be poured with 1 liter of boiling water. Leave for 2 hours, then strain and take 100 ml 2 times a day. This infusion has a certain anti-inflammatory effect and also helps remove toxins from the body.
- Aloe juice. Aloe leaves must be washed, crushed and squeezed out the juice. Add 200 g of honey to 100 g of juice and leave for 1 day. Take 1 teaspoon 2 times a day. It has a certain anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect.
Echinacea is an herbal plant whose components are included in more than 200 different medicines. Stimulates the body's overall immunity, increases resistance to pathogenic microorganisms ( both bacteria and viruses, fungi).
The beneficial effects of Echinacea for lymphadenitis are due to:
- increased migration of lymphocytes to the site of inflammation;
- increased phagocytic activity of leukocytes;
- facilitating the release of biologically active substances at the site of inflammation.
Echinacea tincture can be used:
- Externally. A compress with Echinacea tincture is usually used. To do this, you need to dilute 10 - 20 ml of warm tincture ( not hot!) with water in a ratio of 1:2, moisten a bandage or gauze in it and apply a compress to the source of inflammation overnight. It is not recommended to use this method for more than 5 - 7 days.
- Inside. Adults take 20–40 drops of tincture dissolved in 100 ml of warm water, 1–2 times a day. Dose for children – 5 – 10 drops 1 – 2 times a day.
Surgical methods of treatment
TO surgical treatment resort to the development of purulent complications of lymphadenitis - abscess and adenophlegmon. Under local or general anesthesia, the purulent focus is opened, pus and destroyed tissue are removed. The prevalence of the purulent process and the degree of damage to nearby organs and tissues are determined. At the end of the operation, the source of suppuration is washed out antiseptic solutions (for example, furatsilin), the wound is sutured and drained - a special tube is installed into the wound cavity ( drainage), through which the outflow of inflammatory fluid and pus occurs, and various antiseptic solutions can also be administered.Inflammation of the lymph nodes - symptoms, causes, complications and what to do?
Reactive lymphadenitis(inflammation lymph glands) is a non-independent disease. This pathological process is a concomitant symptom of various diseases, both bacterial and viral etiology.
Reactive lymphadenitis characterizes the initial phase (reactive) of disorders, in the form of a primary reaction to the source of infection in the human body.
Treatment of lymphadenitis itself will not be effective without determining the exact cause that caused the pathological condition.
What is reactive lymphadenitis
Reactive lymphadenitis is part of a general chain of painful changes that are practically asymptomatic. Accordingly, the reactive change in the lymph nodes is initial manifestation disease, the first sign of the body's fight against infection.
For example, with a latent form of tuberculosis (latent), the pathogen (Koch bacillus) can remain in an inactive phase for a long time. It can be completely neutralized by the body's defenses without causing any harm to a person.
However, as a result, often, of a number of negative influences, a dormant infection can become active. Then, with a high probability, the lymph nodes, as an integral part of the immune system, will be the first to take the hit.
The following factors can provoke the appearance of reactive lymphadenitis:
- Chronic inflammation.
- Low immunity.
- Frequent colds.
- Hypothermia.
- Staying for a long time in a stuffy, unventilated room.
- Lack of sunlight.
- Chronic emotional stress, severe stress, can trigger the mechanisms of a dormant infection, for example, Koch bacilli in tuberculosis.
- Poor nutrition, mono-diets.
- Frequent overwork.
- Sedentary lifestyle.
- Bad habits(alcohol abuse, smoking).
- Avitaminosis.
- Often, reactive lymphadenitis appears in children under 6 years of age due to immature immunity, as a reaction to any source of inflammation in the child’s body. This may be rhinitis, otitis and acute respiratory viral infections.
Clinical manifestations of reactive lymphadenitis
Reactive inflammation in the lymph nodes is a concomitant symptom of a particular disease.
Often the area of inflamed lymph nodes indicates a local pathological process in the same area, that is, it is located nearby, near the source of inflammation.
The initial sign of reactive lymphadenitis is reactive lymphadenopathy, as the body’s very first reaction in response to infection.
It can manifest itself as an increase in a different number of lymph nodes and their mild soreness.
Left unattended, this pathological process is aggravated by lymphadenitis, which can be recognized by the following signs:
- Enlargement and swelling of the lymph nodes.
- The lymph glands are painful when palpated and pressed on them.
- Swelling and redness of the skin over the affected lymph nodes.
- The glands are not fused to the skin or to each other, they are dense to the touch.
Depending on the factors that trigger the development of reactive lymphadenitis, it may be accompanied by the following manifestations:
- General weakness.
- Elevated or low-grade (37°C) body temperature.
- Headache.
- Sleep disturbance.
- Cough.
- Rhinitis.
Important! When severe pain in the area of one lymph node or a whole group of them, an increase in body temperature of more than 38.5 ° C, rapid breathing and heartbeat (signs of purulent lymphadenitis), you must urgently consult a doctor
The fact is that with reactive lymphadenopathy after treatment of the underlying disease, the lymph nodes almost always return to normal on their own.
However, if the primary pathology is left without appropriate therapy or treatment is insufficient, the process may be complicated by painful changes in the lymph glands themselves.
In this case, there may be a proliferation of lymphoid tissue, with the development of reactive hyperplasia in the lymph nodes, with disruption of their function.
This can cause them to fester or spread the infection to nearby tissues and the entire human body.
What diseases and conditions can be accompanied by reactive inflammation of the lymph glands
Reactive lymphadenitis can accompany diseases such as:
- Tuberculosis. The parotid and axillary nodes often become inflamed. Lymphadenopathy of the cervical lymph nodes may also occur.
- Angina.
- Tonsillitis.
- Pathological process in the oral cavity (caries, stomatitis).
- Acute mastitis caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria.
- AIDS.
- Syphilis.
- Diseases of women and men genitourinary system. For example, hyperplastic (tissue proliferation). Abnormal changes in the uterine mucosa (polyps, endometrial hyperplasia). Women often experience enlarged inguinal lymph nodes.
- Enterocolitis.
- Flu.
- Otitis.
- Sinusitis.
- Teething in infants.
- Adenoiditis in children.
- Bubonic plague.
Which specialist should you contact if your lymph nodes are enlarged or inflamed for no apparent reason?
Reactive lymph node hyperplasia is dangerous because it can go unnoticed by the patient.
In case of general weakness, increased fatigue, low-grade body temperature, sweating, as well as any malaise, it is necessary to pay attention to the lymph nodes.
If they increase or become painful during palpation, you should first consult a general practitioner.
After the examination, the doctor may give a referral to specialists such as:
- Urologist.
- Gynecologist.
- Dentist.
- Gastroenterologist.
- Infectious disease specialist.
- Mammologist.
- Surgeon.
What tests can the doctor prescribe?
If reactive lymphadenitis is detected, in order to understand the cause of the disease and determine the condition of the lymph glands themselves, the doctor may prescribe the following tests:
- General analysis of urine and blood (with formula).
- Blood for syphilis, HIV, viral hepatitis.
- Bacteriological examination of blood and urine. To identify pathogens and sensitivity to antibiotics.
- Tumor markers.
- Blood for hormone levels.
- Biochemistry.
- Cytological and bacteriological analysis of vaginal and urethral discharge.
- Bacteriological culture of sputum.
- Puncture of the lymph node followed by cytological examination.
Also, the doctor may recommend that a patient with reactive lymphadenitis undergo such instrumental diagnostics, How:
- X-ray (fluorography, mammography, urography).
- Computed tomogram (CT).
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Gastroduodenoscopy.
- Sigmoidoscopy.
- Bronchoscopy.
Treatment
Reactive lymphadenitis may be initial symptom many diseases. Accordingly, its treatment will be based on eliminating the source of infection itself.
If the infectious agent of the pathological process is bacterial flora, then antibiotic therapy is used first.
A fungal infection is treated, for example, with drugs such as:
- Fluconazole.
- Rumicosis.
- Orungal.
- Nizoral.
To combat viral infection The following antiviral agents will be effective:
- Interferon.
- Tsitovir.
- Kagocel.
- Amiksin.
- Remantadine.
- Arbidol.
Important! You cannot self-medicate reactive lymphadenitis. This pathology can be a manifestation of various diseases, which only a doctor can determine. All of the above medications are prescribed exclusively by a doctor.
Prevention
Preventive measures for reactive lymphadenitis include the following:
- For any symptoms of illness (low-grade fever, sweating, chills, fatigue) that last more than 5 days, consult a doctor.
- Women should visit a mammologist and gynecologist once a year. After forty years, undergo a mammogram every 12 months, visit a gynecologist every six months.
- Men undergo preventive examinations with a urologist once a year.
- With prolonged weakness, persistent cough consult a doctor.
- In damp, slushy weather, during epidemics, to increase immunity, you need to take decoctions and tinctures of herbs that strengthen the body's defenses. For example, such as:
- Tinctures of Echinacea and Eleutherococcus can be purchased at the pharmacy. Take after consultation with your doctor in accordance with the attached instructions.
- Rosehip decoction. This drink can be prepared using a thermos in the following way:
- Rinse a liter thermos with boiling water.
- Place 2 tablespoons of rose hips, washed under running water.
- Pour in a liter of just boiled water.
- Leave for 8 hours.
- Then strain through 4 layers of gauze into a liter glass container.
- Replenish the missing volume with boiled water.
There is no need to throw away the berries remaining in the thermos. They can be poured with boiling water a second time and used according to the above scheme.
Also, for the normal functioning of the immune system and the prevention of various diseases, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle. It is necessary to avoid physical and emotional stress, engage in physical exercise as much as possible, eat well, do not neglect rest, sleep, and be in the fresh air as often as possible.
Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of the lymph nodes that occurs as a result of the ingress of various microorganisms and their toxins into them. It is characterized by an increase in the size of the lymph nodes and severe pain in the affected area. Only in rare cases does lymphadenitis represent an independent disease. Most often, this is nothing more than a symptom signaling some kind of problem in the body.
What kind of disease is this, what are its first signs, causes, why lymphadenitis is dangerous for humans if left untreated - we will consider further.
What is lymphadenitis?
Lymphadenitis is an inflammatory disease of the lymph nodes, often purulent. Occurs when staphylo- and streptococci enter the body.
The disease occurs after microorganisms, toxins, and tissue breakdown products enter the lymph nodes with lymph. Penetration can occur through lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, and also through the hematogenous route.
Typically, lymphadenitis occurs as a complication of primary inflammation of any localization. Infectious agents(microorganisms and their toxins) penetrate the regional lymph nodes with the flow of lymph, which flows from the primary purulent focus. Sometimes, by the time lymphadenitis develops, the primary focus has already been eliminated and may remain unrecognized.
In other cases, lymphadenitis occurs when infection directly enters the lymphatic network through damaged skin or mucous membrane.
Signs appear more frequently on the neck, as well as in the axillary area and groin. Enlargement of lymph nodes can be single or observed simultaneously in different parts bodies.
General symptoms include local and general increase in body temperature, severe pain, skin hyperemia, chills and itching. Lymphadenitis is a pathology that can develop in any person, regardless of gender and age.
More than 80% of people experience painless enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes, which is considered normal occurrence. No other groups of lymph nodes are normally palpable.
Classification
According to the duration of the disease, lymphadenitis can be, like many other diseases, acute and chronic, according to the type of infectious agent - specific and non-specific, according to its progression - purulent and non-purulent.
Classification of lymphadenitis depending on the intensity and duration of the inflammatory process:
Acute lymphadenitis
The onset of development of the pathological process is acute. The main reasons for the progression of the pathology: wound infection, the presence of an acute infectious disease in the body, surgical intervention.
Forms of acute inflammation:
- catarrhal (simple inflammation);
- hyperplastic (with active growth of lymphoid cells);
- purulent.
Acute - manifests itself vivid symptoms and turns into a purulent form if not treated. In the purulent form, the lymph nodes melt and the disease affects neighboring tissues.
There is redness and swelling around the lymph node, the contours of the node are blurred, the lymph node is fused with the surrounding tissues, movements in this area bring pain. As pus accumulates and tissue melts, movement of pus inside the node is noted. If it doesn't happen surgical treatment, an abscess in the area of the node can break out or into the depths of the tissue.
Chronic lymphadenitis
This pathology is directly related to the progression cancer or the presence of an infectious process in the body that does not subside for a long time.
With chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, inflammation in the lymph nodes is prolonged. This inflammation is productive. Its transition to a purulent form practically never occurs.
Symptoms of chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis include enlarged lymph nodes, they are dense, are not painful on palpation, and are not fused together. The lymph nodes remain enlarged for a long time, but gradually they decrease. In rare cases, the proliferation of connective tissue can lead to lymph circulation disorders and swelling.
By location:
- Submandibular;
- Cervical;
- Axillary;
- Parotid;
- Mesenteric (mesadenitis);
- Inguinal.
By prevalence:
- Single;
- Regional;
- Total.
During acute lymphadenitis, three successive stages are distinguished:
- catarrhal (with redness, dilation of blood vessels in the area of the node),
- hyperplastic (with an increase in the size of the node, impregnation with plasma)
- purulent (formation of a purulent cavity inside the node).
Simple lymphadenitis is distinguished by the fact that the inflammatory process does not extend beyond the capsule of the node itself. At destructive forms the inflammatory process also spreads to surrounding tissues. Changes in the surrounding tissues may be limited to serous inflammation or, in a more complex case, may develop into purulent inflammation with the subsequent formation of adenophlegmon.
Causes
Lymphadenitis in adults develops against the background of harmful work and with advanced forms of disease. Both men and women tend to neglect their own health when they are sick. Self-treatment of infectious diseases is often attempted. This approach provokes suppuration of the lymphatic tissues, causing the disease to become chronic.
As a rule, lymphadenitis is a consequence of primary septic inflammation. Pathogenic (pyogenic) microflora - streptococci and, and the toxins they produce migrate from the lesion through the lymphogenous route, or through the bloodstream. It is also possible for infectious agents to be introduced into the lymphatic vessels through injured skin or mucous membranes (contact route).
Inflammation of the tissues of the lymph nodes develops due to the influence of infectious and non-infectious factors.
Lymphadenitis often occurs as a result of inflammation in the oropharynx during tonsillitis. Lymph nodes can enlarge due to childhood infections -, or.
Common non-infectious causes of lymphadenitis include the following:
- oncology of lymph nodes ();
- metastatic (secondary) cancer that has spread from other areas of the body;
- inflammation as a response to the introduction of a foreign body.
Symptoms of lymphadenitis in adults
Signs of lymphadenitis largely depend on its type and stage. So, for example, if the symptoms of acute lymphadenitis cannot be ignored, then the so-called simple lymphadenitis is generally painless and does not cause concern for the time being.
Symptoms:
- Edema and hyperemia are local phenomena that characterize the struggle of lymphocytes with viruses and pathogenic bacteria.
- Loss of appetite, weakness, headache - develop against the background of poisoning of the body with toxins released by inflammatory agents.
- Suppuration in the area of the lymph node - if pus forms, then we are talking about the development of an abscess; sometimes purulent melting of the lymph node occurs.
- Development of tachycardia - with running process inflammation increases and causes complications on the cardiovascular system.
- Gas crepitus - when palpating the affected lymph node, a slight crunching sensation is felt.
- Violation of the functional characteristics of the location of inflammation - due to severe pain, a person cannot move an arm or leg, neck, depending on the area in which the lymph node is inflamed.
Symptoms of acute lymphadenitis
Signs of acute lymphadenitis depend on the form of the disease and the nature of the inflammation. Basically, the general condition of the patient with catarrhal lymphadenitis is not particularly disturbed. Symptoms may include:
- pain in the area of regional lymph nodes.
- In this case, there is an increase in lymph nodes and their pain during palpation.
If the disease process progresses and periadenitis develops, then the described symptoms may worsen.
- Painful sensations become sharper, the skin over the lymph nodes becomes hyperemic, and when palpating the nodes the patient feels pain.
- Lymph nodes, which previously could be very clearly palpated, now merge with each other and with the surrounding tissues, and they also become immobile.
Signs of chronic form
Chronic lymphadenitis is divided into primary, as a result of penetration of weakly infectious microflora into the body, and acute, which has taken a protracted form. The clinical picture of these forms of lymphadenitis includes the following symptoms:
- lymph nodes are dense and painless on palpation,
- have no adhesions.
Often their own cells are replaced by connective tissue, this leads to impaired lymphatic circulation, lymphostasis and extensive swelling.
The increased sizes can last a long time, but then the nodes decrease due to the proliferation of connective tissues. The general condition of a person with chronic lymphadenitis is not disturbed, the body temperature is normal.
Specific lymphadenitis also has its own characteristics:
- in the gonorrheal form, the inguinal nodes are excessively painful and enlarged;
- the tuberculosis form gives severe weakness (due to intoxication) and a sharp increase in temperature, which can last for a long time, the surrounding tissues become inflamed;
- the syphilitic nature of inflammation occurs as a one-sided process. Lymph nodes resemble a “chain”. When palpated, they are free, not welded together and rarely contain pus.
| Lymphadenitis | Symptoms |
| Cervical | Pressing on the formed compaction of the lymph nodes causes pain. In addition to inflammation with cervical lymphadenitis:
In the acute form, severe suppuration forms in the area of the lymph nodes |
| Submandibular | Enlarged submandibular lymph nodes. Pain. It intensifies as the disease progresses. Changes in the skin over the lymph nodes:
Suppuration of the lymph nodes (develops with a bacterial infection). |
| Inguinal |
When walking, patients feel:
TO associated symptoms include:
Inguinal lymphadenitis is complicated by:
|
| Axillary form | Symptoms of the axillary form of pathology:
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Some symptoms of lymphadenitis indicate the development of serious conditions that are potentially life-threatening. If they are present, it is necessary to seek qualified help as soon as possible, sometimes the count is literally hours and minutes. We are talking about such signs as:
- elevated body temperature (above 38.5C);
- difficulty or rapid breathing;
- severe pain, swelling, pronounced redness;
- cardiopalmus.
When the first symptoms of lymphadenitis appear, such as pain in the lymph node, swelling, fever, you should immediately consult a physician or surgeon. These specialists will help directly determine the cause and prescribe correct treatment or further diagnostics. They may be hiding under the mask of lymphadenitis various diseases, such as tuberculosis, various tumor processes.
Complications
Of the local complications of lymphadenitis, one should remember the likelihood of suppuration (usually in childhood). Progressive inflammation of the lymph nodes without proper treatment often entails:
- abscess formation;
- tissue necrosis;
- blood poisoning;
- formation of fistulas;
- thrombophlebitis of adjacent veins.
Purulent lymphadenitis can be complicated by the development of phlegmon, corrosion of the walls of blood vessels with bleeding.
Diagnostics
Lymph nodes in healthy person soft, not enlarged, displaced relative to adjacent tissue, painless. Very often, in people with a normal physique, the lymph nodes cannot be felt. They are easily detected in children and adolescents of thin build.
When diagnosing, the doctor will first examine the lymph nodes and identify all of the above signs. Further, guided by the data obtained, the issue of laboratory and instrumental methods diagnostics
Examinations for the diagnosis of lymphadenitis:
- clinical blood test;
- HIV test;
- allergic skin tests;
- CT scan;
- X-ray examination;
- node biopsy.
When examining children, it is necessary to exclude or confirm Quincke's edema, congenital tumors and cystic neoplasms in the neck. When examining patients with inguinal lymphadenitis, it is necessary to exclude the presence inguinal hernia and sexually transmitted diseases.
Many people confuse the concepts of “lymphadenopathy” and “lymphadenitis” because these words sound similar. In fact, only the second is the name of the disease, since the first is only a symptom or a painless reaction of the body to a rather serious pathology (, etc.). Of course, in such cases the diagnosis requires clarification. Only after examination and testing is the patient given a diagnosis.
Treatment of lymphadenitis
So, if there are initial stages lymphadenitis, then treatment is quite conservative:
- creating rest conditions for the affected area;
- physiological treatment: electrophoresis, ultrasound therapy, galvanization;
- anti-inflammatory ointments and drugs.
In most cases, hyperplastic and catarrhal lymphadenitis, which occurs in an acute form, is treated conservatively. The patient is recommended to provide a state of rest for the affected area and is prescribed antibiotic therapy taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogenic flora, as well as vitamin therapy and UHF therapy.
In case of chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, elimination of the underlying disease that maintains inflammation in the lymph nodes is required. Specific lymphadenitis is treated taking into account the etiological agent and primary process(syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, etc.).
The main thing is to treat the underlying disease, against which inflammation of the lymph nodes has developed. Medicines that are used in the treatment of lymphadenitis are:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Ketorolac, Nimesulide;
- Antihistamines: Cetirizine;
- Antibiotics: Amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone, Clindamycin, Benzyllenicillin;
- Antiviral drugs: Acyclovir, ;
- Anti-tuberculosis drugs: Ethambutol, Rifampicin, Capreomycin;
- Antifungals: Fluconazole, Amphotericin B.
Operation
Surgical treatment is resorted to in the event of the development of purulent complications of lymphadenitis - abscess and adenophlegmon.
Operation stages:
- Under local or general anesthesia, the purulent focus is opened, pus and destroyed tissue are removed.
- The prevalence of the purulent process and the degree of damage to nearby organs and tissues are determined.
- At the end of the operation, the source of suppuration is washed with antiseptic solutions (for example, furatsilin), the wound is sutured and drained - a special tube (drainage) is installed into the wound cavity, through which inflammatory fluid and pus flow out, and various antiseptic solutions can also be injected.
Prevention
Prevention of lymphadenitis implies:
- prevention of skin microtraumas;
- preventing infection of resulting abrasions, wounds and other damage to the epidermis;
- timely elimination of foci of infection (for example, treatment of dental caries or), autopsy
- purulent pathological formations (boils and felons);
- timely, accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment of diseases causing specific
- forms of lymphadenitis (gonorrhea, tuberculosis, syphilis, actinomycosis and others).
Lymphadenitis, as a disease of the immune system, signals the presence of pathogenic flora in the body, so it is necessary to treat not only the swollen lymph node, but primarily the illness that contributed to lymphadenitis.